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STUDIES ON THE TREATMENT OF
HABRONEMA INFESTATIONS OF HORSES

STUDIES ON THE TREATEENT OF
HABROXEMA INFESTATIONS OF HORSES

by

Francis Hugh Wilson

A THESIS
Submitted to the Graduate School
of Michigan State College of Agriculture

and Applied Science in partial fulfilment
of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Bacteriology

1939

11.15519

ACKNOWLEDGHENT

This opportunity is taken to acknowledge my
indebtedness to Dr. W. L. Chandler, for his
constant guidance, and Dr. J. P. Hutton, for
his cooperation in the stabling and slaught-

ering of the horses in the Surgery and Clinic
Building.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title
Acknowledgment
I. Introduction
. II. Life History
III. Review of Literature
IV. Colloidal Iodine (Chandler)
V. Experimental
VI. Discussion
. VII. Summary
VIII. Conclusion
IX. Plate
X. References

STUDIES ON THE TREATHENT OF HABRON MA INFESTATIONS
OF HORSES

INTRODUCTION

The prevalence, and methods, of treatment for stomach
parasites of the horse has long been a problem of economic
importance to the veterinarian and horseman. It is common
knowledge that at least annual treatment for certain
Species of stomach parasites should be employed as a rou-
tine measure. There are, however, two helminth parasites
(Nematode), which have received less attention and un-
doubtedly have been overlooked by the veterinary profes-
sion and the horse industry. hese nematodes, of the
genera Habronema and Trichostrongylus, are commonly known
as the large and small I'stomach worms", respectively.
There are three species of the genius Habronema that are

parasites of the horse stomach: ‘5. megastoma, fl. micro-

 

stoma, and.g. muscae, and it is only with these Habronema

 

that the following work deals.
These large stomach worms are long, finely filiform,
white in color, varying from one-third to one inch in

length. The E. muscae and g. microstoma are of similar

 

size, while E. megastoma is the smaller, ranging from one-

third to one-half inch.

According to my observations, and those of others,

-2-

Habronema species may occur free in the stomach or at-
tached to the mucous membranes,and often imbedded in the
wall, usually near the intestinal opening. These nematode
parasites are frequent and of wide distribution. They
have been observed in various parts of the world.

The wide distribution, the damage caused by the worms,
and because it is practically impossible to diagnose their

presence, is certainly reason for not taking Habronema

 

infestations too lightly. Approach to control may be had
by two methods:

1. The elimination of favorable breeding condi-
tions for the intermediate host and general
stable sanitation.

2. The removal of the worms from the host by
internal treatment with a favorable and
efficient vermicide.

Many drugs have been used for treatment of stomach
parasites of the horse (19). The most widely used is
carbon disulphide, administered for a general vermifuge
of all the stomach parasites. Carbon disulphide, like
most drugs used as vermifuges, has normally a marked
irritating action on the parts eXposed, and, in many
cases, is counter-indicated. Because of the toxic effects
that the common drugs have in cases of advanced pregnancy,
gastro-enteritis, and aged and generally run down subjects,

Colloidal iodine (Chandler), which is comparatively non-

irritating, was used in this work to determine ts effi-

ciency in the removal of Habrggggg s2.

LIFE HISTORY

According to Schwartz, Imes, and Wright (15), and

 

various other workers, the evolution of the Habronema s3.
has been reported to be as follows:

Habronema eggs, containing fully developed embryos,
are deposited by the female while in the horse's stomach.
The shells of the eggs are very thin, flexible, and trans-
parent, enabling it to change shape as the embryo deveIOps
and increases in length. They are discharged from the
horse with the feces, and swallowed by fly maggots. The
worm larvae develop in the maggot and pupae of the fly,
and are infective when the fly emerges from the puparium.
g. muscae and fl. megastoma develop in the fat bodies and

malphighian tubules of the house fly (Musca domestica),

 

respectively. 3. microstoma deve10p in the fat bodies of
the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans). They may also
deve10p in other flies. The infective larvae gain entrance
to the digestive tract by way of the nose and mouth. Under
favorable conditions of warmth and humidity, the larvae
leave the proboscis of the fly when it comes in contact
with the lips and mouth and open skin lesions of the horse.
Once deposited on the lips, the larvae are swallowed and
enter the stomach,where they develop into mature worms.

Another possible, probably less common, means of in-

-h.

gestion by the horse is by swallowing dead flies which

still are harboring living larvae of Habronema _p.

 

According to Price (14) there is no available data as
to whether the eggs or larvae are seasonal in occurence.
Climatic conditions are, however, favorable during the sum-
mer months for the deveIOpment of the larvae outside of the
animal's body. Embryos are seldom seen in the fecal

material.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Hutyra and Marek (10) describe gastric swellings caused
by E. megastoma in New South Wales. Neumann, as translated
by Fleming (12), described two species of Spiroptera; they

I

are E, megastoma and §. microstoma. Schwartz, Imes, and

 

Wright (15) make note of work done in Europe, Africa, and
elsewhere, on the disease of summer sores caused by the
larvae of the large stomach worm. According to Hegner, Root,
and Augustine (9), E; megastoma appears to be of wide dis-
tribution, and, in this country, is especially prevalent in
the southern United States. Giltner (8), reports stomach
worm infestations in Kentucky, and, according to Price (14),
20.31 percent of sixty-four horses slaughtered near Washing-
ton, D. 0., under supervision of Allen McIntosh, of the
Zoological division of the Bureau of Animal Industry, United
(States Department of Agriculture, harbored tumors of
Habronema megastoma. In recent reported work by Britton (2)

31 of 35 California horses were infected with Habronema

 

-5-

microstoma. This species and Habronema muscae were present

 

in horses examined from Oregon and Nevada. The writer has

observed Habronema pp. in stomachs of a large number of

 

slaughtered horses in Richigan, Illinois, and hissouri.

Investigations by Thorpe and Graham (17) show that
these parasites attach themselves to, and partially pene-
trate, the wall of the stomach, allowing bacteria to invade
the tissues. g. megastoma may be found in nodules or
tumors in the stomach; and Hegner, Root, and Augustine (9)
have seen parts of the bodies projecting from the summit of
the tumors. Schwartz, Imes, and Wright (15) found that
large tumors located near the pyloric sphincter interfere,
mechanically, with the passage of food.

g. microstoma appears to be the most harmful. It
sometimes lives in large groups or colonies of individuals
free, or often found imbedded in the mucous membranes by
its anterior end, and, according to Hutyra and Marek (10),
leads to ulceration in these cases.

For some time, it has been thought that skin lesions,
or "summer sores", have been caused by the larvae of Egbgg-
ngma, the larvae being deposited on the skin by the fly,
the intermediate host of the parasite. Schwartz, Imes, and
Wright (15) reported, definitely, the occurrence of the
larval forms of Habronema pp. in summer sores in horses in
the United States.

Wright (19), and others, have used carbon disulphide

in the treatment of Habroncma g2., and, according to their

-6-
reports, find it effective to reduce the number an appreci-
able amount. Lumb (11), states that carbon disulphide will
remove the stomach worms that are accessible. Despite the
effectiveness of this drug, there are times when, for some

reason, the desired results are not obtained.

COLLOIDAL IODINE (CHANDLER)

Chandler (3) reported the discovery of the vermicidal

action of iodine and, in 1925 (u), stated that weak solu-
tions of iodine (18 parts per million) killed fully eXposed
encapsulated hookworm larvae, and reported his discovery of
a colloidal form of iodine. Colloidal Iodine (Chandler)*
is a colloidal suspensoid. The suspending fluid is a
saturated water solution of iodine, the suspended material
held in dispersion by the action of a protective colloid,
Igum arabic. The suspensoid carries a supply of readily
available iodine, in dilute solutions, and is comparatively
non—toxic, non-irritating, and will not injure skin or
mucous membranes of parts exposed, unless unduly prolonged
or excessively applied.
*Colloidal Iodine (Chandler), according to the formula
developed by W. L. Chandler, is manufactured by Merck &
Co. in several forms; two of which are, and hereafter,
will be referred to as, Iodine suspensoid and Iodine

Vermicide.

-7-

In the annual reports of the Division of Veterinary
Science, Hichigan State College, for the years 192% to
1934, Chandler (5) gives the progress made and the results
obtained in experimental work with the vermicidal use of
iodine. He found that a tepid active aqueous solution of
I"hyperactive" iodine containing .05 percent iodine, may be
successfully employed as an entero-gastric for dogs and
silver foxes. When the solution is administered per rec-
tum under pressure, until the vomit contains a large per-
centage of free iodine in solution, both hookworms and
roundworms appear to be completely destroyed; and, follow-
ing this lavage, much improvement has been observed in
gastro-enteritis cases.

Experimental work (7), done with silver foxes, showed
that pills containine,.5 grams of iodine absorbed by

k.)

powdered skim milk, were efficient against both hookworms
and roundworms.

In working with sheep, it was found that a protein-
iodine compound, containing two percent absorbed iodine,
was wholly efficient in three ounce doses, when it entered
the fourth stomach of the sheep; and a four ounce dose of
a suspensbn of colloidal iodine,containing one percent
iodine, and any sulphate in solution,administered by the
drench method, readily entered the fourth stomach, and was

effective in killing the stomach worms in ninety-seven out

of ninety-eight infested lambs thus treated.

-8-

Data of work by Alderman (1), shows that thirty cubic
centimeters of a 1.8 percent iodine suspensoid is one-
hundred percent efficient against both round and tapeworms
of poultry. Stafseth (16), after working on the treatment
of tapeworm infestations of poultry, concluded that Iodine
Vermicide, a colloidal iodine containing 2 percent iodine,
plus 4 percent gum arable, should be recommended as a valu-
able aid in the control of tapeworms in chickens.

Iodine Suspensoid has been definitely proven, Weisner
(18), to be of great value in controlling coccidiosis in
chickens. Feeding of this product in excess of the normal
iodine requirements of chickens may be of value in aiding
the chickens to overcome the action of the toxins arising
as the results of intestinal parasitism.

Foxes recently given Iodine Suspensoid, show a marked
improvement in general condition and fineness of fur coat.
Dog owners, fitting their dogs for shows, have given cap-
sules of iodine powders (colloidal), with results in ob-
taining fineness of hair coat.

The careful administration of Iodine Suspensoid has
comparatively no toxic or harmful effects on the subject
treated. Stafseth (16) found that Iodine Vermicide was
harmless when given to birds suffering from disease, and
Nyiri and Dubois (13), in comparing the corrosive action
of Tincture of Iodine a.d Iodine Suspensoid on the mucous

membranes of the rabbit, found that the colloidal product

-9-|

had one-fourth to one-sixth the corrosive action of the
Tincture. Chandler (7) demonstrated that there was no
blistering of the skin when Free Iodine (Colloidal Suspen-
soid state) was carefully employed in the treatment of

certain types of Dermatomycoses in humans.

EXPERII‘EI-ITAL
Horse No. 1
Horse had been fed four hours prior to treatment.
Received EEO cc. of a 1 percent solution of Iodine
suspensoid administered by the stomach tube method
while the horse was anesthetized and on its right
side.*

Destroyed in % hour, and the stomach and upper 18
inches of duodenium examined.

There was heavy infestation of Gastrophilus sp.
larvae in the cardia, pylorus, and upper intestine.
many of the large, more mature, larvae were dis—
placed, but the immature forms were apparently not
disturbed.

A /% infestation** of immature filarioids was found
dead in the pylorus and upper intestine.

The pylorus was well stained by the iodine.

u-‘~‘~n---—--¢--—u-~_--‘~“-‘u“--"----—‘¢c—“--‘~_—-*~--u--~_“~

“Several horses used in this work were also used as surgery
subjects in the Surgery and Clinic department, and so were
cast and anesthetized with chloral hydrate, and, following
the surgery class procedure, were destroyed and posted.
**—% less than 100; // number few, difficult to detect;

/// many; ///% very many, numbers undeterminable.

-10-

Horse No. 2
Received feed four hours prior to treatment.

Received #50 cc. of a 1.2 percent solution of
Iodine Suspensoid administered by the stomach
tube method, while the horse was anesthetized
and on its right side.

Destroyed in % hour and the stomach and upper

Q

18 inches of duodenium examined.

Larvae of Gastrophilus sp. were present, of
which the mature forms were mostly detached,
while the immature larvae were not disturbed.

Habronema sp. (/%) were found dead and stained
in the pylorus and duodenium.

The pylorus was well stained.

Horse No. 3.

Horse received no feed for 12 hours prior to
treatment.

Received 500 cc. of a 2 percent solution of
Iodine Suspensoid administered by the stomach
tube method, while the horse was anesthetized and
on its right side.

Destroyed in % hour and the stomach and upper
18 inches of duodenium examined.

Immature larvae of Gastrophilus sp. were undis-
turbed. Habronema sp. (//) were dead and heavily
stained.

The mucous membranes of the stomach and duodenium
were well stained. There was an inflammation at
the pyloric sphincter.

-11-

Horse No. #

Horse had been fasted for at least 12 hours before
treatment.

Received 500 cc. of a 2 percent solution of Iodine
SuSpensoid administered by the stomach tube method
while the horse was anesthetized and on its right
side.

Destroyed in % hour and the entire digestive tract
opened and examined.

The stomach distended very little, but contained
most of the solution administered. The mucous
membranes of the entire stomach were well stained.

Immature larvae of GastrOphilus sp. were undis-
turbed.

Habronema sp. (%/) dead and well stained.

Horse No. 5

H orse had been fasted for at least 12 hours before
treatment.

Received 6 drama of liquid carbon disulphide admin-
istered by the stomach tube method while the horse
was anesthetized and on its right side.

Destroyed in 1 hour and the entire digestive tract
opened and examined.

Very few larvae of Gastrophilus sp. were disturbed.
Strongyles in the lower tract showed no affects.

/ infestation of Habronema sp. present and alive.

A portion of duodenium, to which bots were attached,
was submerged in a 2 percent solution of Colloidal
Iodine. The first larvae detached in three minutes,
in thirty minutes 50 percent had let go, and the
remaining number did not detach.

-12-

Horse No. 6 (Four months old colt)*

Received 579 cc. of a 2 percent solution of Iodine
Suspensoid administered by the stomach tube method.

Destroyed in % hour and the stomach and upper 18
inches of the duodenium opened and examined.

Larvae of Gastrophilus sp. detached in the lumen.
% infestation of Habronema sp. dead and well stained.

The mucous membrane of the stomach was very heavily
stained and there was evidence of iodine in most of
the duodenium which was later opened.

*The digestive tract was free from any material because
the subject was unable to swallow, due to paralysis of
the throat.

Horse No. 7

Horse had been fasted for at least 12 hourse before
treatment.

Received 6 drams of liquid carbon disulphide admin-
istered by the stomach tube method While the horse
was anesthetized and on its right side.

Destroyed in 1 hour and the stomach and upper 18
inches of duodenium opened and examined.

Larvae of GastrOphilus sp. below the pyloris alive.

Habronema sp. (/%) present and alive in pyloris and
duodenium.

Horse No. 8

Horse had been fasted for at least 12 hours before
treatment.

Received 500 cc of a 1.2 percent solution of Iodine
Suspensoid, and 200 cc of a sodium bicarbonate sol-
ution administered by the stomach tube method while
the horse was anesthetized and on its right side.

Destroyed in 2 hours and the stomach and upper 18
inches of the duodenium opened and examined.

#0 percent of GastrOphilus sp. larvae detached.
Habronema sp. (//) destroyed, not visibly stained.
Little evidence of iodine present at time of
slaughter.

-13-

Horse No. 9

Horse had been fasted for at least 12 hours before
treatment.

Received 300 cc. of a 2.4 percent Iodine Suspensoid
solution and 300 cc. of a h percent sodium bicar-
bonate solution; totally a 1.2 percent Iodine solu—
tion administered by the stomach tube method while
the horse was anesthetized and on its right side.

Destroyed in 2% hours, and the stomach and upper 18
inches of duodenium opened and examined.

Small percentage of bot larvae detached. There was
a flaking of bile between the Ampulla of Vater and
the pyloris.

#/% Habronema sp. infestation dead and stained.
The iodine was all destroyed by the ingesta.

Horse No. 10

Horse had been fasted for at least 24 hours before
treatment. Received 500 cc. of a 1 percent solu-
tion of Iodine Suspensoid administered by the
stomach tube.‘

Destroyed in 10 days, and the entire digestive tract
opened and examined.

There were no parasites of any-kind present; how-
ever, there were lesions showing recent infestation
by Bots, Strongyles, and Ascaris.

Horse No. 11

Horse had been fasted for at least 2% hours before
treatment.

Received 500 cc. of a 1 percent solution of Iodine
Suspensoid administered by the stomach tube method.
Allowed to eat % hour after treatment.

Destroyed in 10 days, and the entire digestive tract
was opened and examined.

The stomach contained attached bot larvae. There
was, however, evidence of recent detachment of
about #0 percent of the larvae. A few Strongyles
were present in the caecum.

/ Habronema sp. larvae present and alive.

-14-

Horse No. 12

Horse had been fasted for at least 2% hours before
treatment.

Received 1000 cc. of a 1 percent solution of Iodine
Suspensoid, administered by the stomach tube method.

Destroyed in 10 days, and the entire digestive
tract was Opened and examined.

The stomach contained a very heavy infestation of
Gastrophilus sp. larvae.

#/ Habronema sp. present, 50 percent of which were
living.

Horse No. 13

This horse received no medication. There was a
very heavy infestation of larvae of Gastrophilus
sp. Habronema sp. were present (////> and there
was a great deal of congestion of the pyloris
where most of the Habronema were found.

Horse No. 1%

Horse had been fasted for at least 2% hours before
treatment.

Received 500 cc. of a 2 percent solution of Iodine
Suspensoid administered by the stomach tube method.

Destroyed % hour after medication.

No bot larvae present.

/// Habronema sp. infestation. All worms appeared
to be living.

The stomach lining was very heavily coated with
mucous.

There were, along the cardia-pyloris margin, four
or five nodular appearing pathological structures.
There were no larvae or encysted parasitic forms
present. Whether these growths had any parasitic
significance was not determined.

-15-

Horse No. 15

Horse had been fasted at least 30 hours before
treatment.

Received 500 cc. of a .2 percent solution of Iodine
S uspensoid administered by the stomach tube method.

Destroyed in 8 days after the medication, and the
stomach and upper 13 inches of duodenium were open-
ed and examined.

A //// infestation of live Habronema sp. was present.
There were apparently no effects from the Iodine
given.

The stomach lining was very heavily coated with
mucous.

Horse No. 16

Horse had been fasted for at least 24 hours before
treatment.

Received 1000 cc. of a .3 percent solution of Iodine
Suspensoid, administered by the stomach tube method.

Destroyed in 10 days, and the stomach and upper 18
inches of the duodenium were opened and examined.

A //// infestation of live Habronema sp. was pres-
ent. The stomach lining was heavily coated with
mucus.

Horse No. 17

This horse received no medication. The stomach and
upper 18 inches of the duodenium were opened and
examined to determine whether there were any para-
sites present.

There was a small number of larvae of Gastrophilus

No Habronema or lesions were found, and there were
no indications that the subject had been infested.

-16-

DISCUSSION

Fecal examinations, of both the flotation and the
centrifuged sugar solution methods, were run prior to each
treatment, but, in no case, were there any Habronema eggs
seen. However, practically all of the Habronema encounter-
ed on post-mortem were immature. There were, in several
cases, strongyle and ascaris eggs.

Of the seventeen horses slaughtered, fifteen were in-

fested with one or more of the three species of Habronema.

 

No attempt was made to identify the species in this work,
because the main point of interest was the effect of
Iodine Suspensoid on the large stomach worms in general.
The subjects used varied in age from a four months old
colt to aged horses, and from those of average condition
to those in a weakened and poor state of health. Age had
little affect on the degree of infestation, as horses of
comparatively younger age were found to be the host of as
many worms as those of older ages.

One of tne two horses that were free from Habronema,

 

horse No. 10, was a clinical case, and, in reviewing the
clinical history, it was found that this horse had re-
ceived, previously, two worm treatments. It had been
treated with carbon disulphide for bots, and received a
month's feeding of a conditioning powder containing nux,
quassia, and arsenic, ending six weeks before administra-

tion of the iodine.

-17-

In cases of heavy infestations of Habronema, there
repeatedly appears a very tenacious covering of mucus
over the lining of the stomach, in which the worms imbed
themselves. This condition was found to be true in horse
No. 1%, 15, and 16. The tenacious film makes the worms
more or less inaccessible, and may eXplain why occasional-
ly usual effective treatments fail. To overcome this and
aid in removing this mucus coat, it has been suggested,
by various workers, that the stomach be rinsed with a warm,
weak solution of sodium bicarbonate before the administra-
tion of the vermifuge. It was observed that the admin-
istration of sodium bicarbonate with iodine obtained the
desired results in this condition.

The administration of Iodine Suspensoid was used in
varying doses, and amounts, and it was shown that solution:
of 2 percent iodine were most effective in the killing of
Habronema g2. Solutions of .2 and .3 percent iodine did
not kill any of the parasites, and while a 1 percent solu-

tion did destroy all Habronema in horse No. 1, it was less

 

efficient in the case of No. 11, and was only about 50
percent efficient in killing the large stomach worms in
horse No. 12. In light infestations, solutions of 1.2
percent were fairly effective, and when given to horse No.
8 and No. 9, with four percent solutions of sodium bicar-
bonate, success was obtained in the destruction of the

worms .

-18—

Iodine Suspensoid, because of its activity, is rela-
tively quickly destroyed by the action of secretions of
materials within the digestive tract, but solutions of 2
percent iodine were apparently of a sufficient strength to
destroy the stomach worms and stain the mucous membranes
before losing its vermicidal power even with small amounts
of ingesta present.

Quantities of 500 cubic centimeters of solution are
of great enough volume to eXpose the dispersed iodine to
the stomach wall, providing the animal has been starved
so that there was little or no ingesta present. Grain in
the stomach has a slower action in destroying the germi~
cidal action of the iodine than does hay and straw.

Iodine Suspensoid did dislodge large bot larvae, but
did not remove all small bot larvae, nor other parasites
of the lower digestive tract in general. It was, however,

effective in destroying Habronema in the upper 13 inches

 

of the duodenium.

SUMMARY
Habronema so. were found in 15 out of 17 horses
slaughtered, all of varying ages and condition.

Heavy infestations of Habronema gp. cause a heavy

 

tenacious mucus covering on the stomach mucous membranes,

in which the worms are imbedded.

500 cubic centimeters of a 2 percent Iodine Suspensoid

-19-

is effective in the destruction of stomach worms of horses.
Solutions of sodium bicarbonate,administered before,
or with, Iodine Suspensoid, do aid in cutting a mucus film
in which Habronema may be imbedded.
Iodine Suspensoid had little value in the removal of

young larvae of Gastroohilus gp., but did dislodge en-

 

larged larvae.

CONCLUSIONS

Large stomach worms are very prevalent in horses of
this region, and because they are parasitic, should be
removed from the host by medication. These parasites,
besides being an expense to the host generally, cause a
general congestion of the stomach wall (Fig. l), and may
lead to the formation of ulcers and nodules in the pyloris
of the stomach and upper duodenium.

Their presence and the pathology of the tissue
caused by them may be responsible for impaired digestion,
colic, and proper emptying of the stomach.

If the horse is carefully prepared for treatment,

Iodine Suspensoid will destroy Habronema worms in the

 

stomach and upper intestine.

-20-

 

Fig. l

Lining of Horse's Stomach, showing attached

Habronema and darkened congested area.

10.

ll.

-21-

REFERENCES

Alderman, E. M., A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty

of Michigan State College in Partial Fulfilment of

The Requirements for the Decree of Master of Sci-

ence. Vermicidal Value of Colloidal Iodine (Chandler).

Britton, John W., The Cornell Veterinarian, Vol. XXIX,
Number 3, July 1939, Trichostrongylosis in Equines.

Chandler, Wallace L., Black Fox Magazine, December,
1923, Iodine as a Vermicide and Disinfectant.

Chandler, Wallace L., Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth
Annual Meeting of the United States Livestock Sani-
tary Association, Chicago, Illinois, December, 1925.

Chandler, Wallace L., Annual Reports of the Veterin-
ary Division, Michigan State College, East Lansing,
from years 192A to 1934.

Chandler, Wallace L., Journal of the Michigan State
Medical Society, April, 1927. EXperimental Treatment
of Dermatomycoses with Iodine.

Chandler, Wallace L., The Black Fox magazine, April,
1927. Address delivered before the American Fox
Institute, Montreal, Quebec, January 29th, 1927,
Worms and Their Control.

Giltner, Ward, Journal of the American Veterinary
Medical Association. Volume LXXXVIII, N. S. 41,
Number 3, March, 1936, Report of the Committee on
Parasitic Diseases, United States Live Stock Sanitary
Association.

Hegner, Robert; Root, Francis,H., and Augustine,
Donald L., Animal Parasitology with Special Refer-
ence to Man and Domesticated Animals, The Century
00., New York and London, 1936.

Hutyra, Franz, and Marek, Josef, Special Pathology
and Therapeutics of the Diseases of Domestic Animals.
Volume 2, Alexander Eger, 1926.

Lumb, J. W., Kansas State College of Agriculture and
Applied Science Extension Service M, Circular 8,
October, 1935, Bot Control in Horses, Colts, and
iules.

12.

13.

in.

15.

*16.

17.

19.

-22-

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