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ABSTRACT
THE INDUCTION OF HYPNOSIS:
INDIRECT VS. DIRECT METHODS AND THE ROLE OF ANXIETY
BY
JOHN G. WILSON

The present study was designed to investigate a method
of facilitating hypnotic susceptibility through an induction
procedure administered without the gs awareness of hypnotic
intent. It was also intended to determine the effect of this
procedure in terms of arousal as compared to an overt ad-
ministration of hypnotic induction.

Twenty gs were randomly assigned to either an RH or
OH Group. gs assigned to the RH Group received instructions
describing the research as an experiment in relaxation,
while OH Group members were told that the experiment was
hypnosis. After some preliminary relaxation exercises, each
§_was administered an altered version of the Stanford Hypnotic
Susceptibility Scale (SHSS) from which their susceptibility
scores were tabulated. Arousal was measured by GSR frequency.

The results showed a significant difference in arousal

between the two groups, but there was a nonsignificant

John G. Wilson

difference in susceptibility. The variance of susceptibility
scores was significantly larger for the OH Group, suggesting
that the intent to hypnotize § may either interfere with or
facilitate hypnosis. It was tentatively concluded that
indirect methods of inducing hypnosis are superior to

direct methods only when §_does not expect to be subjected

to a hypnotic induction procedure.

Approved:

Date: fill/7;.

THE INDUCTION OF HYPNOSIS:

INDIRECT VS. DIRECT METHODS AND THE ROLE OF ANXIETY

BY

JOHN G. WILSON

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS
Department of PsyChology

1972

to

Carol, who held it all together

for me

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my
Chairman, Dr. Joseph Reyher. This is especially difficult
because of the depth of my gratitude. His patience and
guidance made this research a reality, and made the
experience of research stimulating and meaningful for me.
For everything, especially your contagious enthusiasm and
willing friendship, Thanks Joe.

I would also like to acknowledge the assistance and
support of the other members of my committee, Dr. Norman
Abeles and Dr. John Hurley. The guidance I have received
from them far exceeds the scope of this research. I feel

fortunate indeed, for having had this opportunity.

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .
LIST OF TABLES AND
LIST OF APPENDICES
INTRODUCTION . . .
METHOD . . . . . .

Subjects . .

Procedure . .
RESULTS . . . . .
DISCUSSION . . . .
REFERENCES . . . .

APPENDICES . . . .

TABLE OF CONTENTS

iv

Page

iii

vi

13
13
13
16
19

24

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Table Page

1. Items (1—21) of post-test interview
scored for frequency with which §§
in the OH and RH Groups used the
term hypnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Figure

l. GSR deflections per second and SHSS
scores for RH and OH Groups . . . . . . . . 45

LIST OF A PPEND ICES
Appendix Page

A. Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility
Scale, Form A (Altered Version) . . . . . . 30

B. Post Test Interview . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

vi

INTRODUCTION

The most meaningful theories of hypnosis, according
to Orne (1959), interpret hypnotic phenomena as falling
into three major categories: a desire by the subject to
play the role of a hypnotized subject (Sarbin, 1950), an
increase in suggestibility (Hull, 1933), and a nebulous
category that White (1941) calls "an altered state of
consciousness". Orne states that much of hypnotic behavior
is derived from the subject's conception of the role of a
hypnotic subject, and these varied role conceptions are the
source of most of the inconsistent behavior patterns observed
in the hypnotic state. An increase in suggestibility is
seen as the increased motivation to conform to the wishes
of the hypnotist. The altered state of consciousness is
considered the greatest problem for investigation and is
left largely untreated in Orne's paper despite the fact that
he regards it as the "essence" of hypnosis after the "arti-
facts" of increased motivation and role-playing are accounted
for.

A theory was developed (Reyher, 1963) which for conven-
ience is designated "StateR Theory" to explain a body of
presumed hypnotic phenomena. A simplified version of the

theory is given below:

The induction of hypnosis succeeds because the
subject has given up to the operator his usual role
of analyzing and integrating sensory input to mediate
adaptive behavior. In psychoanalytic terms, he
abrogates executive ego functions which includes the
critical evaluation of alternate response possibi—
lities. If the subject is not made anxious by
adopting the resulting passive-dependent attitude, the
highest level of brain functioning, which supports
adaptive functioning, cannot be maintained and more
primitive levels of brain functioning become dominant
and organize the overall functioning of the brain.
Sleep occurs in this fashion, as does highway hypnosis
and sensory deprivation phenomena. If the adoption
of a passive-dependent attitude by the subject is
anxiety-producing, defenses-—which are adaptive in
nature--maintain the highest levels of integration
of brain functions. This is the same mechanism which
keeps a person sleepless; anxiety and worry over per-
sonal affairs is adaptive in intent, and thereby
prevents the reorganizations of brain mechanisms

characteristic of sleep.

When the induction procedure (which is really
sensory restriction or a kind of sensory deprivation)
succeeds, phylogenetically older structures of the
brain, which are now in control of over-all brain
functioning, are able to mediate behavior that is
difficult or impossible to produce in the waking state.
The compulsive quality of suggestions indicates that
the operator has assumed the ego—function of analyzing
and integrating sensory input. He has become the
subject's eyes and ears, and his suggestions act in
the same way as spontaneous impulses in the subject.
These older structures (maybe the anterior cingulate
gyrus) are known to have connections with many parts
of the brain and to have inhibitory and excitatory
influence over these areas. It is known that
phylogenetically recent acquisitions of the brain do
not have this profusion of nerve tracts intercon-
necting different parts of the brain. These older
structures also are instrumental in producing psycho—
pathology because anxiety is assumed to be generated
at this level of brain functioning, producing patterns
of excitation and inhibition which produce repression,

psychosomatic symptoms, and other forms of

‘il'lllIl

 

 

4

psychopathology. (Pp. 29—30)

The hypnotic interaction proceeds most reliably in
conflict free situations. If a conflict area is tapped in
the hypnotic interaction, defenses are usually aroused that
interfere with the hypnosis (Hilgard, 1965). Blum's (1961,
1963) model of hypnosis has as its essential ingredients
an optimal level of low arousal, with controlled restriction
of sensory inputs to those emanating from the experimenter.
Gill and Brenman (1959) emphasize the regressive nature of
hypnosis. The subject regresses to a more primitive mode of
functioning, or "primary process thinking," as in dreams
and hallucinations. Reyher (1963) defines primary process
as merely a manifestation of the influence of a lower level
of cortical integration on behavior.

The induction procedure itself has often been cited as
highly similar to sensory deprivation (Kubie and Margolin,
1944; Pena, 1962). But the phenomenon of hypnosis is
surrounded by an aura of fear arousing mystery and super—
stition for a large number of people. The induction of
hypnosis without the awareness of the subject should allay
anxiety, both conscious and unconscious, derived from mis-
conceptions and negative attitudes concerning the state of

hypnosis. This technique would also control for what Orne

5
considers to be the source of most of the inconstant behavior
observed in hypnosis, that is, the role-playing tendencies of
many subjects.

Evidence that awareness of being hypnotized is not a pre-
requisite for its taking place comes from the work of Adler
and Secunda (1947), Erickson (1941), Sargent and Fraser (1938?,
and Rosen (1951), all of whom have used techniques aimed at
preventing the subject from knowing that he was hypnotized.
They reported having obtained trances comparable to those
induced by the usual methods. One of Erickson's (1964) early
experiments, while an undergraduate at the University of
Wisconsin, was couched in the terms of introspection developed
by Titchener, Wundt and others and did not involve the overt
use of hypnosis. This experiment was constructed as a means
of investigating some of the many unresolved questions con-
cerning the nature of hypnosis. From this and many later
studies, Erickson developed his various techniques of indirect
and permissive hypnotic induction. It has been his experience,
based on many thousands of subjects, that the simpler and more
unobtrusive the technique, the more effective it has been.

Rosen's (1953) Sensorimotor Method, which is a modifica-
tion of the hand levitation technique often used by Erickson

(1945) and Wolberg (1948), is used almost exclusively in

6
medical situations. The doctor or therapist comments on
autonomic or motor phenomena the moment they are demonstrated
by the patient and often before the patient is aware of them.
This is designed to strengthen the power of suggestion by the
factual basis of the initial suggestions. All suggestions
used in this method are permissively phrased; there are no
challenge items.

Barber and Calverley (1962, 1965) found that procedures
involving "task motivational instructions” (strong demand
characteristics to comply with tanks on the Barber Suscepti-
bility Scale) and a standard induction of hypnosis did not
differ significantly in mean susceptibility scores. Both of
these conditions obtained significantly higher scores than a
base level condition in which the only instructions were that
this was a test of imagination. They also found that gs given
relaxation — sleep suggestions in a situation defined as hyp-
nosis obtained higher susceptibility scores than those not
given such suggestions.

Any procedure wherein the individual transfers executive
ego—functions (analysis and integration of sensory input in
the service of adaptive behavior) to another individual causes
him to enter into a hypnotic relationship with that individual.

If the procedure is anxiety-producing, adaptive behavior

7
remains in the locus of the individual, or if.§ is hypnotized
and he becomes anxious, the locus of adaptive behavior returns
to himself and he awakens. Since the term "hypnosis" has
anxiety—producing properties for many gs, indirect methods is
such as the Utilization Techniques employed by Erickson (1964)
and the Sensorimotor Method should be superior to direct
methods of induction. In terms of our frame of reference,
Erickson deftly manipulates §fs attention and assumes control
over his behavior which results in his unwitting abrogation

of executive ego functions and adaptive behavior. Although
the purpose of the meeting between Erickson and the patient

is to discuss the prospect of hypnosis, the patient probably
does recognize Erickson's unusual behavior as being an induc-
tion procedure; otherwise, the patient would become anxious

or angry about his inappropriate behavior. The patient comes
to Erickson because he wants to explore the possibility of
hypnosis despite his ambivalent feelings about it. The in-
direct procedure allows him to resolve his ambivalence if his
unconscious predispositions to accept hypnosis are stronger
than the conscious objections. §_expects an induction attempt
and he goes along with it. In contrast, Rosent's sensorimotor
technique neither includes expectancy of hypnosis nor intent
to hypnotize; it is perceived by §_as a relaxation procedure

for medical purposes.

8

Barber and Glass (1962) reported that waking suggestions
are just as effective as a formal induction. Weitzenhoffer
and Hilgard (1965) verified this when using independent
groups, but found that hypnotic suggestions were superior
when §_was used as his own control. In these investigations,
S was told that it was not necessary for him to be hypnotized
to respond to suggestions. In our frame of reference, hyp-
nosis occurred nevertheless because §_adopted a passive-
dependent expectant attitude which includes the abrogation of
executive ego functions. The state of hypnosis waa not recog-
nized because cultural stereotypes regarding the behavior of
a hypnotized person were not invoked.

There is a wide variety of interpersonal relationships
which become hypnotic but are not recognized as such, and
direct suggestions are not made because they would seem
inappropriate, at least to the person onto whom executive
ego functions have been transferred. Jacobson's Method of
Progressive Relaxation (1938) and Stampfl's Implosive Psycho-
therapy (1971) should both be excellent indirect induction
techniques because the operator focuses S's attention on a
variety of sensory stimuli which he passively notices. The
relationship between physician and patient can readily be-

come hypnotic whenever the patient is anxious about the

9

significance of his symptoms, which is true for most patients,
because he lacks the wherewithal to understand and treat his
disorder. This set of circumstances causes the patient to
relate to the physician in a passive-dependent, regressive
manner which causes an abrogation of executive ego functions
unless he is made anxious by the expressions of these depen—
dent strivings. The authoritative demeanor of the physician
and the routine manipulations (such as take a deep breath,
lie down) of the physical examination rapidly and unwittingly
produce a hypnotic relationship that is undetected. The hyp-
nosis is undetected because it occurs insensibly and because
§fs expectations based upon cultural stereotypes of the hyp-
notized person are not brought into play. Faith healing
occurs for the same reasons.

The rapidity of induction upon posthypnotic cue suggests
that the initial induction also proceeds very rapidly, iflg
welcomes the opportunity to be hypnotized. We suspect that
almost instantaneous initial inductions occur often, but
these are undetected when conventional induction procedures
are used because the schedule of suggestions graded in dif-
ficulty masks the true state of affairs. The declared intent

of the operator to hypnotize S and his acceptance of this may

10
be sufficient to bring about the abrogation of executive ego
functions and an immediate hypnosis.

Weitzenhoffer, Gough and Landes (1959) showed that eye
fixation and expectancy of hypnosis was sufficient to produce
hypnosis, but eye fixation alone was not. Expectancy was
necessary and those gs who were hypnotized were able to adopt
a passive—dependent expectant attitude. Weitzenhoffer, et a1
likened the ten minute eye fixation period to sensory depriva-
tion because of the spontaneous hallucinations that were
occasionally produced. If suggestions had been given during
this period rather than afterwards, successful hypnotic induc-
tions might also have been obtained. Sensory deprivation 9‘
heightens suggestibility and an induction procedure is often
successful for insusceptible gs during the sensory deprivation
period, not later (Sanders and Reyher, 1967). Sensory de-
privation prevents §_from maintaining an adaptive transaction
with the environment and forces him into a passive-dependent
position and, perforce, the abrogation of executive ego
functions.

Glass and Barber (1961) similarly showed that a placebo
identified as a powerful hypnotic drug was just as effective
as a formal induction procedure; however, there is reason to

suspect that the placebo per se was not the critical factor.

11
A physician monitored a variety of functions to determine
when §_was hypnotized and E could begin. The passive-depen-
dent relationship in which §_found himself was probably
reinforced by his usual mode of relating to physicians during
an examination, if this, of course, was not anxiety producing.
The physican-patient relationship may have potentiated the
effect of §fs expectancy to be hypnotized.

Wells (1924) has documented that most hypnotic phenomena
can be produced without a formal induction as long as §_is led
to expect that certain phenomena will occur as an outcome of
Efs operations. gs are informed merely of the principles
of suggestion and dissociation before direct suggestions are
given. Thus, hypnosis can be induced almost immediately in
gs who are able to suspend critical judgement (executive ego
functions) while E conducts a given procedure which could be
eye fixation, imagination instructions, direct suggestion,
indirect suggestions or whatever.

When S is led to expect hypnosis, he might become anxious
as the result of pressure to assume a passive-dependent role
and an abrogation of executive ego functions does not occur.
Anxiety motivates adaptive behavior, including critical
judgement. Consequently, indirect methods which do not in-

clude the expectancy of a hypnotic induction (Sensorimotor

12

Technique) should be superior to any method that implicitly
or explicitly includes the expectancy of hypnosis. The
following hypotheses were tested:
1. An experimental situation designated as "relaxation"
produces less arousal than the same situation when it is
designated as "hypnosis".

2. Susceptibility to hypnotic induction in a situation

désignated as "relaxation" is greater than when the same

situation is designated as "hypnosis".

METHOD

Subjects

Twenty female college students in an introductory psy-
chology course volunteered to participate in an experiment
in "relaxation and related phenomena".
Materials and Experimental Situation

Finger electrodes manufactured by the Yellow Springs
Equipment Company were attached to the fore and index fingers
of gs' right hand, and GSRs monitored with a Grass Model #
Polygraph. §_was seated in an upright upholstered chair in
sound-proof room. A 34 item questionnaire was developed to
serve as a debriefing guide at the end of the research.

Procedure

 

gs were randomly assigned to a Relaxation Hypnosis (RH)
or an Overt Hypnosis (OH) Group by a co—experimenter. The
hypnotist-experimenter was blind as to gs' group membership.
At the beginning of the experimental sessions, S was connected
to the polygraph. After a basal level of skin resistance was
established, §_was given written instructions assigning her
to either the OH or RH Groups, and which included some brief
introductory remarks regarding the nature of the experiment.

Depending on which group §_was assigned to, the instructions

13

14

read as follows:
This is an experiment in (relaxation or hypnosis).
Your role in this research is very important. The
experiment will last approximately 45 minutes. Dif-
ferent subjects will receive different instructions
for this research, and it is important that Mr.
Wilson be unaware of the particular instructions
given to you. This is necessary to prevent his ex-
pectations from influencing the outcome of the re-
search. Mr. Wilson will attempt to (relax or
hypnotize) you with a well known procedure for
this purpose. Please do not comment on these in-
structions or ask any questions until Mr. Wilson
informs you that the experiment is over. At that
time you may discuss any questions you have about
the research. Please feel free to exempt yourself
from this research if for any reason you don't wish
to participate. When you have finished reading
these instructions, return them to the envelope
and signal Mr. Wilson that you are finished.
Thank you for your cooperation.
The electrodes were disconnected. An abbreviated ver-

sion of Jacobson's Progressive Relaxation Method was given

15

which was followed by the administration of an altered version
of the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale (SHSS). This
version deletes all references to the word "hypnosis" and

any other cue words that suggest the hypnotic state. The
twelve tasks that appear in Form A of the SHSS were retained
because of their traditionally assumed relationship to hyp—
nosis. As with the SHSS, each task was scored pass or fail
and the total number of passes was considered st suscepti-
bility score. Each score was tabulated before g informed
himself as to the group status of g,

Frequency of GSRs of 2,000 ohms or higher was used as
the measure of anxiety (CNS-ANS arousal) while g read the
instructions. The duration in seconds between opening and
folding the sheet of instructions was monitored to control

for time as a contaminating variable.

RES ULTS

Hypothesis 1 was tested (Mann-Whitney U-Test; Siegal,
1956) by comparing the GSR deflections per second of the OH
(x: .04; 0-: .01) and the RH (SE: .02; 0\= .01) Groups.
The mean difference was in the predicted direction and the

obtained U value of 4 was significant at the .002 level (two

tailed test).

Hypothesis 2 was tested by comparing the SHSS scores of
the OH (§'= 6.44; ¢.= 4.27) and RH (§'= 7.22; 0-= 1.87) Groups.
The obtained U value of 34 was not significant but there was
a significant difference (~05 level) in variance between them.
All the RH gs scored at least 4 on the SHSS, whereas three of
the OH gs scored below 4. Figure 1 suggests that most sus-
ceptible gs have a higher rate of GSR/sec and that the dis-
tribution of scores for the RH group is bimodal or U—shaped.

The post-test interview (Table l) was evaluated by count-
ing the number of gs in each group that used the term "hyp-
nosis" to describe their experience. The §_in both groups
were apparently reluctant to acknowledge being hypnotized.

Although more Se in the OH group used the term hypnosis

l6

17'
in answering the items, the differences were not significant

(Chi square) for any of the items.

The reactions to item 11, which gs found difficult to
answer, were of some interest. With two exceptions, they
perceived a voice rather than a person, and there were refer-
ences to the voice as being part of §_and pouring over her like
water. These are not unusual subjective reactions in the hyp-
notic situation but they take on increased meaning in Ss‘who
are unaware of the hypnotic situation.

The reactions of S'to items 22-34 are of particular in-
terest with respect to StateR Theory., Seven gs (4 OH and 3
RH) experienced strong feelings of dissociation and three
(2 OH and 1 RH) compared the experience to previous drug exper-
iences. One REISJ who scored 10 on the SHSS, related a mys-
tical experience in which she encountered her "true self"
while in the trance state. Four RH gs confessed to having
varying degrees of suspicion that the experiment was hypnosis.
Three of these gs claimed, however, that their suspicions
were despelled early in the procedure, by the procedure itself
and the references to relaxation. Three RH gs felt that they

would have been more resistant had they known the procedure

18
' a single RH
as intended to induce hypnOSis. Conversely,
w .
e achieved a
b r voiced the opinion that she could hav
mem e

DISCUSSION

The significant difference in GSRs between the two groups
is consistent with the role of anxiety in StateR Theory. The
reluctance of §s in the OH Group to acknowledge the intent of
the research is additional evidence that the prospect of hyp-
nosis for OH §s is anxiety-producing. Although seven of these
§s admitted to being hypnotized when asked directly on item
21, only one §_used the term "hypnosis" to describe her ex—
periences on prior items. These data are consistent with our
experience in inducing hypnosis, and, we presume, the exper-
ience of most investigators. The association of an increase
in GSRs with higher SHSS scores is inconsistent with StateR
Theory and suggests that the GSR may be measuring CNS-ANS
arousal because of excitement and anticipation of 55 who
welcome the prospect of being hypnotized. The U-shaped curve
for the RH group suggests the GSR may be measuring anxiety
for gs with low SHSS scores and excitement for §s with high
SHSS scores.

Since the procedures of the RH Group were not associeted
with the explicit intent to hypnotize SJ all gs were able to

experience some degree of hypnosis; however, the absence of

intent or expectancy may not have permitted "deeper" degrees

19,

20
of hypnosis to develop. It may be necessary for §_to under-
stand explicitly or implicitly the hypnotic intent of the
procedures for a more extensive abrogation of executive ego—
functions and a "deeper" level of hypnosis to occur. Also,
as an §_experiences the effect of suggestions, during an indi-
rect method, he most probably wonders if the operator is
trying to hypnotize him, and if he is, Why? Even though he
will not spontaneously admit to these concerns, the post-t st
interview documents show that they were present for some SS,
and were significant enough to prevent the further develop-
ment of hypnosis in at least one g,

If the above psychodynamic analysis is correct, indirect
methods of inducing hypnosis should be superior to direct
methods only when S does not expect to be subjected to a hyp-
notic induction procedure. Moreover, subtle, indirect methods
of inducing hypnosis, such as Utilization Techniques, should
be superior to the relatively obvious character of relaxation
procedures and the Sensorimotor Technique.

Although the results show that a larger number of gs
should be brought to at least a medium level of hypnosis (a
score of 6 on the SHSS) by indirect methods of induction rela-
tive to conventional methods of induction, fewer gs will be

brought to the deepest levels. A modification of procedure

21
may enhance the success of indirect methods: to bring as
many or more gs to the deepest levels of hypnosis, the oper-
ator, after one or two suggestions have been carried out
successfully, should inform §_that he is entering the state
of hypnosis and that its further development is contingent
upon his consent. The fact that g has already experienced
the effect of one or two suggestions, before the procedure is
identified as hypnosis, might allay his anxiety about the
prospect of hypnosis. Under these circumstances, the expec-
tancy of hypnosis might not lead to a prohibitive intensity of
anxiety.

Whatever the purpose of the relationship, it must be
acceptable to S and it must place him in a passive—responsive
role vis a' vis the operator. The relationship must be struc-
tured and include roles which are widely known (physician-
patient) or structured by the operator (guru-student, faith
healer-parishioner, psychotherapist-client) after the rela—
tionship begins. Dyadic relationships lacking this polariza-
tion of roles are informal and produce spontaneous reciprocal
behavior by both individuals to maintain security operations
and satisfy personal needs. An attempt by one person to
structure an informal relationship in order that it places
another person in a passive—responsive role will generally be

resisted and seen as inappropriate.

22

The physician-patient relationship could easily be con-
verted to a hypnotic relationship if procedures of the physical
examination are properly utilized. During the course of the
examination the physician asks the patient to Open his mouth,
turn his head, cough, etc. At some point he should ask _S_ to
lie down, close his eyes and let his body go limp. The phy-
sician should raise and drop §_'s arms and turn his head from
side to side to test for relaxation while commenting (suggest-
ing relaxation) on his growing relaxation. When _S__ shows phys-
ical evidence of relaxation, the physician tells §--in a
matter of fact tone of voice--that he is going to press a nerve
in his shoulder and his arm will become very, very stiff. He
then presses some spot on _S__'s shoulder, waits for the arm to
stiffen and challenges §_ to bend it. If §_ fails, he removes
his finger and comments on the return of normal feelings in
the arm. The physician then tells §_ (gives a post-hypnotic
Suggestion) that this will happen whenever he presses that
SPOt, even when he is not so relaxed. The next suggestion
might be an anesthesia of the arm which is done the same way,
eXczept that another spot is pressed. The physician tests the
adequacy of the anesthesia, and if it is satisfactory, he gives
the same kind of post-hypnotic suggestion and informs S for the

fjdrst time that he had developed a good hypnosis. He then

23
says, "Since hypnosis has many useful medical applications from
which you can benefit, do I have your permission to proceed?"
If §fs answer is in the affirmative, the physician resumes the
induction using conventional techniques; if the answer is in
the negative, he wakens §_and helps him talk about the reasons
for his refusal which might be easily resolved since he has
already experienced a catalepsy and anesthesia of the arm.

The efficacy of this approach to induction can be assessed
3b37 comparing the relative frequency of success of the same
SLiggestions (catalepsy and anesthesia) when S expects to be
Slibjected to an hypnotic induction. These gs are asked to lie
dcnnn and the same suggestions are given in exactly the same

Way.

REFERENCES

Adler, M. H., and Secunda, L. An indirect technique to induce
hyPnosis. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 1947, 106, 190-193.

Barber, T. X. Measuring "hypnotic-like" suggestibility with and
without "hypnotic induction"; psychometric properties,
norms, and variables influencing response to the Barber
Suggestibility Scale (BSS). Psychol. Reports, 1965, 16,
809-844.

 

Barber, T. X. and Calverley, D. S. "Hypnotic" behavior as a
function of task motivation. J. Psychol., 1962, 54,
363-389.

 

Barber, T. X. and Calverley, D. S. Empirical evidence for a
theory of "hypnotic" behavior. J. Consult. Psychol.,
1965, 29, 98-107.

Barber, T. X. and Glass, L. B. Significant factors in hypnotic
behavior. J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol., 1962, 63, 222-228.

 

Blum, G. S. A model of the mind: Explored by hypnotically
controlled experiments and examined for its psychodynamic
implications. New York: Wiley, 1961.

Blum, G. S. Programming people to simulate machines. In
Tomkins, S., and Messick, S. (Eds.), Computer simulation
of personality. New YOrk: Wiley, 1963. Pp. 127-157.

Edwards; A. L. Experimental design in psychological research.
New Ybrk: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1964.

Erickson, M. H. and Kubie, L. S. The successful treatment of
a case of acute hysterical depression by a return under
hypnosis to a critical phase of childhood. Psych. Quart.,
1941, 19, 592—609.

Erickson, M. H. Hypnotic techniques for the therapy of acute
psychiatric disturbances in war. Am J. Psychiat., 1945,
101 668.

 

Erickson, M. H. Initial experiments investigating the nature
of hypnosis. Amer. J. Clin. Hypn., 1964, 1, 152-162.

24

25

Gill, M. M., and Brenman, M. Hypnosis and related states:
Psychoanalytic studies in regression. New YOrk: Inter-
national University Press, 1959.

Glass, L. B., and Barber, T. X. A note on hypnotic behavior,
the definition of the situation and the placebo effect.
Jinerv. Ment. Dis., 1961, 132, 539-541.

Hilgard, E. R. Hypnotic Susceptibility. New Yerk: Harcourt,
Brace and World, Inc., 1965.

 

Hull, C. L. _Hanosis and suggestibility. New YOrk & London:
Appleton-Century, 1933.

Jacobson, E. Progressive relaxation. Chicago: Univeristy of
Chicago Press, 1938.

 

Kubie, L. S. and Margolin, S. The process of hypnotism and the
nature of the hypnotic state. Amer. J. Psychiat. 1944,
100, 611-622.

Orne, M. T. The nature of hypnosis: Artifact and essence.
J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol., 1959, 58, 277-299.

Pena, F. Perceptual isolation and hypnotic suggestibility.
Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Washington State
University, 1962.

Peters, G. A., and Merrifield, P. R. Graphic representation
of emotional feelings. J. Clin. Psychol., 1958, 14,
375-378.

 

Reyher, J. Hypnosis. Dubuque, Iowa: William C. Brown Co.,
1968.

Rosen, H. Radical hypnotherapy of apparent medical and surgi-
cal emergencies. J. Pers., 1951, 1, 326-339.

Rosen, H. Hypnotherapy in Clinical Psyctiatry. New Ybrk:
Ju ' , 1953.

Sanders, R. 8., Jr., and Reyher, J. Sensory deprivation and
the enhancement of hypnotic susceptibility. J. Abnorm.

Psychol.... 1969, 14;, 375-381.

 

2.6

Sarbin, T. R. Contributions to role taking theory: I. Hyp-
notic behavior. Psych. Review, 1950, 51, 255-270.

 

Sargent, W. and Fraswer, R. Inducing light hypnosis by hyper-
ventilation. Lancet, 1938, 235, 778.

Shor, R. E. Hypnosis and the concept of generalized reality
orientation. Amer. J. Psychother., 1959, 13, 582-602.

 

Siegal, S. Non-parametric statistics. New Y0rk: McGraw-Hill,
1956.

 

Stampfl, T. J. Implosive Therapy. Demonstration at Michigan
State University, April 17, 1971.

Weitzenhoffer, A. M., Grough, P. B., and Landes, J. A study
of the Braid effect: Hypnosis by visual fixation.
J. Psychol., 1969, 41, 67-80.

Weitzenhoffer, A. M., and Hilgard, E. R. Stanford Hypnotic
Susceptibility Scale. Forms A and B. Consulting Psy-
chologiests Press, Inc., Palo Alto, California, 1965.

 

Wells, W. R. Experiments in waking hypnosis for instructional
purposes. J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol., 1924, 1g, 389-404.

Wolberg, L. R. Medical hypnosis. New Ybrk: Grune & Stratton,
1948.

27

Table 1. Items (1-21) of post-test interview scored for fre-

quency with which gs in the OH and RH Groups used the

term hypnosis.

FREQUENCY

OH RH

O O l.
O O 2.
O O 3.
1 O 4.
O O 5.
1 0 6.
O 0 7.
0 O 8.
l O 9.
O O 10.
O 0 ll.
0 0 12.
O O 13.
O 0 l4.

ITEM

How do you feel?

Can you tell me something about your
experiences?

What can you recall?

What were your feelings at any particular
time?

Why did you do or not do certain tasks?
What was the purpose of these tasks?
How did you feel when you performed them?

How did you feel when I asked you to do
them?

Why do you think I gave you these tasks?
What else can you recall?

How did you feel toward me as another per-
son in the room during the experiment?

Did you have any vivid reactions toward
anything I said or did during the experi-

ment?

Did you feel a change in yourself during
the experiment?

At any particular time? (if applicable)

15.

16.

19.

20.

21.

28

If so, describe this change. (if appli-
cable)

What state of condition did you feel your-
self to be in?-

Was it similar to sleep?

Was it similar to relaxation?

What was the purpose of this experiment?
Have you ever experienced hypnosis?

Do you feel that you were hypnotized
during this experiment?

APPENDIX A
STANFORD HYPNOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY SCALE

FORM A (ALTERED VERSION)

i 1“ 4". I'll ll." I I!" .f’ I I I (1|. '1' {r .l'lll.) [III ‘II. lull" ‘1" ‘II (III.

30"

STANFORD HYPNOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY SCALE
FORM A (ALTERED VERSION)
1. POSTURAL SWAY

To begin with, I want you to experience how it feels to res-
pond to suggestions when you are relaxed.

(Saying this, stand and move to postural sway position.)

If you will now please come and stand with your back to me.
Place your heels and toes together, hands by your sides. Head
up. NOW close your eyes and relax, just relax.

(At the end of thirty seconds go to the four-part sugges-
tions. When the subject falls go directly to the final
section (6').)

1. In a moment I will ask you to think of swaying backward.
As you know, thinking of a movement and making a movement are
closely related. Soon after you think of swaying you will ex-
perience a tendency to make the movement. You will find your-
self actually swaying backward, more and more backward, until
you sway so far that you will fall. When this happens, allow
yourself to fall. I am right behind you and I promise you I
will not let you fall very far. Here . . . let me show you
how it will be.

(Grasp the subject by the shoulders and gently but firmly
pull him backward until he falls.)

2. All right . . . listen carefully to what I say and begin
to think of swaying backward, of falling backward. You are
soon going to start swaying backward. YOu are going to sway
backward, more and more backward.

3. YOu are now beginning to sway backward. YOu are swaying
backward. More and more backward. You are swaying backward.
Ybu are swaying more and more backward. You are swaying more
and more backward. You are going backward, backward.

4. You are falling backward, swaying backward, falling back-
ward, swaying backward, falling backward, falling backward,
falling backward, backward . . . Ybu are falling, falling,
falling . . . FALL.

31

5. (If no fall occurs:) That's fine. Now you see how
thinking about a movement produces a tendency to make the
movement. It will help you to learn to relax if you can bring
yourself to give in a little more to you action tendencies.
This time I want you to let youself go and actually fall, bUt
wait until the tendency to fall is pretty strong. (Repeat
paragraphs (2), (3), and (4) above.

6. (If fall occurs:) That's fine. Now you see how thinking
about a movement produced a tendency to make the movement.

2. EYE CLOSURE

1. Now I want you to seat yourself comfortably; a hand on
each arm of the chair and look straight ahead. I am about to
give you some instructions that will help you to gradually
achieve a condition of deep relaxation. Just relax and make
yourself comfortable. Your ability to relax depends partly on
your willingness to cooperate and partly on your ability to
concentrate upon my words. YOu have already shown youself to
be cooperative by coming here, and with your further coopera-
tion I can help you to relax deeply. You can achieve this only
if you are willing. I assume that you are willing and that
you are doing your best to cooperate by listening to my voice
and concentrating on my words, letting happen whatever you
feel is going to take place. Just let it happen. If you pay
close attention to what I tell you, and think of the things I
tell you to think about, you can easily experience full and
complete relaxation. Many people report that this condition
feels at first like falling asleep, but with the difference
that somehow or other they keep hearing my voice as a sort of
background to whatever other experience they may have. But
this is also an individual experience and is not just alike
for everyone. All I ask of you is that you keep up your at-
tention and interest and continue to cooperate as you have
been cooperating. Nothing will be done that will cause you
any embarrassment. Most people find this a very interesting
experience.

(If eyes close go to 2a (2') and continue through 2a

(7')

2. Just relax. Don‘t be tense. Just keep your eyes fixed
straight ahead, if possible. Should your eyes wander, that
will be all right, just bring them back to a fixed position.

32

After a while you may find that your vision gets blurry, or
perhaps jumps about. That is all right. Should you get
sleepy, that will be fine, too. Whatever happens, let it
happen and keep staring straight ahead for a while. There
will come a time, however, when you eyes will be so tired,
will feel so heavy, that you will be unable to keep them open
any longer and they will close, perhaps quite involuntarily.
When this happens, just let it take place.

(If eyes close, go to Za (2') and continue throught 2a

(7').

3. Relax completely. Relax every muscle of your body. Relax
the muscles of your legs . . . Relax the muscles of your feet .
. . relax the muscles of your arms . . . Relax the muscles of
your neck . . . Relax all the muscles of your body . . . Let
yourself be limp, limp, limp. Relax more and more, more and
more. Relax completely. Relax completely. Relax completely.

(If eyes close, go to 2a (2') and continue through 2a (7')

4. As you relax more and more, a feeling of heaviness perhaps
comes over your body. A feeling of heaviness is coming into
your legs and your arms . . . into your feet and your hands .
. . into your whole body. Your legs feel heavy and limp,
heavy and limp . . . your arms are heavy, heavy . . . YOur
whole body feels heavy, heavier and heavier. Like lead. Your
eyelids feel especially heavy. Heavy and tired. You are be-
ginning to feel drowsy, drowsy and sleepy. Ybu are getting
drowsy and sleepy, more and more drowsy and sleepy while your
eyelids become heavier and heavier, more and more tired and
heavy.

(If eyes close, go to 2a (4') and continue through 2a (7')

5. YOur eyes are tired from staring. The heaviness in your
eyelids is increasing. Soon you will not be able to keep your
eyes open. Soon your eyes will close of themselves. Ybur
eyelids will be too heavy to keep open. Ybur eyes are tired
from staring. YOur eyes are becoming wet from straining. YOu
are becoming increasingly drowsy and sleepy. The strain in
your eyes is getting greater and greater, greater and greater.
It would be so nice to close your eyes, to relax completely,
and just listen sleepily to my voice talking to you. You would
like to close your eyes and relax completely, relax completely.

33

You will soon reach your limit. The strain will be so great,
your eyes will be so tired, you lids will be so heavy, your
eyes will close of themselves, close of themselves.

(If eyes close, go to 2a (5') and continue through 2a (7')

6. Your eyelids are getting heavy, very heavy. YOu are re-
laxed, very relaxed. There is a pleasant feeling of warmth
and heaviness all through your body. You are tired and drowsy.
Tired and sleepy. Relaxed. Sleepy. Relaxed. Listen only to
my voice. Pay attention to nothing else but my voice. YOur
eyes are getting blurred. YOu are having difficulty seeing.
Your eyes are strained. The strain is getting greater and
greater, greater and greater.

(If eyes close, go to 2a (6') and continue through 2a (7')

7. YOur lids areWheavy_ HEavy as lead. Getting heavier and
heavier, heavier and heavier. They are pushing down, down,
down. YOur eyelids seem weighted, weighted with lead, heavy
as lead . . . Your eyes are blinking, blinking, blinking . . .
closing . . . closing . . .

(If eyes have not yet closed:)

8. Soon your eyes would close by themselves, but there is no
need to strain them more. Ybu have concentrated well and have
become relaxed and drowsy. Now we have come to the time when
you may just let your eyes close. (If no response:) That's
it, now close them.

9. You are now comfortably relaxed, but you are going to re-
lax even more, much more. Your eyes are now closed. You will
keep your eyes closed until I tell you otherwise. Ybu feel
drowsy and sleepy. Just keep listening to my- voice. Pay
close attention to it. Keep your thoughts on what I am saying,
just listen. You are going to get much more drowsy and sleepy.
Soon you will be deeply relaxed but you will continue to hear
me. YOu will not awaken until I tell you to do so. I shall
now begin to count. At each count you will feel yourself
gOing down, down, into a deep, comfortable, a deep relaxation.
A relaxation in which you will be able to do what I ask you to
do. One . . . you are going to be deeply relaxed . . . two .

. . . down, down into a deep relaxation . . . three . . .

34

four . . . more and more, more and more relaxed . . . five . .
. six . . . seven . . . you are sinking, sinking into a deep,
deep relaxation. Nothing will disturb you. Pay attention only
to my voice and only to such things as I may call to your at-
tention. I would like you to keep on paying attention to my
voice and the things I tell you. eight . . . nine . . . ten .
. . eleven . . . twelve . . . deeper and deeper, always deeper
. . . thirteen . . . fourteen . . . fifteen . . . although
deeply relaxed you can clearly hear me. You will always hear
me no matter how deeply relaxed you may feel yourself to be .

. . sixteen . . . seventeen . . . eighteen . . . deeply re-
laxed. Nothing will disturb you. You are going to experience
many things that I will tell you to experience . . . nineteen .
. . twenty. Deeply relaxed. YOu will not awaken until I tell
you to do so. YOu will wish to relax and sill have the exper-
iences I shall presently describe.

(GO tO Instruction 3. HAND LOWERING)

2a. EYE CLOSURE
For those who close their eyes early

(As soon as eyes close, terminate sentence appropriately,
then say:)

You are comfortably relaxed, but you are going to relax much
more, much more. Your eyes are now closed. Keep your eyes
closed until I tell you to Open them.

(2') Just relax. Don't be tense. Pay close attention to my
voice. Try to pay attention to it as much as you can. Should
your attention wander away from it, that will be all right . .
. just bring your attention back to it. After a while you may
find that my voice seems to become faint or to recede from you
or again changes in quality. That is all right. Should you
get sleepy, that will be fine, too. Whatever happens, let it
happen and just keep listening to my voice while you become
more and more relaxed. More and more relaxed. Just listen
and relax. Whatever you feel is happening, just let it happen.

(3') Relax completely. Relax every muscle of your body. Re-
lax the muscles Of your legs. . . Relax the muscles Of your f

feet . . . Relax the muscles Of your hands, of your fingers .

. . Relax the muscles of your neck . . . Relax all the muscles
of your body . . . Let yourself be limp, limp, limp. Relax

35

more and more, more and more. Relax completely. Relax com-
pletely. Relax completely.

(4') As you relax more and more, a feeling Of heaviness comes
over your body. A feeling Of heaviness is coming into your
legs and your arms . . . into your feet and your hands . . .
into your whole body. Your legs feel heavy and limp, heavy
and limp . . . your arms are heavy, heavy . . . your whole
body feels heavy, heavier and heavier. Like lead. YOu are
beginning to feel drowsy, drowsy and sleepy. YOur breathing
is becoming slow and regular. You are getting drowsy and
sleepy, more and more drowsy and sleepy while your entire body
becomes more and more relaxed, more and more relaxed.

(5') YOu are relaxed, quite relaxed. But you can relax even
more if you allow yourself to do so. YOu will soon attain a
state Of deep relaxation, Of complete relaxation. YOu are be-
coming increasingly drowsy and sleepy. There is a pleasant
feeling Of warmth and heaviness throughout your body. YOu feel
so relaxed, you are losing interest in everything else but my
voice, to which you listen sleepily. Soon there will be
nothing else tO attend to but my voice. All the while you
keep becoming more and more relaxed.

(6') You are relaxed, very relaxed. There is a pleasant
feeling of warmth and heaviness, Of lethargy, all through

your body. You are tired and drowsy. Tired and sleepy. Very
relaxed. You want only tO listen to my voice. Pay attention
to nothing else but my voice. YOu have no cares, no worries
now. You are pleasantly, deeply relaxed, getting more deeply
relaxed all the time. Everything else but my voice is be-
coming remote, quite remote. Nothing else but my voice seems
important, nothing else is important. Nothing else but my
voice and what I have to say to you now seems Of interest.

And even my voice may come to you as in a dream as you relax
more and more, as you sink deeper into this lethargy, this deep
state of relaxation. Relax, relax . . . deeply relaxed.

Deepr and deeper all the time.

(7') You feel drowsy and sleepy. Just keep listening to my
voice. Pay close attention to it. Keep your thoughts on what
I am saying, just listen. YOu are going to get much more
drowsy and sleepy. Soon you will be deeply relaxed but you
will continue to hear me. You will not awaken until I tell
you to do so. I shall now begin to count. At each count you

36

will feel yourself going down, down, into a deep, comfortable,
a deep relaxation. A relaxation in which you will be able to
do all sorts of things I ask you to do. One . . . You are
going to be deeply relaxed . . . Two . . . down, down into a
deep relaxation . . . Three . . . Four . . . more and more,
more and more relaxed . . . five . . . six . . . seven . . .
you are sinking, sinking into a deep, deep relaxation.

Nothing will disturb you. Pay attention only to my voice

and only to such things as I may call to your attention. I
would like you to keep on paying attention to my voice and

the things I tell you . . . eight . . . nine . . . ten . . .
eleven . . . twelve . . . deeper and deeper, always deeper
relaxed . . . thirteen . . . fourteen . . . fifteen . . . al-
though deeply relaxed, you can clearly hear me. YOu will
always hear me no matter how deeply relaxed you may feel your-
self tO be . . . sixteen . . . seventeen . . . eighteen . . .
deeply relaxed, nothing will distub you. YOu are going to ex-
perience many things that I tell you to experience . . .
nineteen . . . twenty . . . deeply relaxed. You will not
awaken until I tell you to do so. YOu will wish to relax and
will have the experiences I shall presently describe.

. . V

(Go to Instruction 3. HAND LOWERING)
3. HAND LOWERING (LEFT HAND)

Now that you are very relaxed and sleepy, listening without
effort to my voice, I am going to help you to learn more about
how your thoughts affect your actions in this state. Not all
people experience just the same things in this state, and per-
haps you will not have all the experiences I will describe to
you. That will be all right. But you will have at least some
of the experiences and you will find these interesting. YOu
just experience whatever you can. Pay close attention to

what I tell you and watch what happens. Just let happen what—
ever you find is happening, even if it is not what you expected.

Please extend your left arm straight out, with the palm Of

your hand down. That's it. I want you now to pay close atten-
tion to this hand, the feelings in it, and what is happening

to it. As you pay attention tO it you are more aware Of it
than you have been . . . you notice whether it is warm or cool,
whether there is a little tingling in it, whether there is a
tendency for the fingers to twitch ever so slightly . . . I
want you to pay close attention to this hand because something

37

very interesting is about to happen to it. It is beginning
to get heavy . . . heavier and heavier . . . as though a
weight were pulling the hand and the arm down . . . you can
picture a weight pulling on it . . . and as it feels heavier
and heavier it begins to move . . . as if something were
forcing it down . . . a little bit down . . . more and more
down . . . down . . . and as I count it gets heavier and
heavier and goes down more and more . . . one, down . . .

tWO. down . . . three, down . . . four . . . five . . . six .
. . seven . . . eight . . . heavier and heavier, down and more
and more . . . nine . . . down . . . ten . . . heavier and
heavier . . . down more and more.

(Unless all the way down, allow‘ten seconds; then continue:)

(If 29£_a11 the way down:) That's fine . . . just let your
hand now go the rest of the way down to its original position
on the arm of the chair and relax. YOu must have noticed how
heavy and tired the arm and hand felt: much more so than it
ordinarily would if you were to hold it out that way for a
little while; you probably noticed how something seemed tO be
pulling it down. Now just relax, your hand and arm are now
quite comfortable again. There . . . just relax.

(If all the way down:) That's fine . . . just let your hand
rest there on the arm Of the chair and relax. Your hand and
arm are now quite comfortable again. There . . . just relax.

4. ARM IMMOBILIZATION (RIGHT ARM)

You are very relaxed. The general heaviness you have felt from
time to time you now feel all over your body. Now I want you
to pay close attention to your right arm and hand . . . YOur
right arm and hand shar in the feeling of heaviness . . . how
heavy your right hand feels . . . and note as you think about
this heaviness in your hand and arm the heaviness seems tO
grow even more . . . NOW your arm is getting heavy . . . very
heavy. Now your hand is getting heavy . . . so heavy . . .
like lead . . . perhaps a little later you would like to see
how heavy your hand is . . . it seems much too heavy to lift
. . . but perhaps in spite of being so heavy you could lift
it a little, although it may now be too heavy even for that .
. . Why don't you see how heavy it is . . . Just try to lift
your hand up, just try. Just try to lift your hand up, just
try. (Allow 10")

 

iil'!

.39

(If hand lifts:) That's fine. You notice how you had to
lift it against some resistance because Of the relaxed state
you are in. NOw place your hand back on the arm of the chair
and relax. Your hand and arm now feel normal again. They
are no longer heavy. Just relax . . . relax completely.

(If hand does not lift:) That's fine . . . stop trying . . .
just relax. Your hand and arm now feel normal again. They
are no longer heavy. You could lift them if you wanted to,
but don't try now. Just relax . . . relax completely.

5 . FINGER LOCK

Now let us try something else. Put your fingers together.
Interlock your fingers. That's it. Press your hands tightly
together. Notice how your fingers are becoming tightly in-
terlocked together, more and more tightly interlocked together
. . . so tightly interlocked together that you wonder very
much if you could take your fingers and hands apart . . . YOur
fingers are interlocked, tightly interlocked . . . and I want
you to try to take your hands apart . . . just try . . .
(Allow 10")

(If taken apart:) That's all right. YOu notice how hard it
was to get started. Now return your hands to their resting
positions and relax . . . just relax.

(If not taken apart:) Stop trying and relax . . . YOur hands
are no longer tightly clasped together . . . YOu can take them
apart . . . Take them apart, return them to the arms of the
chair and relax . . . just relax.

6. Jam 'RIGIDITY)

Please extend your left arm straight out, and make a fist . .
. Arm straight out, a tight fist. I want you to pay attention
to this arm and imagine that it is becoming stiff . . .
stiffer and stiffer . . . very stiff . . . and now you notice
that something is happening to your arm . . . you notice a
feeling Of stiffness coming into it . . . It is becoming stiff
. . . more and more stiff . . . rigid . . . like a bar Of iron
. . . and you know how difficult . . . how impossible it is to
bend a bar of iron like your arm . . . See how much your arm
is like a bar of iron . . . test how stiff and rigid it is .

. . try to bend it . . . try. (Allow 10")

 

 

39

(If arm bends:) That's good. I want you to experience many
things. You felt the creeping stiffness. . . that you had to
exert a good deal of effort to bend your arm. Just place your
arm back in resting position. It is not stiff anymore. As
your arm relaxes, let your whole body relax.

(If arm does not bend:) Now relax . . . stop trying to bend
your arm . . . It is not stiff any longer . . . Let it relax
back to the arm Of the chair . . . Just relax.

 

7. MOVING HANDS (TOGETHER)

Please hold both hands out in fron Of you, palms facing inward,
hands about a foot apart. Here, I'll help you. Now I want
you to imagine a force attracting your hands toward each other,
pulling them together. As you think of this force pulling
your hands together, they will move together, slowly at first,
but they will move closer together, closer and closer together
as though a force were acting on them. . . moving . . . closer,
closer . . . (Allow 10")

(If hands have not touched:) That's fine. YOu see again how
thinking about a movement causes a tendency to make it. Let
me show you how little more your hands would have had to move
to come together.

 

(If hands have touched:) That's fine. Now place your hands
back on the arm of the chair and relax.

8. VERBAL INHIBITION (NAME)

You are very relaxed now . . . deeply relaxed . . . think how
hard it mtght be to talk while so deeply relaxed . . . perhaps
as hard to talk as when asleep . . . I wonder if you could say
your name. I really don't think you could . . . You might try
a little later when I tell you to . . . but I think you will
find it quite difficult . . . Why don't you try to say your
name now . . . just try to say it. (Allow 10")

(If name spoken:) That's all right. YOu see again how you
have to make an effort to do something normally as easy as
saying your name. YOu can say it much more easily now. Say
it again . . . That's right, now relax.

40

(If name not Spoken:) That's all right . . . stop trying and
relax. You can say your name easily now . . . GO ahead and
say it . . . That's right. NOw relax.

 

9. HALLUCINATION (FLY)

I am sure that you have paid so close attention to what we _"
have been doing that you have not noticed the fly which hasf'
been buzzing about you . . . But now that I call your attention
to it you become increasingly aware of this fly which is going
round and round about your head . . . nearer and nearer to

you . . . buzzing annoyingly . . . hear the buzz getting

louder as it keeps darting at you . . . You don't care much

for this fly . . . You would like to shOO it away . . . get

rid Of it . . . It annoys you. GO ahead and get rid of it if
you want tO . . . (Allow 10")

There, it's going away . . . it's gone . . . and you are no
longer annoyed . . . no more fly. Just relax, relax completely.

Q‘.‘

10. EYE CATALEPSY

You have had your eyes closed for a long time while you have
remained relaxed. They are by runwtightly closed, tightly
shut . . . If you tried to open them now, they most likely
would feel as if your eyelids were glued together . . .
tightly glued shut . . . Perhaps you would soon like to try to
Open your eyes in spite of their feeling so heavy and so com-
pletely . . . so tightly closed. Just try . . . try to open
your eyes. (Allow 10")

(If eyes Open:) All right, close your eyes again. YOu had a
chance to feel how tightly shut they were. Now relax . . .
just keep your eyes closed and relax.

(If eyes remain closed:) Now relax . . . stop trying. YOur
eyes are normal again, but just keep them closed and relax.

11. POST-HYPNOTIC SUGGESTION (CHANGING CHAIRS): AMNESIA

Remain deeply relaxed and pay close attention to what I am
going to tell you next. In a moment I shall begin counting
backwards fron twenty to one. YOu will gradually wake up,
but for most of the count you will remain in the state you
are now in. By the time I reach "five" you will Open your

41

eyes, but you will not be fully aroused. When I get to "one"
YOU yill_be fully alert, in your normal state of wakefulness.
You probably will have the impression that you have slept be-
cause you will have difficulty in remembering all the things

I have told you and all the-things that you did or felt. In
fact, you will find it to be so much of an effort to recall
any Of these things that you will have no wish to do so. It
will be much easier simply to forget everything until I tell
you that you can remember. You will remember nothing Of what
has happened until I say to you: "Now you can remember every-
thing!" YOu will not remember anything until then. After you
open your eyes, you will feel fine. You will have no headache
or other after affects. I shall now count backwards from
twenty, and at "five", not sooner, you will Open your eyes

but not be fully aroused until I say "one". At "one" you will
be awake . . . A little later I shall tap my pencil on the
table. When I do, you will get up from this chair and move

to the chair that is straight ahead Of you, and sit in it.

YOu will do this, but forget that I told you to do so. just

as you will forget the other things, until I tell you "Now

you can remember everything." Ready, now: 20...19...18...
17...16...15...14...13...12...ll...10...9...8...7...6...5...
4...3...2...1.

(If subject has gyes open:) How do you feel? Do you feel
wide awake? (If drowsy:) The feeling will gO away soon.
YOu feel wide awake now!

 

(If subject keeps eyes closed:) Wake up! Wide awake! How do
you feel? (If drowsy:) The feeling will go away soon. YOu
feel wide awake now!

(Ifwsubject remains seated:) Please move into the chair
that is straight ahead of you. I want to ask you a few ques-
tions about your experiences.

 

(If subject moves into chair:) Please move into the chair
that is striaght ahead Of you. I want to ask you a few ques-
tions about your experiences.

APPENDIX B

POST TEST INTERVIEW

10.

ll.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

POST TEST DATA

ITEM
How do you feel?
Can you tell me something about your experiences?
What can you recall?
What were your feelings at any particular time?
Why did you do or not do certain tasks?
What was the purpose of these tasks?
How did you feel when you performed them?
How did you feel when I asked you to do them?
Why do you think I gave you these tasks?
What else can you recall?

How did you feel toward me as another person in the room
during the experiment?

Did you have any vivid reactions toward anything I said or
did during the experiment?

Did you feel a change in yourself during the experiment?
At any particular time? (if applicable)

If so, describe this change. (if applicable)

What state of condition did you feel yourself to be in?
Was it similar tO sleep?

Was it similar to relaxation?

What was the purpose Of this experiment?

43

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

ITEM
Have you ever experienced hypnosis?

DO you feel that you were hypnotized during this experi-
ment?

When did you think you were hypnotized? (if applicable)

Were you aware of this during the experiment? or Were you
aware that this was an experiment in hypnosis?

* ;- Parr

At what point? (if applicable)

h‘zhv I ."

Did you realize it suddenly or gradually? (if applicable)

What were your reactions, if any?

 

What are your reactions now?

How do you feel about hypnosis now?

How did you feel about hypnosis before this experiment?
DO you feel any resentment concerning the methods used?
Can you tell me more?

DO you have any questions or thoughts about the
experiment?

How old are you?

Are you married or single?

44

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MICHIGAN STATE UNIVER ITY LIBRARIES

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