A mm“ QF RWGMNEES‘E AVAELAEEELETY {N swam. MECHEGAN S'QEL . That: For Hm Dog-M0 of M. S. MICKEGAN SMTE UE’FEEVERSITY Govind Pailoor 1966 THESIS LIBRARY Michigan State ' University A STUDY OF MANGANESE AVAILABILITY IN SEVERAL MICHIGAN SOILS By Govind Pailoor AN ABSTRACT OF A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partia] fulfiliment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Soil Science 1966 ABSTRACT A STUDY OF MANGANESE AVAILABILITY IN SEVERAL MICHIGAN SOILS by Govind Pailoor Greenhouse and laboratory investigations were initiated in l964 to: (l) study the manganese availability of several Michigan soils; (2) evaluate OolN H3PO4 and lN NH4OAc + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone as to their effectiveness in the deter- mination of plant available soil manganese; (3) correlate several soil chemical properties with manganese availability; (4) study the effect of lime and manganese applications on mangnaese availability, and (5) determine the manganese sufficiency level for oats, beans and radishes° Soils containing less than 30 ppZm of O.lN H3PO4 extract- able manganese or less than 62 pp2m of lN NH4OAc + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable manganese may be considered to be manganese deficient for beans. Soils containing more than 69 pp2m of easily reducible manganese or 49 pp2m of acid soluble manganese may be considered as sufficient for the bean cropo Twenty—five ppm or less manganese in the bean plant tissue may be considered as a deficient level and more than 35 ppm man- ganese may be considered as sufficient for normal plant growth. On mineral soils, 0.lN H3PO4 was better in assessing manganese availability than 1N NH4OAc + 0,2 per cent hydro- quinone. However, the latter gave better correlations with ii plant yield and manganese uptake on organic soils. Generally, soil pH and extractable bases were negatively correlated with extractable soil manganese and plant manganese. Soil phosphorus was positively correlated with soil and plant manganese contents. The near neutral and/or alklaine, coarse and fine textured soils and also muck soils respond well to manganese fertilization. Results indicated that nutrient imbalance (Mn, Fe, Al, Cu, B) arising on coarse and medium textured acid soils (pH 4.7 and 5.5) may give rise to abnormal growth of bean plants. A STUDY OF MANGANESE AVAILABILITY IN SEVERAL MICHIGAN SOILS By Govind Pailoor A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Soil Science 1966 ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author expresses his sincere gratitude to Dr. J. C. Shickluna for his encouragement, guidance, and support during the course of this investigation. The author is greatly indebted to Dr. R. L. Cook who kindled the path of his humble determined career. His sincere appreciation goes to Dr. Kirk Lawton for the help and invaluable suggestions given during the investigation. He acknowledges the valuable opinions and criticisms given to him by Dr. R. E. Lucas, Dr. H.D. Foth and Dr. C. J. Pollard. The author is grateful to Dr. D. J. deZeeuw who advised him during the inoculation studies on the suspected bean mosaic virus; to Dr. N. Leeling for his interest and cooperation in the gas chromatographic detection of herbi- cidal traces; to Dr. A. L. Kenworthy for the timely Spectro- graphic analysis of the plant samples. He is thankful to Mrs. Jennie Parfitt for assistance in computer programing. The author acknowledges the cooperation given to him by his fellow graduate students. He greatly appreciates the financial support given to this project by the Tennessee Valley Authority. He remembers the people at home for their kind blessings and constant support. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter I Introduction. II Review of Literature. 1. Chemistry of manganese 2. Forms of soil manganese. 3. Role of manganese in plant nutrition 4. Manganese deficiency symptoms. 5. Levels of available soil manganese 6. Levels of plant manganese. 7. Available soil manganese as related to several factors 8. Estimation of plant available soil manganese. 9. Manganese fertilization. III Experimental Procedure. I. Greenhouse Study A. Experiment 1 B. Experiment 2 II. Laboratory Study A. Soil analysis B. Plant analysis IV Results and Discussion. A. Experiment 1 B. Experiment 2 Page #0000 TO ll l6 T9 22 22 22 24 26 26 29 3O 3O 7l Chapter Page V General Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . 105 VI Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . l23 VII Literature Cited . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 VIII Appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l32 1. Soil types . . . . . . . . . . . . I33 2. Data on Experiment 1 . . . . . . . 153 3. Data on Experiment 2 . . . . . . . 159 lO ll LIST OF FIGURES Relationship between 0. TN H3P04 extractable and 1N NH4OAc + O. 2 per cent hydroquinone extractable mangnaese on all soils. Relationship between 0.lN H3P04 extractable manganese and manganese uptake by oats on all soils . . . Relationship between 0. lN H3P04 extractable manganese and yield of beans on soils grouped as manganese sufficient rated by the bean cr0p Relationship between soil reaction and 0.1N H3P04 extractable manganese on all soils. Relationship between extractable phosphorus on 0.1N H3PO4 extractable manganeSe on all soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Relationship between 0. lN H 3P04 extractable and 1N NH OAc + D. 2 per cent hydroquinone extractabIe. soil manganese on mineral soils Relationship between 0. lN H3P04 extractable manganese and manganese uptake by oats on mineral soils . . Relationship between 0. TN H3P04 extractable manganese and manganese uptake by oats on organic soils . . . . . . . . . . Relationship between lN NH40Ac + 0. 2 per cent hydroquinone extractable manganese and manganese uptake by oats on organic soils . . Relationship between 0. lN H3PO4 extractable manganese and manganese uptake by oats on sandy loam soils. . . . . Relationship between soil pH and tissue manganese in oats on loam soils Page 42 43 49 55 56 73 77 78 79 82 92 Table LIST OF TABLES Soil types and chemical properties of the soils used in Experiment 1 The manganese deficiency index values, their description and number of observations in each group Treatment, manganese deficiency index rating of beans and number of observations made on soils showing manganese deficiency The effect of manganese and lime applications on the yield and uptake of manganese by oats and beans (figures represent mean values of three replications). The correlation between manganese extracted with 0. lN H3P04 and lN NH40Ac + O. 2 per cent hydroquinone on soils showing various degrees of manganese deficiency using beans as the indicator crop. . The relationship between 0. lN H3P04 and 1N NH40Ac + O. 2 per cent hydroquinone extractable manganese for all soils and the yield, tissue manganese (ppm) and manganese uptake by oats and beans . . . . . . . . . The effect of available soil manganese determined by O. lN H3P04 and 1N NH4OAc + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone on the yield, tissue manganese and manganese uptake by oats and beans on all soils when extractable phosphorus was included as a soil variable. . . . The relationship between D. lN H3PO4 and 1N NH40Ac + O. 2 per cent hydroquinone extractable soil manganese and the yield, tissue manganese and manganese uptake by beans on soils showing various degrees of manganese deficiency. Page 31 32 35 36 4T 44 46 47 Table Page 9 The effect of available soil manganese determined by O.lN H3PO4 and 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone on the yield, tissue manganese and manganese uptake by beans based on manganese deficiency index when extractable phosphorus was included as a soil Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 10 Simple correlations between pH, sum of the extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium and extractable phosphorus for all soils and the 0. lN H3PO4 and 1N NH40Ac + O. 2 per cent _hydroquinone extractable soil manganese . . . . . . . . . 54 ll Simple correlations between pH, sum of the extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium and extractable phOSphorus and 0. lN H3PO4 and 1N NH4DAc + O. 2 per cent hydroquinone extractable manganese for soils grouped according to manganese deficiency index. . . . 57 l2 The relationship between the yield of oats and beans on all soils and tissue manganese and manganese uptake by beans on all soils and on soils grouped according to manganese deficiency index . . . . . . . . . . 59 l3 Simple correlations between the yield tissue manganese and manganese uptake by oats and beans on all soils and pH, extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium and extractable phosphorus . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 l4 Simple correlations between yield, tissue manganese and manganese uptake by beans and pH, extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium and extractable phosphorus on soils grouped according to manganese deficiency index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Table Page l5 Relationships among the yield, tissue manganese and manganese uptake by oats and beans and pH, extractable potassium, calcium, and magnesium, extractable phosphorus and manganese extracted by 0. lN H3PO4 and lN NH40Ac + 0. 2 per cent hydroquinone . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 l6 The relationships among the yield, tissue manganese and manganese uptake by beans on soils grouped according to manganese deficiency index and pH, extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium, extractable phosphorus and manganese extracted by 0. lN H3P04 and 1N NH40Ac. + 0. 2 per cent hydro-— quinone . . . . . . . 65 l7 Comparison of the multiple correlations between the manganese extracted by 0. lN H3PD4 and 1N NH40Ac + 0. 2 per cent hydro- qu1none and the pH, extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium and extractable phosphorus on all soils and when soils are grouped according to manganese deficiency index using beans as the indicator crop. . . . 67 T8 Mean values and ranges of soil manganese extracted by two methods and their differences on soils grOUped according to the manganese deficiency index rated by the bean crop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 19 Mean values and ranges of several soil chemical characteristics and the studied dependent crop variables based on the manganese deficiency index of the bean crop . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 20 Soil texture, and number of observations contained in each textural group . . . . . . . 72 21 The correlation between manganese extracted with O.lN H3P04 and lN NH40Ac + O. 2 per cent hydroquinone on mineral and organic soils. . . 72 22 The correlation between manganese extracted with O. lN H3PO4 and 1N NH40Ac + 0. 2 per cent hydroquione on soils grouped according to texture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Table 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Page The effect of available soil manganese determined by 0. lN H3PO4 and 1N NH40Ac + 0. 2 per cent hydroquinone on the yield of oats and radishes and tissue manganese and manganese uptake by oats and comparison of their effect when extractable phosphorus is included as a soil variable on mineral and organic soils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 The effect of available soil manganese determined by O. lN H3P04 and TN NH40Ac + D. 2 per cent hydroquinone on the yield of oats and radishes and tissue manganese and manganese uptake by oats and comparison of their effect when extractable phOSphorus was included as a soil variable on soils grouped according to texture . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8l The relationship between 0. lN H3P04 and lN NH40Ac + 0. 2 per cent hydroquinone extractable soil manganese and soil pH, lime requirement, extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium and extractable phosphorus on mineral and organic soils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 The relationship between 0. lN H3PO4 and TN NH40Ac + 0. 2 per cent hydroquinone extractable soil manganese and soil pH, lime requirement, extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium and extractable phosphorus on soils grouped according to texture . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 The relationship between oat yield and tissue manganese and manganese uptake by oats on mineral and organic soils. . . . . . . . . . . 87 The relationship between oat yield and tissue manganese and manganese uptake by oats on soils grouped according to texture . . . . . . 87 The relationship between soil pH, extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium and extractable phosphorus and the yield of oats and radishes and tissue manganese and manganese uptake by oats on mineral and organic soils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 ‘- Table 30 3T 32 33 34 35 36 37 Page The effect of soil pH, extractable potassium and magnesium and extractable phosphorus on the yield of oats and radishes and tissue manganese and manganese uptake by oats on soils grouped according to texture . . . . . . . . . 9l The effect of several soil chemical properties on the yield of oats and radishes and tissue manganese and manganese uptake by oats on mineral and organic soils. . . . . . . . . . . 94 The effect of several soil chemical pr0perties on the tissue manganese and manganese uptake by oats and yield of oats and radishes on soils grouped according to texture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 A comparison of the multiple correlation coefficients obtained for manganese extracted by O. lN H3P04 and 1N NH40Ac + O. 2 per cent hydroquinone as a function of soil pH, extractable potassium, calcium, and magnesium, and extractable phosphorus on mineral and organic soils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 A comparison of the multiple correlation coefficients obtained for manganese extracted by 0. TN H3PO4 and 1N NH OAc + O. 2 per cent hydroquinone as a funct1on of pH, extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium and extract- able phosphorus on soils grouped according to texture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Mean values and ranges of several soil chemical characteristics and observed crop variables on mineral and organic soils . . . . 101 Mean values and ranges of several soil chemical characteristics and observed crop variables on coarse and fine textured soils. . 103 Total manganese, iron, aluminum, copper and boron contents of tissue in the normal bean plants and plants showing nutritional disorder symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Table Page 38 Ratios of manganese to other micronutrient elements in normal and abnormal plant tissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . llS Plate LIST OF PLATES Navy bean plant (var. Sanilac) showing manganese deficiency symptoms. Effect of nutrient imbalance in the plant as shown on navy beans (var. Sanilac) Navy bean (var. Sanilac) plant showing well developed primary leaves and abnormal secondary leaves. Normal bean leaf (var. Sanilac) shown on the left and abnormal leaf on the right affected by nutrient imbalance Navy bean (var. Sanilac) plant showing abnormal leaf symptoms Page 34 107 lO8 109 116 INTRODUCTION The importance of an adequate supply of available soil manganese has long been recognized as essential for optimum crOp yields. Manganese deficiency in cr0ps is probably the most common micronutrient problem in Michigan. The mineral soils of Michigan may be deficient in this element for specific crops, particularly when the pH is above 6.5. Manganese may be needed for oats, beans, soybeans, potatoes, sudan grass, sugar beets, and spinach. In extreme cases, barley, corn, and wheat may respond to applications of manganese. Deficiency of this element has occurred most widely on dark colored surface soils with greyish subsoils found in lake bed or glacial outwash areas. Organic soils are also often low in manganese. Manganese deficiency is most likely to occur on organic soils with a pH of 5.8 or greater and is most severe on cold wet soils. The need for a chemical extractant that will accurately reflect the amount of manganese available to crop plants is apparent. This investigation was initiated to: l. Evaluate the manganese availability of several Michigan soils. 2. Evaluate two chemical extractants as to their effective- ness in the determination of plant available soil manganese. 3. Correlate the following factors with available soil manganese: a. soil texture b. soil reaction c. extractable soil phosphorus d. extractable potassium, calcium, and magnesium 4. Study the effect of lime and manganese applications on manganese uptake by plants. 5. Determine the level of sufficiency and deficiency of plant available soil manganese using oats, beans, and radishes as indicator crops. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Chemistry of Manganese Manganese, like iron, is one of the most abundant heavy metals to be found in the earth's crust. The ores of manganese, chief of which is pyrolusite (MnOz), are found almost every- where. Metallic manganese resembles iron both physically and chemically. When pure, it is silvery white like iron, and is the softer of the two. It becomes hard and brittle and grey when it contains carbon. As an active metal it displaces hydrogen slowly from water. However, it dissolves very readily in dilute acids, forming the bivalent ion Mn++ and liberating hydrogen. Manganese forms compounds having valence states from +1 to +7. The most important compounds of manganese are derived from +2, +4 and +7 valence states. MnO, Mn203, Mn02, and Mn207 are the most important of the manganese compounds. MnO and Mn203 are basic in character.’ MnOz is amphoteric and Mn207 is strongly acidic since it is derived from permanganic acid (HMnO3), which is one of the strongest acids known. An intermediate oxide (Mn304), red in color, is also known. The oxidation of manganese salts or the reduction of manganates or permanganates in alkaline solution will produce a manganese dioxide hydrate. The salts of the hydrate reactions with basic oxides are known as manganites. It will also form salts with very strong acids; however, these are rather unstable because manganese tends to become bivalent in acid conditions (34). Forms of Soil Manganese The following forms of soil manganese have been suggested to be in a state of dynamic equilibrium (31): ++ ++ Water soluble Mn ;:j‘Exchangeable Mn 2:3 Colloidal hydrated MnO?——aInert Mn02 The divalent form of manganese is considered to be the most important form of available manganese. The soil may have a good reserve of total manganese, but its availability to plants is determined by the form in which it exists. Manganese exists in the soil as divalent manganese, which is present in the soil solution; or as the exchangeable ion; as trivalent manganese Mn203; and as tetravalent manganese MnOg in oxidized forms (14, 16, 32, 36). Dion and Mann (14) pr0posed a manganese cycle in the soil based on the oxidation-reduction equilibrium between divalent ++ exchangeable Mn and tetravalent manganese oxides (Mn02, Mn++++) and the existence of a trivalent manganese oxide (Mn203.x H20, Mn+++) which undergoes dismutation to give both divalent and tetravalent manganese. The trivalent and tetra- valent forms are favored by a high pH and oxidizing conditions. The highly stable Mn02 is more likely to occur in soils at pH values greater than 8.0. The trivalent form is presumably favored by pH values near neutrality while the divalent form is found in acid soils. Fujimoto and Sherman (16) have proposed a manganese cycle based on the oxidation-reduction system and the hydration- dehydration system in soils. The oxidation-reduction system determines the relative amounts of manganous oxide (MnO), and manganese dioxide (Mn02). When free manganous oxide, manganese dioxide and water are present in the soil, addition and hydration of the oxides will take place with the formation of a complex hydrated manganese oxide [(Mn0)x.(Mn02)y.(H20)z]. This form of oxide is stable when moisture is present and the temperature is low. When the soil becomes dry and the soil temperature rises, this form of the oxide breaks up into its component parts. \Role of Manganese in Plant Nutrition Manganese is found in plant tissues in small quantities. It is an essential constituent in the plant because of its catalytic and regulatory role in the chemical processes of the living cells. Manganese acts as a catalyst in the activities of many enzymes like peroxidase, indol acetic acid oxidase, transketolase and hydroxylamine reductase. Tanner and colleagues (62) have found that manganese is necessary for the Optimal rate of production of glycollic and malic acids (glycollic oxidase to form glyoxylate) in chlorella cells. Malonate formation requires the presence of manganese as a catalyst (53). The Hill reaction of molecular oxygen (38) and the similar peroxide formation in illuminated chloroplasts (18) are dependent on the additions of manganese. Synthesis of chlorophyll is determined by both manganese and iron (2). Manganese functions as a co-factor in the oxidative phos- phorylation. Manganese acts as a regulator of the intake and the state of oxidation of iron (60). Action of manganese is primarily involved with the oxidized products of photolysis (22). Benson (4) found that manganese is one of the structural components of the plant membrane, particularly in the quantasomes. These quantasomes are lipo-protein granular structures and are independent photosynthetic functional units of the chloroplast. Manganese Deficiency Symptoms Manganese is a slowly mobile nutrient element, and there- fore the deficiency symptoms first occur in relatively young leaves (9). Oats show the severest and most easily recognizable deficiency symptoms among cereals. “Grey Speck" disease or "Haloblight" in oats is a typical manganese deficiency symptom. Mulder and Gerretsen (41) have described the manganese deficiency symptoms in oats as follows: "Marginal grey-brown colored necrotic spots and streaks appear first in the third highest leaves, particularly in the basal half. The streaks tend to elongate and coalesce. At the distal end of the affected basal part, the necrotic spots may soon extend across the blades so that the upper half or two-thirds of the leaf falls over with a sharp kink on the collapsed portion. The distal ends of the leaves remain green for a considerable time. On older leaves, the collapse may be confined to the lower quarter and oval spots of necrotic tissue may appear irregularly on the leaf blade, though less frequently toward the tip end." Manganese deficiency on soybeans appear first in leaves when they become chlorotic in their interveinal areas while the veins remain green. Whole leaves, excluding the veins, become pale green and then pale yellow; brown Spots and necrotic areas develop as the deficiency becomes more severe (43). Early symptoms of manganese deficiency in sugar cane leaves are characterized by a fading of the normal green color between the vascular bundles, followed by the development of definite, pale yellowish-green to white longitudinal stripes. The stripes are confined to middles and tips and seldom extend the full length of the leaves as in iron deficiency. When manganese deficiency is acute, the chlorotic stripes become white. Reddish brown areas of dead tissues appear, later develOp into continuous stripes and Split the leaves longitudinally. In sugar beets the deficiency symptom of manganese is called ”speckled yellows" (67) because of the interveinal chlorotic mottling. In the foliage of tomato plants, manganese deficiency manifests first as a lightening of the green color, which gradually turns to yellow starting from the top and extending towards the base, but the veins remain green. Eventually foliage may become completely yellow; necrosis may set in, appearing first on small brown pin points centering in the yellow areas from the tip. Growth is spindley, little or no blossoming takes place, and fruit does not form (50). Manganese deficient snap beans grow normally for a short period, the first symptoms to appear being a loss of green color in the trifoliate leaves. The yellowing does not spread to the seed leaves until later in the develOpment of the deficiency. Progressive symptoms show up with small brown spots near and parallel to each side of the mid rib, and veins between the lateral branches may appear before the leaf becomes completely yellow (50). Levels of available.soil manganese Piper (48) concluded that manganese exists in soil in an oxidation-reduction equilibrium and contended that the amount of manganese in the soil gives information as to the ability of_the soil to provide the plant with this element. Leeper (31) pointed out that 100 ppm of 0.2 percent hydroquinone soluble manganese would be sufficient to prevent "grey speck" in oats. In the slightly acid to alkaline soils which Sherman and McHargue (55) studied, the trend of manganous-manganic equilibrium was stongly toward manganic manganese. They concluded that soils with less than 25 ppm of easily-reducible manganese dioxide will not supply plants with sufficient man- ganese for normal growth. Productive soils of this group contained 100 ppm or more of easily reducible manganese dioxide. Soils deficient in mangnaese have a high capacity to oxidize added manganese. -10- Boken (5) using N Mg(N03)2 as the soil manganese extractant, found that 4 ppm of exchangeable manganese in the soil as the sufficiency level for Spring cereals. Henkens (27) reviewing manganese research in the Netherlands, indicated that on soils with humus contents below 2-1/2 percent, limiting value of 60 to 70 ppm reducible manganese is suggested, while on soils with higher humus contents, a reducible manganese level of 100 ppm is needed to prevent the occurrence of manganese deficiency on spring grains. Results of Hammes and Berger (23) indicated that manganese deficiency in oats can be expected when the soil manganese extracted with EDTA is less than 50 ppm or when the soil manganese extracted with hydroquinone is less than 65 ppm or when the soil manganese extracted with either H3P04 or NH4H2P04 is less than 20 ppm.) 0n studying the relations among crinkled leaf of cotton and manganese toxicity and soil acidity, Adams and Wear (1) noticed that the severe symptoms of crinkled leaf in cotton were associated with 11 ppm or more manganese in the soil solution. Levels of Plant Manganese Sherman et al (55) found that 30 ppm or more of manganese -1]- in oat tissue was sufficient for normal growth. Less than 15 ppm resulted in manganese deficiency and a moderate deficiency was associated with concentration of 20-25 ppm of manganese. Though 15 ppm is a reasonable dividing line between sick and healthy oat plants, sick plants have been reported with as much as 29 ppm (37) and even 36 ppm (55). Hammes and Berger (23) found that young oats containing less than 30 ppm manganese are likely to be deficient whereas mature grain having a manganese concentration of less than 12 ppm would be regarded as deficient. For many crops, the threshold values of man- ganese have been established (on the oven dry basis) and they range from 10 ppm in the tissue for citrus trees to 40 ppm for soybeans (61). Available Soil Manganese as Related to Several Factors Factors which affect manganese availability are the soil type, moisture content, texture, chemical and biological oxidation and reduction, pH, organic matter and plant used to measure the availability (66). Exchangeable manganese is held in the soil by negative charges arising from isomorphic substitution in clays and largely from ionized carboxyl grOUpings in the organic fraction. But the chelated manganese is exclusively associated with organic fraction. Therefore, a wide range in organic -12- matter content and different pH levels should influence the relative amounts of exchangeable and chelated manganese present in the soil (66). Reid and Miller (51) studied the forms of soil manganese 54 and their in equilibrium with solution manganese using Mn rate studies indicated that there was a rapid exchange reaction operative between solution manganese and hydroquinone soluble manganese oxides. They also found one or more slower exchange reactions operative between solution manganese complexed by organic matter. Walker and Barber (66) found that soil pH was also significant in predicting available manganese. This is in line with the findings of Cook (11) that the soil reaction should be determined when manganese deficiency is su5pected in sugar beets. Exchangeable manganese content decreased with‘increasing soil pH (66). Leeper (32) suggests that biological oxidation is the cause for this decrease. He stated that reduction by organic matter is the probable cause of an increase in the bivalent exchangeable manganese content at the low pH values. Fujimoto and Sherman (16) observed that the oxidation of the manganese ion by oxygen can take place in a basic medium and that the presence of certain finely divided substances will catalytically increase the rate of oxidation. -13- It has been shown that addition of organic matter with a high carbon—nitrogen ratio will increase availability of manganese in the soil (16). Organic matter with a high carbon-nitrogen ratio contains large amounts of easily oxidizable substances-such as starch and sugar. When these substances are added to the soil in the form of residual plant parts, biological oxidation of the organic matter takes place with the formation of carbon dioxide. It has been stated by Leeper (32) that biological reduc- tion can take place at any pH value if the oxygen tension is low, when the anaerobic bacteria use the higher oxides as a source of oxygen. Reduction of the higher oxides-takes place when the biological oxidation of organic matter proceeds at so rapid a rate that the air cannot supply oxygen in adequate amounts. When this occurs, reduction of the higher oxides takes place to supply the needed oxygen. This leads to an increase in the available manganese. Growing oats in a 1 percent agar nutrient culture solution, Page (44) found that all the oxides studied were available to the plant to a greater or lesser degree, the order of availability being: pyrolusite (Mn02)< manganous manganite (Mn02) < an oxide prepared as cryptomelane (Mn02) < manganese dioxide < manganite (Mn0.0H) < hausmanite (Mn304) -14- Thispresumably means that the insoluble higher oxides of manganese are brought into solution to become available to the plant. Numerous substances present in soil might cause reduction of higher oxides of manganese dioxide, but reduction is not the main path by which manganese becomes available to the plant. Manganese dissolving substances in the root secretions also play an important part. The amount of manganese available to a plant in near neutral and alkaline soils appears to be the net result of the rates of two opposing forces, the solution and fixation. To the many factors which affect the rate of solution of manganese dioxide, the nature and the amount of manganese dissolving root substances must be added (8). This is largely pH dependent. In a study of the modes of manganese retention in the soil in the absence of oxygen and biological activity, Hemstock and Low (26) contend that manganese can be retained by soil organic matter in the form of a chelated complex. Formation of this complex is controlled by pH (45). The organic matter responsible for this complex formation is not dissociated under acid conditions, but is completely dissociated under high pH. He concluded from his studies on manganese fixation by organic complexes in relation to soil pH that the formation of organic matter complexes under controlled pH is the most likely cause of nonavailability of manganese in the soil° The complexes -15- might be formed by the phenolic fraction of soil organic matter, although other possibilities exist. Page (45) indicated that only 0.4 per cent of organic matter (by weight) in the soil would be enough to account for the complete removal of all the manganese (in 1 gram of soil) under conditions of high pH. Attempting to study the relationship between soil compaction and manganese deficiency, Passioura and Leeper (47) grew oats sensitive and tolerant to "Grey Speck" on two soils, compacted and uncompacted. For the first soil, bulk density values of 0.85 and 1.0 for the uncompacted and compacted, respectively, were compared with the uncompacted and compacted bulk densities of 1.0.and 1.5for the second soil. They found that "Grey Speck” was relativeLy less on the compacted soils, with an approximate 50-fold increase in grain production. Compaction generally resulted in healthier oats and three weeks advance in heading. They suggested this was due to the fact that roots act by "contact reduction" to reduce the reactive Mn02 and that the compaction works by increasing the area of contact. Vose and Griffiths (65) studied the relationship between the incidence of "Grey Speck" disease and manganese distribution in shoots and roots. They stated that susceptibility to the "Grey Speck" syndrome is primarily due to the lack of mobility -16.. of manganese in the plant. In the susceptible variety of oats they found low root and high leaf manganese content as compared to a tolerant variety of oats. High concentration of manganese in the roots of tolerant variety inhibits the invasion and multiplication of ammonium forming rhizophere organisms, either directly or indirectly through the medium of a root exudate. Resistance to “Grey Speck" has been attributed by Gerretsen (65) to the root system having greater resistance to saprophytic organisms. Vose and Randall (64) have correlated the plant resistance to aluminum and manganese toxicity and variety and root cation exchange capacity, applying the Donnan theory of low cation exchange capacity favoring monovalent to divalent cation uptake; the lower cation exchange capacity of the toxicity resistance selections may possibly be effective in increasing the uptake of monovalent cations at the expense of the poly- valent cations like aluminum and manganese. Estimation of Plant Available Soil Manganese Boken (5) assumed that the so-called exchangeable fraction by extraction with a neutral electrolyte, to constitute that part of the manganese content of the soil which is available to the plants at a given time and a determination of the content -17- of reducible manganese by treatment of the soil with a reducing agent, indicating that part which may be available to the plants over a given period. Sherman et al (56) concluded that easily reducible manganese gave a reliable estimate of the manganese supplying power to Kentucky soils. Henkens (27) stated that exchangeable manganese is not a good index of the available manganese supply in the soil. Rich (52) obtained a highly significant corre- lation between exchangeable soil manganese and the manganese content of the upper leaves of the peanut crop. Walker and Barber (66) concluded that the exchangeable manganese was the most available form of manganese. Using German millet as the test crop, they obtained the best correlation with total manganese content in the tissue and the interaction of chelated manganese times the organic matter. Page et a1 (45) obtained highly significant corre- lations with water soluble manganese of the soil and manganese uptake by oats. Data indicate that in air dried soils both exchangeable and acid soluble manganese are present in greater amounts than in moist soils (l6, 17), even up to 600 per cent (6). The following three types of extractants are commonly employed in the United States to measure available soil ~18- manganese: (1) neutral normal ammonium acetate with 0.2 per cent hydroqouinone is most commonly used; (2) O.lN H3P04 used in Ohio; and (3) 0.05fl HCl + OIQSN H2304 in the South- eastern region of the United States (61). During the evaluation of the extraction methods to determine the available soil manganese, Boken (5) differen- tiated between "sick" and "healthy” plants among Spring cereals and root crops using 1N Mg (N03)2 as the soil extractant on air-dry samples. Heintze (25) used monocalcium disodium versanate solution to determine the divalent manganese present as complex organic matter of the alkaline organic soils. Hoff and Mederski (28) evaluated nine methods of extracting manganese using air dry soil samples. They found that the extraction of soil manganese with 3N NH4H2P04 (r = .899) and 0.1g H3P04 (r = .856) yielded highest correlation coefficients and had the smallest variances with manganese absorbed by soybean plants. Other extractants they evaluated were: 50% aqueous alcolhol solution containing 0.05% by hydroquinone (r = .866), O.lN sulfuric acid (r = .781), 0.05% hydroquinone + 1N NH40Ac (r = .771), O.lN nitric acid (r = .742), 1N NH40Ac (r = .686), sodium acetate(100 gms. sodium acetate + 30 ml glacial acetic acid per litre,(r = .671) and total (r = .481). Hammes and Berger (23) studied the manganese availability of neutral to Slightly alkaline lacustrine soils of eastern -19- Wisconsin using oats as the indicator crop. They concluded that manganese extraction from air dry soils give much higher correlation coefficients than the moist samples. They correlated the manganese content of oats with available soil manganese extracted by four methods namely: 0.05 N EDTA (r = .785), O.lN H3P04 (r = .705), 1.5 N NH4H2P04 (r = .658) and 0.2 per cent hydroquinone + 1N neutral NH40Ac (r .702). Conversely, in another experiment, Hammes and Berger (21) found better correlations with O.lN H3P04 (r = .848) extractable manganese determined from moist soil samples with manganese content of oats. Manganese Fertilization The first applications of manganese sulphate were made for rice crop in Japan in 1902 by A50 (3), and in 1903 by Nagaoka (42). Cook (11) applied manganese sulphate as a side dressing and spray in early summer to sugar beets at rates of 100 pounds and 5 pounds per acre, respectively. Marked differences in leaf color were noticeable within 10 days. Davis (13) found that when the pH of the soil reached 6.5 or above, manganese had to be supplied as MnSO4 to many crops like onions, celery,Spearmint, lettuce, table beets, potatoes, carrots, peas, beans, sudan gnass and oats. Davis -20- advocated that 4 pounds of MnSO4 per 100 gallons of Spray is adequate for most crops. Gilbert and McLean (20) found that freedom from chlorosis and increased yields of onions were obtained when MnSO4 was applied, especially in the solution form and at a rate of 8 pounds per acre. Knott (29) observed a striking increase in growth of onions when 100 pounds ofiMnSO4 per acre was applied at planting time. To correct the manganese deficiency, soil applications of elemental manganese may vary from 5 to 20 pounds per acre. The most commonly used manganese carrier is manganese sulphate. Manganese oxide is used when acid forming fertilizers are used (61). The most efficient corrective measure for manganese deficiency is by means of foliar application. Ten to 15 pounds of manganese sulphate per acre is usually sprayed on oats and soybeans (61). Drennan and Berrie (15) have investigated the possible usefulness of seed soaking with concentrations of manganous chloride ranging from 0.2 to 10 per cent on a W/V basis to prevent "Grey Speck" of oats under field conditions. The manganese deficiency symptoms were not obvious in plants from treated grain, while plants from untreated grain showed typical "Grey Speck" and considerably reduced growth. -21- Tisdale and Bertramson (63) have indicated that soil applications of sulfur may be used in the correction of lime induced manganese deficiency of soybeans. They found a highly Significant correlation between the soil pH and both ammonium acetate extractable soil manganese and the manganese content of the plants. They have suggested the role of sulfur as a possible reductant of Mn02. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE I. Greenhouse Study A. Experiment 1 Surface soil samples from 15 different soil types were collected from various locations in Michigan. The soils were known to be either deficient or contain sufficient available manganese. Oats (var. Garry) and navy beans (var. Sanilac) were grown in the greenhouse in one-gallon pots lined with polye- thylene bags. All soils received a basic application of 100, 70, 104 and 12 pounds per acre of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium, reSpectively. The following treatments were replicated three times on all soils: (1) basic fertilizers only; (2) 15 pounds of elemental manganese per acre applied as manganese sulphate; and (3) calcium carbonate, applied at rates that were consi- dered sufficient to induce manganese deficiency. The soils were moistened and allowed to incubate in the greenhouse from December 5 to December 25, 1964. The pots were arranged on tables in a completely random manner and planted to oats on December 31. Eight seeds were planted in each pot at a depth of one- fourth to one-half inch. Each pot was thinned to four plants -22- -23- on January 8, 1965. The oats were observed closely and notes were taken for deviations from normal growth. The plantswere harvested at their post-blossom stage (64 days) on March 3, 1965. The plant samples from all treatments consisted of the entire above-ground portion of the plant. Tissue samples were placed in paper bags, dried for three days at approxi- mately 70°C, weighed and ground in a Wiley mill containing a 20 mesh seive. On June 20, 1965, soil samples were collected from each pot using a sampling tube. The treated soils were chemically analyzed for the following constituents by the University Soil Testing Laboratory: pH, lime requirement, 0.025N HCl + 0.03N NH4F extractable phOSphorus, and 1N NH40Ac extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium. Manganese was extracted from the soils with O.lN H3P04 and 1N NH40Ac containing 0.2 per cent hydroquinone° On July 11, 1965, the soils were prepared for growing navy beans (var. Sanilac). The soil was removed from each pot, clods were broken up and root remains were taken out. The soils were placed in the same pots containing a fresh POIY- ethylene liner. No additional fertilizer was added. The entire body of soil in each pot was moistened on July 14 and allowed to dry for five days. -24- Beans were seeded on July 19, 1965. Six seeds were planted per pot. Water was added sparingly during germina- tion and then regularly to maintain a good moisture level for plant growth. Emergence was uniform and each pot was thinned to three plants on July 26. Crop growth was closely observed and notes were recorded and photographs taken of the plants to Show the differences that develOped. Plants were harvested at their pre-blossom stage on August 18, 1965. Total manganese determinations were made on the oven- dried oat and bean tissue to investigate the relationship of the amount of manganese present in the plants and the amount available to the plants due to various soil treat- ments; and to determine what effect, if any, this had on the growth and yield of the plants. B. Experiment 2 In this experiment, 179 soils, submitted from farms throughout Michigan to the University Soil Testing Laboratory were collected at random. The soils varied considerably in pH, texture, and other soil characteristics such as available phosphorus and extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium. Several organic soils were also included in the study. -25- One hundred and fifty grams of the mineral soils and one hundred grams of the organic soils were weighed and placed in quarter-gallon, wide-mouthed plastic containers. They were thoroughly mixed with three times their weight of inert sand to dilute the soil. The pots containing the soils were arranged on tables in the greenhouse in a completely random manner. The soils were moistened and oats were planted on December 26, 1964 at the rate of 8 seeds per pot. Water was applied sparingly until the seeds germinated, and they were thinned to 4 seedings per pot on January 7, 1965. Regular waterings were continued. On January 11, nutrient solutions were added at the rate of 10 m1 of NH4N03 solution (0.2 gms dissolved in 10 ml), and 10 ml of KH2P04 solution (0.2 gms dissolved in 10 ml), to each pot. Plant growth was closely observed and deficiency symptoms for manganese or other variations were noted. A second application of nutrient solutions was made on February 3. Plants were harvestd at their post-blossom stage on February 26, 1965. Plant samples consisted of the whole above-ground portion. They were placed in paper bags, dried for three days at approximately 70°C, and the dry weights recorded. The oven dried tissue samples were ground and saved for total manganese analysis. -26- The soils were prepared on April 5 for planting radishes (var. Sparkler). Soil from each container was transferred to a Sheet of paper, loosened, the roots removed, and placed back in the same container. The soils were moistened three days prior to planting and on April 16, 1965, six seeds were planted in each pot. Each pot was thinned to contain three plants on May 1. Growth of the radishes was closely observed and notes recorded to Show the differences that developed. An application of the same nutrient solution that was used for the oats was applied on May 2. The plants were harvested on May 19 at the pre-blossom stage, and slight infestations of aphids were noted in four pots just prior to harvest (one day earlier). The entire above-ground portion of the plants were cut and placed in paper bags and dried for three days at approximately 70°C. The dry weights of tissue obtained from all pots were recorded. Since the yield values were comparatively small, it was decided not to analyze the radish tissue for manganese. II. Laboratory Study A. Soil Analysis. 1. Soil pH was determined by the glass electrode (Soil: water ratio 1:1 for mineral soils and 1:2 for organic soils) -27- Lime requirement was determined by the Shoemaker, MacLean, Pratt buffer method (59). Phosphorus was extracted with 0.025N HCl + .03N NH4F (soil: extracting solution ratio 1:8) and determined colorimetrically (7). Measurements were made on the Bausch and Lomb Spectronic 20 colorimeter at a wavelength of 500 millimicrons. Calcium, potassium and magnesium were extracted with neutral normal ammonium acetate (1:8 soil: extracting solution ratio). Potassium and calcium were determined flame photometrically on the Coleman Flame Photometer (Model 21). Magnesium was determined on the Beckman DU Spectrophotometer with a flame attachment at a wavelength of 285.2 millimicrons. Available soil manganese was extracted by: (a) O.lN H3P04 (b) 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone Extraction and determination of manganese using 0.111 “PM (28, 68) Place 5 grams of soil in a 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask. Add 50 m1 of O.lN H3P04 and 7 drops of O.lN silver nitrate. About a quarter teaspoonful of -28- purified activated carbon is added to obtain a clear filtrate. Shake for 10 minutes. Filter the solution using Whatman No. 40 Filter paper. Pipette 20 ml of filtrate into a 50 ml volumetric flask to which iS added 1 ml of concentrated phosphoric acid. Add sodium metaperiodate in excess (approximately 0.1 gm). Bring to boil and heat on a hot plate for 35 minutes. Allow to cool and make to volume. The concentration of manganese in solution is measured on a Bausch and Lomb Spectronic 20 colorimeter at a wavelength of 540 millimicrons. Extraction and determination of manganese using neutral normal NH40Ac containing 0.2 per cent hydroquinone (55) Place 5 gms of soil in a 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask and add 50 m1 of the extracting solution. Shake for 6 hours intermittently. (To maintain uniformity, a set of 25 were Shaken for one hour alternting with another set). Filter the solution (Whatman No. 40 filter paper) and pipette 25 ml of the extract in a 50 m1 volumetric flask. Make to volume. The per cent absorption was determined on a Perkin-Elmer Model 303 Atomic Absorption Spectro- photometer. -29- B. Plant Analysis Wet digestion method using perchloric acid (19): Place 1.000 gm ground plant tissue into a 200 ml tallform beaker (plant tissue should be dried overnight at 65-70°C.). Slowly add 15 ml concentrated nitric acid from an acid dispenser. Allow to digest 30 minutes without heating. Heat gently, exercising care to prevent frothing. After frothing ceases, boil gently until a light straw color is obtained. Add more nitric acid if needed to complete the predigestion. Wash sides of beaker completely free of adhering plant tissue with nitric acid from a wash bottle. It is absolutely necessary that all organic material be completely predigested at this stage. Cool to room temperature. Add, 10 ml distilled water; 10 m1 concentrated nitric acid; 10 ml concentrated perchloric acid in this order. Heat to 180°F. and boil until solution becomes clear. Remove each beaker from the hot plate as the solution becomes clear. Place the beaker on a hot plate and slowly take to dryness at a low temperature. Dissolve the residue in 2.0 N HCl; dilute to volume so that final concentration is 0.1 N with respect to HCl. The per cent absorption was determined on a Perkin-Elmer Model 303 Atomic Absorption SpectrOphotometer. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Studies were made to determine the available manganese content of several Michigan soils. The criteria used for estimating available soil manganese were the yield and manganese uptake by oats, beans and radishes. Soils were extracted with 0.1N H3P04 and 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydro- quinone to evaluate their ability to measure plant available soil manganese. The term "available manganese", in general, refers to the more soluble portion of the total soil manganese or that which is present in the soil exchange complex and can be absorbed by the active plant roots. Experiment 1 This experiment was initiated in the greenhouse to study the effect of lime and manganese applications on the yield and manganese content of oats and beans. An attempt was made to determine the manganese sufficiency and deficiency levels by grouping the indicator crops, oats and beans according to the manganese deficiency symptoms developed. The soil types and chemical characteristics of the 15 soils included in this study are given in Table 1. (See Appendix for description of Soil types). _30- -31- Table 1. Soil types and chemical prOperties of the soils used in Experiment 1. Soil Lime Podndsgper acre No. Soil type pH requirment P" ”K Ca Mg 1 Houghton muck .5 0 19 381 12200 1768 “2 Houghton mUCk .9 0 18 236 12000 1898 3 Wisner sandy clay loam .6 0 83 137 5408 414 4 Wisner sandy clay loam .5 0 37 229 5616 589 5 Sims clay loam .1 2.0 35 296 5408 768 6 Montcalm sandy loam .7 3.5 342 288 496 32 7 Karlin sandy loam .2 3.5 152 221 288 8 8 Granby loamy fine Sand .2 0 12 64 3120 237 9 Hodunk Sandy loam .1 1.5 72 100 832 118 10 Wisner Sandy clay loam .3 0 86 312 5200 530 11 Tuscola fine sandy clay loam .4 0 74 250 6344 586 12 Brookston sandy clay loam .3 1.5 16 104 4680 646 13 Newton loamy sand .7 0 36 184 .9048 509 14 Houghton muck .8 0 57 674 10192 728 15 Oshtemo loamy sand .8 1.5 125 32 184 8 -32- Oats did not Show the typical "grey speck" so it was not possible to group the soils according to the degree of deficiency symptoms. However, manganese deficiency symptoms were markedly shown on the bean crop in various stages. Therefore, the manganese deficiency index was established as shown in Table 2. Table 2. The manganese deficiency index values, their descrip- tion and number of observations in each group Number of Index Description Group Observations 1 No apparent manganese Manganese deficiency sufficiency 97 2 Very slight general Manganese yellowing of the leaf latent and no mottling deficiency 17 3 Slight mottling between veins 4 Severe mottling Manganese between veins deficiency 21 5 Severe mottling and necrosis Total 135 Index values 3, 4, and 5 have been grouped together and referred to as manganese deficiency. -33- The deficiency symptoms (Plate 1) observed on beans were all on lime treated soils except for three observations on control pots (pH 7.5) on Newton loamy sand, soil number 13 as seen from the data in Table 3. The effect of manganese and lime applications on the yield and uptake of manganese by oats and beans is shown in Table 4. The application of manganese significantly increased the yield of oats on Soils 1 and 14. It also Significantly increased the uptake of manganese by oats on soils 6, 8, 10, 14 and 15 and highly significantly on soils 2, 6, and 9. The application of manganese significantly increased the yield of beans on soil number 13 and a similar increase in manganese uptake was obtained on soils 2, 8, 13, and 15. The application of lime significantly increased the yield of oats and beans on soil number 7. The high level of available soil manganese obtained in soil number 7 (Karlin sandy loam, pH 4.7) was apparently sufficient to cause toxic conditions. Though application of lime to this soil did not reduce the available manganese in a great extent ( 306 pp2m to 293 ppm) the bean tissue manganese was greatly reduced from 2085 ppm to 55 ppm (Table A, Appendix) Plate 1. -34- i Navy bean plant (var. Sanilac) showing manganese deficiency symptoms Soil type - Houghton Muck Soil pH 7.1 Available soil manganese 0 pp2m (acid soluble) 22 pp2m (easily reducible) Bean tissue manganese: 14 ppm -35- Table 3. Treatment, manganese deficiency index rating of beans and number of observations made on soils showing manganese deficiency Soil Mn Number of Number Treatment* Deficiency Observations Index 1 C 4 3 2 C 3 3 4 C 5 l 5 C 3 1 8 C 3 2 9 C 5 l 10 C 5 2 11 C 5 2 13 A 5 2 13 A 4 1 13 C 4 2 13 C 5 1 Total 21 * A control C lime treatment -35- :00.F 00?.0 RF 000.0 o_o.o 00 pm .o.m.4 PNO._ 0 000.0 o 0.“ m:um\mew_ mcop op 00m._ 0 mmo.o o m.m mgum\:z .mnp 0P 0mm.o o mNo.o o 0.5 068:0 EmoF xapo >0:mm :m:mwz m mmm.~ mom.m mop.o mmo.o NF mom.o NNO._ N0o.o .eo.o am pm .o.m.4 0NN.¢ NNN.0 mmo.o 500.0 —.N m:om\msw— m:ou 0F mmm.0 N0m.__ oom.o mmm.o 0.0 w:om\:z .m0_ 0_ o~0.0 NN_.__ F0_.o Nup.o 0.0 Amsm_ o: .:z 0:0 x0000 x635 :op:m:o: m 00n.o 000.0 00N.o 0mo.F &_ Fm¢.o mom._ va.o _0o.o 00 pm .o.m.4 0N_.m 000.0 Nqo.o 000.0 F.N m:om\mewp m:00 o— 00_.: 0_m.__ mmp.o __N.o 0.0 m:oe\:z .m0_ 0F 005.: 000.0 mop.o mko.o 0.0 Amsw_ o: .:z orv xumcu x035 :oummjo: _ m:mmm mpwo mcmmm mpmo mmmgm>< . .oz poa\Em goa\EmE mpqswm p:msummgp Pwom e_ae> weeea=;ez. :8 Am:o_umowFam: 60:00 0: mm:_m> :mwe u:mmm::m: mm::mwmv m:mmn 0:0 mpmo an mmm:0m:ms 0: 8100:: 0:: 0pm?» 0:0 :0 m:owumu_paam me__ 0:: 0mm:mm:ms mo 000000 m:p .0 mpneh -37- 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 00 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 00 00 .0.0.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 0.0 000000500 0:00 0 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 0.0 00000:: .000 00 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 0.0 000:0 E000 00:00 :00000 0 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 00 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 00 00 .0.0.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 0.0 000000500 0:00 0 000.0 000.00 000.0 000.00 0.0 00000:: .000 00 000.0 000.00 000.0 000.0 0.0 000:0 E000 00:00 50000:0: 0 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 00 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 00 00 .0.0.0 000.0 000.00 000.0 000.0 0.0 000000500 00 0:00 0 000.0 000.00 000.0 000.0 0.0 00000:: .000 00 000.0 000.00 000.0 000.0 0.0 000:0 E000 0000 0500 0 000.0 000.0 000.0 000. 00 000.0 000.0 000.0 000. 00 00 .0.0.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 000. 0.0 000000200 0:00 0 000.0 000.0 000.0 000. 0.0 00000:: .000 00 000.0 000.0 000.0 000. 0.0 000:0 5000:0000 00:00 00:00: 0 0:000 0000 0:000 0000 00000>< .oz 000050 0000505 000500 0:0500000 0000 000.; 000090 e: :0 ~38- 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 00 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 00 00 .0.0.0 000.0 000.00 000.0 000.0 0.0 000000500 0:00 0 000.0 000.00 000.0 000.0 0.0 00000:: .000 00 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 0.0 000:0 E000 0000.00:00 0:00 0000000 00 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 00 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 00 00 .0.0.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 0.0 000000500 0:00 0 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 0.0 00000:: .000 00 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 0.0 000:0 E000 0000 00:00 00:00: 00 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 00 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 00 00 .0.0.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 0.0 000000500 0:00 0 000.0 000.00 000.0 000.0 0.0 00000:: .000 00 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 0.0 000:0 E000 00:00 0:000: 0 000. 000.0 000.0 000.0 00 000. 000.0 000.0 000.0 00 00 .0.0.0 000.0 000.00 000.0 000.0 0.0 000000500 0:00 0 000.0 000.00 000.0 000.0 0.0 00000:: .000 00 000.0 000.00 000.0 000.0 0.0 000:0 0:00 0:00 09000.00c000 0 0:000 0000 0:000 0000 00000>< .oz 000050 0000505 000500 0:0500000 0000 010.0; 0031000 e: :0 - _39- 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 00 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 00 00 .0.0.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 0.0 000000:00 0 0500 000.0 000.00 000.0 000.0 0.0 00000:: .000 00 000.0 000.00 000.0 000.0 0.0 000:0 0:00 0500_ 0500:00 00 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 00 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 00 00 .0.0.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 0.0 000000500 0:00 00 000.0 000.00 000.0 000.0 0.0 00000:: .000 00 000.0 000.00 000.0 000.0 0.0 000:0 0005 :00:000: 00 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 00 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 00 00 .0.0.0 000. 000.0 000.0 000.0 0.0 000000500 0:00 0 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 0.0 00000:: .000 00 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 0.0 000:0 0:00 05000 :00302 00 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 0— 000.0 000.0 000.0 000.0 00-00 .0.0.0 000.0 000.00 000.0 000.0 0.0 000000500 0:00 0 000.0 000.00 000.0 000.0 0.0 00000:: .000 00 000.0 000.00 000.0 000.0 0.0 000:0 5000 0000 00:00 :00000000 00 0:000 0000 .0:000 0000, 00000>< .0: 000050 0000505 .11 000500 0:0500000 0000 00000 00000: e: :0 -40- Significantly higher oat and bean yields were obtained on soils 5 and 1,respectively,on treatments receiving no manganese or lime. These results indicate that the near neutral and/or alkaline, coarse and fine textured soils and also muck soils respond well to manganese fertilization. Correlation analysis was performed on all soils, i.e. each representing a single treatment and its one replication was considered as one observation (15x3x3 = 135 observations) and on soils grouped according to manganese deficiency index. Simple correlations between the associated factors and multiple correlations among the factors known to be related to manganese availability were calculated. As indicated in Table 5, highly Significant correlations were obtained between O.lN H3P04 and 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable soil manganese on all soils (Fig. l) and when soils were grouped according to manganese deficiency index using beans as the indicator crop. Tissue manganese and manganese uptake by oats (Fig. 2) and beans were highly significantly correlated with manganese extracted by both the methods on all soils (Table 6). Bean yield was negatively correlated with available soil manganese determined by both methods. Poor correlation was obtained -4]- Table 5. The correlation between manganese extracted with O. 1N H3PO4 and 1N NH40Ac + 0. 2 per cent hydro- quinone on soils showing various degrees of manganese deficiency using beans as the indicator crop o. 1N H3Po'4extFECtab1e Mn vs. _1N NH40Ac + 0. 2 per Correlation cent hydroquinone extract- Coefficients able Mn A11 soils .9285** Soils considered to have an adequate supply of Mn .9529** Soils Showing moderate to severe Mn deficiency .8460** Soil showing a slight yellowing on beans classified as latent Mn deficiency .8334** ** Significant at 1% level O.lN H3PO4 extractable Mn (pounds per acre) 4001. 560. 520-I 280-1 240-1 200-1 1&0- 120- 80. Figure 1. -42- Relationship between O.lN H3P04 and 1N NH40Ac + 0.2% hydroquinone extractable manganese on all soils. ° Y = -25.255 + 0.993x r = 0.928** 40- .. an. O. C 0. o O ' I '7 '7 '7 I I ' I ' I ' I I 4' TFT ' I’— 18 55.4 92.8 150.2 167.6 205 242.4 279.8 317.2 354.6 592 1N NH40Ac + O.2%_hydroquinone extractable Mn (pounds per acre) Mn uptake by oats (mgm per pot) -43- Figure 2. Relationship between O.lN H3P04 extractable manganese and manganese uptake by oats on all soils. 15.1501 ° + . 11.855. 0 10.520 d 9205-1 0 7.590. 0 6.575. 5.460- 0.725 + 0.0209X 3.545- r = 0.7261»: 2.650. 1.3105- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 520 360 400 O.lN H3PO4 extractable Mn (pounds per acre) -44- Table 6. The relationship between 0. lN H3PO4 and 1N NH40Ac + 0. 2 per cent hydroquinone extractable manganese for all soils and the yield, tissue manganese (ppm) and manganese uptake by oats and beans Correlation Coefficients Relationship TSoiT¥Extractant O.lfl H3P04 TN NH40Ac + 0.2% P_ hydroquinone Oats Yield -.0557 +.0202 Tissue Mn +.70l4** +.6474** Mn uptake +.7264** +.6679** E2232 Yield -.6048** -.4834** Tissue Mn +.6470** +.6072** Mn uptake +.5483** +.4756** ** Significant at l% level -45- between oat yield and 0.13 H3P04 (r = .0557) and l5 NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone (r = .0202). In all cases, O.lfl H3PO4 extractable manganese gave a better correlation than the 1M NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable manganese. The effect of available soil manganese, determined by both methods, on the yield, tissue manganese, and manganese uptake by oats and beans on all soils when extractable phosphorus was included as a soil variable is shown in Table 7. Tissue manganese and manganese uptake of oats and beans gave highly significant correlations with soil manganese extracted by both the methods and soil phosphorus. Bean yield was also highly significantly correlated with the two methods (r = .6323 and .5826, respectively). A comparison of the data in Tables 6 and 7 shows that the oat yield correlation was improved to a significant level when phosphorus was included as a variable with the manganese extracted by lfl_NH4OAc + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone. When soils were grouped according to the manganese deficiency index using beans as the indicator crop (Table 8), bean yield was poorly correlated with soil manganese for deficiency and latentdeficiency groups. However, for the sufficiency group there was a highly significant negative correlation between bean yield and available soil manganese -46— Table 7. The effect of available soil manganese determined by 0. lN H3PO4 and lN NH40Ac + 0. 2 per cent hydro- quinone on the yield, tissue manganese and man- ganese uptake by oats and beans on all soils when extractable phosphorus was included as a soil variable Correlation Coeff1cients O. lN H3P04 extract- lN NH4 OAc + 0.2% Relationship able Mn and extract- hydroquinone ex- able P tractable Mn and extractable P Oats Yield .1664 .2096* Tissue Mn .7038** .6503** Mn uptake .727l** .6845** Beans Yield .6323** .5826** Tissue Mn .6487** .6234** Mn uptake .6047** .5877** * Significant at 5% level ** Significant at 1% level -47- Table 8. The relationship between O.lN H3P04 and lN NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable soil manganese and the yield, tissue manganese and manganese uptake by beans on soils showing various degrees of manganese deficiency Correlation coefficients Mn deficiency . Relationship O.lNLH3P04 1N NH40Ac + 0.2% hydro- quinone Deficiency yield -.3264 -.0960 tissue Mn +.4598* +.697l** Mn uptake +.3702 +.67ll** Latent deficiency yield -.2964 -.0896 tissue Mn +.5807** +.6359** Mn uptake +.2478 +.4673** Sufficiency yield -.8166** -.7l6l** tissue Mn +.6407** +.6064** Mn uptake +.5230** +.4430** * Significant at 5% level ** Significant at 1% level -48- extracted by O.lN H3PO4 (r = .8l66),(Fig. 3) and lN NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone (r = .7l6l). The highly signficant negative relationship between O.lN H3PO4 extractable soil manganese and yield of beans is shown in Figure 3. According to the manganese deficiency index established in this study, the criterion for the sufficiency group was the negative deficiency symptoms observed on bean plants. This group included the plants grown on soils with relatively low pH (4.7 or greater) and having tissue manganese values up to 3600 ppm (Table A, Appendix). Also included in this group were plants with high levels of Fe, Al, Cu and B (Table 37). Higher yield values at lower manganese levels in the soil as shown in Figure 3 were obtained mostly from organic soils. The average value for the acid soluble manganese on these soils was approximately 15 pp2m whereas the average value for easily reducible manganese on the same soils was about 100 pp2m. On organic soils, 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extracted more manganese than O.lN H3PO4 (Table 35). On organic soils, easily reducible manganese was better correlated with oat yield than the acid soluble manganese (Table 23). Yield 01 beans (gms per pot) 6.02- 5.4184 3.612- 3.010% 2.408 ‘ 1.806- 1.204 " 0.602 - -49- Figure 3. Relationship between O.lN H3P04 extractable manganese and yield of beans on soils grouped as manganese sufficiency using beans as the indicator crop. Y = 4.599 - 0.0108x r =‘00816** I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 120 160 200 240 280 320 560 400 O.lN H3P04 extractable Mn (pounds per acre) _50_ Therefore in Figure 3, where the regression line inter- cepts the Y axis, O.lN H3PO4 extractable manganese did not give the expected relationship with bean yield values. The correlation between bean yield and O.lN H3PO4 extractable soil manganese was consistently higher than the correlation between bean yield and lN NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable manganese on all the three groups. For the latent deficiency and sufficieny groups, bean tissue manganese gave highly significant correlations with available soil manganese as determined by both methods. Bean tissue manganese gave a significant correlation with O.lN H3PO4 extractable manganese on the deficient group (r a .4598) and a highly significant correlation with 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone (r = .6971). For the sufficieny group, bean manganese uptake was highly correlated with available soil manganese extracted by both methods. However, O.lN H3PO4 extractable manganese gave a higher correlation (Table 8). For the deficiency and latent deficiency groups, lN NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable manganese gave highly significant correlations (r = .67ll and .4673, respectively) for bean manganese uptake, Whereas comparable correlations with O.lN H3PO4 extractable manganese were poor (r = .3702 and .2478, respectively). -51- In general, for the deficiency and latent deficiency groups, 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable manganese gave higher correlations than O.lN H3PO4 extractable manganese when correlated with tissue manganese and manganese uptake by beans. When extractable phosphorus was included with the man- ganese determined by the two methods for correlations with the yield, tissue manganese and manganese uptake by beans (Table 9) highly significant correlations were obtained for all correlations on the sufficiency group. Correlations were improved to a greater extent for the lN NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable manganese. When the correlation coefficients in Tables 8 and 9 were compared, for the deficiency and latent deficiency groups, bean yield correlations with lN NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable manganese plus P were increased to highly significant levels (r = .0960 to .5037 on deficiency group and .0896 to .7733 on latent deficiency group). On the latent deficiency group, bean yield correlation with O.lN H3PO4 extractable manganese was improved from r = .2964 to .7538, a highly significant level. As shown in Tables 8 and 9, the inclusion of available soil phosphorus as a variable with soil manganese improved the correlations between manganese extracted by the two methods and the yield, tissue manganese and manganese uptake for deficiency index levels. Table 9. Mn deficiency index -52- The effect of available soil manganese determined by 0.15 H3PO4 and 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydro- quinone on the yield, tissue manganese and man- ganese uptake by beans based on manganese deficiency index when extractable ph05phorus was included as a soil variable Relationship Correlation coefficients 0.1NIH P0 Extrac ab e Mn and ex- tractable P 1fl NH40Ac + 0.2% hydroquinone ex- tractable Mn and extractable P Mn deficiency Latent deficiency Sufficiency yield tissue Mn Mn uptake yield tissue Mn Mn uptake yield tissue Mn Mn uptake .4138 .5229* .4173 .7538** .7479** .4518 .8242** .6433** .5982** .5037* .6975** .6867** .7733** .8011** .6765** .7651** .8011** .5847** * Significant at 5% level ** Significant at 1% level -53.. As indicated in Table 10, available soil manganese extracted by O.lN H3PO4 and 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydro- quinone gave highly significant negative correlations with sOil pH (r = .6281, (Fig. 4) and -.5721, respectively). They were positively correlated with soil phosphorus (r = .7002, (Fig. 5) and .6210, respectively) and negatively correlated with the sum of extractable bases (r = -.7792 and -.6472, respectively). By comparison, O.lN H3PO4 extractable soil manganese gave better correlations with all soil characteris- tics than lN NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable manganese. Highly significant positive correlations were obtained between O.lN H3PO4 and 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable manganese and soil phosphorus and negative relationship with the sum of the extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium on sufficiency and deficiency groups as shown in Table 11. Soil reaction was negatively correlated at the 1 per cent level with available soil manganese as determined by both methods on the sufficiency group. The sum of the extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium and extractable phosphorus gave a highly significant correlation with O.lN H3PO4 extractable soil manganese (r = -.6525) for all three groups. Correlations were similar with 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable manganese except for low corre- lations on the latent deficiency group. _54- Table 10. Simple correlations between pH, sum of the extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium and extractable phosphorus for all soils and the O.lN H3PO4 and 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydro- quinone extractable soil manganese Correlation coefficients $011 character1st1cs $011 extractant O.lNH3P04 1N NH40Ac + 0.2% hydroquinone pH -.6281** -.5721** Extractable K, Ca and Mg -.7792** -.6472** Extractable P +.7002** +.6210** ** Significant at 1% level O.lN H3PO4 extractable Mn (pounds per acre) 400 4 56011 520.- 120 - 80d 40 I Figure 4. -55- manganese on all soils. Relationship between soil pH and O.lN H3PO4 extractable 604.57 - 75.145x -0.628 ** O.lN H3PO. extractable Mn (pounds per acre) 400; 560- 520- 280. 240- 200-; 1601 120- 80-l -55- Figure 5. Relationship between extractable phosphorus and 0.1N 83PO‘ extractable manganese on all soils. -15.681 * 1.37lx r = 0.100" O O O o 0.000. .0 O O o O 00 O O- .0 I r l I I r I T I I I I l I I I I I I I l 24 55.2 86.4 117.6 148.8 180 211.2 242.4 275.6 504.8 336 Extractable phosphorus (pounds per acre) Table 11. -57- Simple correlations between pH, sum of the extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium and extractable phosphorus and O.lN H3PO4 and 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable mEnganese for soils grouped according to manganese deficiency index Mn deficiency Correlation coefficient Soil V Soil extractant index characteristics 0.1ETH3PO4 1N NH40Ac + 0.2% - hydroquinone Deficiency pH .0232 .0288 Extractable K, Ca and Mg .7418** .6506** Extractable P .6709** .7311** Latent Deficiency pH .0570 .2110 Extractable K, Ca and Mg .6525** .3872 Extractable P .4241 .3370 Sufficiency pH .5865** .5257** Extractable K, Ca and Mg .7957** .6294** Extractable P .6841** .5905** ** Significant at 1% level -58- Oat yield was poorly correlated with tissue manganese (r = -.1057) and manganese uptake (r = .0035) when all soils were considered as shown in Table 12. Bean yield was nega- tively correlated with tissue manganese (r = -.4391) and manganese uptake (r = -.3072) on all soils. When soils were grouped according to manganese deficiency index, bean yield was negatively correlated on the sufficienty group with tissue manganese (r = -.5657) and manganese uptake (r -.4197). Significant correlations were also obtained between the yield and bean tissue manganese on the latent deficiency group (r = .4775) and highly significantly correlated with manganese uptake (r = .7352). Simple correlations shown in Table 13 indicated that the tissue manganese and manganese uptake by oats and beans were highly correlated with soil pH, sum of the extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium and extractable phosphorus. The yield of beans was highly significantly correlated with the sum of the extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium (r = +.5820) and extractable phosphorus (r = -.5551). Non-significant corre- lations were obtained between oat yield and soil reaction (r = -.2093) sum of the extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium (r = -.0060) and extractable phosphorus (r = -.1509). -59- Table 12. The relationship between the yield of oats and beans on all soils and tissue manganese and manganese uptake by beans on all soils and on soils grouped according to manganese deficiency index Manganese Correlation coefficients deficiency Relationship Tissue Mn index Mn uptake Oats All soils yield -.1057 +.OO35 Beans All soils yield -.439l** -.3072** Deficiency yield +.l7ll +.1135 Latent deficiency yield +.4775* +.7352** Sufficiency yield -.5657** -.4l97** * Signifi cant at 5% level ** Significant at 1% level Table 13. -60- Simple correlations between the yield tissue manganese and manganese uptake by oats and beans on all soils and pH, extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium and extractable phosphorus Correlation coefficients Relationship EXtractable Extractable pH K, Ca and Mg P Oats Yield -.2093 -.OO6O -.1509 Tissue Mn .7032** -.4538** +.4496** Mn uptake .7293** -.5017** +.5322** Beans Yield .1402 +.5829** -.5551** Tissue Mn .6620** -.4525** -.4870** Mn uptake .6460** -.4327** +.5660** ** Significant at 1% level -61- Negative relationship existed between soil pH and tissue manganese and manganese uptake by beans. This was true for the sum of the extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium. But extractable phosphorus was positively correlated with tissue manganese and manganese uptake by oats and beans and negatively correlated with their yield values. Correlation coefficients for oat and bean yields with soil pH and extractable bases indicated negative relationship for yield of oats but positive relationship for yield of beans. The simple correlations between yield, tissue manganese and manganese uptake by beans and various soil chemical pr0perties of soils grouped according to manganese deficiency index are shown in Table 14. On the sufficiency group of soils, all correlations were highly significant. Soil pH was negatively correlated with yield of beans on the deficiency and latent deficiency groups and was positively correlated on the sufficiency group. Sum of the extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium was positively correlated with bean yield value on all the three groups, and reverse was true with extractable phosphorus. The multiple correlation coefficients shown in Table 15 indicated that the yield, tissue manganese and manganese uptake Were highly significantly correlated when several soil chemical characteristics were considered. Comparisons were made including -62- Table 14. Simple correlations between yield, tissue manganese and manganese uptake by beans and pH, extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium and extractable phosphorus on soils grouped according to manganese deficiency index Correlation-coefficients Mn deficiency Relationship Extractable Extractable index pH KJ_Ca and Mg Deficiency yield -.5773** +.56l4** -.4075 tissue Mn +.0873 .5040* +.4932 Mn uptake .0618 .3662 +.3912 Latent Deficiency yield .6592** +.5511* -.7534** tissue Mn +.4l92 -.5736* +.6730** Mn uptake .3642 .1426 -.3030 Sufficiency yield .3390** +.7331** -.6402** tissue Mn .6537** .4789** +.4802** Mn uptake .6292** .4511** +.5696** * Significant at 5% level ** Significant at 1% level -63- Table 15. Relationships among the yield, tissue manganese and manganese uptake by oats and beans and pH, extractable potassium, calcium, and magnesium, extractable phosphorus and manganese extracted by O.lN H3PO4 and 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone Correlation coefficients pH¥TK¥Ca+Mg) pH+(K+Ca+Mg) pH+(K¥Ca+mg) Relationships +P +P+Mn (O.lN +P+Mn (1N H3PO4 NH40Ac + 0.2% hydroquinone) Oats Yield .3505** .3927** .3508** Tissue Mn .7294** .7352** .7644** Mn uptake .7743** .7747** .7970** Beans Yield .6550** .7099** .6687** Tissue Mn .7032** .7281** .7241** Mn Uptake .7180** .7183** .7l9l** ** Significant at 1% level _54- the available soil manganese determined by both O.lN H3PO4 and 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone. The correlations for all comparisons were improved when available soil manganese extracted by either method was included in the correlation. Multiple correlations with the O.lN H3PO4 extractable soil manganese included as a variable gave better correlations with oat and bean yields. However, manganese uptake by oats and beans was more highly correlated with 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable manganese than with that extracted by O.lN H3PO4. A similar relation- ship existed for the manganese contained in the oat tissue. When soils were grouped according to the manganese deficiency index (Table 16), the multiple correlations with bean yield and tissue manganese were highly significantly correlated on all the three grOUps. As shown in Table 16, when soils were grouped according to the manganese deficiency index, the correlations were improved when manganese extracted by either of the two methods was included as a variable along with other soil chemical charac- teristics. Multiple correlations in which 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable manganese was included in the function gave better correlation with bean yield on deficiency and latent deficiency groups and bean tissue manganese and manganese uptake _a>a_ s_ p. pcmuet_emem .. _m>m_ am a. beautt_emem . rammpu. ravmpn. rapppn. wxmua: cz rsomwm. armwmm. armpou. :z mammwu ..memw. ..momm. ..amka. e_mes ..emm~. .mmme. Nwmm. masses :2 ..mmom. ..mmoa. ..omo~. c: mamas“ ..©omw. ..ommm. ..m_mm. u_me» .m 6 - «anmpm. «rpwmn. rpmvm. wxmwaz c2 .._NNN. .._Nma. ..mo_e. :z mama?» ..Noea. ..mmoa. ..emm©. e_m_s zocmwowmezm AucmPUPemo bemoan zucmwuwwmo AmcocW=UOLch NN.OI+ o3 umpowuomtpxm mmmcmmcms new mztognmoca mpnmuoatpxm .s:_mmcmms new sswu_mo .szwmmmpoa mynmpomcpxm .:a use xmocv zucm_uwemn mmocmmcms op unaccooum quaotm m_wom co mcmmn >3 mxmpa: mmmcmmcms was mmmcmmcme mammwp .upmwx mg» mcosm ma_;mco_memt one .o— m—nmp -66- on the latent deficiency and sufficiency groups than when O.lN H3P04 extractable manganese was included in the function. Bean yield and tissue manganese were highly correlated with the several chemical properties on all the three groups (Table 16). On the latent deficiency group, the uptake of manganese by beans was poorly correlated with soil pH, sum of extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium and extractable phOSphorus (r = .3922). The comparison of the multiple correlations obtained between the manganese extracted by O.lN H3P04 and that extracted by 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone and the pH, extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium and extract- able phosphorus on all soils and when soils were grouped according to manganese deficiency index rated by beans, is shown in Table 17. All correlations were highly significant except for the 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extract- able manganese and latent deficiency group (r = .4077). As shown in Table 18, the soil manganese, extracted by both methods decreased in the following order: Sufficiency > Latent deficiency > Deficiency It was clearly seen that the average values of 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable manganese on soils -67.. Table 17. Comparison of the multiple correlations between the manganese extracted by O.lN H3PO4 and 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone and the pH, extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium and extractable phosphorus on all soils and when soils are grouped according to manganese deficiency index using beans as the indicator crop Mn deficiency Relationships Correlation coefficients index pH+(K+Ca+Mg)+P All soils O.lN H3PO4 extractable Mn .8703** 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable Mn .7548** Deficiency O.lN H3PO4 extractable Mn .9596** 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable Mn .9382** Latent Deficiency O.lN H3P04 extractable Mn .6795** 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable Mn .4077 Sufficiency O.lN H3PO4 extractable Mn .8652** 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable Mn .7205** ** Significant at 1% level -68- em.mm mo.o_ mo.mm mucmcmmewo oo.pv om.mm F.ee om.me o.~op mo.NN_ :2 mfinzFom uwo< om.mm eo.mo m.me mm.wo m.mm w_.me_ :z mpnwozvmt x_wmmm Emmm .o.m :mmz .o.m com: .o.m com: sacmwowwmo chwwuwemo aWcmwo_ew:m bemoan . aoto comp me“ an swam; xmucw sucmwowemu mmmcmmcms mg“ on meantouum panacea mFPom co mmocmtmemwu truce use mnocume ago so nmwomcpxm mmmcmmcms Fwom mo women; use mm:_m> com: .mp mpnmp -69.. grouped according to manganese deficiency index rated by the bean cr0p were higher than the average values of O.lN H3PO4 extractable manganese on all groups. Although the manganese contents were lower in the deficiency group, the difference between the manganese values extracted by the two methods were greater in the deficiency group than in the sufficiency group. The difference in manganese extracted by the .lN H3PO4 and the 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone may be Attributed to the increase in the oxides of manganese extracted by the NH40Ac containing 0.2 per cent hydroquinone. The simple mean values in Table 19 indicated that the pH increased from 6.5 to 7.35 from the sufficieny group-to that classified as deficiency. This is inversely related to the easily reducible manganese and acid soluble manganese and manganese uptake by beans (40). The data presented in Tables 18 and 19 show decreasing means values for soil manganese from the sufficiency to de. ficiency group. Similar decrease is observed for plant tissue manganese and available soil phosphorus. These indicate a positive relationship between available soil phosphorus and plant manganese contents. It has been shown by several workers that phosphate increases the uptake of manganese by the plant (30, 35, 40, 46, 58). ass. mac. Fee. owe. ©©N._ mme. Aboa\5aev mxmua: :z :wmm mm.m_ oe.mm oa.__ om.mm km.s_a am.mms Agaae :2 03mm?» :mmm ma. mm.m _©._ ~©.N me._ am.m Apoa\5sv seats 2.0m .m m.swxe mm.ommo_ e._©me F.0mem s._ame o.wa_s . Amtos\muav .q Amz+su+¥v mesapomtoxm N.mm m.N© m-.mm mm.mm N.Pk m.e__ Amtu.\meav a m-smpUMLHXM -N. mm.a mm. N.N am. m.o Ammatm>w ._aatmv Ia .o.m ems: .o.m cam: .o.m cam: socmwowemo chmwowema aw:m_uwem:m . . bemoan coco :mma 05p to xmuc_ xuchUWm u mmwca use one :0 women m0_am_tm> noto pcmucmamu umwcaum me“ new morumwtmpuatuno Fmomsmco Fmom Pmtm>wm so mmmcmc new mm:_m> com: .m— anmp -71- An inverse relationship existed between the extractable soil bases (K+Ca+Mg) and the manganese content of soils determined by both extractants. Similarly, on comparing the sufficiency, latent and deficiency groups, the extractabfle soil K, Ca and Mg increased as the extractable soil manganese decreased. Experiment 2 In this experiment, 179 soils having a wide range of chemical characteristics and texture (Table B, Appendix) were chosen at random from samples submitted to the University Soil Testing Laboratory. Oats and radishes were chosen as crops to be grown on these soils because of the difference in their growth characteristics and their sensitiveness to manganese deficiency. The number of soils represented in each textural group are shown in Table 20. As shown in Table 21, the correlation between O.lN‘H3PO4 and 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable soil manganese was highly significant for mineral soils (r =..8570). (Fig. 6). Although the correlation was high (r = .6611), this relationship was not significant for organic soils since there were only nine observations. -72- Table 20. Soil texture, and number of observations contained in each textural group Number of Soil Texture Observations Loamy sands 36 1 Sandy loams 73 Loams 42 Sands 11 Clay 5 Organic soils 9 Loamy sands with high organic matter . 3 Total 179 Table 21. The correlation between manganese extracted with O.lN H3PO4 and 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydro- quinone on mineral and organic soils *4 Correlation 30115 coefficients Mineral soils .8570** Organic soils .6611 ** Significant at 1% level O.lN 8390‘ extractable Mm (pounds per acre) 600 G 540- 480. 420- 360.- 300- 240- 180. Figure 6. -73- Relationship between O.lN H3P04 and 1N NH40Ac + 0.2% hydroquinone extractable manganese on mineral soils. 0 so 00 so so 0 0 0 Y a 59.712 + 0.467x ' = 0.857" 00 .0. o. o O.- .. o O . 0 0 O o 0 I I I I I I I I I I' I I I I I I I I’ I 5 104.2 205.4 502.6 401.8 501 600.2 699.4 798.6 897.8 1N NH40Ac + 0.2% hydroquinone extractable Mn (pounds per acre) 4? 992 -74- The correlation between O.lN H3PO4 and 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable soil manganese on mineral soils when grouped according to texture are shown in Table 22. The results indicated highly significant correlations on all textures (sands, r = .9597 to loamy sands, r = .7508), but the order of magnitude of the correlations among the textural groups could not be derived because of the wide variation_ in the number of observations for each textural group as shown in Table 20. Table 22. The correlation between manganese extracted with O.lN H3PO4 and 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydro- quinone on soils grOUped according to texture Correlation Soil Texture , coefficients Sands .9597** Loams .9395** Sandy loams .8635** Loamy sands °7508** ** Significant at 1% level -75- The effect of available soil manganese, determined by O.lN H3PO4 and 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone, on the yield of oats and radishes and tissue manganese and manganese uptake by oats is shown in Table 23. Highly significant correlations were obtained between the extractable manganese by both the methods and tissue manganese and manganese uptake by oats on both mineral (Fig. 7 and 8) and organic soils. However, the radish yield was significantly correlated on mineral soils with O.lN H3PO4 extractable manganese only. Oat yield was not significantly correlated with available soil manganese as determined by either method. On organic soils, 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable manganese gave better correlation with manganese uptake by oats (Fig. 9). The effect of available soil manganese determined by the two methods on the yield of oats and radishes and tissue man- ganese and manganese uptake by oats when extractable phos- phorus wmsincluded as a soil variable on mineral and organic soils is also shown in Table 23. These data showed that the correlation coefficients were only slightly improved when phosphorus was included. However, on organic soils the relationship between radish yield and extractable manganese by both methods was improved considerably when available soil phosphorus was considered (Table 23). -75- Fm>m_ s--p. beauecccscm .. _a>m_ am a. p=.u_tc=m_m . wmmm. rrvomw. arovmm. opwm. wmop. armmvN. savvom. emwo. mFFo.+ arompm.+ «apnmw.+ mmmm.+ Nmmo.1 arm~mm.+ armemm.+ Omwo.+ mpov. aamnmw. rampnw. vam. ammup. «*anm. aamwwm. wwmo. mmop.+ «*Nmmm.+ rammow.+ ©NF—.n summp.u axonmm.+ rxmwwm.+ m—mo.+ u_acx gasses mxmuq: :z :z mammwp poo ppm?» use mPPOm owcwmco ppm?» gmwvmm mxmua: c2 :2 mammwo one e-a_s one m-_Om Parser: a m—ampomcu -xm new :2 mpnm -oomcbxm mcoc_:c -oces; swno + o FPOm m mm nous—0:? mp mstocamoca m_nmoomcpxm can: uommem cameo co comwtmqsoo can mono an mxmuas mmmcmmcme use mmmcmmcms mammwp new mmcmwcmc new mono so snow» ago no wcoc_:cocu>; am.o + om mo pumeem web .mm mpnmh Mn uptake by oats (mgm per pot) 1.58 I 1.404.- 1 .2481 1.092- 0.956: 0.780. 0.624- 0.4684 _77- Figure 7. Relationship between O.lN H3P04 extractable manganese and manganese uptake by cats on mineral soils- y : 0,057 + 09110,): r = 0.077" 0.3124 - 0.156- d 0-1 I I I ‘ I I I I I I I I r I I I I I I I I r O 60 120 180 240 300 560 420 480 510 8'4‘.‘ O.lN H3P04 extractable Mn (pounds per acre) Mn uptake by oa-s (mgm per pot) .159 11 .126- .113. . 100- .087- .074- .061: .048! .035- -78- Figure 8. Relationship between 0.18 H3PO‘ extractable manganese and manganese uptake by oats on organic soils. ’ -0.035 + 0.004x 0.8.37"l H II I I I7 I I I I 'I If I If If I I I I I 10 25 15 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5 50 I 3215 I 55I O.lN H3P04 extractable Mn (pounds per acre) ‘ oats (ngm per p. Mn uptake , .139 a .126 I .113 I .100 I .087 I .071 I .061. 0048- _7g_ Figure 9. Relationship between 18 HH.OAc + 0.2% hydroquinone extractable manganese and manganese uptake by oats on organic soils. 0 O Y c 0.099 + 0.0006x r = O.915'° O O I’ I I I ‘I7 I I I’ ’I I’ I I I7 I I’ 7I 1“ 24 42.6 61.2 79.8 98.4 117.0 135.6 150.2 172.8 191.4 210.0 in NH‘OAC + 0.2% hydroquinone extractable Mn (pounds per acre) -80- The relationship between the available soil manganese determined by two methods and the yield of oats and radishes and the tissue manganese and manganese uptake by oats when mineral soils were grouped according to texture is shown in Table 24. Oat and radish yield correlations were generally poor for available soil manganese as determined by both methods. Signi- ficant correlations were obtained for radish yield on loamy sands and the oat yield on sandy loam soils (Table 24). On sands and loamy sands, tissue manganese and manganese uptake by oats was not significantly correlated with soil manganese as' determined by either method. The tissue manganese and manganese uptake by oats obtained from the sandy loam soils (Fig. 10) gave highly significant correlations with soil manganese by both methods. On the loam soils, oat tissue Mn was highly correlated with O.lN H3PO4 extractable manganese (r = .4125) and was significantly correlated with 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable manganese (r = .3581). The oat man- ganese uptake values obtained on the loam soils significantly correlated with O.lN H3PO4 extractable manganese (r = .3812) and 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable manganese (r = .3305). When the simple correlations obtained for oat and radish yields and tissue manganese and manganese uptake by oats versus -81- _w>m_ e, aw wewucccemcm .. _w>w_ em a. sewucc_em_m . N-_. .am_.- wem_. “ww_.- w_wcs emwwwm .emmw. .momm.+ omwm. .N_ww.+ wxwwes e2 wwo «immow. «mem.+ armomn. remmpn.+ :2 mammwp poo eaw_. om_o.- meow. Neoo.- w_a.x owe mews; eemp. mmmp.- mmNF. omNF.- 30.:a emwnwm aaumom. «ao~me.+ raomme. 4«mmeo.+ mxwpe: ez pwo aamwmm. *aeFNm.+ 44Fmoe. axpmeo.+ ez memmwu pwo mswofi ewe_. sewp.+ .waw. .Nwww.+ weave “we swewm FNNN. moo_.- ree_e. aoomm.- 30.:4 emwnwm ow_N. omwo.+ weww. Nm_m.+ wxwpes ez wwo ommm. emmo.+ mmNN. NmPN.+ ez memmvp pwo mnewm meow. erP.+ ewww. Nwm_.- e_m_» pwo sewed wmmm. ommo.- mmmm. me_o.- npwwx em_nwm seem. w_we.+ ewes. _www.- wxwpa: e: owe emem. meee.+ Feue. onmm.+ :2 63mm?» uwo «mum. mmmo.- enmm. mome.- new?» pwo mnewm a mFprowcp 1- - 1111 xw new :2 anw e: mFawpowcp a mfiawpowtp -powcuxm meoewsc xm meoeree -xm new e2 e2 -ocnxe amho -ocnxe em! 0 mpnw owcpxm m_ewpuwcpxm + oeoezz z_ + oeoexz Zr eeaelze.o seam: z_. o awemeowuwam mtepxme From muemwoweewoo eowpw_mttoo mtszmp op mewntooow nquotm mpwom eo mFprcw> FFom w mw nmnepue. mwz mzcoeemoee mpewpuwtpxm ewe: pomeem tpmeu mo eompcweeoo new mpwo x2 wxwue: mmmewmews new mmmewmewe mzmmrp new mmempnwc new mowo no npwrx new :0 meoerzcocnxe em. 0 + ow no pomemm wee .em mPew» Mn uptake by oats (ngm per pot) .550 ' .495 I .440 I .585 ' .530- .275. .220- .165“ Figure 10. -82- Relationship between 0.1N H3PO4 extractable manganese and manganese uptake by oats on sandy loam soils. Y 1 :.)17 + 0.0006x .. a . 2 ...,‘.f4 I I I r I I I I I I I I I I 180 240 300 560 420 O.lN H3PO‘ extractable Mn (pounds per acre) I I I 480 540 600 -83- O.lN H3PO4 and 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable manganese were compared with these two extractants where available soil phosphorus was included, the correlations were improved but not to a marked degree (Table 24). However, on loams, the correlation of the oat tissueunanganese with 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone was improved from r = .3581 to r = .4032, the latter value was significant at the one per cent level. Table 25. The relationship between O.lN H3PO4 and 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable soil manganese and soil pH, lime requirement, extractable potasssium, calcium and magnesium and extractable phosphorus on mineral and organic soils Correlation.coefficients Soil Texture Relationship Soil extractant O.lN H3PO4 1N NH40Ac + 0.2% hydroquinone Mineral soils pH -.3484** -.2525** Extractable K, Ca, and Mg -.4647** -.2847** Extractable P +.4273** +.3651** Organic soils pH -.7591* -.5174 Extractable K, Ca, and Mg -.7315* -.6016 Extractable P -.2531 -.1349 * STgnificant at 5% level ** Significant at 1% level -84- Results of the correlation analysis shown in Table 25 indicated that the O.lN H3PO4 and 1NhNH4OAc + 0.2 percent hydroquinone extractable soil manganese for mineral soils were negatively correlated at the one per cent level with soil pH (r = -.3484 and -.2525, respectively). However, for organic soils only the O.lN H3PO4 extractable manganese was significantly related to soil pH (r = -.7591). The sum of the extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium and the extractable phosphorus gave highly signi- ficant correlations with soil manganese by both methods on mineral soils. On organic soils, only the extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium were significantly correlated with O.lN H3P04 extractable soil manganese (r = -.7215). The relationships between O.lN H3PO4 and 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable soil manganese and soil pH, extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium and extract- able phosphorus for mineral soils grouped according to texture are shown in Table 26. Both the O.lN H3PO4 extract- able manganese and that extracted by 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone were significantly correlated with the pH of the sandy loam soils (r = -.4429 and -.3208). For the loam soils, however, only the O.lN H3PO4 extractable soil manganese was significantly correlated with soil reaction (r = -.3872). There were no.5ignificant correlations for these relationships on the sands and loamy sands. The sum Table 26. -85- The relationship between O.lN H3PO4 and 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable sEil manganese and soil pH, lime requirEment, extract- able potassium, calcium and magnesium and extract- able phosphorus on soils grouped according to texture Correlation coefficients Soil Texture Relationship ‘ 5011 extractant O.lN H3PO4 1N NH40Ac + 0.2% hydro- gg *_ quinone Sands pH -.0834 -.2344 Extractable K, Ca and Mg +.O378 -.1308 Extractable P -.6032* -.4598 Loamy sands pH -.1839 -.Ol93 Extractable K, Ca and Mg -.4470** -.0903 Extractable P +.3220 +.O99l Sandy loams pH -.4429** -.3208** Extractable K, Ca and Mg -.4871** -.3899** Extractable P +.1847 +.0643 Loams pH -.3872* -.2727 Extractable K, Ca and Mg -.4471** -.3367* Extractable P +.7780** +.6404** ** Significant at 5% level Significant at 1% level ~86- of the extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium was highly correlated with soil manganese extracted by O.lN H3PO4 on loamy sands, sandy loams and loams (Table 26). The 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable manganese was significantly correlated with the sum of the extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium on loams (r = .3367), and significantly correlated at the one per cent level on sandy loams (r = -.3899). A highly significant relationship existed between O.lN H3PO4 and 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable manganese and extractable phosphorus on loams (r = .7780 and .6404, respectively); and as shown in Table 26, a significant negative correlation was obtained on the sandy soils between O.lN H3P04 extractable soil manganese and extractable phos- phorus (r = -.6032). A rather poor correlation resulted on the loamy sands and sandy loam soils between soil manganese extracted by both methods and extractable phosphorus. As indicated in Table 27, there was a significant corre- lation between oat yield and oat manganese uptake on mineral soils (r = .1711). A non-significant correlation for these relationships was obtained on organic soils. On sandy loams (Table 28), oat yield was significantly correlated at the one per cent level with oat manganese uptake (r = .3067). No significant correlations were obtained on other textural groups for oat yield and tissue manganese and -87- Table 27. The relationship between oat yield and tissue manganese and manganese uptake by oats on mineral and organic soils Correlation coefficients Soil Texture Relationship #* Tissue Mn Mn uptake Mineral soils Oat yield +.O893 +.17ll* Organic soils Oat yield +.O753 +.2988 * Significant at 5% level Table 28. The relationship between oat yield and tissue manganese and manganese uptake by oats on soils. grouped actording to texture Correlation coefficients Soil texture Relationship ___ _11 ' Tissu Mfi’ Mn uptake Sands Oat yield -.3374 -.4437 Loamy sands Oat yield +.O726 +.0268 Sandy loams Oat yield +.2133 +.3067** Loams Oat yield +.0344 +.2227 ** Significant at 1% level -88- manganese uptake. On sandy soils, oat yield was negatively correlated with tissue manganese and manganese uptake. As shown in Table 29, oat tissue manganese and manganese uptake were highly correlated (negatively) with soil pH on both mineral (r = -.4847 and -.4700, respectively) and organic soils (r = -.8775 and -.7447, respectively). The relationship between the yield of oats and soil pH on mineral soils was significant only at the 5 per cent level whereas the yield of radishes was highly significantly corre- 1ated with soil pH. On organic soils, both oat and radish yields were not well correlated with soil pH (r = +.3l93 and -.O950, respectively). Higfiy significant correlations were obtained between extractable bases and oat tissue mangnaese and manganese uptake and radish yield on mineral soils (r = -.3843, -.3838, and +.5890, respectively). This relationship did not apply to the organic soils. Extractable soil phosphorus did not give a good correlation with oat and radish yield and oat tissue manganese and manganese uptake on either mineral or organic soils. When the mineral soils were grouped according to texture (Table 30), a significant correlation was obtained between the manganese uptake by oats on the loam soils and extractable phosphorus (r .3119), and oat tissue manganese and extract- able phosphorus (r = .3715). It was noted, however, that the -89- Table 29. The relationship between soil pH, extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium and extractable phosphorus and the yield of oats and radishes and tissue manganese and manganese uptake by oats on mineral and organic soils Soils Relationship Correlation coefficients pH’ K+Ca+Mg P Mineral soils Oat yield -.1689* -.O403 -.O475 Oat tissue Mn -.4847** -.3843** +.1576 Oat Mn uptake -.4700** -.3838** +.1381 Radish yield +.3163** +.5890** -.0881 Organic soils Oat yield +.3193 -.1099 +.2370 Oat tissue Mn -.8775** -.6017 .2797 Oat Mn uptake -.7447* -.5808 .2386 Radish yield -.0950 +.3278 .3966 * Significant at 5% level ** Significant at 1% level -90- correlation of extractable phosphorus with oat and radish yield and oat tissue manganese and manganese uptake was poor on sands, loamy sands, and sany loams. Also, oat yield and manganese uptake were poorly correlated with extractable phosphorus on the loam soils. The data shown in Table 30 indicated a highly significant correlation between the sum of the extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium and the oat and radish yield on the 1CBmYsands and sandy loam soils. The yield of radishes was significantly correlated on the 10am soils with extractable bases (r = .3871). Tissue manganese and manganese uptake by oats obtained on the sandy loams and loams were highly corre- lated with extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium. The effect of soil reaction on oat and radish yield and oat tissue manganse and manganese uptake, as shown in Table 30, indicated that oat tissue manganese and manganese uptake were highly correlated with soil reaction on loamy sands, sandy loams and loams (Fig. 11). Oat yield was highly significantly negatively correlated with soil pH on sandy loams (r = -.354l); and radish yield was positively correlated with soil reaction on loams (r = .2681) and sandy loams (r = .2449). On sands, loamy sands and loams, oat yield was not well correlated with soil reaction. -91-' Table 30. The effect of soil pH, extractable potassium and magnesium and extractable phosphorus on the yield of oats and radishes and tissue manganese and manganese uptake by oats on soils grouped according to texture Correlation coefficients Soils Relationship g_pH‘ K+Ca+Mg P Ends Oat yield +.0517 +.1251 +.2622 Oat tissue Mn -.7841* -.5284 +.O766 Oat Mn uptake -.7709* -.5282 +.2605 Radish yield +.5626 +.6247 -.2605 Loamy sands Oat yield +.O953 +.5797** -.2274 Oat tissue Mn -.4744** -.2796 +.2287 Oat Mn uptake -.4514** -.2706 +.2154 Radish yield +.4230** +.7359** -.2628 Sandy loams Oat yield -.354l** -.2954** +.1211 Oat tissue Mn -.5379** -.4369** +.1183 Oat Mn uptake -.5502** -.4363** +.Ol64 Radish yield +.2449 +.3928** +.1346 Loams Oat yield -.ll90 -.2100 -.1341 Oat tissue Mn -.6256** -.5106** +.3715* Oat Mn uptake -.6060** -.5380** +.3119* Radish yield +.2686* +.3871* -.0844 * Significant at 5% level ** Significant at 1% level Oat Tissue Mn (ppm) -92- Figure 11. Relationship between soil pH and tissue manganese (ppm) of oats grown on loam soils. 130 I 0 117:- 1044- 196.791 - 24.137x -O.625" K: II 65- 52- 59- 26- 13- ' I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 7 I 4.5 4.83 5.16 5.49 5.82 6.15 6.48 6.81 7.14 7.47 7.8 Soil pH -93-- As shown in Table 31, multiple correlations among soil pH, sum of the extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium and extractable phosphorus, oat and radish yield, tissue manganese, manganese uptake by oats when available soil mangan- ese extracted by O.lN H3PO4 and 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone were compared. Mineral soils gave highly signi- ficant correlations for all relationships. When manganese was added as a soil variable in the multiple correlations, the correlations were improved in all cases. However, multiple correlations including available soil manganese extracted by O.lN H3PO4 gave consistently higher correlations as compared to multiple correlations including 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable manganese on mineral soils. For the organic soils, however, the multiple correlations improved only slightly, except for the radish yield, when O.lN H3PO4 extractable manganese was included in the correlation. The correlation of radish yield with the variables shown in Table 31 was somewhat improved when 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable manganese was included (r = .4827 to .4970). The correlation coefficient for the yield of oats as a function of the previously described variables was improved from .4570 to .9753 when reducible manganese was substituted -94- _w>w_ we ow sewuet_emcm .. _6>m- am e. semuet_em_m . came. omen. ewes. w_wes emewwe ..-oem. .eeww. .mwmw. mewsas e2 ewe sampmm. «sonmm. ssnmmm. :z mammwp poo ..wwem. sews. wees. w_wes ewe m_com ocewmto ..ommm. ..moow. ..wawm. w_wes emcwwe ..om_m. ..wwem. ..mwom.. mewses ee owe ..e_mm. ..weww. .._mem. :2 63mm?“ swo sknmpm. aaowpm. asmmom. ppm?» poo meOm anmcwz Ameoeweeoenxe sw.ol+ ueoezz 1 Assam: z_v ez+e+ z_.ov ez+e+ e+ Amz+wo+uc+xe Ame+we+eo+ee hmz+wu+¥v+ze ewemeowprmm weepxmb _wom muemwowwmmoo eowpwpmeeou m__om owewmeo new _weme_e eo mpwo xe mxwpe: wmmewmews new mmmewmews memmwu new mnemwnwe new mpwo to n_mwx web :0 mm_uemeoee _wuwsmeo Pwom Fwem>mm no gunmen mes .Pm m_ewh -95- for O.lN H3PO4 extractable Mn. Similarly, the r values (Table 31) for tissue manganese and manganese uptake by oats were also greater when 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable manganese was employed in the function. Where mineral soils were grouped according to texture, as shown in Table 32, the multiple correlation coefficients for tissue manganese and manganese uptake by oats as a function of soil pH, extractable potassium, calcium and magnesium and extractable phosphorus were highly significant. Correlations improved when either O.lN H3P04 or 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable manganese was included as a soil variable. Oat and radish yields gave highly significant correlations with these relationships on loamy sands and sandy loam soils. The inclusion of soil manganese with the other variables on the loam soils did not significantly improve the correlation between radish yield and the previously described variables. The correlation among these variables and the yield of oats on sands and loams was not significantly related to pH, sum of the cations, phosphorus or to soil manganese extracted by either method. Multiple correlations in which O.lN H3PO4 extractable manganese was included, consistently gave better correlations than the 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable manganese except for oat yields on sands and loamy sands and tissue manganese and manganese uptake by oats on the loam soils. -96- _n>n_ e_ ow sewaeteeaem .. en>ne em aw sewucteem_m . .mmow. .awmm. .momw. wen_» em_wwe ..mew. ..mmmw. ..wwew. nsta: :2 “we ransom. arwnoo. rswmmm. :2 mammwp uno wmnw. wwow. e_m~. w_ne> ewe meos ..eeoe. ..wwoe. ..Neoe. went» emewwe sawmnm. stump“. rrmwom. mxnuaz :z poo aeommm. rsnpmm. skmmmm. :2 mammwv poo ..omew. ..wwww. «.owew. wen_s ewe meo_ seewm ..wmwe. ..mmwe. ..www~. w_nex emcwwe ..Nwwe. ..weee. ..w_we. newsas ee owe «sovmw. asymmn. srnnmn. :2 mammwp poo ..Fwoe. ..wwew. .._www. w_nex swo mwewm sewos sewn. meme. some. new?» emewwe ..moaw. ..wemw. ..eomw. newses ee swo sanmwm. nanomm. ksommw. c: mammwp poo mews. owns. waww. went» owe mwewm 4neoewzcoewxe ew.ol+ see :2 1 seem: z_v ez+a+ z_.ov ez+e+ e+ Amz+wo+¥~+xe Amz+wn+¥v+ze Amz+wo+¥c+ee atemeocsw-ne mpenwoweenoo ensuwpneeoo neeuxnp _wom neapxnu op mewneooow nnesoem m_w m :0 mne«rn¢t.fien mono so nrnwx new mpwo an newpe: nmnewmews new nmnewmtes.nammwfi,nsn-eo-wnnnsneosa —wowsneo Peon Pwen>nm to puneen nee .Nm nFQwH -97- A comparison of the correlation coefficients obtained for O.lN H3P04 extractable manganese and that extracted by 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone as a function of pH, extractable bases and available ph05phorus is shown in Table 33. The O.lN H3PO4 extractable manganese was highly correlated with the variables previously described on both mineral and organic soils. The 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquione extractable manganese, however, was significantly related to these variables on mineral soils only. As shown in Table 34, highly significant relationships existed between O.lN H3PO4 and 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydro- quinone extractable soil manganese and the variables previously described on sandy loams and loamy soils. The O.lN H3PO4 extractable manganese gave a highly significant correlation with these variables on loamy sands (r = .5406) and a signi- ficant correlation on sands (r = .7861). The 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable manganese was significantly correlated with the variables shown in Table 34, on sands (r = .7359), but poorly correlated on the loamy sand soils (r = .1434). The data indicates that for all textural groups, O.lN H3PO4 extractable manganese gave comparatively better correlations than the 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable manganese. -98- _n>n_ e_ sw sewuet_emem .. _PNN. ez npewpuwepxn neoeweeoenme 6:66 can N.o + aeoeez z, ..mesm. ee n_awsuwthn seam: me.o m_e0m ocewmto «ammee. ez nFewuuwepxn neoewzcoenme sen. ens N.o + oeoexz z_ ..mmwm. ee n_ewsuwtsxn seam: m_.o me_6m _wtneee a+emetwn+¥e+ea e_emeowpw~nm neepxnp Fwom meenwowennoo eowuwpneeoo WFwom owewaeo new _wenees.eo metoeemoea neeweoweuxn new .Eewmnemws new .Ezwopwu .e=wmmweoe.n~ewpoweexn .Ie _Fom so eowpoeee w mw neoewecoenxe beno enn N.o + un- N- sw sewn-c_em_m .. -n>n- Nm sw sewn-c-eaem . -99- akmN-N. e: npewuuwepxn neoe-eooenxe new. ens N. o + aeoszz z- ..-mww. ee n-ew-uwtsxn seam: m-.o meo- Ioeoe. ez n-awpowepxn neoe-eaoenxe sens can N. o + aeoeez :- ..mem. e: n-swsuwtsxn seam: m-.o meo- swewm eme_. ez n-ewuuwtpxn neoeweeoenme new. ens N.o + aeoezz z- .wosw. ez n-swsuwenxn seam: m-.o mwewm sawe- kmmmm. e2 n-ewpowepxn neos-ecoenxe new. ewe N. o + aeoezz z- .-wwN. e: n-ewpowesxn seam: m-.o mwewm . a+-me+wn+ee+:m ewemeowpw—nm nezuxnp Fwom mpenNwaenoo eowuwpneeou neepxnp op me-neooow nneeoem mFFom eo meeoeemoee nPQwuuweexn new Ezpmnemwe new Ee-upwo .Ee-mmwpoe n ewpoweuxn In to! eo-pueee w mw neoe-ecoenze ueno ene N. o +ow n-ae-mv Ia - Z. - a... 1..- Lemmas-mm m.a o.ON e.mo- -m.wN- -eNaa- ee n-ss-Om n_oe w.ww e.mm wN.om- Nm.aw- e2 n-e-oswnt wfimmmw «e.m ewne .e.m ewnz m-wom owewmto m-om -wtne-e mnpewwew> mPPom owewmeo new Fwenews eo mnpow_ew> ooto nn>enmoo new mowumwenpoweweo Fwowsneo _wom _wen>nm no mnmewe new mne—w> ewnz .mm n-owh -102- Soil pH increased in the following manner: Sands < Clays < Loamy sands < Sandy 10ams < Loams Extractable phosphorus increased in the following manner: Clays < Sands < Loamy sands < Sandy 10ams < Loams Extractable bases increased in the following manner: Sands < Sandy Loams < Loams < Loamy sands < Clays Oat yield decreased in the following manner: Sands > Clays > Loamy sands > Sandy 10ams > Loams '-Radish yield decreased in the following manner: Clays > Loams > Sandy 10ams > Loamy sands > Sands Oat manganese uptake decreased as follows: Sands > Loamy sands > Sandy 10ams > Loams > Clays These variations are natural to obtain as the soils included in this study were of wide range in texture and chemical pr0perties and the management practices varied widely. wNw. m-N. wNN. wow. we-. - m. -oe \mEOV w-nes em-wwm --. wN-. NmN. ow-. -m-. Nw-. -soa\5se- nxwuoe ez pwo -.-e am.mm Nm.-o- so.-N NN.ww o.wN -eQe- :z mam-mfg. poo New. w.N ewe. wm.N wNN. ww.N -mpoa \mEm- w-n-x ewe o.wNmN aw.wm-N -m.wme w.smwN m.-ao- a.-mw- -ntow\mwa- -me+wo +ev n_ewooweoxn .r N.-e w.mm aN.Ns No.ww w-.ww -w.Nm -ntow\mwe- n. a nFprowepxm . mm.o Nm.w Ne. we.w Nw. No.w -nmwtn>w n_oewmv Io 4N.ww NN.oe MN.-e ee n_o=_om n_ow-ez n-ewoenne x-vmwm w-.w- Nm.wm- NN.NN Ne.ON- o.ew sm.mo- -eNaav ee n-es-Om ecoe Ne.mw- -w.-NN Nm.wa a-.-w- -.Ns- NN.Nm- -eNee- ee n—e_o:nne xpwmwm .esm .ewnn. ..e.m1 .11 ewne .e.m ewne mswoo _ mnewm mnewm mnpewwtw> swewm xewon 1 I1. 1 ,m-Pomlnneeuxnu new» new nmewoo eo mnFwatw> ooeo nn>enmeo new monomwtnpoweweo Pwowsneo _wom Pwen>nm no mnmewe new mnzpw> ewnz .om nFQwH -104- meowpw>enmoo to eno53e m >Feo nenz ncneu mw nnuw-eo-wo poe mwz .o.ma nmm.— omo. om m.© m.me_ o.mm m.mm_ now. nmw. moo. mwo. No.mm mm.mm mom. NN.N ©.m—NF o.wm—N Pp.om_ ©N.No mm. No.© m.NN m.oop N.oo_ n.emm _.mNF -ooa\5m- w-n_s em-ewe mooo\smsv nxwp : ez pwo Asoov ez neon?“ pwo Amoco \msmv nFn-x pwo Aneow\mnov Aoz+wo +¥v npewuoweuxm Aneow\mnov a npowuoweuxm Anmwen>w nFoswmv :o e: n_e:-om nwow-ez n_ewo=nne z_-mwm -EN.- :2 npn:_om nwu< AENoov ez nFQPoonne zpwmwm 4.0.m ewnz mxw-o .o.m , ewnz wswoo mnFQw-ew> .oeoo .ww.n-swc GENERAL DISCUSSION The mangnaese content varied considerably in the 179 soils included in this study. The acid soluble manganese ranged from O to 600 pp2m and easily reducible manganese ranged from 5 to 997 pp2m. The average manganese contents of mineral and organic soils were 129 and 20 pp2m of acid soluble manganese, and 190 and 100 pp2m of easily reducible manganese, respectively. When soils were grouped according to manganese deficiency index rated by the bean crop for the 11 soil types represented in the study, the average values for easily reducible and acid soluble manganese were as follows: 148 and 122 pp2m (sufficiency group); 58.55 and 49.5 pp2m (latent deficiency group) and 62 and 29 pp2m (deficiency group). These values indicate that soils having less than 62 pp2m of easily reducible manganese or less than 30 pp2m of acid soluble manganese may be considered as manganese deficient using beans as the indicator cr0p. Soils containing more than 69 pp2m of easily reducible manganese or 49 pp2m of acid soluble manganese may be considered as sufficient for the bean cr0p. -105- -106- Twenty-five ppm or less manganese in the bean tissue may be considered deficient and more than 35 ppm manganese can be considered as a sufficient level for normal plant growth. Naturally there is a limit for the plant manganese content for normal growth above which plants will suffer from manganese toxicity. The subnormal shrunken characteristic symptoms of the plants grown on Soils 6, 7 and 15, are shown in Plate 2. This disorder initially appeared to be associated with manganese toxicity. Bean plants grown on all three treatments of Soils 6, 7 and 15 (Montcalm sandy loam, Karlin sandy loam, and Osthem0' loamy sand, respectively) had well-spread green primary leaves to begin with, but the secondary leaves were very slow to emerge and, on emergence, their size was subnormal and were rather rubbery and with wavy margins (Plate 3). Plants were taken to the Plant Disease Diagnostic Laboratory on August 17 to see if the symptoms were of a pathological nature. Findings were negative. The leaf characteristics showed veins that were almost transparent; the remaining areas were dark green and puckered. Leaf tips were sickle-shaped with wavy margins (Plate 4). In contrast to these leaf characteristics, Gorter et a1 (21) has described the auxin herbicide effect on leaves as follows: "Growth of the mesophyll seems to be controlled by a -107- Plate 2. Effect of nutrient imbalance in the lant as shown on navy beans (var. Sanilac) Soil type: Osthemo loamy sand Soil pH: 5.4 Available soil manganese: 280 pp2m (acid soluble) 336 pp2m (easily reducible) Bean tissue manganese: 3600 ppm Plate 3. —108- Navy bean (var. Sanilac) plant showing well developed primary leaves and abnormal secondary leaves Soil type: Karlin sandy loam Soil pH: 4.8 Available soil manganese: 285 pp2m (acid soluble) 303 pp2m (easily reducible) Bean tissue manganese: 2140 ppm -1094 Plate 4. _- _7% Normal bean leaf (var. Sanilac) shown on the left and abnormal leaf on the right affected by nutrient' imbalance Soil type: Montcalm sandy loam Soil pH: 5.1 Available soil manganese: 175 pp2m (acid soluble) 138 pp2m (easily reducible) Bean tissue manganese: 1360 ppm -110- mechanism different from that for the growth of veins, for an auxin herbicide may reduce the amount of me50phyll without influencing the development of the veins. A pointed or even strap-like leaf may be the result. In extreme cases, complete absence of the mesophyll occurs. Crisped leaves are formed when vein growth is more retarded than mesophyll growth. The latter tissue then bulges out between the veins giving the leaves their crisped appearance. Crisping of leaves caused by auxin herbicides very much resembles the effects to be observed in virus diseased plants. Abnormal vein patterns as the band-like Spreading of the tissue of the central vein and sometimes of veins of the second or third order also is commonly combined with inhibited develop- ment of the me50phyll tissue." Comparing the observed abnormality of the leaves and the characteristic damage by the herbicide (2,4-D particularly) and observing them to be not quite similar, it was suspected that the two strains of virus may cause similar symptoms. The two suspected virus diseases were Curly Top and Bean Mosaic (57). . The three possible causes of these characteristic symptoms were as follows: herbicidal damage (a) a (b) a virus disease infection (c) a nutritional disorder. -111- In order to ascertain which of these caused the symptoms previously described, inoculation studies were made in fresh soil samples as suggested by Dr. D. J. deZeeuw of the Botany and Plant Pathology Department, Michigan State University. Beans were grown on suspected field soils (soils 6, 7 and 15) and on field soils not ordinarily producing the. symptoms. The beans in the latter soil failed to give the virus-like symptoms and no disease could be transmitted from these plants to either tobacco or navy beans. Beans grown in the suspected soil produced the typical symptoms. Transmission of symptoms from these, however, was also negative on tobacco and navy beans. There was a lack of evidence for soil transmitted virus. No specific insect was noted for such virus as Curly T0p and no contact or transmission from symptom-expressing plants could be obtained. It was concluded, therefore, that the symptoms observed on the bean plants were not due to a virus infection. Dr. N. Leeling, Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, analyzed the soils and plants grown on those soils showing symptoms by gas chromatography to trace the herbicidal residue in the soil or taken up by the plant in its growing stages. Standards were established for the possible herbicides used: Randox, Eptam, and both ester and amine compounds of 2-4-0. Chromatographic mfiumn, 6 feet by 1/8 inch, contained -112- five per cent DC-ll Silicone oil on Chromosorb (60-80 mesh). The temperature was 200°C and the nitrogen gas flow rate was 55 ml. per minute. The chromatographic curves failed to show similar peaks against the standards. 11Rejection of these two possibilities gives more weight to the possibility that these symptoms were due to some nutritional disorder, more of a toxic nature. Bean tissues from the soils receiving no treatment and with manganese added were extremely high in manganese and the plants showed the subnormal, shrunken growth with characteristic symptoms. Plants similar to these were obtained on the soils treated with lime. But the plant content of manganese was very much reduced (Table 36). From these data it appears that the kind of physiological disorder that develOped may be the result of nutrient element interaction or nutrient imbalance. To compare the chemical composition of tissues obtained from normal and abnormal bean plants, a spectrographic analysis was carried out by Dr. A. L. Kenworthy, Horticulture Department, Michigan State University. Results of the Spectrographic Analysis are shown in Table 37. Table 37. -113- Total manganese, iron, aluminum, copper and boron contents of tissue in the normal bean plants and plants showing nutritional disorder symptoms (Average of 7 observations) NUtFient content in the pTant Plant Growth Treatment tissue (ppm) -_ Mn Fe Al Cu B Normal 26 277 173 15.2 43.3 Abnormal Check 2200 200 100 16.0 42.0 15 lbs/Mn acre 2972 340 161 22.0 70.0 Lime treat- ment 4O 55 90 17.0 6.0 -114- When the ratios of other elements with manganese in the normal and abnormal plant tissues were compared (Table 38), the following observations were made: there was a 115-fold increase in manganese as compared to iron; 150-fold increase as compared to aluminum; approximately a 250-fold increase as compared to copper; and a 100-fold increase in boron. These ratios decreased with the application of manganese to the soil since the other nutrient contents also increased in the plant tissue. The application of lime brought about a sharp decrease in the manganese content of the bean tissue. The concentration of iron, aluminum, copper and boron also decreased but the ratio of manganese to these elements deviated considerably from that found in the noYMal tissue. This may have contributed to the similar symptoms that developed on the beans grown in the lime treated soils (Plate 5). Evaluation of two extraction methods as to their effectiveness in determining available soiT_manganese: The available soil manganese extracted by both methods were highly correlated on mineral soils (Experiment 2) and on soils grouped according to manganese deficiency index (Experiment 1). It was not significant on organic soils. It was noted that 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone consistently extracted more manganese on both mineral and organic soils. -115- Table 38. Ratios of manganese to other micronutrient elements 'in normal and abnormal plant tissue Plant Ratios Growth Treatment 1 _ FezMn Alen CuzMn B:Mn Normal 1:0.09 1:0.15 1:0.58 1:0.60 Abnormal Check 1:11.0 1:22.0 1:137.5 1:52.38 15 lbs Mn/ acre 1:8.74 1:18.46 1:135.1O 1:42.46 Lime treat- ment 1:1.38 1:2.30 1:2.35 1:6.80 Plate 5. -116-' Navy bean (var. Sanilac) plant showing abnormal leaf symptoms Soil type: Karlin sandy loam (lime treatment) Soil pH: 7.0 Available soil manganese: 280 pp2m (acid soluble) 308 pp2m (easily reducible) Bean tissue manganese: 51 ppm -117- However, it was also observed that the difference between 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone and O.lN H3P04 extractable manganese was greatest on the clays and least on the sandy loam soils. This difference was greater for organic soils (79 pp2m) than for mineral soils (60 pp2m). This may indicate that more manganese is extracted by 1N NH40Ac containing 0.2 per cent hydroquinone from clays and soils high in organic matter. Too, 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per Cent hydroquinone extractable manganese was better correlated with manganese uptake by oats on organic soils than on mineral soils. The soil manganese as determined by the two extraction methods were highly correlated with oat manganese uptake on both mineral and organic soils. The yield of radishes obtained on the mineral soils was significantly correlated with O.lN H3PO4 extractable manganese. Soil manganese extracted by both methods were found to be negatively associated with soil chemical pr0perties, such as pH and extractable bases on both mineral and organic soils. However, extractable phosphorus was positively correlated with soil manganese on mineral soils and negatively correlated on organic soils. The degree of association was higher for. O.lN H3PO4 extractable manganese on all occasions. -ll8- A higher degree of correlation was associated with 1N NH40Ac f 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable manganese on organic soils for oat and radish yields when soil phosphorus was included as a variable in the function. 0n comparing the merits of the two extrattion methods, it was found that O.lN H3PO4 extractant gave higher corre- lations than 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone with plant yield and plant manganese content on mineral soils and on soils placed in the manganese sufficiency group as rated by the bean crop. It can be stated that on mineral soils O.lN H3PO4 is more effective in determining the available manganese and on organic soils, 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone is a better extractant to determine the available soil manganese. -Soil manganese as related to soil texture: The manganese content of the different textural groups varied considerably. The easily reducible manganese ranged from 157 pp2m in sands to 227 pp2m in sandy loams while the acid soluble manganese varied from 57 pp2m in clays to 158 pp2m in sandy 10ams. Even with this difference, manganese content in oats decreased in a uniform pattern from coarse to fine textured soils. On the average, both the coarse (sands, loamy sands -ll9- and sandy 10ams) and fine textured soils (10ams and clays) contained an equal amount of easily reducible manganese. But the acid soluble manganese in the coarse textured soils was approximately one and a half times greater than the fine textured soils (Table 36). The manganese content of oats grown on coarse textured soils was twice as great as that obtained from the fine textured soils. From this relationship, it may be concluded that O.lN H3PO4 is more effective in determining the plant available manganese than 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone on mineral soils. The same trend was observed for the yield of oats. The yield of radishes, however, increased from coarse to fine textured soils. Soil manganese was highly correlated with plant manganese on medium textur- Ed $0115 but this was not true for the coarse textured soils. Except on sandy soils, acid soluble manganese was better correlated with plant manganese than the easily reducible manganese. Soil manganese as related to_§oil_reaction: Soil manganese determined by both methods was highly negatively correlated with soil reaction on medium textured soils and on soils considered to be manganese sufficient as rated by the bean cr0p. Too, plant manganese uptake was negatively correlated with soil reaction on both mineral and -120- organic soils and on soils grouped as manganese sufficient. However on organic soils, easily reducible manganese did not appear to be related significantly to soil pH. Soil pH increased from the sufficiency to deficiency group and the acid soluble and easily reducible manganese decreased. Similarly, the plant manganese content decreased. The yield' of beans was more closely negatively related to soil pH on the deficiency group of soils and was positively related on the sufficiency group. Soil manganese as related to the sum ofgthe extractable ,potassium, calcium and magnesium: ‘ Both acid soluble and easily reducible manganese were negatively correlated with extractable bases on mineral soils, organic soils, and on the soils grouped according to their manganese deficiency index. Acid soluble manganese was highly significantly correlated on all occasions. Extractable bases increased from sufficiency to deficiency group while soil and plant manganese decreased. The yield of beans was more closely related (negatively) to the sum of the extractable bases on the sufficiency group. -121- Soil manganese as related to extractablegphosphorus: The effect of phosphate on the increased uptake of manganese by crops has been observed by several workers (30, 35, 40, 46, 58). The direct effect has been attributed to the chemical mobilization of Mn brought about by the reaction between calcium mono-phosphate on the manganese compounds by precipitating them as manganous phosphate since this compound forms at pH 5.8 or above (35). This retards the oxidation of Mn and provides a constant and slow supply of Mn to the plant. Indirect effect of the superphosphate is by lowering the pH and thus increasing the divalent form of manganese (46). In the present investigation, soil manganese as determined by the two methods, and plant manganese were highly positively correlated with soil phosphorus on medium textured soils and on all three groups classed according to the manganese deficiency index. However, the relationship was negative on sandy soils and organic soils. The uptake of manganese by beans was closely positively related to soil phosphorus on the deficiency group. Bean yield was negatively related to soil phosphorus on all the three groups rated according to the manganese deficiency index. -122- The highly significant multiple correlations obtained in this study indicate that the available soil manganese as determined by both soil extractants and the plant manganese were highly associated with such soil pr0perties as pH, exchangeable bases and P on mineral and organic soils and when soils were grouped according to the manganese deficiency index. The easily reducible manganese was poorly related to these factors on organic soils. The results of this study indicate that the near neutral and/or alkaline, coarse and fine textured soils and also muck soils respond well to manganese fertilizaton. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Greenhouse and laboratory investigations were initiated in 1964 to (1) study the manganese availability of several Michigan soils; (2) evaluate two extraction methods; (3) correlate several soil chemical properties with manganese availability; (4) study the effect of lime and manganese applications on manganese availability; and (5) to determine the manganese sufficiency level for oats, beans and radishes. In the first experiment, 11 soil types, obtained from 15 locations in Michigan, were treated with manganese and lime to determine the manganese sufficiency levels using oats and beans as the indicator crops and to study the effect of manganese and lime applications on manganese availability. In the second experiment, 179 soils were selected at random from the University Soil Testing Laboratory and mixed with sand (1 part soil to 3 parts sand) and planted to oats and radishes. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. The manganese content of the soils studied varied widely. 2. When O.lN H3PO4 extractable manganese is below 30 pp2m or when 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable manganese is below 62 pp2m the soil may be considered as deficient in this element for optimum growth of beans. -12‘3- -124- 3. Twenty-five ppm or less manganese in the bean plant tissue may be considered as deficient level and more than 35 ppm manganese may be considered as sufficient for normal plant growth. 4. The O.lN H3P04 extractable manganese gave better correlations with plant manganese and yield on mineral soils. However, the yield and manganese content of plants grown on organic soils were better correlated with 1N NH40Ac + 0.2 per cent hydroquinone extractable manganese. 5. Soil texture imparted a significant influence on manganese availability. Coarse textured soils contained a greater amount of manganese compared to the fine textured soils. 6. Soil pH related negatively with the availability of manganese and thus uptake of manganese by the plant. 7. Soil phosphorus affected the manganese avail- ability on medium textured soils. A positive relation- ship existed between extractable soil manganese and extractable phosphorus. 8. Acid soluble manganese was negatively correlated with extractable bases on all textures, organic soils and on the soils grouped according to their manganese deficiency index. Easily reducible manganese was not -125- related to the sum of the extractable bases on the organic soils in Experiment 2 and on the manganese latent deficiency group in Experiment 1. 9. The near neutral and/or alkaline, coarse and fine textured soils and also muck soils respond well to manganese fertilization. 10. The nutrient imbalance (Mn, Fe, Al, Cu, B) arising on coarse and medium textured acid soils (pH 4.7 to 5.5) may give rise to abnormal growth of bean plants. 10. LITERATURE CITED Adams, Fred and John Wear. 1957 Manganese toxicity and soil acidity in relation to crinkle leaf ot cotton. Soil Sci. Soc. of Amer. Proc. 21:305-308. Agarwalla, S.C., Sharma, C.P. and A. Kumar 1964 Inter- relationships of iron and manganese supply on growth, chlorophyll and iron porphyrin enzymes in barley plants. Plant Physiology 39:604-609. Aso, K. 1902 Physiological influences of manganese compounds in plants. Bul. Coll. Agri. Tokyo Imperial University. From Minor Element Abstracts, Chilean Nitrate Educational Bureau, Inc. New York. Benson, A A. 1964 Plant membrane lipids. Annual Review of Plant PhysiolOQY. 15:1.16 Boken, E. 1958 Investigation on the determination of available manganese content of soils. Plant and Soil.'9:269-285. 1962 On the effect of storage and temperature on the exchangeable manganese in soil samples. Plant and Soil 4:152-163. Bray, R. 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Hoff, D. J. and H. S. Medereski 1958 The chemical estimation of plant available soil manganese. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 22:129-132. Knott, J. E. 1940 The response of onions to manganese on uproductive soils. Proc. of Am. Soc. of Hort. Sci. 37:830=836. Larsen, Sigurd 1964 The effect of phosphate applications on manganese content of plants grown on neutral and alkaline soils. Plant and Soil 21:37-42. Leeper, G. W. 1935 Manganese deficiency of cereal, plot experiments, and a new hypothesis. Proc. Royal Soc. Victoria 37:225-261. 1937 The forms and reactions of manganese in the soil. Soil Sci. 62:79-94. 1952 Factors affecting the availability of inorganic nutrients in soils with Special reference to micronutrients. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 3:1-16. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. -129- Liddicotte, George W. 1960 The radiochemistry g: manganese. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Lindsay, W. L. and H. F. 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Proc. 14:131-137. Vose, P. B. and P. J. Randall 1962 Resistance to Al and manganese toxicities in plants related variety and cation exchange capacity. Nature, 196385-95- and D. J. Griffiths 1961 Manganese and magnesium in the Grey Speck Syndrome of oats. Nature, 191:299-300. Walker, John M. and Stanley A. Barber 1960 The availability of chelated manganese to millet and its equilibria with other forms of manganese in the soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 24:485. Wallace, 1. 1961 The diagnosis of mineral deficiencies in plants, Second Edition. Chem. Publ. Co., N.Y. Willard, H. H. and L. H. Greathouse 1917 Colorimetric determination-of manganese using periodic acid as oxidizing agent. Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc. 39:2366. Williams, D. E. and J. Vlamis 1962 Ion competition in manganese uptake by barley plants. Plant Physiology 37:650-655. APPENDIX HOUGHTON SERIES Houghton series consists of organic soils developed from fibrous plant remains consisting of grasses, sedge, reeds, and other non-woody water tolerant plants over 42 inches thick. Soil Profile: Houghton muck 01 0-7" Black (lOYR 2/1) to very dark brown (lOYR 2/2); muck composed of fibrous plant remains; weak to moderate, fine to medium, granular structure; very friable; medium acid; diffuse smooth boundary. 5 to 20 inches thick. 02 7-24" Dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) to brown (7.5YR 5/4); muck or partially decomposed peat; moderate, medium, granular grading downward to fine, fibrous fragments in lower part; friable; medium to slightly acid; diffuse smooth boundary. 7 to 15 inches thick. 03 24"+ Brown (7.5YR 5/4); moderately decomposed muck grading downward to fibrous peat, largely reeds and sedges; massive; friable; slightly acid to neutral. To 0 ra h : Nearly level areas, depressions or broad depressed flats, in out-wash plains, till plains, and moraines. Drainage and Permeability: Very poorly drained. Run-off is slow to ponded. Water table at or near the surface, except where artificially drained. Permeability is moderate. -132- WISNER SERIES The Wisner series comprises poorly drained humic-clay soils developed in highly calcareous clay loam or silty clay loam till which has probably been reworked by water in many areas. Soil Profile: Wisner clay loam Ap O-8" Clay loam; black (lOYR 2/1) or very dark gray (lOYR 3/1); moderate to strong coarse, granular structure; firm; calcareous to mildly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. 6 to 9 inches thick. B2 8-18" Clay loam or silty clay loam; dark gray (5YR 4/1) or gray (5Y 5/1) mottled with brown (7.5YR 5/4-4/4), mottles are common, medium, and distinct; moderate to strong, medium, angular or subangular blocky structure; firm; calcareous; gradual wavy boundary. 5 to 15 inches thick. Cg 18"+ Clay loam or silty clay loam; brown (7.5YR 5/2); (lOYR 5/3) mottled with gray (5Y 5/1- 6/1), pale brown (lOYR 6/3), and yellowish brown (lOYR 5/6-5/8), mottles are many, coarse, and distinct; weak medium and coarse, angular blocky or massive structure; firm; calcareous. Topography: Nearly level to depressed areas in old lake plains. Dominant relief is less than 2 per cent slope, the areas were covered by former glacial lakes. Drainage and Permeability: Poorly drained. Run-off is very slow to ponded. Permeability is slow to very slow. -l33- SIMS SERIES The Sims series included poorly drained Humic-Gley soils developed in calcareous clay loam or silty clay loam till. Sims soils are the poorly to very poorly drained member of the drainage sequence that included the well to moderately well drained Nester and the imperfectly drained Kawkawlin soils. Soil Profile: Sims clay loam Ap O-7” Clay loam; black (lOYR 2/1) or very dark gray (lOYR 3/1); moderate, medium, granular structure; firm to friable; slightly acid to mildly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. 6 to 9 inches thick. 8219 7-15" Clay loam or silty clay loam; light br0wnish gray (lOYR 6/2) or gray (lOYR 5/1) mottled with brown (lOYR 5/3-4/3) and yellowish brown (lOYR 5/4-5/6), mottles are few, medium, and distinct; moderate, medium, angular or sub- angular blocky structure; firm; slightly acid to mildly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. 5 to 12 inches thick. 8229 15-32" Clay loam or silty clay loam; light gray (lOYR 7/1) or light brownish gray (lOYR 6/2) mottled with yellowish brown (lOYR 5/4-5/6) and dark yellowish brown (lOYR 4/4), mottles are many, coarse, and distinct; moderate to strong, medium, angular blocky structure; firm; neutral to mildly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. 5 to 20 inches thick. -134- -135- Cg 32"+ Clay loam or silty clay loam; light gray (lOYR 7/1) or light brown (lOYR 5/2) mottled with yellowish brown (lOYR 5/4) and brown (lOYR 5/3-4/3); mottles are many, coarse, and distinct; weak, or moderate, medium and coarse, angular blocky structure; firm; calcareous. Physiography: Nearly level to depressed areas in till plains and low moraines. Drainage and Permeability: Poorly to very poorly drained. Run-off is very sT0w to ponded. Permeability is slow. MONTCALM SERIES Montcalm series includes well to moderately well drained biseque soils with a minimal Podzol upper sequum and a Gray Wooded lower sequum which develOped in slightly acid to calcareous loamy sand or sand drift. Montcalm soils are the well to moderately well drained member of the catena that includes the imperfectly drained Otisco and the poorly to very poorly drained Edmore soils. Soil Profile: Ap 0-7" A2 7-9" B2ir 9-15" A2 15-26" Montcalm loamy sand Dark grayish brown (lOYR 4/2) to dark brown (lOYR 3/3); loamy sand; very weak, fine, granular structure; very friable; slightly to strongly acid; low to moderate organic matter content; abrupt smooth boundary. 6 to 12 inches thick. Light gray (lOYR 7/2) to grayish brown (lOYR 5/2); loamy sand; very weak, fine, granular structure; very friable; medium to strongly acid; smooth clear boundary. 1 to 7 inches thick. Brown (7.5YR 4/4-5/4) to yellowish brown (lOYR 5/4-5/6); loamy sand; very weak, fine, granular structure; very friable to loose; medium to strongly acid; gradual boundary. 4 to 10 inches thick. Pale brown (lOYR 6/3) to light yellowish brown (lOYR 6/4); loamy sand, very weak, thin, platy structure; very friable to slightly compact and brittle; medium to strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. 8 to 18 inches thick. -136- Bt 26-33" A2 and Bt 33-60" sequence C 60"+ Tgpography: -137- Reddish brown (5YR 4/4) to brown (7.5YR 5/4-4/4); sandy loam to coarse, sandy clay loam; weak to moderate, medium and coarse, sub-angular blocky structure; friable to slightly firm; slightly to strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. 3 to 12 inches thick. Light brownish gray (lOYR 6/2) to pale brown (lOYR 6/3); medium to coarse and representing the A2 with thin bands, layers, and lenses, 1/2 to 4 inches thick, of reddish brown (5YR 4/4) to brown (7.5YR 4/4) of fine, loamy sand to sandy loam, representing the Bt horizons; the A2 has single grain structure and is loose; while the Bt is massive to very weak, medium, subangular blocky structure and is very friable to friable; slightly to medium acid; abrupt wavy boundary between the last Bt horizons and the C horizon. 15 to 42 inches thick. Pale brown (lOYR 6/3) to yellowish brown (lOYR 5/4); medium to coarse loamy sand to sand; single grain; loose; slightly acid, neutral to calcareous. Nearly level to strongly sloping to steep areas in moraines, till plains, and outwash plains. Draingge and Permeability: Well to moderately well drained. Run-off’is medium on the milder slopes and rapid on the strongly sloping areas. Permeability is moderate to rapid. KARLIN SERIES The Karlin series consist of well-drained Podzols developed in loamy fine sand to find sandy loam, 15 to 42 inches thick, overlying sand. Weak, thin textural B horizons are often present below depths of 36 inches. Karlin soils are the well drained member of the catena (toposequence) that includes the imperfectly drained Sigma and the poorly to very poorly drained Sagaing soils. Soil Profile: Ap O-8" A2 8-9” BZir 9-23" IIBZ 23-30" IIB3 30"+ Karlin fine sandy loam Fine sandy loam; very dark grayish brown (lOYR 3/2); very weak, granular structure; fine, very friable; moderate in organic matter; slightly to medium acid; abrupt smooth boundary. 6 to 11 inches thick. Sandy loam; pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2-72/); very weak, coarse, granular structure; very friable; medium to strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. 1 to 3 inches thick. Coarse, sandy loam; dark brown (lOYR 4/3- 7.5YR 4/4); very weak, medium subangular block structure; very friable; medium to strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. 9 to, 20 inches thick. Sand; yellowish brown (lOYR 5/4-5/6); single grain structure; loose; medium acid; gradual wavy boundary. 8 to 15 inches thick. Sand; light yellowish brown (lOYR 6/4); single grain structure; loose; medium to slightly acid. -138- -l39- Topography: Nearly level to strongly leping areas in outwash plains and old glacial drainageways. Drainage and Permeability: Well-drained. Run-off is slow to medium. Permeability is rapdi. GRANBY SERIES Granby series includes Humic-Gley soils developed in neutral to calcareous sands. Granby soils are the poorly to very poorly drained member of the catena (toposequence), that includes the well-drained Oakville, moderately well-drained Ottokee, imperfectly drained Tedrow, and the very poorly drained very dark colored Maumee soils. Soil Profile: Granby loamy fine sand Ap O-8" Loamy fine sand; very dark grayish brown (lOYR 2/2) or very dark gray (lOYR 3/1); very weak, medium, granular strutture; very friable; medium acid to neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. 7 to 10 inches thick. A12 8-12” Loamy fine sand; very dark gray (lOYR 3/1); very weak, coarse, granular structure; very friable; medium acid to neutral; gradual wavy boundary. 2 to 6 inches thick. 89 12-40" Loamy sand to sand; yellowish brown (lOYR 5/6-5/8) mottled with gray (lOYR 5/1), brownish yellow (lOYR 6/6), and dark brown (7.5YR 5/2-4/4); mottles are common, medium and distinct in upper part with gradual change to many, coarse, and distinct in lower part; coatings of very dark gray are on many sand grains in upper 3 or 4 inches; single grain structure; loose; slightly acid to neutral; diffuse irregular boundary. 20 to 40 inches thick. -14o- -141- C9 30"+ Sand; gray (lOYR 5/1) or light brownish gray (lOYR 6/2) mottled with yellowish brown (lOYR 5/6-5/8), dark yellowish brown (lOYR 4/4), and brownish yellow (lOYR 6/6-6/8); mottles are many, coarse, and distinct,:single grain structure; loose, mildly alkaline to calcareous.‘ Igpography: Nearly level to slightly depressed areas in out- wash and lake plains. Drainage and Egrmeability: Poorly to very poorly drained. Run-off is very slow to ponded. Permeability is very rapid. HODUNK SERIES The Hodunk series consists of moderately well drained Gray- Brown Podzolic soils with fragipans which developed on calcareous sandy loam glacial till. Hodunk soils are found in association with the well drained Hillsdale and moderately well drained Elmdale series which are also develOped on calcareous sandy loam till. Soil Profile: Hodunk sandy loam Ap 0-7'I Dark grayish brown (lOYR 4/2) to very dark grayish brown (lOYR 3/2); sandy loam; moderate, fine, granular structure; friable when moist and soft when dry; medium content of organic matter; medium to slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. 6 to 11 inches thick. A2 7-16" Yellowish brown (lOYR 5/4); pale brown (lOYR 6/3) or light yellowish brown (lOYR 6/4); sandy loam; weak, fine, granular to weak, fine, subangular blocky structure; very friable when moist and soft when dry; medium acid; abrupt wavy boundary. 6 to 20 inches thick. Bim 16-25” Brown (lOYR 5/3) to pale brown (lOYR 6/3); sandy loam to light sandy clay loam; massive to weak, thick, platy structure; firm when moist and brittle when dry; weak to moderately developed fragipan; few thick clay flows; medium to strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. 4 to 12 inches thick. -142- -143- 829 25-46” Brown (lOYR 5/3) to yellowish brown (lOYR 5/4) mottled with yellowish bronw (10 YR 5/8) and dark brown (7.5YR 4/4), mottles are common, medium, distinct; sandy clay loam, heavy sandy loam, or light clay loam; few thick clay flows; weak, medium, subangular blocky structure; firm when moist, strongly to medium acid in the upper part and slightly acid in the lower part; abrupt irregular boundary. 15 to 30 inches thick. Cg 46”+ Light yellowish bronw (lOYR 6/4) to brown (lOYR 5/3) mottled with yellowish brown (lOYR 5/6-5/8), mottles are commong, medium, distinct; sandy loam; massive to very weak, coarse, subangular blocky structure; friable when moist and hard when dry; calcareous. Topography: Gently to moderately sloping till plains and moraines. Drainage and Permeability: Moderately well drained. Surface run-off is slow to moderate. Permeability is moderate to slow depending upon the degree of development of the fragipan. TUSCOLA SERIES The Tuscola series comprises moderately well drained Gray- Brown Podzolic soils which developed in stratified silts, very fine sands, and fine sands. Tuscola series is the moderately well drained member of the drainage sequence that includes the well drained SisSon, imperfectly drained Kibbie, and the poorly to very poorly drained Colwood soils. Soil Profile: Tuscola fine sandy loam Ap O-9" Fine sandy loam; dark grayish brown (lOYR 4/2), very dark grayish brown (lOYR 3/2); weak, coarse, granular structure; friable; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. 7 to 10 inches thick. A2 9-13" Fine sandy loam; yellowish brown (lOYR 5/4) or brown (lOYR 5/3) with grayish brown (lOYR 3/2) organic coatings on some ped faces and in warm casts; weak, fine, subangular blocky to weak, thin, platy Structure; friable; Slightly acid to neutral; clear smooth boundary. 3 to 6 inches thick. 821 13-24" Fine sandy loam or loamy; dark yellowish brown (lOYR 4/4) with a few pads coated with dark grayish brown (lOYR 4/2); weak to moderate, medium, subangular blocky structure; slightly firm; very thin discontinuous clay flows; slightly acid to neutral; gradual smooth boundary. 8 to 17 inches thick. -144- 822 24-34" 8239 34-42" 339 42-44" Cg 44-54" Topography: -145- Very fine sandy loam or silt loam; brown (lOYR 5/3) with common, medium, faint yellowish brown (lOYR 5/8) and common, fine, distinct gray (lOYR 5/1) mottles weak, medium, subangular blocky structure; slightly firm; very thick discontinuous or patchy clay flows; Slightly acid to neutral; clear smooth boundary. 6 to 14 inches thick. Silt loam or silts; grayish brown (lOYR 5/2) with common, medium, distinct yellowish brown (lOYR 5/6-5/8) mottles; weak, medium, subangular blocky structure; Slightly firm; very thin patchy clay flows; neutral; clear wavy boundary. 6 to 12 inches thick. Very fine sandy loam; grayish brown (lOYR 5/2) mottled with yellowish brown (lOYR 5/6-5/8) and gray (lOYR 5/1), mottles are common, medium, and distinct; massive (stratified) to very weak, coarse, subangular blocky structure; friable; mildly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. 1 to 10 inches thick. Silts and very fine sands; gray (lOYR 5/1) mottled with grayish brown (lOYR 5/2), and dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) mottles are common, medium, and distinct; massive (stratified) friable; calcareous. Nearly level to gently SlOping areas on lake plains and deltas. Drainage and Permeability: Moderately well drained. Run-off is Slow. Permeability is moderate. BROOKSTON SERIES Brookston series comprises poorly drained Humic-Gley soils developed in calcareous loam and Silt loam till in the Gray Brown Podzolic Soil Region. Brookston soils are the poorly drained member of the drainage sequence that includes the well drained Miami, the moderately well drained Celina, the imperfectly drained Conover, and the very poorly drained, very dark-colored Kokomo soils. Soil Profile: Brookston clay loam Ap 0-8” Clay loam; very dark grayish brown (lOYR 3/2) or very dark brown (lOYR 2/2); weak, coarse, granular structure; usually cloddy when dry; friable to firm; slightly acid to neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. 6 to 10 inches thick. A1 8-12" Clay loam or silty clay loam; very dark brown (lOYR 3/2) or very dark gray (lOYR 3/1); weak, coarse, granular to moderate, fine, subangular blocky structure; firm, slightly acid to neutral; clear wavy boundary. 2 to 5 inches thick. 821 12-15" Clay loam or silty clay loam; yellow brown (lOYR 5/6-5/8) or dark yellowish brown (lOYR 4/4) mottled with grayish brown (lOYR 5/2) gray (lOYR 5/1), and pale brown (lOYR 6/3) mottles are common, medium, and distinct; very dark brown (lOYR 2/2) coatings occur on many pod faces and in cracks throughout the horizon; moderate, medium to coarse, subangular blocky Structure; firm, slightly acid to mildly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. 2 to 8 inches thick. -l46- —147- 822 15-48" Clay loam or silty clay loam; dark yellowish brown (lOYR 4/4) or yellowish brown (lOYR 5/6-5/8) mottled with gray (lOYR 5/1), brownish yellow (lOYR 6/6), and light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4), mottles are many, coarse, and distinct; thick to thin clay coatings on many pod faces; weak, coarse, prismatic which breaks to moderate to strong, coarse, angular blocky structure; firm to very firm; neutral to mildly alkaline abrupt irregular boundary. 20 to 40 inches thick. C1 48“+ Loam or silt loam; yellowish brown (lOYR 5/4) or light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) mottled with gray (lOYR 5/2), grayish brown (lOYR 5/2), and dark yellowish brown (lOYR 4/4), mottles are many, coarse, and distinct; massive; friable, calcareous. To 0 ra h : Nearly level broad depressed flats and depressions in till plains and morainic areas. Drainage and Permeability: Poorly to very poorly drained. SuFface runoff is very Sl0w to ponded. Permeability is low. NEWTON SERIES Newton series comprises Humic-Gley soils deve10ped in strongly to very strongly acid sands. They are the poorly to very poorly drained member of the catena (toposequence) that includes the well drained Plainfield, moderately well drained Nekoosa, imperfectly drained Morocco, and the very poorly drained, very dark-colored Dillon series. Soil Profile: Newton loamy fine sand Ap 0-8" Loamy fine sand; very dark brown (lOYR 2/2) or very dark gray (lOYR 3/1) very weak, medium, granular structure; very friable; medium to very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. 7 to 10 inches thick. A12 8-12" Loamy fine sand; very dark gray (lOYR 3/1); few, fine distinct mottles of yellowish- brown (lOYR 5/6-5/8) in lower part; very weak, coarse,-granular structure; very friable;-strongly to very strongly acid; clear-wavy boundary. 2 to 6 inches thick. 89 ~12-30” Loamy sand to sand; grayish-brown (lOYR 5/2) or gray (lOYR 5/1) mottled with yellowish- brown (lOYR 5/6-5/8), dark yellowish-brown (lOYR 4/4), and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), mottles are common, medium, and distinct in the upper part, with gradual change to many, coarse and distinct in lower part; single grain structure; loose; strongly to very strongly acid; diffuse irregular boundary. 14 to 30 inches thick. -148- -149- C9 30"+ Sand; yellowish brown (lOYR 5/6) or brownish yellow (lOYR 6/6-6/8) mottled with gray (lOYR 5/1), dark yellowish brown (YR 4/4), and dark brown (7.5YR 4/2-4/4); mottles are common, medium, and distinct; single grain structure; loose; strongly to very strongly acid; gradual change below 60 inches to medium or slightly acid reaction. Topography: Nearly level to slightly depressed areas in outwash and lake plains. Drainage and Permeability: Poorly to very poorly drained. Run-off is very Slow to ponded. Permeability is very rapid. OSHTEMO-SERIES The Oshtemo series comprises well drained Gray Brown Podzolic soils deve10ped in sandy loam, loam, or loamy sand outwash materials underlain by neutral to calcareous sand and fine gravel to 42 to 66 inches or more. Oshtemo soils are the well drained member of the drainage sequence that includes I the moderately well drained Bronson, the imperfectly drained . Brady, and the poorly to very poorly drained Gilford soils. Soil Profile Oshtemo sandy loam Ap 0-9" Sandy loam; dark grayish brown (lOYR 4/2) or very dark grayish brown (lOYR 3/2); weak, coarse, granular structure; very friable; Slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. 7 to 12 inches thick. A2 9-14" Loamy sand or sandy loam; dark brown (7.5YR 4/2) brown (lOYR 5/3) or yellowish brown (lOYR 5/4); very weak, fine, subangular blocky structure; very friable; numerous worn and root channels filled with Ap material; medium to strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. 4 to 10 inches thick. 821 14-26" Sandy loam; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4); very weak, coarse, subangular blocky structure; friable; slight increase in clay content from top to bottom of horizon, tubular fillings of Ap material extend into the upper part of horizon with a few thin discontinuous clay films; medium to strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. 6 to 20 inches thick. -150- -151- 822 26-35" Sandy loam or sandy clay loam; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4); weak, coarse, subangular block structure; friable; medium to strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. 3 to 10 inches thick. 831 35-46" Loamy sand or sand with sandy loam stratra; very friable, medium acid; diffuse irregular boundary. 5 to 25 inches thick, 832 46-63" Loamy sand or sand with sandy loam stratra; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) or stratra of variable thickness; sand grains have nearly continuous dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) coatings; massive or very weak, coarse, subangular blocky structure; very friable; medium to slightly acid; abrupt irregular boundary. 8 to 25 inches thick. IIC 63-74"+ Sand and fine gravel; grayish brown (lOYR 5/2); Single grain (structureless); loose; neutral to calcareous; some gravel has lime coatings on lower Side. Igpography: Nearly level to strongly sloping areas on outwash plains, valley trains, and moraines. Drainage and Permeability: Well drained. Run-off is slow on the level to gently sloping areas and medium to rapid on the steeper slopes. 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