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A STUDY OF SOME WOOD-BORING COLEOPTERA ATTACKING
FIRE-KILLED CONIFEROUS TREES IN MICHIGAN

by

FRANK THOMAS EéRMELEE

A THESIS

Submitted to the Graduate School of Michigan
State College of Agriculture and Applied
Science in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Entomology

1940

THESIS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The writer wishes to express appreciation to
Professor Ray Hutson and Associate Professor
E. I. McDaniel of the Department of Entomology
for their guidance, assistance and sincere in-
terest during the course of this study. Thanks
are also due other members of the Entomology
Department for their helpful suggestions and

information.

CONTENTS

Page
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Objectives . . . . . . .-. . . . . . . 6
Methods and Equipment . . . . . . . . . 7
Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1937 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Discussion and Summary of 1937 Results . 13
1938 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Discussion and Summary of 1938 Results . 23
1939 Material (Presque Isle Fire) . . . 26
Discussion and Summary of 1939 Results . 31
General Discussion of Species . . . . . 36
General Conclusions and Summary . . . . 53
Literature Cited . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Plates 0 O O C O O O O 0 O O O O O O O 68

INTRODUCTION

 

Kellogg (55) reported the original forest area of the
United States as 850,000,000 acres containing 5,200,000,000,000
board feet of sawetimber. Due to clearings, fires, insect
depredations, storms, disease and other causes, this vast acre-
age had been reduced to 550,000,000 acres containing 2,500,000,
000,000 board feet of saw-timber by 1909. Recent surveys by
Garver (27) show the present acreage to be about the same as
that of 1909 containing, however, only about l,800,000,000,000
board feet of saw-timber. The above statistics show that our
forest resources are not inexhaustible notwithstanding our pres-
ent day reforestation and conservation activities. While our
total forest area has not decreased alarmingly since the be-
ginning of the century, a large part of our choice timber has

been removed.
INSECT LOSSES T0 FORSSTS AND FORLST PRODUCTS

Hopkins (44) quotes Professor Lawrence Bruner, State En-
tomologist of Nebraska as saying: "I can agree with Doctor
Hopkins that the insects are far more important in destroying
our forests than fires." The countless hordes of tree-killing

and wood-destroying insects exact an enormous toll, and were

?2-
it not for rigorous control measures practiced in various
parts of the country, timber losses would be far in excess
of present figures.

Bark beetles, especially those of the genus Dengnggtggns,
and defoliating insects such as the Spruce budworm and larch
sawfly are responsible for the major part of our forest loss-
es. Hopkins (44) reports that the Black Hills beetle,
‘Qggdrggtgggs pggdeggsae Hopk., destroyed about one billion
board feet of coniferous timber over a ten year period, which
at $2.50 per thousand board feet, would mean an annual loss of
$250,000. This is an example of the destructiveness of but one
Species of bark beetle in one national forest. Hopkins (44)
bases the insect losses on 10% of the mature trees impossible
to utilize. At $2.50 per thousand board feet, he believes
$62,500,000 to be a conservative estimate of the annual loss.
Hyslop (53) reports forest insect losses to be variously es—
timated at around $100,000,000.annua11y. Graham (:54, p. 11)
assuming a 10% loss of the annual cut for the years 1925-1929
finds the yearly loss to be 5,913,383,900 board feet.

Forest insects such as certain bark beetles and defoliat-
ors are classed as primary forest enemies in that they attack
living trees (34, p. 202). To this group of insects is attrib-
uted the bulk of the forest damage. However, secondary forest
insects, that is, those that attack only dead or dying timber,
occasionally cause heavy damage. The larvae or "grubs" of
these secondary Species, belonging chiefly to the families
Cerambycidae, Scolytidae and Buprestidae of the order

Coleoptera, excavate cavities in the sapwood and bore tunnels

-3-
into the heartwood of dead or dying timber either complete-
ly destroying or greatly reducing in value a product which
otherwise would be highly merchantable. Hopkins (43) states
that the aggregate losses from this damage in the coniferous
forests of the United States contribute largely to the annual
waste of millions of dollars in forest products, which without
the injury might easily be utilized.

Timber killed by primary insects, fire, storms, disease
and other causes are readily attacked and greatly damaged by
the depredations of secondary borers. Dead coniferous timber,
especially if it is standing, has been found to be in an excell-
ent state of preservation for long periods after death, provid-
ed no insect damage has occurred. Hopkins (44) found pines,
spruces, larch and Douglas fir killed by insects and fire, and
which had escaped borer damage, to be entirely suitable for
lumber, fuel, pulp and railroad ties from 20 to 30 years after
death. In localities where fires, storms or other agencies
have killed large areas of timber, sepecially in the Spring or
early summer, prompt utilization, barking or submerging in
water is often impossible. Wood-boring insects together with
fungi which are allowed to reach the heartwood through the
borers' tunnels rapidly cause the deterioration of such timber.
Losses may be as high as 50% in three months and commonly 100%
in three or four years. (18), (42), (4s), (45). Webb, (90)
(91), reported damage in excess of $6,000,000 to storm-felled
pine in the South by one Species of sawyer, Eggoghamus
5111111522.(F3b-)- Secondary insect damage to felled trees

—4-

following the New England hurricane in 1938 was also con-
siderable (25).
ATTRACTION 0F FRESHLY KILLED TREES T0 CERTAIN COLEOPTERA
Host trees, especially coniferous, are attractive to wood
borers if cut or killed shortly before or during the time in
which the adults are flying; such timber is almost certain to
become infested. Timber dying late in the summer or fall is
not nearly so heavily damaged, especially in the northern for-
ests. (9), (45), (87). Graham (32) states that green wood is
necessary for the early larval stages of Cerambycidae and
Buprestidae. From this it would appear that the period between
the death of the tree and dessication of the inner bark and
cambium is the most suitable time for successful infestation.
Fire-killed or scorched coniferous trees apparently have
an attraction for certain insects. The smoke or the odor of
the burning bark and needles probably serve as attractants but
definite proof as to this is lacking. (49), (74). Deane,
Van Dyke, Chamberlin and Burke, (20, p. 18), report that one
Buprestid borer, Eglgngphilg gonaputa Lec., cannot even wait
for the trees to cool off but flies through the smoke and de-
posits its eggs on the still smouldering trunks. This species
is said to annoy fire fighters by pinching them on the neck
and hands. St. George and Beal (78) found beetles attracted
to burned areas within a radius of three or four miles and in
Sweden, Tragardh, (88), states that sawyer beetles are attract-
ed for miles by fire, ovipositing first on the largest and most

severely scorched trees. Trees scorched all around are most

‘35‘

attractive, he says, and only the scorched side of the tree ~

will be attacked.
ROBBED-OVER AREAS AND SOURCES OF EPIDEKIC INFESTATIONS

Various results have been reported on the possibility of
epidemic infestations arising from burns, slash depositions and
other favorable breeding places. Miller and Patterson, (62),
report fire-killed and fire-injured timber as highly attractive
to the western pine beetle, Dendzoctgnus brevicgmis, resulting
in heavy concentrations within the burn. Such concentrations,
they say, do not develop into epidemics but, on the contrary,
return to normal within three or four years. Fires attract
beetles but conditions are not favorable for breeding in the
burned-over areas. They point out that the sudden interruption
and disturbance of the sap flow in burned trees causes an ex-

treme moist condition of the inner bark which is unfavorable
I for the young bark beetle larvae, causing the death of many of
them; in some of these trees, fewer beetles emerge than attack
them. Many trees, however, are only moderately injured by the
fire and apparently are able to recover. Such trees are readi—
ly and successfully attacked by bark beetles; in this way only,
are they believed to supplement and increase losses initiated
by fire. According to Bureau of Entomology reports for 1919
(50) the infestation of beetles within a certain small burned-
over area increased up to 1000%, but the numbers in the surround-
ing areas decreased and the whole area returned to a normal

condition within a comparatively Short period of time. These

renovts agree With those of Miller and Patterson in that fire-

~6-

injured trees suffer heavily from insect attack. Investiga-
tions in this country indicate that neither infested slash
nor burned areas become foci for epidemic infestations, (17),
(so). (46), (64).

In Russia, several investigators have reported fires as
becoming a source of infestation affecting healthy trees.
Sokanovskii (76) reports migration of bark beetles to healthy
Spruce after removal of dead and severely damaged-host trees
from a burned-over coniferous area; Stark and Ctaph (79) say
development of bark beetles and other insects in large numbers
in a coniferous forest fire area is always followed by intens-
ive flight to surrounding healthy trees and Porozorov (68) re-
ports beetles as multiplying in certain parts of burnt areas

of Russian timber followed by migration to healthier trees.

was

This investigation has been concerned with a study of some
of the secondary wood-boring beetles contributing to the deter—
ioration of fire-killed coniferous timber in Michigan. Most of
the effort has been toward the end of determining what borers
are present in such areas and the part each plays in the eventu-
al destruction of the wood. From time to time examinations were
made of both the fire-injured and uninjured trees within and bor-
dering the burned-over areas to determine the effect of such
concentrated infestations on the surrounding forest. Observa-
tions of insect infestations in slash and storm-felled timber,

for purposes of comparison, were thought worth while. While it

97-

is obvious that a study of this nature over a period of two
or three years is much too short for completeness, it is hoped
that this paper will bring out the importance of a group of
insects which are commonly associated together in fire-killed

timber.

METHODS AND EQUIPMENT

Infested material was cut from the burned-over areas,
brought to the laboratories at East Lansing and placed in screen
cages of a mesh size adequate to prevent escape of the smaller
insects. For each cage of material left out of doors under nat-
ural conditions, a corresponding cage of material from the same
tree was placed indoors. Each was given a number so as to in-
dicate that the wood came from the same tree. Individual records
were kept for all trees brought to the laboratory. Each insect
emerging from the wood in the various cages was given its proper
number and date of emergence. In addition the smaller branches
of at least one tree of each Species was kept separate from the
larger limbs and butt portions of the trunk in order to determ-
ine the prevalence, if any, of certain insects in different parts

of the tree.

PROCEDURE'

The collection of material for this study was begun in the
fall of 1937 and continued through 1938 and 1939, during which
time several truck and trailer loads of infested fire-killed

ee-

coniferous timber was cut in Northern Michigan and brought to '
the laboratories at East Lansing for study. Dead wood from the
following trees were cut into suitable lengths, placed in cages
and labeled in a manner already described: white pine (Pinus
stngbug L.), Norway or red pine (Eipps resingsa Ait.), jack

pine or scrub pine (£1np§,bgpksiana uamb.), balsam fir (Apie§_
halsgmga_(L.) Mill.), American larch or tamarack (Lgri;,lazic1pa
(Du Roi) Koch.) and black or bog Spruce (Eig§§_mariana (Mill.)
B. S. P.).

The wood caged indoors was kept in a greenhouse at a tem—
perature of between 60 -70 F. The moisture content of the ma-
terial was kept as favorable as possible for the immature insects
by weekly applications of water. The presence of red ants in
the greenhouse caused difficulty, eSpecially during the first
year. These voracious insects penetrated deep into the heart-
wood and devoured many of the helpless larvae. Further trouble
from this source was prevented by a thorough clean—up of hiding
places and by placing the cages on long, low, rack—like tables
supported by legs immersed in Shallow pans of oil. Tanglefoot
was smeared on the supporting rack between cages so as to pre—
vent migration of the ants from cage to cage. Very few ants
were observed in 1938 and none during 1939-1940. Precautions
were also observed in protecting the out-of—door cages against
ants but apparently they are not so much of a problem there as

indoors.

MATERIAL COLLECTED IN égél

No fire—killed coniferous wood from Spring fires was
available during this year. Material from spring fires is
desirable because of its attractiveness to the female beetles
for purposes of oviposition during the months in which they
are flying, (May, June and July). However, material for study
during this year was obtained in the following manner: Sections
from the base and larger branches of white pine trees in the vi-
cinity of East Lansing, Michigan were scorched by burning a light
application of old crank-case oil smeared over the surface. These
trees were in a weakened condition due to a heavy infestation of
the bark beetles, Lpg galligzgphus (Germ) and Lp§_p1p; (Say) and
were felled by the Forestry Department of Michigan State College
in the early Spring only because their death appeared imminent.
On May 13, 1937, after the superficial burning described above,
the logs and limbs were placed in a sunny Spot near a quantity
of pine fire-wood which had been infested with wood-boring in-
sects during the previous year. A similar amount of recently-
felled white pine wood which had not been given the burning
treatment was distributed at the same time in the same locality.
All wood was collected and caged on September 20, 1937. Portions
of both burned and unburned wood was placed in the greenhouse
for winter observations with the remainder being left out-of-
doorS. At the time of caging, examination proved all pieces
of wood to be infested except two fire-treated limbs of about

four inches in diameter.

e10-

By September 20, most of the borer larvae had finished
their phloem region feeding as was evidenced by oval-shaped
entry holds into the sapwood. In Spite of this protection,
red ants destroyed a number of the larvae in the wood of the

greenhouse cages.
1937 RESULTS

The following two pages are devoted to a record of sec-

ondary beetles reared from white pine (Pinus strobus L.), ex-

 

posed to infestation as described under "Material Collected

in 1937."

- 11 -

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r13-

DISCUSSION AND SUHHARY OF 1937 RESULTS

an examination of the emergence records of the burned and
unburned white pine wood does not show that scorched timber is
attractive to secondary wood-destroying beetles nor does it Show
that such material is particularly repellent in most cases.

It was noted that the burning treatment applied to the wood
did not kill the bark beetle larvae present at the time. Miller
and Patterson (62) say that moderately severe fires or fires that
do not burn the bark from the infested trees fail to destroy the
bark beetle broods. According to Heal (2) a great many of our
forest fires are more Spectacular than damaging. He points out
that when a fire rages through the highly combustible foliage of'
living coniferous trees (crown fire) it creates a false impress—
ion of tremendous damage. Crown fires seldom damage merchantable
timber and it seems reasonable to assume that such fires do not
completely destroy infestations of bark beetles.

A more complete examination of the infested wood of this
eXperiment revealed the white-Spotted sawyer, Monochamus
scutellatus (Say) as being chiefly reSponSible for most of the
damage. Practically all of the individuals of this species com—
pleted their development in one year under East Lansing conditions.
In all infested material the gaping larval tunnels of this destruc-
tive sawyer were extended into the heartwood. The tunnels of
A§§m3m_mg§§tpm,flald. also reached the heartwood but the scarcity

of this species lessens its importance.

-l4—

thyggpgthxi§_dentipes Germ., Astylopsis guttata (Say),
and Pogonocherus mixtus Hald. might prove beneficial in that

they seriously compete with bark beetles for the vital phloem
region food of the tree. Their larval work is confined mostly
to the inner bark and outer sapwood and it does not seem that
they contribute much toward the deterioration of timber. A
more detailed discussion of Monochamus scutellatus (Bay) as well

as other Species will be included later.

MATERIAL COLLECTEQ:IN 1938

 

On November 6-7, 1938 infested coniferous wood from Hale,
Luzerne, Roscommon, Grayling and Whittemore was tranSported by
truck from these northern Michigan localities to East Lansing,
cut into apprOpriate lengths, caged and labeled. A sample lot
of infested wood from each tree Species for the various locali—
ties was caged indoors with the remainder being caged in the
Open. A description of the type of infested material follows:

HALE, IOSCO COUNTY: A quantity of fire-killed jack pine
(Eipgglpapkgiaga) was obtained from this area. The fire occurr-
ed in the fall of 1936 and burned over several sections of timber
composed almost exclusively of jack pine. The majority of the
trees in this locality had been rather lightly infested during
the previous season but had not been attractive for oviposition
during the summer of 1938 because of the dry condition of the
wood and the fact that much of the bark had become loosened from

the trees. The occurrence of this fire in the fall made the

-15-

timber originally less susceptible to borer attack the follow-
ing spring, because sufficient time for rather thorough dessica--
tion of the wood had elapsed.

WHITTEMORE, IOSCO COUNTY: A quantity of infested tamarack
(my; lagging) and balsam fir (stiles palsamea) killed by a small
road-fire was available here. In addition a few borer-infested
pieces of balsam and tamarack cut during the preceding Spring but
not damaged by the fire was also obtained.

GRAYLING, CRAWFORD COUNTY: Several samples of heavily infest-
ed balsam fir and jack pine was cut from storm—felled trees in this
locality. From all appearances these trees were killed during the
previous late winter or early Spring. It was considered worth
while to bring material such as this in for study because of the
possibility of making comparison between the number and Species
of insects infesting storm-killed and fire-killed timber.

LUZERNE, OSCODA COUNTY: Storm—felled balsam fir and jack
pine, all in the Huron National Forest, were found to be heavily
infested with borers. fieveral sections from various parts of
these trees were obtained.

ROSCOMNON, ROSCOMMON COUNTY: It was in this locality that
the best material for 1938 study was obtained. A considerable
area had been cut over during the previous winter and all slash
was left in the clearing. A small fire occurring in the early
summer destroyed some of the slash and killed a few of the sur-
rounding white pine, jack pine and Norway pine trees. All burn-
ed trees and slash were heavily borer infested. Piles of sawdust

pushed out of the burrows by the wood-boring larvae were conSpic-

-16-
uous everywhere. A considerable amount of the infested slash
and fire-killed timber of each tree species was brought to East
Lansing. All material from the above localities except that
from Roscommon was caged for but one year, at end of which time
each piece of wood was carefully examined for wood-boring larvae
by Splitting. The pine from Roscommon was kept caged for two
years.

The following few pages are devoted to a tabulation of the
number and kind of wood-boring beetles reared from the described
material from each locality as well as other information that it
was considered worth while to include. The only emergence dates
of indoor reared insects included here are concerned with the

Roscommon material.

Table III
HALE, MICHIGAN
Host - Fire-killed jack pine (Bippg bapksiana)
Total approximate area bark surface collected — 63 Sq. ft.
Approximate date of fire - Fall of 1936
Date wood collected - November 6, 1938

Species Number Emergence
Reared Reared Dates
Monochamug scutgllatus (Say) 3 June 19-July 2, 1939
Mgnoghamus titillajgx_(Fab.) 5 June 6-July 13, 1939

This material was Split and examined during November, 1939.
No larvae of any kind were found.
It is quite probable that the eggs from which the reared

beetles developed were deposited in the summer of 1937 and owing

-17-
to the dessicated condition of the wood required two years
in which to complete their life cycle. The development of
Cerambycid-beetles in very dry wood is often retarded and
some Species have been known to Spend twenty years in imma-

ture stages under such conditions. (3), (15).

Table IV
LUZERNE AND GRAYLING, MICHIGAN
Hosts - Storm—felled balsam fir (Abigg balsamea) and jack
pine (Elana banksiana)
Total approximate area bark surface collected:
Balsam fir — 47 sq. ft.
Jack pine - 50 sq. ft.
Approximate date of felling - Spring of 1938
Date wood collected - November 7, 1938

Species Number Emergence
Reared Reared Dates

Balsam fir

Mgnochamus scutellatus (Say) 55 May l9-June 28, 1939
Jack pine

Monocnamus scutellatus (Say) 37 May 22-Aug. 3, 1939

When the jack pine was Split and examined in November, 1939,
three Cerambycid larvae (probably E, scutellatus) and five
Buprestid larvae (probably Chrysobothris Sp.) were cut from the

wood. A Similar examination of the balsam fir revealed four saw-

yer larvae (probably g. ggutgllatus).

-13-
Table V

WHITTENORE, MICHIGAN
Hosts - Fire-killed larch (Qggix larigina)
Unburned larch
Fire-killed balsam fir (Abies balsamea)
Unburned balsam fir
Total approximate area of bark surface collected:
Fire-killed larch - 30 sq. ft.
Unburned larch - 30 sq. ft.

Fire-killed balsam
fir - 40 sq. ft.

Unburned balsam fir-40 sq. ft.
Approximate date of burning and felling — Spring of 1938
Date wood collected — November 6, 1938

Species , Number Emergence
Reared Reared Dates

(Fire-killed larch)

Mgnochgmus scutellatus (Say) 11 May 26—June 19, 1939
(Unburned larch)

Monochamus sputellatus (Say) 14 May 26—June 13, 1939
Melanophila plagifera Oben. 9 May 20-June 2, 1939

(Fire-killed balsam fir)

Mopochgmus scutellatus (Say) 43 May 23-June 17, 1939
(Unburned balsam fir)

Mgpochamus scutellatus (Say) 56 May 18—June 20, 1939

an examination of the various woods for immature forms
in November, 1939 revealed the following numbers present. All
were probably larvae of Monochamgg scutellatus (Say):
Larch (burned and unburned) — 5

Balsam fir (burned and unburned) -9

-19-
Table VI
ROSCONNON, MICHIGAN

Hosts - Fire-killed white pine, (Eigpg strobus), jack pine,
(£1np§,bank§1ana) and Norway or red pine, (Eippg resinosa).
Branches and tops (slash) from a recent cutting of each of

the above tree Species.

Total approximate bark surface of each wood collected — Fire~
killed - 40 sq. ft., Slash - 30 sq. ft.

Approximate time of fire - Spring of 1938

Date wood collected — November 7, 1938

Average diameter fire-killed timber - six inches; Slash — four

inches.

The following page is devoted to an emergence record for

the Roscommon material.

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-21..

I

PARASITES AND PREDATORS REARED 0R OBSERVED IN ROSCOMMON AREA
Predators - Several Specimens of the Clerid, Thanasimus
dubipg were reared from white and red pine slash which had been

infested with bark beetles. This Species, commonly known as the
American bark beetle destroyer, has been reported by Felt (24 p.
500), Graham (34, p. 350), Doane, van Dyke, Chamberlin and Burke
(20, p. 214) and others as preying on various bark beetles in pines
and Spruces in the eastern parts of our country.

A large Elatrid larva was cut from a borer infested white pine
log in the near vicinity of the Roscommon fire and slashing. This
immature click beetle readily devoured larvae of Monochamus
scutgllatus in the laboratory but unfortunately died before matur-
ing; making a determination to species difficult. It is quite pos—
sible that this predator was a member of the genus Alapg Esch. Fiske
(26) reports Alpp§_mypp§ Fab. as being the principal enemy of
Mgngghamu§_in pines, following its prey to their pupal cells deep
in the wood, where it will not only destroy mature larvae and pupae
but also attack fully formed and nearly hardened adults. Blatchley
(6, p.718) reports this beetle to be common in the southern states
but rare north of the Ohio River. Webb (90) says that Mongchamus
titillator (Fab.) is preyed upon by an Elaterid beetle of the genus
Algpg but he probably refers only to the southern states.

Parasites - 33 Specimens of an Ichneumon parasite emerged from
the cages between May 14, 1939 and June 2, 1939. This parasite,
lgppgpmpp_(Epgialtes) mesggentrus (Gravenhorst) (Plate XXVII, fig.
1) is undoubtedly parasitic on flgngghamgg and probably on its larval

stages as all cocoons of the parasite were found in larval tunnels

and none in the pupal chambers. (Plate XXVII, fig. 2). But one

722-
parasite of this Species was reared from Eipgg resinosa (red
pine) which may have been due to the lighter infestation of this
wood by Mo och u , or to the fact that its thicker scaly bark
offers a handicap to oviposition by parasites.

Two specimens of a Braconid parasite and three Specimens
of a dipterous flesh-fly, family Sarcophagidae emerged from white
pine fire-scorched wood during late May, 1939. The puparia of
the Sarcbphagids were located close to the surface in a larval
tunnel of Mopgghamps but certainty as to their host, as well as
that of the Braconids was impossible to establish.

Mites - Several Specimens of adult Monoghamug sgutellatus
(Say) and !, titillato: (Fab.) from the Roscommon area were found
to be heavily infested with mites about the head and thorax.
(Plate XI, fig. 2). Infested beetles appeared annoyed as they
would repeatedly attempt to dislodge their tormentors by means
of their front legs. From all appearances, mite-infested beetles
are not vitally injured as they were observed both in copulation
and oviposition. The presence of mites does not seem to have any
effect on the adult life-Span; in one breeding cage a mite-infest-
ed female outlived nine other mite-free individuals. In all ob-
served cases the beetles were already infested with.mites when
they emerged from the wood and it seems fairly certain that the
infestation takes place within the wood, possibly in the pupal
stage. Mite infested beetles do not seem to spread the infesta-
tion even though they come in close contact with mite-free indi-
viduals; this can be better understood when one tries to remove
the parasites, especially from the thorax, where they cling to

the pubescence with such tenacity that it is only with consider-

-23-

able difficulty that they can be removed.
DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY OF 1938 RESULTS

During this year advantage was taken of an opportunity
to make comparative studies of the secondary wood-boring beetle
infestations in Slash, storm-felled and fire-killed coniferous
timber. While emphasis in this study is directed toward fire-
killed trees mostly, attention to Slash or storm-felled timber,
eSpecially in close proximity to burned-over areas was consider-
ed worth while.

Over the entire area concerned it was observed that the
bulk of the damage could be charged to the whiteHSpotted sawyer,
Mppgghamgg scutellatus (Say). Craighead and Middleton (18), Pier-
son (66), and Hopping (47), report the sawyer, Mgnoghamps
marmoratox,KbY- as attacking dead and dying balsam fir in the
northeastern states and Canada. No adults of this species were
reared from balsam fir during the entire time that this work has
been carried on.

Results of this year's work do not indicate that fire-killed
timber has any particular attraction for wood-boring insects found
in.Michigan. An examination of the emergence records Show that
from a total of approximately 190 sq. ft. bark-surface of scorched
timber, which did not include the unattractive material at Hale,
250 Specimens of beetles were reared making an average of 1.31 in-
sects per sq. ft.; from a bark-surface total of 257 sq. ft. of
storm-killed and slash coniferous wood, 394 Specimens of beetles

were reared or an average of 1.53 insects per sq. ft.

~24-

With reference to the Roscommon area where conditions for
secondary wood-destroying insects were eSpecially favorable, it
was noted that Buprestid beetles of the genus Cpgysobothris Esch.
are especially adapted for breeding in slash. These insects in-
variably were more numerous in the thinner barked branches than
in the thicker barked trunk regions. Chrysobothris scapripepnis
C. & G. was found to be the commonest Buprestid present but was
reared only from white pine. Cpgysobothris dentipes (Germ.) re-
ported by Blackman and Stage (3) as breeding "in immense numbers"
in pine slash and a closely related species Chrysobothpis
plagchardii Horn, were present in modest numbers. The large Bu—
prestid, Chalcophora virginiensis Drury (Plate XXVI, fig. 2) re-
ported by Buttrick (9) as being chiefly responsible for the de-
terioration of fire-killed timber in the black Hills of South Da—
kota is apparently not of much importance in similar situations
in Michigan. Only seven Specimens of this species have been rear—
ed in Michigan during this study and these from white pine near
Roscommon.

It was noted in the Roscommon area that fire-injured trees
were attacked by bark beetles, eSpecially ambrosia beetles of the
genus Gnathotrichus Eich. (5), (51), (75), (75). All of the in—
jured trees in the locality were salvaged the first winter after
the fire making further observations impossible. Dome of these
trees had severe foliage and cambium injury as a result of the
fire, which together with bark beetle attack, would have made
their death practically certain (72).

Observations in the forest area surrounding the Roscommon

-25-

slashing and burning made during the summer of 1939 did not in—
dicate any menace to the healthy trees as a result of the ideal
breeding conditions afforded by the slash and fire-killed trees.
No healthy trees in the immediate vicinity were found to be in-
fested by bark beetles. Patterson (64) says that in the West,
slash is particularly attractive to the bark beetle, Dendroctonug
brevicornis Lec., but these infestations are not a menace to
neighboring timber. He states that such conditions cause a tem—
porary concentration in the slash but the infestation returns to
normal within a year. Craighead (l7) and Graham (30) believe
that but few species are capable of adapting themselves to breed-
ing in slash and killing living trees. They realize that at
times outbreaks of slash-breeding insects might kill mature trees
but state that these outbreaks are Sporadic and believe that but
little benefit could be derived from diSposing of Slash. Dunn
(23) considers secondary forest insects, which by their activi-
ties hasten the process of decay and the resulting reduction of
the wood to humus, are almost entirely beneficial within the for-
est itself. He agrees, however, that such insects may cause seri-
ous losses to the timber industry.

An examination of the Roscommon emergence table (Table VI)
indicates that white pine is a most pronounced favorite for sec-
ondary wood—destroying insects. This seems true in Spite of the
fact that this material, owing to its thin, dark-colored, heat-
absorbing bark, easily reaches temperatures fatal to many larvae
in the t0p surface of logs exposed to direct sunlight. Graham
(28), (29), (51), (52) has found that the thick, scaly, light-col-

ored bark of Norway pine offers more protection to wood-boring

+26—

larvae than the bark of white pine.

From approximately 70 sq. ft. bark surface of Norway pine
from Roscommon, 57 beetles comprising four Species were reared;
from a corresponding amount of white pine, 262 beetles and twelve
Species were reared, while jack pine yielded 97 beetles and five
Species.

Considering the above facts, it seems reasonable to assume
that white pine is more attractive to secondary wood-destroying in-
sects than are other pines in Michigan. Craighead (13) says that
certain species of Cerambycidae breeding in a variety of hosts,
often Show a preference for a few of these. Mogochamus scutellatus
(Say), while breeding in the pines, Spruces, fir and tamarack of
Michigan seems to exhibit a most pronounced attraction for white

pine (31).

less MATERIAL

 

PRESQUE ISLE FIRE

From 9:00 A.M. on Saturday, May 6, 1939, to the following
Monday at noon, May 8, 1939, an uncontrolled forest fire raged in
northern Montmorency county about eleven miles south of Onaway,
Michigan. According to estimates by the Michigan Department of
Conservation a total of 28,556 acres of forest land was burned
over, of which 18,956 acres was State owned and 9,600 acres priv-
ately owned land. Conservation field reports further classify

the fire as follows:

127-

Surface—fire-l3,798 acres; crown—fire—l4,757 acres and ground-
fire-one acre. A Michigan Department of Conservation summary of
the estimated damage to forest land and timber follows:

1. Merchantable timber (6-9 inch diameter class and
above) $62,848.00

2. fieproduction (Below 6—9 inch diameter class) 96,649.81

3. Denuded Forest Land at $1.00 per acre 3,850,09
Total $163,347.81

The dominant tree species in the burned-over area included
jack pine, white pine, Norway pine, oak, white birch, aspen, and
swamp timber (balsam fir, Spruce and tamarack). Jack pine was the
dominant single tree Species considering the area as a whole. Over
.2500 acres of jack pine in 6-12 inch diameter class was destroyed.

The fire was aided in its headway by a 19 to 30 M.P.H. wind

which was highly favorable for a crown fire. Practically all of
1 the smaller trees in the area were killed outright either through
complete destruction of the foliage or by severe cambium injury.
A majority of the taller Norway and white pine trees escaped with
only partial or no foliage injury and as a result were not killed
at the time of the fire. Salvage operations on this fire-injured
as well as fire-killed large timber was begun immediately, leav-
ing but little opportunity to study it. This fire occurred at a
time of year such as to make the affected timber highly susceptible
to borer attack. (9), (45), (87). Dince the fire occurred on May
6-8, 1939 and sawyer beetles were observed as early as May 18,
1939, sufficient time for the wood to dry out to such an extent as

to make it unattractive for oviposition had not elapsed.

—28-

On October 4, 1939 samples of infested jack pine (Eippg
banksiana), white pine (Eippg strobus), Norway or red pine, (Eippg
resinosa), balsam fir (Able; balsamea), and black spruce (Rice;
marigga) were cut from this area and tranSported by truck to the
laboratory at East Lansing for winter study. The extent to which
the standing trees were damaged could be Somewhat accurately gaug—
ed by the large piles of sawdust around each infested tree. The
samples were chosen at random over the entire burned area and were
‘cut largely from the trunk and larger branches. It was noted that
in this area small fire-killed trees of 3 inch diameter or less as
well as the smaller branches of the larger trees were almost total-
ly free from borers. in addition to the above samples two small
infested trees each of white pine, jack pine, Norway pine, and bal-
sam fir were cut, trimmed and brought to the laboratory intact for
tree Species and infestation comparisons. To supplement this, larv—
al counts were made in the Presque Isle fire locality by splitting
varying amounts of wood from several different infested tree
- species.

All wood samples from this fire were caged indoors on November

11, 1939 and cared for in a manner already described.
1939 RESULTS

The following tables show species reared and the extent of
infestations for the various wood caged. Table VII shows the
number and Species of beetles reared from various types of conifer—

ous timber killed by the Presque Isle fire.

- 29 _

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:30-

Table VIII shows the extent to which the various woods
were infested with the larvae of Mgnochamus scutellagus (Say).
A six-foot section was removed from the lower trunk region of
the largest trees obtainable in each tree Species. After the
average diameter was determined, the larvae were chopped from

the wood and counted on October 4, 1939.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table VIII
+3 (H 53' 0
mas 0 on”:
-P . . <3 0
CUO'U 00 $2100
8440 oIs $94
.axad at, 02>
Nae-I IL. 50:40
805 '33 233
ass a I: =
Tree Species 4: c: It-I «30‘
white Pine 10 9:5 9.5
Norway (red) Pine 10 44 4.4
Jack Pine 20 176 8.3
Balsam Fir 10 87 8.7
Black Spruce 10 72 7.2

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 1x shows the number of adults of Mgnochamus
pcgpgllgpgg (Say) reared from two entire trees of approx-
imately the same Size of four different Species in the Pres-
que Isle fire area. These trees were chosen from within an
area of about ten acres and averaged about 20 feet in height

and about 5 inches in diameter at the base. It was unnecess—

-31-
ary to cage the smaller branches as they were generally not

infested with sawyer larvae.

 

 

 

 

 

Table IX
I o I o I .
$40 $40) I 0 0H0
t.m:. acct. 3H m 0660)
can.) . 00+: . m a), not.
3.x. .--I in. oz was $443
a e s-on-I I»
Mmo«- mm0o Sud mun
memo mpao FNd mum
.gms .gms 30g sgd
Tree Species :33?» £3?) 53mg 3:33
White Pine 28 41 69 34.5
Norway Pine 11 16 27 13.5
Jack Pine 31 23 54 27.0
Balsam Fir 17 ‘ 25 40 20.0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY OF 1939 RESULTS

AS a result of observations for a period of one year it
appears that practically all of the damage to timber in the
Presque Isle fire region was done by the sawyer Mgngchagus
pcgpgllgtgg (Say). No other species of Mgngchgmus has been
reared as yet from this locality. The Cerambycids,
Agagtngcgggs pusillus (Kby.) and Astylopsis guttata (Say), so
commonly associated with.Mgnoch§mu§ in pines (15, pp. 116-119),
are almost exclusively bark feeders, rarely entering even the
sapwood, and thus cannot be considered of any importance in

timber deterioration.

_-32-

~ PARASITES AND PREDATORS. The importance of parasites

and predators in the Presque Isle burned—over area seemed to
be slight. Woodpeckers were quite numerous during the early
fall months. They undoubtedly destroyed many larvae especial-
ly in the smaller trees where their prey must necessarily be
closer to the surface. Woodpecker work was found to be quite
common throughout the burned area and might possibly be consid-
ered of some importance in the control of wood-boring insects
in such situations. (1), (20, p. 25), (50), (55). Hopkins
(44), Buttrick (9) and Graham (54, p. 358) consider woodpeck-
ers to be a factor in keeping small infestations of forest in-
sects from becoming epidemic because of their great powers of
mobility enabling them to concentrate on such Spots rapidly,
but they do not believe birds can be much of a factor in large
areas of dead trees such as the Presque Isle fire area. Strick-
land (82) believes that the reproductive rate and territorial
limitations of birds prevents their playing an important part
in insect control.

A number of Clerid larvae were observed under the bark of
bark beetle-infested wood, but the Clerids are usually consider—
ed to be predators of bark feeding forms such as Qppdppppgppg
Spp. or Acapthgcinus Spp. (15, p. 119).

Very few parasitic insects were reared from caged wood or
observed in the fire locality. Several hymenopterous parasites
of the family Braconidae emerged from Norway pine cages. Some

of the pupal cases of these insects were found to be in the lar-

val tunnels of MQnochamus §cutellatus (Say) indicating that

-33-

they might be parasitic on the latter Species. (19).

Two undetermined Diptera, family Tachinidae, were reared
from a cage containing white pine. Considering the habits of
this family and the fact that the puparia were found in a heart-
wood larval tunnel of Monochamug scutellatus (Say) (Plate XXVIII)
it might not be unreasonable to assume the latter insect to be
their host, although Tachinid flies do not appear to be adapt-
ed for ovipositing in, on, or near protected larvae such as
Mogochamus.

During late August, 1939 several parasites of the family
Ichneumonidae, genus Rhyssa, were captured. These large insects
were flying around borer-infested trees, although none were ob-
served in the process of egg—laying. Species of Rhyssa are gen-
erally considered to be parasitic only on Siricid wood wasps
(35). Merrill (61) claims Rhyssa to be primary parasites of
Mgngchamus but Rohwer (70, p. 418) believes records of these
insects parasitizing Mgpochamus are open to question. While
no Siricid larvae or adults were found in the fire area, proof
of Rhyssa sp. parasitizing Mgnochamus is lacking as far as this

investigation is concerned.
MONOCHAMUS SQDTELLATUS (SAY) AND HOST SELECTION

Tables VIII and IX Show sawyer larval infestation and numb-
er of adults reared from dead wood of various tree species.

The counts made indicate a preference by Monochgmug
scgfiellatus (Say) for white pine over all other tree Species
examined. A definite preference is apparently exhibited by

—54-
the white-Spotted sawyer for white pine, jack pine, Spruce
and fir over Norway (red) pine. If a stand of white and Nor-
way pine were to be salvaged after a Spring fire, it would
seem advisable to remove the white pine first. Hepkins (43),
Graham (31) and others have reported white pine as especially

liable to damage by sawyers and other borers.

RELATION BETWEEN SECONDARY BORERS AND FUNGI INFECTION
OF FIREHKILLED TIMBER. Stickel and Marco (81), Real (2), and
others have emphasized the importance of fungi in the deteriora-
tion of fire-killed timber. This activity by fungi begins al—
most as soon as the tree dies and continues until the wood is
reduced to a crumbling mass of humus.

Rumbold (71) and Hubert (52) among others have investigat-
ed the "blue stain" or "blue rot" caused by ngatostomella Sp.
in timber. Rumbold (71) reports two Species of Ceratostom§11a_
to be definitely associated with Qendroctonus and ng bark
beetles while Snyder (75), Buttrick (9), Leach, Orr and Christ—
enson (57) and others have associated the ambrosia beetles with
stained timber.

A number of wood Specimens brought from the Presque Isle
area showed fungi staining in the sapwood but no attempt was
'made to identify the causal organisms.

Boyce (7) says that wood destroying fungi cannot penetrate
the bark or living sapwood but must have direct access to the
heartwood in order to completely infect a tree. The larval

tunnels of Mgngchampg Sp, pave an ideal way for wood-rotting

fungi to the heartwood of coniferous timber. Leach, Orr and

w35-
Christenson (58) found a fair degree of correlation between
the number of Mopochamus beetles present in the logs and the
amount of heart-wood decay. They found the fungous Peniophora
giggnpga to be primarily reSponsible for almost complete decay
of Norway pine logs three years after cutting. They believe
Buprestid beetles to have little influence in the Spread of
wood-rotting fungi because of the closed larval tunnels of
these insects.

An examination of wood samples from the Presque 1519 fire
revealed heartwood decay only in those cases where the tunnels
of Mgngchamug scutellatug (Say) had reached this region of the
wood. (Plate XIV). While wood-rotting fungi might eventually
reach the heartwood regions due to deterioration of the sapwood,
sawyer tunnels facilitate and speed up the process. (34, p. 261).

Fungi-infested wood was placed in prOper growing conditions
in order to obtain reproductive Spores of the fungous. Profess-
or Forrest Strong, Forest Pathologist at Michigan State College,
examined the cultures and identified the fungous as Peniophora
Sp.

EFFECT OF THE SEASON OF PRESQUE ISLE FIRE. Buttrick (9)
states that the optimum conditions for attack by wood-boring in-
sects seems to be following fires which occur early in the grow-
ing season. He says that atsuch times, the killing power of the
fire is at its maximum. The moist condition of the wood causes
fermentation accompanied by a rise of temperature which is favor-
able to the rapid development of the larvae, giving them time
to become thoroughly established before subsequent dry, hot

weather causes seasoning of the wood. Buttrick (9) gives a

-35-
comparison of the infestation following two fires occurring

at different times in South Dakota. "On one large area burn-
ed about the middle of June, the infestation by the last of
August was so severe that the ground under the trees was white
with the dust from the borings, which could be seen drifting

to the ground like a light snow. The gnawing of the larvae
sounded like the croaking of innumerable frogs. An area

close by burned in March was much less severely infested.”

The conditions in the Presque Isle fire region was not
much unlike those described by Buttrick (9). Piles of boring
dust surrounded almost every tree and the ambitious ra5ping
of the larvae could be heard as late as October 4th. The pres-
ence of sawyer adults soon after occurrence of this fire gave

an ominous warning as to what destruction would follow.

DISCUSSIQN OF SPECIES OF HOOD—BORING COLEOETEBA
REARED FROM DEAD CONIFEROUS TIMBER IN MICHIGAN

 

 

Doubtful Specimens whose identification could not be
accurately'made by comparisons with Species in the Michigan
State College Entomological Collection were kindly determined
by Doctor Josef Knull, Coleopterist at Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio.

Cerambycidae
Mgnochamus scutgllatus (Say)
(Mongchamus scutgllatus (Say))

The white-Spotted sawyer, Monochamus pcutellatus (58?)

-37-
(Plate 1), was found to be the commonest insect breeding in
dead coniferous timber in all areas observed in Michigan. In
these localities it has been found to be responsible for at
least 95% of the damage. Graham (34, p. 260) says that it is
so common in the Northeast that practically every log or fresh—
ly killed tree left in the woods over summer is almost sure to
be infested.

DISTRIBUTION: Hopping (47) gives the habitat for this
Species as New England, Canada (except British Columbia) and
Alaska. Blackman (16) gives the distribution as throughout
Canada and the northern part of the United States from coast
to coast as far north as the Hudson Bay and Yukon regions and
as far south as New Mexico and West Virginia. It is probable
that he was including in this range the far western, closely
related species M. gzegonensig Lec. Doane, Van Dyke, Chamber—

lin and Burke (20, p. 187) refer to M, ogegonensis Lee. as a

subSpecieS of M, acutellgtps (Say)

HOSTS: Hopping (47) gives the hosts as Pippg §§£OQU§,
E, nesinpga, E. banksiana, Pippa cgngdepgig, and Api§§_balsgmea.
In 1938, American larch, ngix lgricina, at Whittemore, Michi-
gan was found to be quite heavily infested with M, §cut§llatus
(Say). Blackman and Stage (3) also reared this Species from
Lgrix,1a21cina. Pippa magigna, in the Presque Isle fire area
was found to be infested with this sawyer in 1939. in view of
the above facts it would seem quite logical to assume that the
hosts of M, scutellatus (Say) include the pines, Spruces, firs,
and larches throughout its habitat.

-38-

SEASONAL HISTORY: Under normal Michigan conditions the
life cycle requires but one year. This may be lengthened to
two, three or even four or more years under adverse moisture
or light conditions. (54, p. 261) (5, p. 71). About 95% of
the beetles reared in outside cages during 1937 and 1938 com-
pleted their deve10pment in one year. On October 4, 1939
three adult exit holes were observed in a jack pine tree kill—
ed by the Presque Isle fire on May 6, 1939. A section of the
trunk of this tree was removed for larval counts, and in the
process, two pupae were found along with a dozen or more lar-
vae. The above facts indicate that in some cases the life
cycle is completed in less than six months. It seems improba—
ble that oviposition had occurred in this tree earlier than
May 6, 1939. Conditions in the Presque Isle area were ideal
for rapid development due to an almost complete lack of shade
and the warm, late autumn season of 1939.

Adults of the white-Spotted sawyer are at large from
about the middle of May to September and eggs may be deposit-
ed at any time between those dates although the bulk of egg-
laying probably occurs before the last of July.

In depositing her eggs the female commonly chooses a Spot
near the juncture of a branch with the trunk or twig with a
limb. She cuts a slit (usually transverse) in the bark with
her sharp mandibles, turns promptly around and deposits her
egg.‘ In observing oviposition in the laboratory, the female,
after cutting the Slit in the bark, appeared to pry it up
with her ovipositor, after which the egg was inserted as far

as possible under the slit and into the green inner bark.

-39-
In all observed cases Single eggs were laid. Blackman (3)
tells of this species constructing "egg pits" in which several
eggs are deposited. A thorough examination of bark in which
eggs had been laid in the laboratory revealed deposition only
in a manner described above. The maximum observed number of
eggs laid by a Single female in captivity was five but this

is probably less than the usual number deposited. Tragardh
(88) states that the minimum number of eggs laid by Monochamus
gptgn in Sweden is fifty. Attempts were made by the writer to
arrive at the number of eggs normally deposited by sawyers in
the following manner. Individual fertilized females were plac-
ed in cages together with freshly killed white pine limbs suit—
able for oviposition until death of the beetle occurred. Sub—
sequent examination of the bark revealed one beetle as deposit—
ing five eggs while three others laid only two each.

The egg (Plate 111, fig. 2) is snow-white, opaque, elong-
ate-oval and about one-eighth inch long. Eggs placed under
what was considered optimum conditions required from seven to
twelve days to hatch in the laboratory.

The larvae when first hatched (Plate III, fig. 2) are of
course very small with a head which seems large in proportion
to the rest of the body. These legless, white "grubs" equipp-
ed with powerful mandibles excavate broad shallow galleries
in the phloem region but as they increase in Size penetrate
not only the green inner bark but also the surface of the
sapwood. Later the larvae enter the sapwood and eventually
the heartwood in most cases. (Plates V, VIII). Entrance into

the sapwood is always signified by the oval-Shaped holes near

-40-
the larval feeding excavation. (Plates IV, VII). The Space
between the feeding excavations and the outer bark is common-

ly crowded with tough, excelsior-like shreds of wood. Larvae
hatching in late June up to mid-July usually have entered the
sapwood by the first week in September. As the larval tunnels
penetrate the sapwood toward the heartwood they increase in size
to accommodate the growing larvae. Some of these gaping holes
in the sapwood and heartwood measure a half inch in width.
(Plate VIII). During this larval feeding period much boring
dust or frass is pushed from the tunnels by the activity within.
After entering the heartwood, the tunnels run longitudinally

for a Short distance and then curves toward the surface making

a U-Shaped gallery. The larvae apparently always strive to
move toward light. Stark (80) has found that the larvae of
Mgnochgmus change the direction of their course if logs are
turned so as always to move toward light.

Larval activity usually ceases in Michigan by about Octob-
er 15, the winter, as a rule, being passed in this stage. Decem-
' bar and January examinations of infested wood showed most of the
larvae to be in the heartwood. Feeding activity by the larvae
is resumed during April in Michigan; this, of course, depending
on prevailing temperatures. Full-grown larvae often measure
one and one-half inches or more in length. (Plate VI).

Before pUpation, the larval tunnel is extended out of
the heartwood toward the surface to within a fraction of an inch
from the inner bark. This will later serve as an exit for the
adult when it transforms. The larval entrance to the pupal

chamber is tightly plugged with excelsior-like frass and the

-41-

larva retires to the deeper, and more Spacious part of the
burrow to pupate. (Plates IX, X). Larvae going through the
winter in the most advanced stage are of course the first to
pupate in the Spring. Pupation in Michigan may begin as early
as the first week in May and continues through the early summ—
er until Augustg Observations made in the laboratory indicate
that from eight to Sixteen days are required for the pupal peri-
od, with the average around twelve days.

after transformation, the adult cuts its way to freedom by
making use of its Sharp mandibles and emerges through a clean—
cut, nearly circular exit hole (Plates XI, fig. 1; XII, XIII).
Adults in Michigan have been observed to emerge as early as May
13, but under normal conditions the peak of emergence occurs in
June.

The adult insects are attractive, somewhat elongate, cylin-
drical, black beetles more or less mottled with white. (Plate 1).
The scutellum is invariably clothed with a heavy white pubescence,
hence the specific name, scutellatus. The antennae are very long
and filiform, giving the insect a terrifying appearance to those
not familiar with it. The male antennae are twice or more times
the length of the body while those of the female are only slight-
1y longer than the body. Size variations are quite pronounced in
this Species; some beetles being more than one inch long, while
others are less than a half-inch in length. (Plate II, figs. 1

and 2). The color varies from pure black (except the scutellum)

in some individuals to those having the wing covers heavily

mottled with a white pubescence. (Plate 111, fig. 1).

._42-

The adults of the white-Spotted sawyer feed rather
voraciously in captivity. Fresh white pine shoots were
stripped of bark and needles by their feeding activity when
introduced into breeding cages. (Plate XV). Blackman (3)
reports feeding on coniferous twigs by adult beetles and
Pierson (67) says feeding by Monochamus on underside of
coniferous twigs causes them to die, the injury later Show-
ing up as red or brown needles. Craighead (15, p. 106) reports
feeding by adults on conifer needles to be extensive and that
on Spruce trees near logging Operations sufficient branches
are sometimes killed as to cause serious defoliation and mal-
formation.

Adults kept under favorable conditions in the laboratory,
lived on the average about two weeks. Blackman (3) reported
one beetle as living 31 days but this was probably an excep-
tional case.

CONTROL MEASURES ADVOCATED: Various methods have been rec-
ommended for reducing sawyer injury to merchantable timber.
Where possible, prompt utilization of felled or fire-killed
timber is the best way to handle the problem. If this is im—
possible, other methods may be resorted to, each of which has
its disadvantages. Water storage (34, p. 262), (83), (21),

(22) is said to prevent damage if ponds or rivers are Situated
near enough to the logging region to make this practice conveni-
ent. However, Rodd (69) says that larvae in floating trees oft-
en survive as long as three months, the only consequence being

a delay in their deve10pment.

The removal of bark from logs will prevent egg—laying by

v-r

v43-

Sawyers but this would be useless if the larvae had already
penetrated into the wood. barking is an expensive process,
making such operations on low grade, knotty logs unadvisable.
Barking saw logs has one objection in that it causes checking.
This is brought about by the more rapid drying and shrinking
of the outer portions than the inner parts. Graham (34, p.
123), Dunn (22), and Swaine (83) (86) have found the use of
lime sulphur dust on logs to be effective and have also recom—
mended the covering of log piles with Spruce or balsam boughs.
The use of insecticides and bough coverings does not insure
complete protection against sawyers, and Should be resorted

to only when it is impossible to employ other methods.

nguugyymgg thjJJQtor (Fab.)
(Monochamus titillator“ (Fab-D .
(page titillator (Fab.))

Hopping (47) considers cgrglinensis Oliv.; mipgg Lec.; and
dgntatoz Fab. to be synonyms of titillator.

The southern-pine sawyer, Monochamus titillator (Fab.)
(Plate XVI) has been reported by Webb (89) (90) (91), St. George
and Beal (78), Craighead and Middleton (18), Craighead (15, p.
106) and others as being very destructive to storm-felled timber
in the southern states. This species does not seem to be suf-
ficiently widespread or numerous in Michigan to be of much econ-

omic importance. A number of these beetles were reared from

pine slash near Roscommon but it is a Significant fact that they

seemed to be completely absent from the Presque Isle fire area.

HOSTS: Hopping (46) gives the hosts of this sawyer as

-44-
Pippg alust 'S, g. stgopus and probable all pines in its
habitat as well as Api§§_balsamea. This insect was reared
only from pines in Michigan.

DISTRIBUTION: The southern pine sawyer is said to be
found throughout eastern North America, extending west to Ala-
bama in the south and possibly to British Columbia and Alaska.

SEASONAL HISTORY: The discussion of the white-spotted
sawyer can be applied very closely to the southern pine sawyer
in Michigan, there being but little, if any, variation in the

habits, life cycle and injury of the two Species.

Mgpochgmus ngtatps (Drury)
(Mgnochamus confusor (Kby.)

(Monochamus confuso; (Kby.)

The grey sawyer, Monochamus potatus (Drury) (Plate XVII)
did not appear to be of any importance in the localities under
observation in Michigan, although Dunn (21), (22) and Swaine
(84) consider it as a most important secondary insect in the
coniferous forests of eastern Canada, being absent only from
.a small section of the north shore of the Ga5pe Peninsula,
Quebec. They report this Species along with the white-Spotted
sawyer as following forest fires and completely destroying large
areas of fire-damaged trees. Herrick (36, p. 417) has found
the grey sawyer attacking living trees and Lang (56) reported
an individual of this Species as boring through a lead pipe
2% inches thick.

HOSTS: Hopping (47) lists the hosts as Pippg strobus,

2. banksiang, P. resinosa, g. pgnderosa, and Piece canadensis.

945-
During the course of this study the grey sawyer was reared
only from white pine. (g. stgobus).

DISTRIBUTION: According to Hopping (47) the range of this
insect is the northeastern part of the United Dtates and Canada
including British Columbia.

SEASONAL HISTORY: From white pine, in which eggs were de-
posited during the summer of 1938, two adults emerged January
7, 1940. The wood was brought indoors during November, 1939,
after being in outdoor cages Since the time of collection in
the fall of 1938. This indicates a two-year life cycle for
these individuals at least. Dunn (22) reports a development-
al period of one year in eastern Canada if the summer is unus-
ually warm but states that two years is the normal life-cycle
period.

The type of injury and habits of this Species are similar
to other sawyers already discussed.

Apgpthocinus pusillus (Kby.) (Plate XVII, fig. 1). The
synonomy of this Species is quite confusing. Apparently ref—
erences to Graphispgus pusillus (Kby.) (38) and Ceratographis
pusillus (Kby.). (40) both pertain to the same insect,
Acanthgcinus pusillus (Kby.).

HOSTS AND DISTRIBUTION: This beetle has been variously
reported as feeding on the dead inner bark of pines and Spruces
in northeastern United States. Leng (60) lists its distribus
tion as Maine and northern New York. In Michigan this borer
was reared from jack pine, white pine, Norway (red) pine and

black Spruce. AS already stated, the larvae mine only in the

inner bark where they are not only harmless but also probably

-4g-
beneficial in that they seriously compete with bark beetles
for this desired phloem-region food.

SEASONAL HISTORY: Development is completed in one year,
pupation taking place in a peculiar cell constructed just be-
neath the bark by building up an elliptical barrier of frass.
(Plate XIX).

astylogsis guttata (Say)
(As-triangle sexes-time (Say))
(Astylopsis commixta (Hald))
(Astylopsis pgpctata (Hald))
(M21125. W Say.)

(Leptostylus commixtus Hald.)

Astylgpsis guttata (Say) (Plate XVIII, fig. 2) has been
reported by Craighead (15, p. 116) as commonly associated with
Mongchgmus and Acanthocinus in pines and Spruces throughout
eastern United States. Blackman (3) reared it from the tops
and limbs of larch (ngig lagicina). Leng (60) gives its dis—
tribution as Canada, District of Columbia, Wisconsin and In-
diana. Adults were reared in Michigan from white pine in each
of the three years of study. Blackman (3) found the develop-

) mental period to extend over two years. All individuals rear~
ed during the course of this study in Michigan required but

one year for deveIOpment. The larvae do not appear to penetrate
even the sapwood to a very great extent and thus cannot be con—
sidered as particularly injurious. All observed beetles of

this Species were associated with the white-spotted sawyer,

Monochamug scutellatpg (Say).

-47-

Asemum moestum Hald.

Leng (60) records this beetle (Plate XX, fig. 1) as being
distributed from Alaska south to Lake Superior and Florida.
Craighead (15) reports it as breeding in Picea, Larix and Apipg
throughout eastern and Central North America. Packard (65) re—
ported this Species as attacking healthy white pine trees, and
Hopkins (37) found A, moestum in Spruce and yellow pine. Ac-
cording to Blackman (5) it is probable that this borer will be
found in a large number of coniferous trees throughout its
range. He reared the beetle only in the basal portions of
larch trunks and states that A. moestum is one of the primary
insects attacking the weakened tree, often attacking trees be-
fore they Show any visible Signs of weakness —— sometimes a full
year before the entrance of Dendzoctonus Spp.

A. mgeptpm_was reared from dead white pine near East Lans-
ing, Michigan, adults emerging on May 29 and June 3, 1938.

SEASONAL HISTORY: Development of this Species was completed
in one year at East Lansing. Blackman (3) reports the life cy—
cle as ordinarily requiring two years and Craighead (15, p. 32)
says one or.often two years are needed.

The larvae were found to have made extensive borings deep
into the heartwood of white pine limbs causing injury very sim—
ilar to that of Mgnochamus. It was also observed that this Spec—
ies was reared only from the moist portions of white pine limbs

next to the soil. (32).

r48-

ngonocherus mixtus Hald.

This interesting little Species (Plate XX, fig. 2) is
said to breed in pines and Spruces throughout the eastern and
west central United States and Canada. Blackman (3) bred this
insect from larch and Leng and Hamilton (59) reported it on
pear and willow trees.

Adults of this Species emerged in considerable numbers
from white pine logs and limbs near East Lansing between May 27
and June 26, 1938. It was not reared from any other locality.

SEASONAL HISTORY: The life cycle of all observed individu-
als at East Lansing required but one year for completion. ‘Black—
man (3) reported the life cycle as extending over a period of
two years in larch. ‘

The larvae cut irregular grooves in the sapwood which are
surprisingly wide and deep for so small a borer. No instances
of this borer extending tunnels into the heartwood were observ-

ed, pupation taking place in the sapwood close to the bark sur-
lface. Accordingly, P. mixtus cannot be considered as particu-

larly damaging in Michigan.

OTHER SPECIES
Other Species of Cerambycidae reared from dead coniferous
timber in Michigan are as follows:
AQOngdega (Leptura) canadgnsis (Fab.) (Plate XXI, fig. 1)
Anoplodera (heptura) vittata (Oliv.) (Plate XXI, fig. 2)
Aguagops proteus (Kby.) (Plate XXVI, fig. 1)
Typggegus velutina (Oliv.)

-49-
Hhagigm lineatum (Oliv.)
‘ Qallidium aaienasium.(wewn.)

The above were either reared in such few numbers or were
associated with so many others that detailed observations on
their injury and habits were impossible. The developmental
period, hosts and emergence dates can be obtained from the

emergence tables.

Buprestidae

Chrysobothris scabripennig C. & G.

DISTRIBUTION: This metallic wood borer (Plate XXII, fig.
1) is distributed over northeastern United States and Canada
west to Lake Superior. (ll, p. l69),(60).

HOSTS: Chamberlin (11) lists the hosts as white pine
(Pings stzgpus), Spruce (£1§§§_sp.) and hemlock (Tspga,ganadensis).
Considerable numbers of this Buprestid were reared from white
pine slash at Roscommon, Michigan where it Was commonly associat-
ed with Monochamus scutellatus (Say). (Plate XXIII).

SEASONAL HISTORY: Two years were required for deveIOpment
under Michigan conditions. All the adults seem to mature and
emerge at approximately the same time. Seventy—two Specimens
of this beetle emerged from indoor cages of white pine limbs be-
tween January 26 and February 2, 1940. These cages had been
outdoors from the fall of 1938 to November, 1939, at which time
they were brought indoors. 1t is reasonable to assume that the
beetles would have emerged in the summer of 1940. The flat—
headed larvae of this Species (Plate XXII, fig. 2) excavate

-50-

broad channels entirely in the inner bark and sapwood, rarely
penetrating the heartwood at any stage of their deveIOpment.
(Plate XXIV). Pupal cells are constructed in the sapwood close
to the bark (Plate XXV). The larval entry holes into the sap-
wood are very much flattened while the adult exit holes are
broadly oval. (Plate XXIII). The larval tunnels, like those
of other Buprestids are tightly packed with a fine boring dust
or frass.

This Species like a closely related form, Chrvsobothris
dentipes (Germ.), seems especially well adapted to breeding in
thin-barked branches or slash. The larvae of such insects have
been found by Graham (51) to be able to withstand the higher
temperatures which prevail in the thin-barked portions of trees.

Considering the boring habits of Chrysobothris scab i ennis,
it must be concluded that this Species has very little economic
importance.

Two related forms of the same genus which closely resemble
Q. scapzipennis are 9. blanchagdii Horn. and Q. dentipes (Germ.).
The former was reared only from white pine while the latter was
bred from jack pine and Norway (red) pine as well as from white
pine. The habits, life cycles, and injuries of these two Spec-

ies closely resemble those of Q. scabripennis.

-51-

Chaleonhora virginiensis Drury.

This striking beetle (Plate XXVI, fig. 2), one of the
largest of the family Buprestidae, was reared only from the
basal portion of one fire-scorched white pine tree near Ros—
common.

DISTRIBUTION: Chamberlin (ll) records the range of
this beetle as Ontario, to Florida, west to Louisiana, Iowa,
Illinois, and Michigan.

HOSTS: Chamberlin (11) lists the hosts as Pings trobus,
2.21g1da, P. echinata, E, tagda, E. palustris, and Taxodium
distigum (Bald cypress).

SEASONAL HISTORY: Seven beetles emerged from indoor—
caged white pine between January 26 and February 6. 1940,_
which would indicate a life cycle of two years. Buttrick (9),
indicates that deveIOpment for these beetles may be completed
in a Single year.

The mature larvae of this Species are very large, often
measuring 40 to 50 mm. in length. Wood attacked by these lar-
vae soon becomes completely riddled with their long, flat,
winding tunnels (8).

Hopkins (39) reported this species to be completely
riddling mature white pine timber. According to Buttrick (9),
Chalcoghora virginiensis or one of its closely related western
forms was almost completely responsible for deterioration of

coniferous timber after fires in the Black Hills of South

Dakota. This does not seem to be the case in Michigan
forest-fire areas, although adults of this Species seem to
be quite common in the northern counties, eSpecially around

saw mills, during late May and throughout June.

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND SUHQARY

Fire-killed coniferous timber in Michigan does not
appear to have any more attraction to wood—boring
Coleoptera than timber killed by other agencies.
Scorched trees are readily attacked and damaged but
emergence records indicate that slash and storm felled

trees are even more heavily infested.

Fires occurring during the late spring or early summer
months render the scorched timber more susceptible to

borer attack than fires occurring at other times.

Timber killed by any agency is more attractive to wood-
boring Coleoptera during the first year after death of
the trees. While certain species prefer wood in a

more advanced stage of decay, these are cxf little im-
portance as far as injury to timber is concerned.
Borers such as the sawyers require freshly killed trees
and will not as a rule re-infest trees from which they

emerge as adults.

Examinations of dead timber caused by spring fires re-
vealed very heavy damage to merchantable timber by
secondary wood borers. The bulk of this injury was
confined to the trunks and larger branches; damage to
small trees (three-inch diameter and less) as well as

the smaller branches of larger trees was negligible.

5.

_ 54 -

Rather limited examinations of forest trees surround~
ing Michigan slashings and burned-over areas indicated
that such areas are not a menace to adjacent healthy

timber.

The concentration of secondary wood-borers in burned over
areas is very high, resulting in the death of some fire-
injured trees which otherwise might have recovered, but
it does not apnear that borers attacking dead timber

can successfully adapt themselves to breeding in healthy

trees to any great extent.

The White-spotted sawyer, honochamus scutellatus (Say),

 

was responsible for nearly all damage to dead coniferous
timber observed in Hichigan. While other species of
wood-boring beetles contribute to the ultimate destruc-
tion of the wood, they are not present in large enough

numbers to be considered of much importance.

A study of the biology of the white-spotted sawyer,
Monochamus scutellatus (Say), indicates that under
normal.conditions in Michigan the developmental period
is one year. Individuals developing under adverse
moisture or light conditions may require a much longer

time o

10.

ll.

..55...

Natural control of wood-boring beetles by parasites
and predators did not seem to be of much significance
in the areasinvestigated. Woodpeckers and Hymen—
opterous parasites of the family Ichneumonidae

appeared to be of the most importance.

The amount of fungous infection in the heartwood of
coniferous timber one or two years after death of
the trees, appeared to be definitely correlated with

the extend of heartwood boring by Monochamus scutellatus

 

(Say), The fungous most commonly present was Peniophora

 

g2. and was observed only in the heartwood of logs

penetrated by sawyer tunnels.

Larval counts and adult emergence records of Michigan
fire-killed timber indicate white pine (Pinus strobus)
as the favorite host for sawyers as well as other wood
boring Cerambycidae and Buprestidae. These records
show NorWay pine (Pinus reSinosa) to be much less

heavily infested than other coniferous tree species.

(l)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

('7)

(8)

_56_

LITERATURE CITED

Beal, F. E. 1911. Food of woodpeckers

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Biol. Survey Bul. 37.

Beal, J. A. 1935. Deterioration of
fire-killed Douglas fir. Timberman,

vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 13-17.

Blackman, M. W. and Stage, H. H. 1918.
Notes on insects bred from the bark and
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Blackman, M. W. 1919. Notes on forest
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Blackman, M. W. 1931. A revisional study

of gnathotrichus. Eich. Jour. Wash. Acad.

 

Sci., vol. 21, pp. 223-236.

Blatchley, W. S. 1910. Coleoptera or
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1385 pp.

_ Boyce, J. S. 1921. Fire scars and decay.

Timberman, vol. 22, no. 7, p. 37.

Burke, H. E. 1909. Injuries to forest
trees by flat-headed borers. U. 8. Dept.
Agr. Yearbook, pp. 399-415.

(9)

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-57...

Buttrick, P. L. 1912. Notes on insect

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Casey, T. L. 1909. Studies in the

American BupreStidae. Proc. Wash. Acad. 1
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Chamberlain, W. J. 1926. Catalogue of
the Buprestidae of North America north

of Mexico. 289 pp. -
Craighead, F. C. 1920. Direct sunlight
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Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 22, no. 5 pp. —
Craighead, F. C. 1921. Hopkins host-
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Craighead, F. C. 1922. EXperiments with
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Craighead, F. C. 1923. North American
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- 58 —

Craighead, F. C. 1927. Relation of

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Craighead, F. C. and Middleton, W. 1930.

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Doane, R. w., Van Dyke, E. c., Chamberlain,

W. J., Burke, H. W. 1936. Forest insects.
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Felt, E. P. 1906. Insects affecting park and

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..59..

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Herrick, G. W. 1935. Insect enemies of

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Hopkins, A. D. 1889. Report on investigations

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Hopkins, A. D. 1893. Catalogue of West Virginia

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Hopkins, A. D. 1898. Buprestid larvae

destructive to living white pine timber. U. S.

Dept. Agr. Div. of Ent. Bul. no. 17, pp. 47-48.
Hopkins, A. D.

1904. Catalogue of exhibits

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Hopkins, A. D. 1909. Insect depredations in
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Hopkins, A. D. 1910. Insect injuries to the
wood of dying and dead trees. U. S. Dept. Agr.
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Hopkins, A. D. 1910. Insects in their relation
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and general principles of control. U. S. Dept.
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Hopkins, A. D. 1912. Damage to the wood of
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Hopping, R. 1921. A review of the genus
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Horn, G. H. 1886. A monograph of the Species
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Leach, J. G., Orr, L. W., and Christensen, C.
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probes lumber business. Am. Lumberman,

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-68-

PLATES

I‘Ln‘l‘ll I .

 

 

 

Adult male and female of the white-

Spotted sawyer, Monochamus scutellatus (Say).

 

Male on right. K 2.

I‘LL 1‘77. I .

 

Fig. 1. Size variation in males of

Honochamus scutellatus (Say).

 

_‘._

 

I
Fig. 2. Size variation in females

of Honochamus scutellatus (Say).

1142? III.

 

 

Big. 1. Color and size veriation

in females or fionochamus scutellatus (Say).

 

Fig. 2. Egg and newly hatched larva

of Monochamus Scutellatus (Say). .X 4.

ILLTE IV.

5'.

4:5:L-t

 

Sawyer work in sapwood of jack pine. Note nearly
circular exit holes of adults and the more flattened

entry holes of larvae.

PLATE V.

 

O

-- . -~
. ......~--«.~-
.‘ ‘ ' ' a.
““31" 71-min ’

“may...
in

 

. , ‘
v ‘ .A'W-ku
-. . ..

w“ “'1
-MJu‘~ "-1

~' ‘1!!!
7 _: an --—$-.,...";-;.Lar'

 

sawyer work in heartwood of jack pine.

 

PLATE VI.

3'“ ""‘. ‘ “cur—K #9:,

‘7 ‘.. >-.

- ' . . 3‘“: v. ..
' wwd" ,JLO‘J '9 '5‘“ 4 V '
*W‘“ --‘m warm" “5': ~

 

Longitudinal section of jack pine showing

mature larvae of Monochamus so utellatus (Say).

 

Note pupal chambers and adult exit tunnels

in upper part of picture. X 1/5.

EIATE VII.

 

Section of white pine limb showing sawyer

and bark beetle association.

PLATE VIII.

_ O-—

s

11.. ‘4lwullwfluxfl! ”if...

.. i .3“ ._._ .53.. E. ._.:.. 55......

.2: . O. .l . .5 .

1 . .. fJAW. fim‘fifl‘ga’r :1:
V’.« U pig} .- ..-

.3...

.I.. 3.55%.).
. ....5%.

.xx

inn-'57.. u 2%.»:

| I.‘-
: .o..89 h

gain.

o "be .9.......-. xvqn, 5“ £2.3’-

33.2.2 4......1 fie ..

. a... a II. J. 33:14.!
.arsumwmumana

I”.I {in}!

 

 

 

 

Sawyer tunnels in heartwood of Jack pine.

(Slightly reduced).

 

 

‘5 , 11‘ ‘P
.LL.14L-J 1‘5.

.. ‘. p a . a. ’2.“
‘ ' ~ In ‘ci:::.:
: *‘~+-z~w¥

.. .

.. ’ v ' '~ ~ ' ,.- i -. ,_ .
g _ Hs‘. arc-«16:44
M _'

.‘“ m 53S: I‘M-u- .. -

g,’

 

 

 

V" ~ .
.— WW ‘ M
_- 4.4;: (“I palm”

. I—cgaol'ihl Q51‘ “5‘.”

«2.123%

 

Section of white pine log showing larva, pupa

and newly transformed adult of Monochamus

 

scutellatus (say). X 2/3.

 

. _.. ....._.tnu..”~..¢wm....fl. .

...x...ac.«...a.1
sari... . ,

 

ml...
3...: knit... Q. ...l..1..._..
..111...11- 1?...
Q.
o 0'. s

PLATE X.

.\.vs.
i... 2....

.r. u» t .._.c.

.W..{Fm “MM”... . . .& ._.‘.I.‘1‘

.p.i:1..;c .4... p-_ Q

 

 

 

 

X 1%.

k pine log showing pupal chamber

 

Jac

and pupa of Monochamus scutellatus (Say).

Section of

'1) f
LL4LL-- 4'». o

-- >‘___ -_ . . . c - v A“

 

Fig. 1. Adult exit holes of Monoohamus

 

scutellatus (Say). (Natural size).

 

 

 

Fig. 2; Mites on head and thorax

of white-spotted suw'er. X &%.

 

1“.” ‘.'.1I,‘

.L'ulLlu ;{I I o

 

White-spotted sawyer adult emerging from

white pine limb. {Slightly enlarged).

XIII.

H
L ‘J

ELK

-_.‘
- ' I -.—_-—- - -

 

 

Exit hole of adult sawyer in

( Slightly reduced ).

 

 

white pine

limb.

ILATE XIV.

 

 

 

 

 

Section of balsam fir limb showing fungous

growth in sawyer tunnels.

PLATE XV.

 

Injury to white pine twigs by adult

feeding of monochamus scutellatus (Say).

 

 

 

’ ~ 1" 1r???
.LL;‘..L.J ‘LJJ...

 

 

Adult male and female of the southern
pine sawyer, Monochamus titillator (Fab.).

Male on left. (Slightly enlarged).

 

 

Adult male of the grey sawyer, nonochamus

 

notatus (Drury). X 1%.

 

1214:1132 -.V I I I o

   

 

Fig. 1. Adult male and female of
Acanthocinus pusillus (airby).

Hale on right. i 2.

--¢ . . - -

 

Fig. 2. Astzlopsis guttata (Say). X 5.

ILATE XIX.

.. --._.._————-__..__ -_. o..-- - _.. . - ..

 

 

Section from black spruce limb with bark removed

 

showing pupal cell of Acanthocinus pusillus (Lirby).

(Natural size).

’7‘ "'3" V‘.’
J. .14..) aux.

   

 

 

Fig. 1. Adults of lsemum moestum Bald.
.51 4.3;.

 

 

 

Fig. 2. Adults of Pogonocherus mixtus Hald.

X 2%.

 

 

 

 

Rig. 1. enoplodera canadensis (Eab.).

 

 

 

Fig. 2. Anoplodera vittata (Oliver).

 

X2.

lIATE LXII.

‘

 

 

1' vs

 

Fig. 1. Adult beetles of flat-headed

borer, Chrysobothris scabripennis C. & G.

 

X 1%.

 

Fig. 2. Larva of flat-headed borer,

Chrysobothris scabripennis C. & G. X 2.

 

 

Section of white pine limb showing sawyer and

Buprestid feedinj excavations in the sapwood. l,

wor; or the Buprestid, Chiysobethris scabripennis

 

C. a }.; 3, work of :Larxmx,2"onochamus Sp.; C, larval

(v

 

entry holes of honochamus sp.; 3, larVal entry holes

of C. scahrllenhis; 7, adult exit holes of

 

C. sclbripennis.

 

 

ILAIT XXIV.

 

Cross section of white pine limb showing larval

tunnels of fionochamus sp. in heartwood and

 

Chrysobothris scabripennis in the sapwood.

 

 

ILaTE AXV.

 

 

 

Section Of white pine limb showing mature larva of

Chrysobothris scabripennis U. & G. just prior to

 

pupation. -X 1%.

 

Fig. l.

 

Fig. 2.

PLAIE XXVI.

 

Adults of Acmanps Lroteus (Lirby).

 

 

Adults of Chalc0phora

virgihiensis Drury. X 1%.

 

 

ILIIE XXVII.

 

Fig. 1. Adults of sawyer parasite,

Ichneumon (Ephialtes) mesocentrus (Grav.).

 

 

 

 

Fig. 2. Section of white pine limb
showing cocoon of Ichneumon mesocentrus

in larval tunnel of Monochamus 3p.

 

PLATE XXVIII.

 

 

 

 

 

Section from heartwood of white pine limb showing

puparia of a Tachinid fly in Monoohamus tunnel.

 

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MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRA

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