MODERN TRENDS IN THE PHY'SicAL EDUCATION PLANT AS APPLICABLE 3‘0 THE SCHOOLS OF MICHIGAN Thesis far the Degree of M. A} MlCHlGAN STATE COLLEGE Joseph James Panella 1 I950 mull ' 0-169 This is to certifg that the thesis entitled Modern Trends in the Physical Education Plant. as Applicable to flichigan Schools presented by Joseph J. Panella. has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for . Ldegree in 22:91:21 Education Majoi professor Date-W /96-0 MODERN TRENDS IN THE PHYSICAL EDUCATION PLANT AS APPLICABLE TO THE SCHOOLS OF MICHIGAN By Joseph James Panella A THESIS Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Physical Education, Health, and Recreation for.Men 1950 Thhfizfi TABLE OF CC NTENTS CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . Statement of the problem . Importance of the problem Method of collecting data and sources of data . . . . . . . . . . Organization of the thesis II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . Historical analysis . . . Previous related studies . III. INDOOR FACILITIES FOR PHYSICAL RECREATION . . . . . . . . . Gymnasium . . . . . . . . . Size and location . . . . Floors . . . . . . . . . . Walls and ceilings . . . . Seating arrangement . . . Equipment . . . . . . . . Exits . . . . . . . . . . Heating . . . . . . . . . Lighting . . . . . . . . . Ventilation . . . . . . . Auxiliary spaces . . . . . . 1344568 PAGE {Dmmkm 11 ll 11 12 16 18 18 20 21 22 25 29 CHAPTER IV. V. THE SWIMMING POOL UNIT Staff office . . . . . . . . . . Apparatus room . . . . . . . . . Combined gymnasium and auditorium Class room . . . . . . . . . . Sanitary facilities . . . . . . . Locker room . . . . . . . . . Showers . . . . . . . . . . . . Toilets . . . . . . . . . . . . Drinking fountains . . . . . . . Additional spaces . . . . . . . Shape and size . . . . . . . . . Pool dimensions . . . . . . . . . Springboards . . . . . . . . . . Construction of the pool . . . . Ceilings, walls, and acoustical treatment seating O 0 O O I O O O O O O 0 Heating and ventilation . . . . Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . Servicing . . . . . . . . . . . OUTDOOR FACILITIES FOR PHYSICAL EDUCATION RECREATION . O O O O O O O O O O I Stadium 0 O O O O O O O O O O O 0 Size 0 O O O O O O O O O O I O 0 ill PAGE 53 54 54 CHAPTER Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sanitary facilities . . . . . . . . . . Press boxes and ticket offices . . . . Stadium at St. Joseph, Michigan . . . . The track . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Track bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tennis Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Playfields and play areas . . . . . . . . VI. REQUIREMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS BY THE STATE OF MICHIGAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . Desirable features to be included, things to be avoided . . . . . . . . . . . . . Desirable features to be included . . . Things to be avoided . . . . . . . . . VII. SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv PAGE 55 55 55 56 56 57 6O 6O 61 62 64 65 69 69 72 74 74 74 78 83 TABLE I. II. IIIo IV. VI. LIST Recommended Diameter of Diffusing Globe Footlambert Chart Suggested Construction Materials for Physical Education Spaces Sample Statement of a High School's Needs for Recreational and Play Space Dimensions for Games and Activities for High School Students Floor C overing Plan as Approved by the State of Michigan OF TABLES O . 68 FIGURE I. II. III. IV. 8 LIST OF FIGURES A Comparison of Two Types of Daylight Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Suggested Details of the Construction of Gymnasium Floors . . . . . . . . . . . . Rectangular Pool Showing National Collegiate Athletic Association Recommendations . . Typical Cross Section of Track . . . . . . vi PA‘E 28 42 52 65 CHAPTER I ’ INTRODUCTION Statement pf L13, pgoblg. The purpose of this study is to determine what the modern trends in physical educa- tion plants are at the present time, and to apply these trends to the schools of Michigan. There has been some uncertainty by school officials, architects, and physical educators as to what materials, types of construction, and facilities should be included in the modern physical edu- cation plant. FOr that reason, this study is written to compile the recent information on the problem, and insofar as possible, bring forth the information that seems to be the concensus of Opinion of the eXperts in the field. Importance g; m problem. With the expectancy of an ever increasing school population in the next ten years, the problem of providing adequate facilities for work and play falls directly into the hands of parents, adminis- trators, and teachers. The role that physical education will play in the planning of tomorrow's schools looms ever large, and it must be met with a knowledge of what is needed and the 'methods of providing for these needs. 2 Planning a school plant, and more specifically a phys- ical education plant, was in the past a matter that was handled solely by the architect. If he were unaware of the needs that these facilities were to fill, the result, in many cases, was inadequate from the standpoint of satisfy- ing the purpose of the program; and as a.result, the pro- gram failed quite miserably. This situation, however, has been somewhat changed since the depression, and more recent- ly with conclusion of World War II. Since the depression of the thirties there has been a general backlog of outdated and outmoded buildings, plus the need for’many new ones, which up to the present time has never been remedied. With World War II came a cessation of all nonpwar construction. Since V-J Day industrial and home housing needs have, until recently, had priority on building materials, manpower, and money. To these general factors may be added the retarded school and the lay conception of program.needs for the phys- ical education program. More positively. there has arisen an awareness of the school reaponsibility-for many community recreational functions. Among these is the provision for physical education, the physical education Spaces, struc- tures, and fixtures, which with adequate planning may serve on the neighborhood and community basis. A brighter day appears to be drawing near in all these 5 matters, and a boom in the provision of school health and physical education facilities is imminent. To provide those contemplating such provisions with relatively authoritative guidance based upon Lntense study of this special problem, this thesis is written. Mgthod 91; collectigg _d_at_a_ and sourggs pf _d_a_t_. In securing data that is to apply to a problem that pertains to the moiern trends in the physical education.plant, it was necessary to talk first to the people who are at present time working with this problem. Letters were sent to the architectural firms that are concerned with the construction Of school buildings in Michigan.to get their Opinions as to the modern trends. Experts in the field of physical educational planning were alstgonsulted to obtain their philOSOphy in regard to the placement and to the require- ments for an adequate plant. Information was received from private concerns whOse Job it is to supply materials and lend information to those constructing.new buildings. After talking to these peOple in reference to the trends of construction, the next step was to secure the latest bibliographical research that has been done on this topic, and to assemble all the data into one common concensus of Opinion Of all these experts. Visits were then made to some Of the new schools in Michigan.to see some of these modern trends being put into practice. l\ Letters were sent to Perkins and Will Architectural Firm in Chicago, Illinois; Maple Flooring Manufacturers Association in Oshkosh, Wisconsin; Luria Engineering Cor- poration in New York, New York; The Belden Brick Company in Canton, Ohio; The Pittsburgh Corning 001p oration in Pitts- burgh, Pennsylvania; American Standard Radiator and San- tary Corporation in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Lighting Division in Cleveland, Ohio; and to Mr. Ted Bank of the Athletic Institute in Chicago, Illinois, from whom permission-was obtained to use inform- ation from 'A Guide for Flaming Facilities for Athletics, Recreation, Physical and Health Education.‘ The information that these companies have given has lent much support in the final preparation of this thesis. Data was also secured from many peOple who are affil- iated with the State Department of Instruction in Michigan, and particularly from Mr. Charles Forsythe, Mr. Roland F. Strolley, and Mr. Wilfred F. Clapp. Mr. Malcolm M. Williams of the Warren Holmes Archi- tectural Firm in Lansing, Michigan, has given much assistance in the study of this problem.. Organization i 113 _h§§_i_. In preparing a thesis Of this type, it was decided that the problem should be broken down into separate and distinct units which could be more easily handled and interpreted by the reader. 5 The first consideration was given to the indoor phys- ical education and recreation facilities, and the supple- mentary Spaces that are of a permanent nature within the building itself. In close relation to these facilities is the swimming pool, which is also an indoor unit, but Of sumh.great importance that it was decided to handle the pool as a separate unit. Outdoor facilities, Which are a necessity for an effective and complete program of phys- ical education, were used as a separate unit tOO. Consi- deration was also given to requirenents and regulations as set down by the State of Michigan.in its "Guide for Planning School Plants.‘ It is hOpoéathat these special units while being handled separately will lend continuity to the thesis as a whole. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE Htgtggtgg;_analy§is. Not too many years ago the gymna- sium was a maze of pipes, protruding Obstructions, exposed radiators, and Oil slick floors. It was thought in the twenties that the longer and thinner the gymnasium, the better it wouLi be for all concerned,1 however, that has all been changed, and the modern trend is to make the gymnasium and class rooms as square as possible. Galleries located above the gymnasium was the method of seating Spectators, and any school that had its seating facilities on the same floor as the activity was considered 'OLd fashioned'. Radiators were placed under the windows to compensate for the cold air that would come in through the windows. How silly that all seems now with the modern mechanical ventilation system in the new plants. It was quite a problem, too, to try and find a way to cover all the pipes that passed through the gymnasium on their way to the shower room. That has been done away with, and now all the pipes that are used are concealed within the construction itself. 1Society Of Directors of Physical Education in Colleges, “Gymnasiums and Lockers', Phygigal Edggation Buildings tor Edugationa; Institutions, Part , Society of Directors of Physical Education in Colleges, 1925, P.6. 7 NO gymnasium was considered complete without a small pantry and a storage place for banquet tables and chairs. This is still done by some of the smaller schools, but is not considered one Of the modern trends. The following is an exerpt from a pamphlet that was published in 1925 on physical education buildings: When it is necessary to cross wet or muddy ground before reaching the locker or gymnasium, ample pro- vision must be made on the line of circulation for the storage of overshoes, or the cleaning of shoes, and the member must be able to go to his locker and from his locker to the gymnasium without having to pass over the Space that he has already walked one thus avoiding the tramping of mud into the gymnasium. How unnecessary that all seems now with our modern paving and the amount of grass that surrounds our school buildings. Running tracks were usually located above the early gymnasium and were considered the I'f.'ad". Skylights and whndow screens were also a must in most gymnasiums. How- ever, these items are still considered controversial. In constructing the floor, it was considered wise to use an eight to ten inch mopboard of wood. This has been replaced with a ten to twelve foot wainscotting Of tile or some other impervious material. The walls of most gymnasiums were constructed of brick with a protrusion every time a mistake was made or whenever a ventilation duct was to be 21bid. p. 12. covered. Ceilings were considered adequate if wood was used to seal them, and if not, they were left Open. Now effort is made to treat them.accoustically. Oiling of the gymnasium floor, which is now not recomm- ended am in Michigan condemned, was done as a matter Of course twenty years ago. Cement flooring in all shower and locker rooms was recommended shortly after WOrld war I. Now it is considered inadequate and dangerous from.the bac- teriological standpoint. Water proofing for all spaces be- low the ground level was recommended; this is still an excellent idea. However, Spaces below the ground level are not recommended. Gray walls in the gymnasium and other Spaces were widely used. The modern trend is to use a white non-glaring pr a pastel colored paint that can be easily washed and one that gives brightness. Fixtures were chosen from the stand- point Of heaviness and simplicity, and ball bearing hinges were considered standard equipment for all doors. Locker room floors of the leping type were not recommended because it was thought that file custodian.would wash down the floors rather than.mOp them. Facilities for outdoor activities, according to the experts in the field, have been.about doubled since 1920, and the acreage once used is now far from satisfactory. Stadia were something that belonged to the larger uni- versities, and the ones that were used by the lucky high schools were usually constructed of wood. Tennis courts were constructed primarily Of clay and cement, and the upkeep of the former was such that not many people were able to use them. There were many peculiarities in our physical edu- cation plants of a few years ago and some still remain, but due to the efforts of school planners and architects these peculiarities are slowly disappearing from the scene. Previous related studieg, Not too much research has been done on the particular problem of modern trends in physical education planning; however, Roger Jackson Sharman can be cited for'his early work on school planning in connection with the schools of Alabama, and due to his influ- ence many state school systems now can boast of excellent planning facilities for their respective schools. The Nation- al Conference on Facilities for Athletics, Recreation, Physical and Health Education for 1947 can also be commended for its work in promoting this important problem of planning. N. L. Engelhardt and his son have done much too, along with Stanton Leggett, in their aid to planning both indoor and out- door facilities. The National Council on Schoolhouse Construction in the 1949 edition of ”A Guide for Planning School PLants' 10 has lent- additional support in school construction. The American Association of School Administrators in their recent yearbook, 1949, give valuable information. Men like E. Letter and Karl Bookwalter have given much of their lives to the promotion of better physical educationfacil- ities, and by carrying on their work, the bright day in the field seems to be approaching. CHAPTER III INDOOR FACILITIES FOR PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND RECREATION In planning the indoor facilities in a new high school, the concern must be in providing those essential features that will enable this part Of the physical education plant to function efficiently as well as effectively. Provision for safety features, spectator seating, auxiliary spaces, and sanitary facilities must be included and considered in order to complete the plant. I. GYMNASIUM The gymnasium will in most cases be the workshop for the physical education plant. Generally, it should be a well ventilated and well lighted room that will be suitable to serve the needs of the students as well as the members of the community. Its many and varied uses will in most cases determine its size and dimensions. In planning the gymnasium, it must be kept in mind that the prime purpose of this room is to provide Space and equipment for a pro- gram of physical education for the students. If the gym- nasium is in a separate building, a passageway that will connect with the main building is desirable; however, an underground pass is not highly recommended. Sm _a_n_c_i location. The size of the gymnasium will depend primarily on the particular school involved. The 12 suggested minimum mean sizes as recommended by the experts in.the field are: 1. Elementary school playroom, 40' x 60' 2. Secondary schools, 76' x 96' In both cases these areas can be broken down into ideal teaching stations by the use of mechanical sliding doors. likewise, in the Secondary school by Splitting these areas in two, activities for both boys and girls may be held. The gymnasium should be located on the ground floor. It should definitely be an integral part of the total school plant, that is, readily accessible to the pupils and to the public. It should also be located so as not to cause inter- ference with quiet classroom areas. Utmost consideration should also be given to building materials. (see Table III) Floozs. Almost all the many peOple engaged in physi- cal education planning at the present time agree that a maple floor is the best type that can be installed in a new building; however, some agree that in cases where maple flooring is impossible from the budget standpoint, a sub- stitute of asphalt tile or hard rubber'may be used. The trouble with these two substitutes is that they are usually laid on a concrete slab which provides little or no resiliency. Since the construction of the gymnasium floor is prob- ably one Of the most important items in the indoor physical education plant, a complete detailed instruction plan of a 13 suggested floor is given. The infOrmation was furnished by the Maple Flooring manufacturers Association, Oshkosh, Wis- consin.5 However, this is by no means standard or recommend- ed as the only plan. For best results the underside Of the cement floor slab shall be at least one (1) foot above the ground. After the metal clips have been inserted into the concrete and leveled with.a straight edge, the entire surface of the cement is primed with hot aSphalt pitch poured from a dipper to i“ to %' thickness. Ventilation of the area beneath the slab is advisable,if such can be arranged. COncrete sub-slab level Shall be carried to the rough walls, columns, pipes, and so on. Not more than 1/8 tolerance is permitted. All projections Of aggregate or rough concrete are smoothed off in sleeper lanes. Floor clips shall be of 20 gauged annealed metal sim- ilar to the Bull Dog or approved equal. The-clips near the wall shall be at least two (2) inches from the rough wall. Clips shall be installed at time of pouring concrete slab and Spaced not more than.l6' O.C., preferably 12' 0.6. Sleepers or screeds shall be of 2'x2"x4' Pine, Doug- las Fir, Spruce, or Hemlock, according to requirements. 3Maple Flooring Manufacturers Association, Oshkosh, Wisconsin l4 Sleepers shall be treated with creosote or Repello or equal, before installation to retard deterioration. All Sleepers shall be brought to a dead level with wood edges or cement grout. The rough sub-floor shall be of dry lx4” or 1x6“, SIS or*SZS, Pine, Douglas Fir, Spruce, or Hemlock boards, prefer- ably creosoted or treated with Repello or equal, and laid in a diagonal direction and spaced no less than l/S' apart across the sleepers, nailing at each bearing with 8d common nails. For expansion.purpose, rough floor shall terminate not less than 2' from the walls on all sides of the room. Directly over the sub-floor shall be laid sisalcraft flooring paper or an approved equal to protect the finished flooring from.moisture and dampness that may arise from the concrete. (Exception-~where concrete slab rests on the ground.) It shall be stipulated in the specifications for the general contractor and heating contractor that: The general contractor shall close the building as soon as possible after all the plastering is completed and provide correct ventilation to assure proper drying out of the building. The heating contractor shall provide best directly after the plastering is completed and the building is closed in. A temperature of not less than 50 degrees F, and not less than 5 degrees higher than outside temperature in any season shall be maintained. Delivery of the flooring shall 15 be made only after the building has been pronounced thor- oughly dry. All flooring Shall be delivered to and stored in areas to be floored at least three days before laying, the floor areas to be under prOper and protected ventilation and heating. l Directly over the diagonally laid and prepared sub- floor shall be laid at right angles to the sleepers 25/52xlg', 2' or 2%” First Grade or Second Grade strip Northern Hard Maple Flooring. Flooring Should not be drawn up too tight. This will provide for distributed expansion throughout the floor area. For expansion Space, the first piece of flooring Should be started not.less than 2"I from the rough wall or tile facing, all ends and sides of floor to finish not less than 2' from the wall. The expansion Space at the walls shall not be filled with any material that will stop circulation of air or retard the movement of the floor construction. All plaster droppings and laiten- ance should be removed. A 4x5“ angle iron base should be installed SO that the underside of horizontal leg is i” above the finish floor line. This is to allow the free movement of air under and around the floor. (see Figure II) A good sanding job is necessary to insure a satis- factory finish and prolong its wear. Finished wood floors Shall be sanded with power driven equipment, the Speed of 16 the sanding mechanism to be automatically variable so as to eliminate burning of the floor surface. After the floor has been swept clean of all debris and laitenance, the first cut shall be made with medium coarse sandpaper.yith 311g grain. The second cut shall be done with No. l sand- paper across the grain. The third cut shall be with No. 0 or No. 00 sandpaper with the grain, but in the Opposite direction of the first out. If the final sanding is done with.No. 0 papery it is good practice to remove the fuzz with steel wool of No. l coarseness. This Operation should be with the grain. When sanding is completed, the surface of the flooring should be swept dust-free and the entire area covered with building paper until ready for the sealing or finishing process. The type of finish to be used on a gymnasium floor is best selected from two distinct methods, the penetrating sealer which leaves practically no film on the surface or the semi-penetrating sealer which.leaves a varnish-like film on the surface. In selecting the type of sealer for the playing floor, it is well to consider if the building is to be used for public functions, or exclusively for gym- nasium work. The penetrating type of sealer does not Show traffic wear as quickly as the varnish type. ,fl§;;§.§gd ceiling . Ceiling heights will vary with the type and size of the building. Recommended heights for 1? ceilings are: 1. Elementary school, 16 to 18 feet 2. Junior high school, 18 u: 20 feet 3. Senior high school, 20 to 22 feet.4 The walls and ceilings should be free of all obstruc- tions such as, pilasters, vent-ducts, radiators, and pipes. The gymnasium walls to a height of around seven feet should be a glazed tile or other non-abrasive material with.all the cornets rounded. Above the glazed wall, cinder block, ordinary brick, or some other type of:masonry may be used. Many of our Michigan Schools have gone into cinder block construction of the gymnasium due to the money saving fac- tor and the ease of installation. The problem of acoustics Should also be handled in the gymnasium ceiling, and the best method is to cover the underside of the ceiling with a non-rusting perforated or matte mineral.material. Acoustical plaster has been used, but it must be expertly mixed and the end result does not work as well as the various types of acoustical fibre. Care must be taken in maintaining acoustical materials. 011 paint will.reduce the effect of most acoustical material. 4'Guide for Planning School Plants', National Council on Schoolhouse Construction, 1949, P. 99. 18 The.most common treatment of acoustical fibre tile is a light brush coat of water-brush paint.5 w W. In determining the seating arr- angement for most gymnasiums, the fact that most times the full seating capacity will not be used Should be considered. Not only the original cost of the building, itself, should be considered. but also the cost of operation and uninten- ance should be considered. Heating such a large building, too, must be considered. For those communities with high spectator demand, it is suggested that plans be made accord- ingly; however, it must be remembered that the prime func- tion of the gymnasium is for the students and not the com- unity. The method that is now being used by most schools to meet their seating problem in new buildings is a type of folding or telesc0pic bleacher that can be pushed against the wall during daily activity classes and then extended during competition in the evening. Overhanging balconies are not recommended. Eguipmgn . The problem of gymnasium equipment is not so much a total problem as one of individual schools. The 5-A Guide for Planning Facilities for Athletics, Recreation, Physical an: Health Education“, Naticnal Facil- ities Conf erence, 1947, p. 119. 19 main things to be considered are apparatus mountings, mat hangers, bankboards, and movable partitions. If suspended apparatus is to be used, then proper consideration should be given before the ceiling is installed. Likewise, wall and floor mountings should be provided during construction of these units. Mat hangers should be provided in a recessed storage in the wall of the gymnasium; however, mat trucks in storage are preferable and recommended.6 Bankboards should be adjustable ani located as provided by the mark- ings of the floor. No Special number is required, but the size of the floor usually determines the number. For a class "A' senior high school, a total number of six is set- isfactory. Windows should not be placed directly behind bankboards so players will not have to look directly into the sun. In schools where both boys ani girls are to use the gymnasium at the same time, provision should be made for a motor driven Sliding type movable partition that when closed will be recessed within the side walls. Good ex- amples of this partition are found in the Sexton High School, Lansing, Michigan, and the Arthur Hill High School, Saginaw, Michigan. 6Ibid., p. 41. 20 If drinking fountains and cuspidors are used in the gymnasium proper, they should be recessed in the wall and so arranged that the fountain flushes the cuspidor. Exits. The National Fire Protection Association (current "Building Exit Code“) recommends one unit of door width for each 600 Square feet or fraction thereof of floor area of auditoriums and gymnasiums on the first floor. Single leaf doors should be used whenever possible, and where double leaf exterior doors are used, a center mullion should be provided. At least one exit should be provided with a movable mullion to permit passage of large objects. Exit doors should Open outward. The unit width of door openings is 22", but a doorway of 40" clear opening may be considered two units. The minimum width of any single doorway should be 56", which, however, will be counted as only one unit width. Exit doors Should be fitted with anti-panic hardware, check stops, and closers. All gymnasium exits should have illuminated signs with the word I'Exit" in plain letters. The electrically lighted sign should be on a separate circuit and approved by the National Electric Code.'7 7 I'Guide for Planning School Plants”, National Council on Schoolhouse Construction, 1949, p. 122. 21 Heating. Heating in our schools has ranged from in- dividual room stoves to complex automatic units that main- tain a constant temperature. The common methods of transferring heat from one space to another are by water, steam, and air; although some heat is transferred in the form of electric current. Heat dis- pensing units may be located anywhere within the main school building or as a special unit within the plant. There are many ways of transferring it to the place of usage: 1. Direct radiation 2. Unit ventilators 3. warm air furnace systems 4. Fan blast of furnace air 5. Split systems 6. Hot water systems 7. Radiant panel heating8 This does not in any way indicate a preference, and any or all are good ways of adequately heating the indoor Spaces. Heating plants should be designed to meet present as well as future needs. A.type of zoned heat works well when all spaces are not used constantly; for example the gymnasium at.night. All heat shouhi be thermostatically controlled in order to regulate the different heat needs for the different Spaces. 8Ibid., pp. 132-155 22 A list of temperature ranges approved by the New York State School System and which can be applied to Michigan schools are: vigorous activity in the gymnasium 600 to 70°F, locker and shower room 76° to 80°F, swimming pool area 80° to 86°F. The temperatures were measured 60 inches above floor level. Differences in temperatures from the floor level to a level of 60 inches Should not be more than 3°.9 Lighting. Experts agree that artificial lighting Should provide a uniform distribution of Shadow-free, glare- free illumination. (see Table II) Consideration should be given to the probable deterioration of efficiency under school conditions of operation and maintenance. Light fix- tures should not produce a surface brightness that exceeds 10 to l brightness difference limit for the surrounding field, assuming the line of sight to be horizontal.10 Multi-source lighting, which caused much concern in the pioneer days due to the cross lighting and glare problems involved, is now coming into its own again. The National Council on Schoolhouse Construction warns that multi-source 9"American School Buildings", Empty-gem leg;- bo k‘Q£_§h§ American Asso ia io 9;,Schog; Administrgtgra, Washington D.C., I949 , p. 147 10"Guide for Planning School Plants”, National Coun- cil on Schoolhouse Construction, 1949, pp. 146-47. 25 daylighting calls for Special devices of daylight control.ll In breaking away from unilateral lighting, some architects and sdhool administrators have violated sound principles of balanced brightness by locating unshielded windows and glass panels on two or'more siies of the classroom. Good designs of multi-lateral daylighting can be effective, but all sources (except possibly from one direction) must be permanently shielded so as to throw light to the ceiling without producing “hot spots" in the viSion field. Progress in structural design and intelligent use of multi-source daylighting have made possible the widening of schoolroom spans and the re-introduction of the square type classroom. Structural design has also done much to dictate the type of fenestration that is being used in the modern plant. Awning type sash is not too popular because some of the types of hardware on this type of sash do not close the windows as tightly as required. Where prismatic glass block is used in walls, the vision strip of clear glass is usually of a pivoted type either wood or'metal sash. Metal windows of the easement type have not been popular because of the difficulty of getting sash to fit well enough to prevent ”rim... p. 147 24 excessive moisture from getting into the building. (see Figure I) Where steel sash or double-hung type are used, it is important that periodic painting be used to prevent corr- osion. It was thought that after the war, aluminum double- hung sash would be as cheap as those of wood. While the price has been reduced, it still does not compete with wood or steel on an equal basis. However, in computing coSts, it is well to remember that aluminum requires little upkeep and no paint. It is wise to provide the type that provides the most light and is the easiest to clean. Lighting in the:gymnasium should be controlled so that artificial lighting is not less than lS-foot-candles at floor level. No lighting should cause a glare. Recessed lights Should be provided whenever possible. All lighting needs protection of a sort. The light intensities as recommended by the Illuminating Engineering Society are: gymnasium and swimming pool 20 foot-candles maintained in service, locker and shower rooms 10 foot-candles maintained in.service, and store rooms 5 foot-candles maintained in service.12 When using a type of diffusing globe, consult lz'Better School Buildings for Alabama', State of Alabama Department of Education, (Montgomery, Alabama, Bulletin 1950, No.3), p. 239. 25 the recommended diameter of diffusing globe. (see Table I)13 Vggtilation. Various methods of ventilation are used to ventilate different school plants. Open windows provide fresh air for different spaces, but they do little in the way of providing air control. In some cases, air is exp hausted by suction fans (mechanical) located in ducts above the rooms. If it is desirable, several rooms may be brought together, and thus, one exhaust fan will serve sev- eral ducts. Forced air systems, which force air into rooms, give a slight impetus to the movement of the air, and are used by many of thennewer schools. The gymnasium and larger Spaces should have sufficient ventilation, if proper fenes- tration is used. Toilet rooms and other rooms that give off odorous fumes Snould have a system.of ventilation dir- ectly through the roof. Drying rooms should have a positive system of mechanical ventilation. The same rate of ventilation is not heeded in all areas, and the system.Should be constructed accordingly; Proper ventilating, which in turn provides proper humidity, means lower heating costs, better health, and better condition of structures. A relative humidity of 40 to 60% in gymnasiums 13Ibid. , p. 232. 26 TABLE I REC MMENDED DIAMEEER OF DIFFUSING GLOBE Bulb Size Recommended Diameter of Globe e=====a—.====================n_ 100 Watt 10 Inches 200 Watt 14 Inches 300 Watt 16 Inches 500 Watt 18 Inches 27 TABLE II FOOTLAMBERT CHART Illustration of Brightness Footlamberts Clear 1,000 Hazy sky 2,000 White clouds 3-5,000 Sunlight on white buildings 8,000 Sunlight on trees 320 Bare 200 watt filament lamp 65,000 Enclosing globe 1,200 Bare fluorescent lamp (48') at 900 angle to axis 1,900 at 300 angle to axis 1,400 Shielded fluorescent fixtures (U.R.C.) 500 White ceiling above indirect fixtures 500 watt hung 30‘ from ceiling 75 500 watt hung 48“ from ceiling 45 750 watt hung 48' from ceiling 65 Blackboard with 25 F.C. (10% R.F.) 2.5 u These footlambert figures given by the Illuminating Engineering Society are some of the average values for some of the brightnesses found in the different areas of a school building. Notice the reduced ceiling brightness made possible by a longer hanging stem on indirect fixtures. This primarily the type of lighting used in most gymna- 311111130 29 and activity rooms has been found to be satisfactory.14 II. AUXILIARY SPACES m office. The staff offices need not be large, but should provide at least one desk for each member of the staff. It is desirable to have separate facilities for the use of each sex. There should be a toilet, shower and dressing facilities separate from the student facilities and, if possible, connected to the offices. The office Should be situated so that the maximum possible activities can be seen from it, and the best super- vision of the activities be assured. A good example of this type office setup can be seen in some of the newer schools in the Midland, Michigan, school system. Appara§u§ £92m. In the larger school systems provi- sions are being made for an apparatus room that will store any of the large equipment that is used during an activity. Some schools combine the use of this room to include wrestl- ing. If such is the case, the additional provision must be made for mat storage. The room should be near the gymnasium and, if possible, directly adjacent to it. Outdoor apparatus should be stored in a room accessible to the play- 14'Guide for Flaming Facilities for Athletic, Rec- creation, Physical and Health Education,‘ National Facilities Conference, 1947, p. 114. 3O ground, preferably opening onto the playground. The doors of the apparatus room need to be large enough.for>the lar- gest piece of equipment to pass through. A door seven or eight feet wide is the best size and highly desirable.15 Flush doors and sliding sills are practical for this area. Durable materials should be used for floors, and plaster walls are contraeindicated. Storage Space must also be pro- vided for any particular equipment such as a piano, phone ograph, costumes, and other equipment. Combingd gygpasium _a_r_1_d agditorium. It is generally agreed that a combined gymnasium-auditorium is undesirable, and that when sudh a combination is made, neither facility can be of maximum usefulness. However, because of financial limitations, many of these units will be:made in the new buildings now being erected. The following precautions will tend to lessen some of the disadvantages of the combination: 1. Locate the stage at one side of the gymnasium with the bleacher seating facing the stage. The stage can be used for seating during games and the bleachers can be used for seating when the facility is used as as an auditorium. 2. The type of ornamentation usually used in an auditorium should be eliminated. The general structural features should be designed for gymnasium use. 15Carolyn w. Bookwalter, Karl w. Bookwalter, 'Sug- gestions for Modern School Health, Physical Education, and Recreation Facilitie8.' __sTh Lmsriean fishszsl .2181 W. zlst. annual edition, 1949-50, p. 237. 31 3. A room should be provided elsewhere in the school for small meetings. 4. A storage room off the stage wings shalld be pro- vided for the stage piano, floodlights, and other stage properties. 5. Adequate and convenient storage Space for folding chairs should be provided. 6. Special attention should be given to acoustical treatment. 7. Heating and ventilation should be adaptable to the kind of temperature and ventilation needed for physical education and the somewhat differegg requirements when the room is used as an auditorium. The high school gymnasium-auditorium should be con- sidered as primarily a physical education area, which is to be used only on occasions as an auditorium. In schools where the plant provides a little theater, it is not essential that the gymnasium-auditorium contain a permanent stage. A platform that can be stowed in the gymnasium can be used as a platform during large gatherings. In smaller elementary schools the situation is some- what different. A reasonable solution is a flat floor to accommodate 200 to 400 persons. The finish of the floor will be determined by whether the space will be used primarily as a gymnasium or an auditorium. If it is to be used as a gym- nasium, then by all means, a wooden floor is recommended. Class zoom. It is highly recommended that every 16'American School Buildings.“ Tisha-m Tsar- book 2:: the AmgzigenaAssociati 9_f_ School Administrators, (Washington D.C., 1949 , p. 117. 32 physical education plant provide for at least one room that can be used as a physical education lecture and health instruction room. Corner rooms are desirable from the standpoint of cross ventilation. The room Should contain all the features of the ordinary classroom within the building. It Should in- corporate the features of good heating, lighting and vent- ilation and should meet the requirements of good construction. Electrical outlets Should be provided for the use of movie projectors and other electrical teaching devices. The ceilings and walls Should be acoustically treated to minimize gymnasium noises. III. SANITARY FACILITIES Locker 229$. The greatest deficiency of physical edu- cation planning has been the lack of adequate locker facil- ities. The provision of locker rooms in the elementary school is entirely dependent upon the policy of the school, however, many of the new elementary schools being built have included locker facilities. .A modern secondary school must provide locker or other gymnasium facilities for gymnasium clothing for each pupil in.the school, accessible to the gymnasium or outdoor areas. Theearea required for lockers is large, and should not be considered the last phase in planning the physical education 33 plant, but rather one of'the first. Lockers should not be relegated to the basement, but instead Should be on the gymnasium floor level. It should also be accessible to the toilet, gymnasium, and the playground. The construction of the locker room must be considered 'with.the utmost care. The upper wall of the locker room may be of cinder block that can be painted to harmonize with the color scheme. Cinder block also has the acoustical qualities needed, if the blocks are cured before using. Glass block can be substituted nicely for windows, if there is prOper mechanical ventilation. Again there are two schools of thought on this. Some say to use only a ceramic tile for the wall, and as much window Space as possible toward the sunny Side. The new junior high school at Midland, Michigan has incorporated in its new school a system of skylighting. This controversial issue has been thrown around for many years now, and the conclusion seems to be that if skylights and their maintenance can be afforded and some way found to prevent leakage, then, they can be justified. Since cement is no longer recommended for the floor of locker rooms, a newrmethod had to be found. The two types most widely used now are non-slip tile or terrazzo. A terr- azzo floor, which is made of marble chips embedded in cement, with the surface (round to a smooth finish, is excellent 34 surfacing, although somewhat expensive. Terrazzo can be made non-slip by the addition of:metal particles used in the mixture. The floor is further improved by a sealing and hardening process which gives a smooth sheen and a stain-resistant finish. Tile, which is also used quite widely, works well, but some experts say that the cement joints are a good breeding place for harmful bacteria. Whether tile or terrazzo is used for flooring, the floor should be sloped to drains to aid in washing. Lockers should be installed on a solid base 6' to 8' high. This will facilitate cleaning and mopping the floor. Locker benches should be included as permanent fixtures. They Should provide at least 12” to 18' of seating Space for eadh pupil and should be installed be- tween the rows of lockers. It is advisable that the benches be securely fastened to the floor. This can be done by using pipe standards set water tight in the floor. The benches should be at least 8' wide and 16' off the floor. A recommended arrangement is the provision of one full or half length locker for each pupil in the largest class group and an additional small locker for each person who uses the gymnasium.17 l7"Better School Buildings for Alabama,“ State of Alabama Department of Education, (Montgomery, Alabama, Bull- etin 1950, No.3). p. 108 35 Proper ventilaticn is secured by separating back-to back lockers five to six inches. This space is enclosed on all sides by steel panels, vents being taken in the tOp of the panel and connected to a mechanical exhaust. If the backs of the lockers are perforated with small holes, air can be drawn through louvers in the fronts of the doors, through the lockers, and through these holes into the vent- ilating chamber. To facilitate drying and ventilating of gymnasium clothing, a locker 7%" by 24' by 12' will permit clothing to hang freely on the hooks instead of being stored in a lumpy mass as is usually the case in a locker 12' by 12' by 12'. At present a 7%“ loOker is not included as a standard size in the Simplified Practise Recommendations of the United States Bureau of Standards, but an effort is being made to secure its inclusion. The narrowest standard locker is now nine inches in width.18 Separate combination locks that can be Opened with a master key, rather than built in looks, seem to be most satisfactory. Additional items to be included in the modern locker room are adequate mirrors in both boys' and girls“ locker rooms, built in drinking fountains and cuSpidorS, and toilet facilities. 18American Association of School Administrators, 230 site, p. 1200 36 Built-in hair dryers with foot pedal controlsand ad- justable nozzles are necessary for the girls and desirable for the boys. Electrical drying equipment for hands and face has much to be said for it from the standpoint of sanitation.19 Showers. Showers must be provided near the lockers. A drying area is also being used between the locker and shower room. The towel room ( a towel room is recommended in the newer schools) should Open into the drying room area. For larger schools a separate entrance is being used. Wall material should be waterproof in sufficiently light colors to expediate cleaning. If cinder block is used, a wainscotting of tile terra cotta or tile should be used to a height above the Splash level. Ceilings should be high for ventilating purposes and acoustical reasons. Floors of the Shower Shouhi be of non-slip tile or terrazzo or other non-absorbative material. Bare concrete is not recommended for shower rooms. The floors should be SlOped enough to drain into gutters next to the wall rather than into a cen- ter drain. Some experts recommend two drains, one on either Side of the shower to take care of excess water. The entire shower area should be underlaid with a lead pan to eliminate 19N.L. Engelhardt, N.L. Engelhardt Jr., Stanton Leggett Plannipg Secondar Schoglg, (New York: Reinhold Publishing Company, 19495 pp. 152-33. 37 all possibility of.leakage. All gutters Should be covered with screens. Hardware, pipes, and all other metal fittings should be of non-corrosive construction. The exposure of pipes at theatop, or on the wall, of the showers constitutes a safety hazard, and because of the exceSSive abuse they will re- ceive,.may cause maintenance problems. Therefore, the pipes that are being used should be concealed, but they must also be tested before the final wall finish is applied. Non-clogging, swivel type shower heads Of a standard design and size Should be installed in each shower unit. In using gang showers a thermostatic mixer which eliminates the possibility Of scalding should be used. Common Showers and gang Showers are being used for boys, with one Shower head provided for each four boys in the class. The tendency is to provnie gang Showers tor the girls also. Individual showers should also be provided. Around ten to twelve feet for each shower head is considered adequate by most experts. Shower heads Should be at shoulder height for the taller pupils. Portable foot bath receptacles are usually more satisfactory than the built-in type, but experts question their inclusion in the plant. If built-in receptacles are used, they Should be provided with individual drains. An additional item to be considered in the:modern 38 shower room is liquid soap dispensers that should be in- stalled at control valve height at the rate of one for each two Showers. All lighting fixtures Should beamoisture proof with switches outside the shower room. Heating and ventilation should be of a mechanical nature to expedite removal of stale air. Drying rooms are now being included in the modern plant. When planning on this facility, it must be remembered that sufficient space Should be provided, at least as much as in the shower room. Some experts recommend a ledge 18" high and 8" wide as the drying room area wall. This can also be used as a foot drying aid.20 Toilets. Complete, well arranged and maintained toilet facilities are essential for the health of the school student. Since the standards of design, finish, and mater- ials have improved in recent years, the modern Michigan School seeks to incorporate many of the trends, newer ideas, and proved conclusions from study, research, and practice. Toilets for public use should be conveniently located and available to the gymnasium and other parts of the school used by the public. Toilets should also be located near the locker rooms of both boys and girls. 20-Guide for Planning Facilities for Athletic, Rec- reation, Physical and Health Education," National Facilities Conference, 1947, p. 61. 39 Positive mechanical ventilation with separate air ducts should be provided in all toilet rooms. The recommend- ed window area is not less than 12% of the floor area. Art- ificial lighting should be provided for a minimum of six foot-candles at eye level.21 Toilet room floors should be composed of ceramic tile, terrazzo, or similar impervious masonry. Concrete floors are not recommended and are not widely used in the new buildings. Walls should also be of some impervious material such as glazed tile. Ceiling construction is usually of plaster. Stall partitions should be of an impervious material, with a baked enamel finish if metal, and must be securely anchored. Slate is not recommended or widely used in the newer buildings. Girls' toilet compartments should be provided with flush doors, substantial and non-corroding hardware, and rubber bumpers. Boys' toilet compartment doors are Optional. Floor drains Should be provided in every toilet with the floor pitched toward the drain. In schools where floor type urinals are used, these may serve as drains. However, there is a difference of opinion on floor type urinals. 21"Guide for’Planning School Plants,” National Coun- cil on Schoolhouse Construction, 1949, p. 154. 40 Some experts agree that the wall type is better because it is not susceptible to clogging from floor refuse. Soap dispensers should also be provided. Toilet paper holders, waste containers, mirrors, and hand drying facil- ities are essential. Sanitary napkin dispensers and waste receptacles Should be installed in the girls' toilet rooms. The type of bowl that is used in toilet rooms Should also be considered. A 13' bowl Should be provided in the junior and senior high.school. Bowls Should be of vitreous china type with the extended lip or elongated type, and Should be equipped with impervious Open front seats. Indiv- idual flush valves are recommended, and it might be wise to have these work by hand rather than foot. In supplying sinks in the toilet rooms, it is recommended that they be installed at least 30” from the floor.22 Tempered water should be supplied through all Spigots, and sinks without stoppers should be used. Artificial lighting should be used over the sinks. Drinking fountains. Fountains Should be located con- veniently to gymnasiums and playgrounds. Where construction permits, drinking fountains Should be recessed to their full depth. Where electric cooling units are used, a recess must also be provided for them. Drinking fountains of the frost- 41 proof type should be located on the playground area. Fountains Should be Of an impervious material, of the type that will not permit the mouth of the student to come into contact with the nozzle or permit water to fall back on the nozzle. The fountain jets and all the openings in the water supply piping should issue above the level of the rim of the fountain bowl. Satisfactory height for junior high schools is 32', and for senior high schools 36'. Additional spaces. Spaces that may be included in modern plant are: the visiting team locker and shower room. These will be Of the same standards as the home facilities. Laundry rooms may, or may not, be included in the modern plant. This is primarily a matter of the individual school. Physical reconditimning rooms are slowly making their way hlto some of the physical education plants, and these facilities will aid immensely in the total pic- ture of the plant. Rooms such as rhythm rooms, wrestling rooms, rifle rooms, and club rooms are not covered in this thesis be- cause it is impossible to find many of these Spaces in Michigan schools, However, the writer is cognizant that these facilities are very necessary to adequately meet the needs of the physical education program. ‘IZ Ami/e I... 5““ 4,. f f“! O / Hay/e Iguana? fl/ésur fl ) 0 \Hoor Clips I \ Air 5’“? 0788/03“ \—-—~——~\—\ Cmém’ 7 I ‘ ‘ o ' K o .;/\, \\’_._. ‘3. / \\ s. _ V , ‘ V /_=‘\‘ / 4"x3"L Ball: or grew: “MD 1410’ f/ace // /e / \ / 1" WI” ”’7! ”a” ) TL ‘-. .-’ , f \Nu'ls £7572”. o FIGURE 11: SUGGESTED DETAILS OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF GYHNAswn FLOORS 43 TABLE III SUGGESTED CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS FOR PHYSICAL EDUCATION SPACES SECTION FLOOR BASE WAINSCOT WALL CEILING HC Gymnasium W’ 3' X SFT Ag, 2 Administrat- AT SL R X P CRP .ige Office _:0 AT W 1_. ._.________—_—— Instructors AT SL R X P CRP Office AT W Health Train- W’ 3' X SFT Ac. T com 1 Storeroom C C X, P CRP L-o'cker' 'RO om' 'ct‘ 'Zx‘ x CFT HC Shower Room vcr vow" of P HC .a. ___________:_, A. GT chg____, Toilets VCT VCT GT P HC _is CRP Team Room VCT VCT X GT CRP LEGEND Ac. T Acoustical Tile P Plaster AT ASphalt Tile R Rubber C Cement SL Slate Ct. Cement Terrazzo VCT Vitreous Ceramic Tile CRP Concrete smooth for plaster W’ WOOd GT Glazed Tile X None HC Hung Ceiling SFT Saltglazed Facing Tile G Glass CHAPTER IV THE SWIMMING POOL UNIT In planning the swimming pool unit, it must be re- membered that for a unit that costs around $150,000 much planning and analyzing should be done. It mould be stated, too, that not every school Should plan on having a swimming pool. It might be wise for some of the smaller schools to devote thelnoney that would go into pool construction to some other type of recreation and physical education facilities. However, for the larger schools, whose budget and policy can afford a pool unit, this chapter is written. q§hgp§.§gi.§ige. There are many shapes and Sizes that can be used for the construction of the indoor swimming pool, but the one that is easiest to maintain and to con- struct is the rectangular type. This is the type that is being constructed in the newer high schools. Some of the other types, the 'L' and the 'T' or modifications thereof, will not be considered in.this dhapter. Ml. dimensions. The minimum length that will meet the requirements for interscholastic competition is 75' and the smallest fraction of an inch possible, to allow for any contraction. A length that is any Shorter can not be used for a world record. (see Figure III) The minimum width that is required in high schools is 35'. However,.most college standards recommend 42'. Pool 45 widths Should always be in multiples of 7'.1 While 35' is the required width, some schools are constructing pools with four 7' lanes. There is now some thought given to an additional foot width on either side of the pool in order to counteract pool wash. Mr. R. E. Daubert of Michigan State College agrees that this feature would in- sure evener competition. Due to the change in the height of the diving board for the year 1950, it is recommended by the National Coll- egiate Athletic Association.that the depth of the new pools be '... at least 11', in an area 3' back, 24' in front, and 10' each side of a vertical dropped from the.front end Of the board'.2 The Association also recommends that the depth of the shallow and be increased from 3' to 3é'. Sprigg,board§. TO comply with the 1950 rules of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, (which governs interscholastic meets), 'The Spring board shall be 1 meter and 3 meters above the water level, at least 14' long, and preferably 16' long, and 20' wide, covered along the whole length with cocoa matting, or some adequate non-skid material".3 1 'A Guide for Planning Facilities for Athletics, Recreation, and Health and Physical Education,' National Facilities Conference, 1947, p. 85. 2National Collegiate Athletic Association, 1950 5 Ibid. 46 Congtruction g§_th§_pggl, Once the location of the pool has been determined, the actual construction must begin. The pool basin should be built from materials that will guarantee a leak-proof structure which can be used for many years. If reinforced concrete is used, it Siould be poured in one complete operation to insure uniform density and strength. The lining of the bottom and Sides of the pool Should be of a light colored impervious material that is free from cracks and joints. At the ends of the pool from the waterline to a depth 3' below, the lining should have a rough unglazed finish to facilitate racing turns.4 For the rest of the pool walls an impervious tile of some type is satisfactory. Lane markings should be Of the same material that is used in.the bottom of the pool, but preferably of? 0': W é LEVEL _ 1111\ITFTJVTr1rTIIr1i11IrI - \/;-W = . 3 ’ / Selma; \ ' ‘ ‘3‘“; 3: ~ gnu“ ~2 .0 r 2------&\‘ WWE‘ ‘ [2" Q ’ff‘!‘ ' ' ”“ “ O DRAIN TILE , ’Ixah'\~. ' - 'l-ll-Ii‘ ‘ $590510 k“ ‘ 1“ ’ m L‘ 2540 " /0'0" 6’0 ’0' DRAIN THE R >.. FIGURE 1n RECTAN GUI-AR POOL SWING, N.C. A.A. RECOMM ENOATIONS CHAPTER V OUTDOOR FACILITIES FOR PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND REEBEATION Facilities should be provided for a variety of out- door activities suited to children, youth, and adults. Selection of the areas will depend on the type and ultimate size of the center to be served, other community facilities available, and the extent to which the school site can be devoted to recreation. Activity areas which require constant supervision should be located near a central point of control. Those areas having close relationships or used by the same age groups should be placed close to one another. Facilities for spectators should be near parking areas. Play areas of concentrated use should be located near the gymnasium lock- er and shower room. A separate shady area should be provided for child- ren of the elementary grades. It is also desirable to have a section of the playground which can be used for informal games. A level open Space is adequate for most of these games. It is advisable to provide separate play areas for the boys and girls in the upper elementary grades and Junior high grades, if there are conflicting schedules. Areas should be provided for such games as softball, volleyball, badminton, archery, basketball, baseball, football, soccer, 54 and track and field events. Larger schools should make provisions for some type of athletic stadium that can also be used for community functions. Many state school sites contain picnic areas, outdoor theaters, and band shells. I. STADIUM Stadia, insofar as possible, should be permanent outdoor.facilities that will be used for the expression of interscholastic events and community affairs. Each school should include in a stadium those features which will best suit its needs and budget. It is the intention of this part of the thesis to bring out some of the important things that must be considered by the athletic director, adminis- trator and architect prior to the canstruction of a particular stadium. Most of the principles involved in building a large stadium are also applicable to the construction of a small stadium; primarily in reference to capacity, location, and use, both present and future. In planning the stadium, att- ention should be:given.to the uses other than football contests. As in the gymnasium, the stadium should not be planned for one particular event. _S_L_e_. The size of the stadium will depend entirely on the school involved, and the amount of money available. 55 It would not be wise for a class '0‘ school to construct a stadium that would hold 25,000 people, nor would it be wise to construct a stadium that is going to be too small for future needs. It is well to remember that the larger the stadium, the more complex the management and maintenance problems become. _S_h_a_p_e_. The shape of the stadium will depend on many factors: the types of activities that will be carried on, the relation of sun to the stands, the provision of the best number of seats for the greatest number of people, and the maintenance of official distances for the contests involved. For most Michigan schools, stands on both sides of the field seem to be most practical; but some schools like to have a curved stand to use as a grandstand during the baseball season. Either or both of these seems to be satis- factory. Dzamage. The drainage in relation to the stadium will again vary with the size and type of stadium involved, and the availability of a storm sewer connection. It is wise to plan for the maximum amount of drainage and for the utmost safety. Generally Speaking, the drainage problem for the stadium should be the same as for the other outdoor play areas. Seating. In seating, the problem to be considered is the type of activity to be witnessed and the duration of 56 the game. The concensus of opinion seems to favor a 10" by 2" wooden seat with metal supports as the best. It should be renembered that in using wooden seats, a preservative of some kind must be used to prevent deterioration. Sanitary facilities. In providing sanitary facilities, the items of light, ventilation, and sanitary care must be given consideration. Drinking fountains should be placed so as not to incite confusion of the crowd. Where locker and shower facilities are located in the stands, the same principles that are involved in providing these Spaces in- doors, should be observed. Insofar as possible, dressing rooms, diy ing rooms, training rooms, and a hospital room should be planned, if the stadium is to provide for maximum service. It is also essential that some place under the stands be provided for the stowing of track ani field equip- ment. A workshop for such peOple as carpenters, painters, and others can also be included here. Directional signs, exit Signs, ani telephone booths are necess ities. Press boxes and ticket ofliceg. In most of our high school Situations today the item of press boxes of some sort becomes necessary. A place for scouts, radio, and press are now pretty much of a general design for the new stadium. Included in the press box can be the public address system and the direct telephone communication to the bench. 57 Ticket offices should be located near the main en- trance points to the stadium, and if the stadium does not have an enclosure, it is advisable to have movable booths available. Stadium gt_§§;_Jose h, Nughigan. Since it does not seem advisable to set any Specific standards for a partic- ular stadium, because of thelnany different factors involved, it might be wise to include a Specific stadium.that was constructed for one of our Michigan schools. St. Joseph, Michigan, is now in the process of completing their new stadium and football field. The work they have done Should inspire some of the other schools throughout Michigan.1 The subsoil of their field was constituted of light sand, over which they Spread 4' of clay after it was leveled. This was then roto-tilled to a depth of 4', and again roto- tilled with the blade set at 8'. The surface is now approx- imately 50% black dirt, 25% clay, and 25% sand. The grass seed that they used was an alta fescure that was recommended to them by Michigan State College. This seed is known for its deep root system, quick recovery, and resistance to drought. Under the field at theecenter runs an 18" storm sew- er. Because of the nature of the soil, there is no drain lLeon Burgoyne, “St. Joseph's New Stadium," SChol- astic Coach, 19:8-9, January, 1950. 58 tile; but there are catch basins at 50' intervals around the inside of the track. On each Side of the 50 yard line there is a 1' water line. The field will be watered at night by a large Buckner sprinkler. It wdll travel along a 500' cable, dragging 175‘ of hose, and will be able to Sprinkle an area 100' in diame- ter as it goes. The sprinkler will be able to travel 500' in one night, and it will Shut itself off automatically at the end of its run. In two nights it will be able to water both Sides of the field. The stadium will have a capacity of Slightly more than 5000 peOple. It will be composed of two 180' stands on either Side of the field and located between the 20 yard lines. The construction will be of steel. This conforms with the new stadia that were built by Lansing Sexton and Saginaw Arthur'Hill. The west stand of the new St. Joseph stadium will be backed with concrete in.a futuristic design. This stand will have 25 rows of seats, with 26 box seats located at the top of the stands. Each box will be able to accomodate four persons and will be protected by a metal canopy. The east stand will have 25 rows of seats, and both stands will be pitched to 28° to insure good vision. For easy entrance and exit to and from the stands, there will be four vormitories. 59 Press box and radio facilities will be provided on top of the west stands, and will include separate rooms for the press and radio staffs. An intercommunication system will connect the press box with the players' bench. The roof of the press deck will be used as a photographic deck. For lighting the field, Six steel 90' poles located behind the stands will be used. They will carry 16 lights each, and will have a total wattage of 144,000. An electric scoreboard and timer will be located at the north end of the field. Plans for facilities under the west stand will in- clude 3 25'8' by 42'8'.home team dressing room. The coach will have in one corner of this room a 10' by 11' office, private toilet and shower. The trainer will have a 10' by 12' working room. An equipment room 178' by 20' opening in» to the:main dressing.room will be used to hand out equip- ment. The home team will have a shower room 8' by 16'. At the south end of the stands there will be a visiting team locker and shower room, an officials' room, public toilets, and a room for the heating plant. A concession will be lo- cated directly across from the west stand. . The complete field and stadium will be enclosed by a wire fence to insure canplete control of the crowd. A turfed parking lot that will accommodate 800 cars will be located at the north end of the field, and there 60 will also be additicnal facilities for 1,200 cars. The stadium.drive which is 100' wide can accommodate four lanes of traffic in exit. This drive will lead into the parking r'areao II. THE TRACK The running track in most of the newer high schools is located around the football field and within the stadium. This seems to be the most practical arrangement since the stadium can then serve as seating for the Spectators. There are many ways of constructing a track, but there are Still some main items to be included in the consi- eraticn of any of the ways. The items that should be included are drainage, track fill, and curbing. (see Figure IV.) Drainage. One way to secure adequate drainage is to dig about 28" to 50" down the center of the track and about 18" on either Side. This will then slope to a 6" or 8" tile drain in the center. It is advisable to have cross drains all the way around the track. If a creek is available, it would be an easy matter to have a 50" pipe line flow from the base of the track into the creek. If this is not possible, then a 50" drain will have to connect with a storm sewer. It must be assured that the drain tile to the sewer has a 1% fall. The Joints of the tile should be cemented only at the bottom and the rest of the joint covered with burlap 61 to keep dirt out and still have seepage outward from the tile. Before covering the drain ditch, it is advisable to partially fill the ditdheS'Wlth some form of filter mater- ial. There should be drainage vents every 50' to 40' around the track to take care of the surface water. The man holes and storm Sewers should be walled with brick and large enough to work in, in case cleaning is necessary. Outside the outside curb of the track, it is advis- able to have a 2" water line with outlets. These outlets could be on either end of the straightaway, one on each oval, and one on each side of the oval. The hose Should be sunk in a galvanized pit that can be locked. Tragk beg. Every layer in the track bed Should be rolled with a pneumatic roller as it is applied. The rough fill can be a 2%" limestone am about 18" deep in the center of the track. Next is a 6- layer of cinders that can be graduated from pea Size to about the Size of a walnut. The tOp 5" should be 80% head and cirder and about 20% dry clay and loam,‘ground together before being applied. The cinders Should be screened through a 35" mesh before they are mixed and applied. - There should not be any Silt or soft Spots on the in- side lane as the top is level and comes to within 2" of the top of the curb. The concrete curb should be about 6" wide 62 at the top, and about 10" wide at the bottom, and 28" to 50" deep with beveled edges at the top. The curbs should be perpendicular on the inside and battered on the outside. Ex- pansion joints are necessary every 100' and contraction Joints every 20'. All metal markers should be set in concrete curb. The runways can be built the same way as the rest 0 f the track, and the sides may be lined with wood rather than cement curb. Jumping and vaulting pits should not be outlined with anything. They can be filled with building sand, topped with cottonwood saWdust and shavings. It will not be practical for all high schools in Michigan to construct their track with the above recommend- ations. However, if the principles of drawings, track fill, curbing are adeouately met, the schools will be assured of a decent running track. (see Figure IV.)2 III. TENNIS COURTS Tennis court construction can, if done properly, en- hance the outdoor physical education program, and at the same time beautify the total recreational area. Tennis courts can be of many materials: turf, clay, macadam, asphalt, cork, concrete, or a bituminous concrete. 2 John Jacobs, "University of Oklahoma's New Track Stadium", Athletic Journal, 29:11, June, 1949. £3 CENTER LINE L , 76+— r /6 ..‘~t| M F TOP DEE-S—S"‘L§'_ "Ill ‘0’ ( SCREENED cmoeas FILL mooLe ROUGH FILL ///// / // bl Ycow PACTED SUBGRADE . /PERV!OUS BLACK FlLL ‘ K FILTER MATERIAL ' ‘ ———~8"oRAIN TYPICAL CROSS SECTION OF TRACK “Alf SHOWN FIGU RE IV 64 The last, bituminous concrete, consists of hard aggregates of varying gradations which are bound together by minute particles of cement, which takes the form of an adhesive mat- erial when water is added. This type of material is recomm- ended whenuperformance, durability, and hard surfaces are required.3 In a high school situation, where all the factors that a bituminous surface can give are desired, this type of surfacing seems to be the best. The surface of the tennis courts, regardless of the materials used, Should be Smooth, hard,