METHODS AND EQUIPMENT FOR
DETERMINING THE MOISTURE CONTENT

AND RATE OF DRYING OF HAY
IN THE FIELD AND IN THE MOW

Thesis {gar the Degree of M. S.
MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE
Cemyw Kenneth KIIne

1949

,1 Int-aw

NETHCUS RED EJUI?FEUT FOR DTTETVIHT§3 THE ”CIfiUd”?
CCKT KT AND RATE C? 93?]N3 CF HAY IN 153

"V, 3%.". .7 :v 1”? 'I
FIéil u‘U&)J' I:“ TE&£ ‘-.C it}

3?
Cornyw Kenneth Kline

 

A Thesis

Submitted to the School of Graduate Studioa of miohigan
State College of Agriculture and Applied Sciencs
In partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MA T33 CF SCI3393

Department of Agricultural Engineering

1949

THESIS

AC???- "I L‘*.1‘?GT“*3I T

the aging? wishes to eXpréas sincere appreciation

to tha following:

Professor 3. 3. Vient for his sincere and he 13fu1
advice and gu123nce in curryfin.g out the several
projects.

roster G. J. Bonyoucoa 50? his Lelpfulne 3 v-?;ile /
conducting the resistance wethod for measuring
the moisture centent cf hay and for the use of
his equipment.

Instructor F. N. Eart for his help and cooperation
in correlating the wcrk with the J. I. Case Fay

Tue J_ I. Case COfigany for the ass of thsir equiwment
anfi hay érying barn.

Superintendent C. K. WcCrury of tha w. K. 3011033
Demonstration Farm and his star? for tkafr aid

in mck-n° tha crushad ve us the uncruahefi hay

drying teats.

T0 my wife, Darothy, for hp? encaurafadafit and

h..-
a
*4

in Prooforaafiin; and typinp.

f); km W- W

Kiri ( f: I

Part I.

Part II.

TABLE OF COETENTS

Page

fieasuroment of the fioistura Coatanb of
Baled Hay During How Curing by Measuring
the Resistance of Fabric Abaorptien Units...
Introéuotion ..............................q
Reason for Investigation ................
Review of Literature ....................
ijootivel .................................
Statement of tho Problem ...................
Apparatus and Equipment ................c¢c.

KethOd 0: Testing occooooovo¢aocoo¢..oc.00..

First TOSt cocan.OOOQcQOQnoooaoooogooocoo

Second Tfiflt a00.00.000.000...000000000... n

ROIultI and D1IGUIIlan cocoooooctooaoonocovt
FIPDD TOUt 0000goon.acoooonudoooQ-ooacon-
Second 568$ oicngoogoacooooonoco-cocoa...

C0fl¢1fl810nl o¢otoooE6.oooooooo.ouoocoo0uucoo

fiecommendatioms for Further Study ..........

Field Drying thfll of Alfalfa. Alfalfa Ind
Bromo Crane, and JUno Clover Hay in the
Summer Of 1943 doocnnoooooouon¢onooococooooo

Introduction ....~.s.........o..............
abjectivaa oou.....uu.......o..oo....o..oo..
statement of tho Prdblom....a...oo..o....o.o
Method of Making That! ..co........o..o..ooo
fianuits and Observation. ..................o

Fir-t Cutting ootoooooocaooocoou000000.00

$°°°nd Cutting .0OIOOOOOOOOOOGOOIOOOOOIOO

tn rt >4 ya

10
11
11
13
15

£6
86
35

‘4
45

47
47
48
48

65

Page
Dicculcicn oooocoooooocccooocooooooococococ 7°
COHOIQSiOflI so...ooooooooocooooococci-coco. 75

Part III. Botorminstion of the moisture Content and the
Frying Rate of flay in the Field by Exhaust

OVGn Drying cooout...boonoooocuooocooooocoo 73

Introduction 00.00.0000...oocoooooocooooooc 78
£3‘mplc Selection coco-cocoon.oooooooooooooo 80
Apparatus and Equipment .................... 81
method of Tasting ......................... 87

RCCUItI nooooooooocoooooooocoo-cocooooooooo 91
COROIUIIODO ccooooocccoooccoooocoococooooct- 93
Part IV. Ccmpnrilcn or the Drying Rate or Crushed

Versus Uncruahod Alfalfo Hay .............. 94

.Introduction .......................o....oov 94
Objectives .....55....5..........ooooao-uoy 95
Appcrntuo and General Test Condition. .o... 96
Method of ibstiné coocooooo0060009000000... 93
Limitations and Uboorvutionl .............. 101
Rolults ................................... 103

ion: Area 1 ..;.............o........o.o 102

Test Area 8 .........I.I.IIII.I.IQ..o§I..106
Discussion ..§.,..........;..;.;;.;.....;.. 110

COHOIUBlGflB oocooout...ooccoooococoooooocoo 113

Bibliography ocoonooooooooooooococo-cocooooocoooocoo 115

Appendix coco...

List of Tabiee Page

1. Types and Locetione of Sixteen fabric Absorption
Unite Used in $36 First Toot eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 2°

2. Typoe and Locations of Four Fabric Absorption
Unite Load in the 39001151 103% 0.0000000000000000... 25

3. Comparison of He} Samplee Exhaust Oven Dried with
fiaflplaa Stoam Oven DPiQd eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeooooeeee 91

Liet or Figuroe
1. Northeast View of J. I. Case Hay Curing Laboratoryu. 18

2. Locetioo of Varioue Drying Teen: In and Around the
Hay Curing LflbOPQthY eneeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 13

3. in Operator Taking Roeietenoe Reading: on Remote
Control Eoieture'Contont Keeeuring Apparatus ,....o 16

4. Location or Eoieture Content measuring Unit- in
3‘?“ Compartment: and T30 fitQOkl eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 17

5. several Typoe or Abeorfition Unite Used in the Tent. . 19
e. A Fabric Absorption um Being Pieced in A Test 2.1.. 21

7. Eeeiotence Curvo of e Ryion External Electrode Ab-
eorption Unit Located in Key Dried by £atura1 Draft
.in Compartment ”F" eeeeeeoreeeeeoeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeoee 23

8. Reeietence Curve of Fibergiee External Electrode
Absorption Unit Located in Hey Dried by Heturel
Draft in Compartment ”E" eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 3°

9. Resistance Curve of Fiberglee Externelfiiectrode
Absorption Unit Locotod in Hay Eried‘by Enhanced
Forced Air in Comportmont 'C' egeeeeeueoeeeoeeeoeee 34

10. Resistance curve of Predmoietened Internal Eleo-
trode Fiberglee Absorption Unit Located in Bay
Dried b3 Unheated Forced Air in Compartment "0" eeo 38

11. Resistance Curve of Pro-moistened External Elec-
trode Fiborglae Absorption Unit Located in Bay .
Dried by Unheetcd Forced Air in Compartment ”C" ... 39

12. Reeietence Curve of Unmoietened Internal Elec-,
trod. Fiberglee Absorption Unit Located in Hey
Dried by Unheeted Forced Air in Compartment 'B' ... 42

13. Rceietonce Curve of Unmoietonod External Elec~

trodc Eibcrglaa ibsorptioo Unit Located in flay

Dried by Unheatcd forcod Air in Compartrcnt ”E” eee 43
14. Kay Earplee Being Collected in the field For

Oven Lrging in order to rotormine the Hoieture

Cont-out 00000000000Ooeeeeoeoeeoeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 51
15. frying Curve: of iiret Cutting Alfalfa and Crane

flay in yield “A", Winérowe 2 to 15 .............o.q 55
16. Drying Curves of first Cutting Alfelfn and Cruel

£833 in E‘lfilé IA”. Elndrows 32 t0 ‘9 goeogueogeoggeg 59
17. Drying Curvoe or First Cutting Alfalfa cad Grace

Ray in 31015 "b" eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 60
18. Drying Curvee of First Cutting Alfalfa end Brass

Key in FlOld ”C" eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 62
19. Drying Curves of First Cutting Clover end gree-

flay in F1315 ”D” eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 64
20. Drying Curvoe or First Cutaing_clover and Grass

E0? in F1016 ”3" ..........o....................o.. 56
21. Drying Curve: of Second Cutting Alfelre and Green

Hay in Field ”A” eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 67
22. Erying Curve: of Second Cutting Alfalfa end Green

Hay in Fielé ”B” and ”C” eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 59
23. Percent of Eoieture Content on | Eat Basie Com-

pared tith Parcent moisture Content on a Ery Eaeie. 76
24. Cozupoaont Part8 01' thfi hhflflfit Oven eegtggcquoooee E2
25. The Exhaust Oven Drying Toot Being Made with e Cone

Tractcr eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 85
25. Sample Fate Shoot Used for Running Lxheuet Oven Test. 90
27. The John Bean Haymakerlihich tee Used for Cruahing

th. HAY eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeoee 97
28. Sketch Of FiOld Tblt Arac- oeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 99
29. Comparison of the Drying fietee of Crushed and Un-

cruehed Alfalfa flay in Test Area 1 .............ooo 105
50. Comperisoa of the Drying Rates of Crushed and Un-

crushed Alfalfa fioy in Toot iron 2 eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 107

51.

(A
to

(32

Comparison of Drying Kate: 0! Crussed and Un-
crushad Hay Rakefl at High fioiaturo Content in _
T38: Are. 2 ooooooo0.00.0900unaccouootoooooooooo 108

Comparison of ?rying Rates of frushod and Sa-
erushad Hay flaked when flpproaching 50 Percent .
EOlStHl’fi CDJtC‘S’. 5.21 (1'68: AI‘DB 2 00.00.000.000... 109

Comparison of Trying Ratts of Crushed and Un-
QI‘USELQd 2‘18? Lfift figll‘fiked In .3631”. Arena 2 oooooooq 111

PART I
1’.“ ‘"‘3"""..’..;'i.;§5'1;' 07"” 33;. I-f-JISTIFLE Cig‘ii'fhle'f' O?“ i'ig‘zLJI} HAY {TURHSFG

tr -"$"f'?"7-I"-" ”I"? C'TP‘W If" ‘ ‘ ”E?!
-~:..--.<as- niilfi (in; .x ii.“ 3 37. ~. .1 cu .kt‘xuhjb ‘34

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‘S'Ef? 'J“L'C T131“

Fagson for tho Investigations' A method was sought to
quickly and accurately uncertain the moisture contant or
baled hay in the mow without aampling or disturbing the hay.
As tie curing process is essentially a process 0. moistura
reznoval, the proLlem invzlved is one of :neaauring tha moiSn

r9 content of the hay and determining whan it hat reached

a moisture content acre for storage.

In mow curing loose or chapped hay there is no re-
liabla method for “Oterflldinu than tha hay has reached the
aafe atora: ;a point. "ha usual prncedt re for checking the
progress of the curing with a forced draft system is to
shut off the fan or blower for nevsral hours. If the hay
"h6at8. during this time it indicates that the hay is not
aufficiently dry and tha drying précasa is continued. A:
it often happens, ths drying process is stepped too soon
rasulting in spoilage and poor quality hay, or it is con-
tinued needlessly lang resulting in ineffioiancy and higher
érying coats. If auch a method could be worked Gut it
would b9 u walcsme adeition tn the hundrtée of users of
hay drier; now in aptration and to the thounanda that will

to installed within the next few years.

chiac of Litora arc: Electric conductivity methods
have been used for flotcctlng and measuring changes in the
moisture content of more or loss uniform matoficlc. This
method ham boon employed in measuring tho change in the
moisture conbcnt of ccramlc clay in infiuctry for c number
of yccrs. Direct raoiagcncc methods have also been used
in foundries to mcocurc the moisture in corn canfis. Con:
ductivlty measurements nova never been cucccssful in soil,
however, becoucc of tho influence of compaction, texture,

colt content, and tcnpcraiuro Variations.

In 1940 Dr. G. J. Bocyoucoa and Prof. A. H. flick
developed an cloczrical resistance manage for the contin-
uous mcesurumcnt of coil moisturo unécr field conoitionc.
Errors caused by compaction, tcxturc, and salt content
tore avoided by imbcdding the clcctrodcc in a material

such as plaster or Paris.

Plaator of Paris in a vary corona material, holding
6% percent of its dry weight of water when saturated. The
pore spaces are of the proper size to facilitate capillary
movomcnt of water. It takca only a foo cecoidc to saturate
a plaster of Paris block with wcior. It also has an an-
usual preperty of 61pmdélnfi coon setting. forming a very

excellent contact cith Loo electrodes.

lac principle or the absorption block is that it cc-
tablichcc an equilibrium with th moisture in the soil and

the electrical resistance of the absorption block varica

inversely with the moisturo that it caztains. Khan placed
in soil or water the block establishes equilibrium with the
coil or water and soon becomes constant. If the coil 18
dry 1t absorbs only a little moisture, but if it in wet it
abnorba a largc amount. If tho moisture content of tho
coil changcs after equilibrium has been catabliahcd, the
block gains or lcscs moisture to rc-cstcbllch equilibrium
with the 8011. T09 block thus follows any moisture changes
that take place in tho soil surrounding it. Thc moisture
content of the block determines its electrical resistance.
A change in the moisture content of tha coil is reflected
by a corresponding changc 1n the moistura contant of the
absorption block and its electrical resistance. Tempera-
ture in the only factor which affects tho electrical real:-
tancc or the plantar of Paris block outside of its moisture

content.

As the moisturc content of the block decreases, its
electrical resistance increases and vice Verse. A change
of tcnpcrcturc affects tho electrical resistance of the
absorption block chcn the molcburc content remains constant.
Ehis effect of compcrcturo on the electrical resistance is
relatively the acme at all moisture contonta. as the tem-
pcrnzuro increases the electrical resistance of the block
decreases for a glvcn moisture content. Thus at I constant
tempcraturc, the electrical resistance of the absorption
block varies only with its moisture content. For accurctc

measurements the absorption block should be corrected for

temporcturo.

An aficptcticn of the whectatona bridge is used to
make the rcvlstance weasurcwcnts. Since no satisfactory
stnnflsrd, portable, commercial unit was originally avail~
able, one was devéIOpad. fihc efiapted bridrc consists of:
l) A 2,000 cycle vacuum tuba oacillstor, powarcd by
dry cell battartcc, chfich supplies altacnating cur-
rent at high frequency, eliminating polarization
and electrclgsls errors;

0
l

2) A vcriablc candanscr to balance out tcc capacitance
introduced by the abscrgtlon units nnfi up to 200
feet of com crcial strand rubbcr coated ceppcr wire;

Variabla rcsfistuncc arms to increase the acaci-

(.4
v

tivity, the proper combination of which is selected
by multiplier switches:
4) A logarithmic potcntlomctrlc rhcostat with a six
inch 3131 as the graduated arm which is adjusted
ta get the final null point.
The bridge is reed by making use of the sound cficrcctcr-

h

lstics of oscillating current. fine circuit is tuned to
the null point which is detarmincd by listcnlcw‘wlth car
phones. A great contrast in tone voluna which rapidly
faces to a minimum level within an extremely narrow ranre,
contributes to thc 9339 in adjuctmcnt of the instrumcnt.
Lav phonca arc much less expcnalvc and more satisfactory
for field mark than a ”magic eye" assembly. Feacurcccnta

may b3 mafia quickly, usually in less than a minute. The

bridge has a range of 5,000,000 ohms. 750 high poccr

output produces a 103' signal which is in sharp cmntrsst
with the null coins which is usually markcd by total 81-

1533109.

Thrcc plcccutlccc must b9 observed in using absorption

blocks:

1) The blocka should be saturczcd with distilled
watcr when they are lmbcdded in thc call;

2) A cloac contact must axis; bcfiwccn tha block and
the soil;

5) If quantitative data is dcslrcd, a sample of soil
from lmmedlatcly around thc block must bc rascrved
for use in calibration. Rowcvcr, for most prac-
tical parcoscs, standard absorption blccka nced
not he callbrctcd. In all calls thc rasiatancc
reaclngc may be directly Interpreted, as the par-
centage of cvcilablo water in all cells in approxi-

mately the same for any glvcn resistance value.

ather invcacigctora havc ccnflrmcd the slope and

general characteristics of chc Boll moisture-block reels-
tancc rclcticnchlp. This rclaticnshlp bctwcen the mola-
turc in the coil and block rcalaficncc is basically one or
free energy. In 5011 an arbitrary average resistance of
75,000 ohms has proved practical an an indicctcr or the
maximum forces against which plants can obtain moisture.
ihe resistance curve bccccca asymptotic with recpcct to

tha pcrccnt of cater in the soil. This represents the

permanent wilting point with the soil containing 3 to 4
parcent water. As the coil approaches the permcncnt wilt-
ing point, vcry scall chcn es in the volume of iotal soil
water are rcprasnntcd by relatively large chcn;es in ab-

sorption block rosictn:

0

c. Rising rcsistanco values in-
flicccc that the soil wcistorc is éccroasicg and that the
portion remaining in the soil is hold with COPPGSQORdlngly

filo block resistance falls to a con-

,1
('7
L1
‘ J

greater force. «cw
stant minimum lcvol, or the curvo becomes may poetic with
rccgcct to rccistcocc, the soil contains etcndcnt water
and may to even giving up grcvatationcl water. A prac-
tical but orb trcry value (elected for minimum resistance

is about 600 ohms, rcprcasnting about 13 percent wntor in

the 6011.

Two characteristics have limited the usefulness of
the plastcr of Paris type of absorption unit. One dia-
ndvanta;c is that it does not hcvc a wide range of
scnsitivity. It measures only the sc-cellcd availabl-
water in the soil, or a rants of soil moisture from.about
5 to 13 percent. A unit was ncefied which w ulc measure the
entire soil moisture range from saturation to air-dryness.
A second limitation, which.has no significance in regard
to measuring the m3isture contact of hay, in that plaster
of Paris docs non stand up in continuoucly saturated mois~

turc environments.

In 19~5 sguuioe more atfirted on tha possibility

No

of using various typas of fabrics for absorgtian ‘tits.
Colman, in 1946, surfested a soil moisture mater with

a fibfirylas absorption unit. Hany kinds of fabri ab-

0

sorptiou units wit“ toad int rna1 and ewtwrnal 01-

«a
O
3

trodes were investigated bv Yr. G. J. Bonyoucoa and
Prof. A. H. $10k. Units with external electrodga gave
satisfactory maaeuerents of soil metatura in tfio lab-
oratory, but they failad to correlatfi with the readings
obtained in the fialé. The discrepancy was apparently
due to external factors in tha 5011 such as degree of
campection, texture, structure, salt contant, and also-
trical lines of force. A constant knaun envirormant

:gs naeded around the electrodes.'

336 constant environment utilizing internal elec-
troéea, togethnr with the buffering action of gypsun
13 mainly PQSpuJSlble for the success of the plastsr of
Paris unit. A fabric unit has then developed embodying
the internal electrode principle. It ccnsists of the
pnrforated, extremfily thin nichla plates, or two planes
of fine manal scraeq acting as electrodes to which ara
silver soldered nira leafie. ihese elcntrndas ara sepa-
rated by wrfippings of nylon or fiberglas fabric. fihe
whole assamblago is than glacafi in a perforated niokle

case, préssed unfigr high pr333mrfi, and the case mechanin

call: fastened tagethar. Aha casg 15 par?orated all

over with square holes, % inch between centers, and in
64 percent open. She absorbent thus has a large amount

or exposure to the soil.

Rylon and fiberglas have about the some absorbent
oharaoooriatics. Fiberglos is preferred for soil work,

however, bocauso it has a much greater buffering action.

Compared with plaster of Pavia absorption blocks
the fabric absorption unit is superior in the following
ways:
1) It moaaoroa the ontlro range of soil moisture from
saturation to air dryness;
2) It has very little 1:3 in its response to mola-
ture changes:

3) It will loot longer under extremely wet conditions.

The fabric absorption unit also possesses the following
disadvantages:

1 1) It is more inert and does not have the capacity
to buffer chanan 1n the salt concentration of
the soil solution, but this is bolloved to be un-
important with regard to measuring hay moisture:

2) lbs wrapping of fabric around the screen clac-
trooea makes the contact artificial and imperfect.
In the plaster or Paris block the electrodes are
perfectly imbeodod and set, and 1: only a small
area of surface in in contact ulth the soil, a

fair index of soil moisture is obtained;

3) iho outer case of natal tanda to prevent a per.
foot contact between tho soil and tbs absorption
unit;

4) Fibarglus may absorb silt or react chemically

with coma soils.

The nylon and fiberalea absorption unita seem to
function on tha same principle as the plaster or Paris
blocks. The elsctrioal resistance of a fabric abaorbent
varies :ith its moisture contant. Khan the surrounding
soil is wet, the unit resistances are low. As tba soil
arias out, tha rwsistancea increase. The magnitude of tha
resistance change depenéa on the physical and chemical
characteristics or the absorbent material. Nylon and
fiberglaa are good :baorbants and good capillary conduc~
tors, and equilibrium is readily establishad between

moisture in tha fabric and moisture in the soil.

Th9 typical moisture curve indicated by the fabric
abeorbanb units 13 asmewhat irregular comprred to the
smooth curve obtainad with tha plaster of Paris absorption
black. This irregularity is the raault or the imperfect
contact between the electrodes an& the fabric; interfer-
ence of the outer metal casa in prevanting perfect contact
between the soil and the unit; chemical and physical prop-
ortion of the soil: and transitions of tha different form-

of water.

'- 10 -

Saturatad coil conditions are marked by constant low
resistance values in tho vicinity of 50 to 200 ohms rc-
cistanco. As air dry conditions are approached, the cur-
voc become asymptotic with respect to moisture contcnt,
generally in the vicinity of 1,000,000 ohms. Ac excess
wctcr disappccrs cné the air begins to enter tho coil
poro space, moot curves arc marked by a critical point
and furthor loseca arc marked by relatively large incrcaces
in resistance. She wilting point of soils with average
cclt ccnocntration appears to be around 10,000 to 15,000
ohm: as determined by tho fabric unit in comparison with

about 75,000 ohms catermincd by the gypsum block.

Tompcraturc influences tho rcsictoncs of tho rab-
ric unit at any givon moieturc content.' For constant
moisturc.contcnt an incrcasc in the temperature results
in a dccrcacc in the resistance value. However, the
chcnnc in resistance betccon 70° and 900?. is nearly neg-
ligible. At low moisturc lovclc the error in terms of

soil moisture percentage ic about 3 %.

OBJECTIVES
To dcvclop a mothod for determining tho moisture con-
tent or baled hay without disturbing it while it is now
dcrgoing curing in the cow so that there will be a pocitivc

means of determining when the bay has reached a moisture

content cafe for ctoragc.

- 11 -

,7, 7-. -~:,~»-~nT 1* "1:!" ”if 12"?"‘F
If. i a...‘ La“ 03' 4 Lu WC» Lh a“

A way was sought to measure thO'moieture content of
baled hay while it was being cured without disturbing it.
The fabric absorption unite developed by Ir. 6. J. Bouyouccs
and Prof. A. H. Eick appeared to have sufficient possi-

bilities to warrant a performance test in boy.
arrcyucos AfiD sorrrrrrr

The experiment was carried out in the J. I. Cneo hay
coring laboratory. See Fig. 1. Salad hay wee mow dried
by heated forced air, unheated forced, air, and natural
draft ventilation. The laboratory in divided into six
equal size compartments with one compartment being fur-
ther eubéivided into too equal parts, making a total of
seven hey drying compartments in all. See Fig. 2 for the
physical layout or the hay curing laboratory for the lo-
cation end a brief description or the various drying tests.

A centrally located instrument room made it possible to

take all roaoings by remote control.

ike equipment need in too investigation consisted of
the following!
1) Doc special $heetstone bridge. A self contained,
portable, compact, high sensitivity instrumont
which in éoccribed in more detail under "Review

of Litoreturo';

-12-

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n 14 o

2) A Iacds and Ncrthrup salcctor switch with 10

possible circuits attached to the top of an
‘ army signal corp: communication jackbcx;

3) Three army signal corps communications jackbox
bottoms which ccmplctad the individual circuits
to the possible positions for 30 fabric utsorp-
tion units;

4) The necessary ccpper ané constantnfi wire to con-
nect the Jeckbox bottoms to the absorption units;

5) The fabric absorption units
a) The first test was mafia using 12 external

clcccrocc nicklc plate nylon separated absorpn
tion units, and 4 cxtarnal electrode nicklc
plate fibargias separatcd absorption units.
333.0 16 units were all that were available
for the first test. Two internal electrode
nicklo plate fiberglas absorpticn units were
also tried out indcgcndcnt of the remote con-
trol lystcm.

b) The second teat was made ueing two of the 4 ex-
ternal olectrccc nicklc plate ribcrglac ab—
sorption units and the two internal eloctrcfia
absorption unit: which wcrc rcceived too late

to nab.

The resistanca bridga was connected to the master ac-

loctcr switch which in turn was conncctcd through three

jookboxoa to the 30 absorption unite. To take a resis-
tanco recoing of any particular aLsorption unit, it was
only necessary to plug into the prepor Jackbox and turn
tho master selector switch to the correct polo. ihc whole
sorioa of roadingc wore tokon by plugging into each Jack-
box in turn and turning the mastor acloctor switch to make
contact with the dosirod absorption units. Soc Fig. 3 for

a View or an Operator taking romoto control resistance

P88631318.

Provision was made for three absorption units in.cach
drying compartment and stack oxcopt for compartmonh "A”
which was wired for six locations. iho locations were
staggered within ouch compofitmont no that moisture dotcr-
minotion could bc made in the lower, middle, and uppor
tier- of bolus. Soc Pig. c for tho 30 possible locations
of the moicturo content mocsuring units in the barn com-

partments and two stackl.

KflTfiflD OF ELSTIRG

Two ooparote tests were made on hay in an attempt to
dotorminc whothor the rociatanoc method or measuring the
moisture content of hay hon merit. The first toot was
made on first cutting hay using only 15 absorption units.
original plan: called for $0 absorption units but they

were not available for the teats.

zirst Toot: ihilo the 12 absorption units containing

nylon absorbent more all basically the memo, there were

-161

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three diffcront 323133 based on tho écsign and ciao of

tho nicklc platc clcctrodcc. Sec Fig. 5 for a photograph
of the cavercl typos or absorption units used in the tests.
Five of tho chorption units were large in size, 1 7/3 by

3 inches. cod had large holes. .45 of an inch squcrc: four
more small in size, 1 1/2 by 2 inches, and had largo holes,
.45 of an inch square: and three were large in cizc, 1 7/9
by 2 5/8 inchcs, and had small holes. .2 or an inch square.
?hc {our rcmainlnguoitc contained the fiberglac absorb-
ant and cor. large in cite. 1 7/3 by 5 inches with large
holes, .45 of an inch cqusrc. ‘Scc Table l for tho location

of tho various absorption units for the first test .

Each absorption unit was inccrtod unooictcncd into
a toot halo sc the balcd boy was stacked in the compart-
mcnt. fihcrc only onc colorptlon unit on: used it was put
in the midolc tier cf‘bclca cnc whore two units vcrc used
one was placed in the midolc. sad the other was placed in
cithor the t0p or bottom tlcr of bales. A special part-
ing device was used to open tho bslcs cc thct the absorp-
tion unit could bc inserted into the cantor c: the bola.
Sec Fig. 6 for s picture of an absorption unit being
placed in s tcct bclc. Tho objective was to disturb the
halo so littlc as possible no that the prosscrc exerted
by tho boy on the absorption unit would be tho ccmc as the
pressure and density cxicting in tho rest of the halo.

A mcthod was slco desirod which would not require Opening

.mmo.,ao row on .aphm crowd n.v .n .macuonm.Hm o4:

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-22.

and rcclcsing the bole to save time. The densities of
individual bales varied conciécrahly, howcvcr, as shown
by tho Coco Hay Drying Projcct rcport. The wide range
in original talc density probably has more influence on
the action of tho absorption units than does the slight
change in halo preacurc due to the opening of tho tale

to inccrt the unit.

Tho first hay was harvcctcd at an average moisture
content of 26.5 percent and was stacked halter akcltcr in
compartmcnt 'F‘ for drying by natural draft. All hay
moisture contents are cxprccccd on I rot basic unless ot-
herwise stated. The resistance readings ccrc taken be-
ginning on JUnI 25th and more recorded four times daily
at 0490, 1000, 1600, and 2200 hours. Resistance roadings

for all tact: taro taken at these lama hourc.

On July 3rd boy at an cvorage moiaturc contcnt of
25.5 pcrccnt was ploccd in compartment ”E" for firying by
natural draft. Rain and inclement weather intcrfcrcd
with hay horrccting during tho arcatcr port of the first
cutting teats so that it vac Vary citricult to harvest
hay at the desired moisturc contcnt. Formcrc in this area
had considerable difficulty making hay and much of it was
finally abandoncd in tho field. no hey that went into
canpcrtnont ”L” and ”F2 for inctaucc, had devoIOpcd mold
on tho atoms whilc still standing. For a discussion or
the rate of drying of hay in tho ficld see Part II of

this report.

-23.

On July 7th hay baled for test in compartment "A-l'
was a mixture of alfalfa and brcmc grass with an average
moisture contact or 53.5 percent and similar hay placed
in compartment "A-Z' had an average moisture contont or
51.5 percent. heated forced air was used to dry the hay
in both of those compartments. The test was cooplctcd on

July 12th after five days of drying;

On tho same day a mixture or alfalfc and grass hay
with an avcragc moisture content or 53.1 percent was
placod in compartment "B“ for drying by unheated reread

draft. This tcst was comylctod on July 16th.

On July 8th similar hay nt 35.? percent averagc mola-
turc contcnt was put in compartment '6' for drying by un-
heated forced draft. Compartment ”D" was filled on the
cams day with a mlxturo or cltalfa and grass hay at an
cvcrcgc molcturc content of 22.9 percent. Those drying

teats more complctad on July 26th.

Two stacks wore constructed outside or the hay lab.
oratory for drying by natural draft moans on July 9th.
Stack "5-1“ onslstcd of clOVcr and grass buy at an average
molaturc contcnt of 23.7 percent while stack "8-2" concil-
tcd or similar hey at an cvoragc moisture contont of 26.0

percent. Tho drying tact: more completed on July 28th.

The last or the first cutting, a mixture of clover 1nd

alfalfa was put into compartocnt 'A-1' and *A-2" ct an

‘24‘

average moisture content of 30.5 percent and 50.1 percent ‘
respectively. Tho drying test was complctcfi after eight
days. During this accond'hcated forced draft tact two in-
ternal electrode fiberglaa absorption units were tried in
corpartmcnta 'A-1" and ”A-2" in the top layer of balsa.
The rosults were no more conclusivc than those obtained
from the external electrodo absorption units. The tact
setup, however, was {cit to bc unsatisfactory and a sec;
and too: was planned to determine whether tho intcrncl
oleotrodc absorption unit had possibilities for measuring

the moisture content or baled hay.

Second Tact! Only part or the compartments were used
for the baled ha: drying tact: in thc second cutting.
Based on the rcaultc or the first teats, the nylon absoro-
tion units were discarded us being unlatiafaotory. She
fiberglas absorption units indicated some promise and two
external electrode and two internal electrode absorption
units or this typo tore used for the second cutting toctc.
One intornal and one external electrode absorption unit
worc put in both compartments ”B” and 'C" which were both
éryod by means or unheated forced draft. Tho two unmois-
toned atcorption units tore put in comoartmont ”B" with
an intornal clcctrodc absorpzion unit placed in the middle
layer and an oxtcrnal electrode absorption unit placcd in
the upper laycr of halos. Eho pro-naturatcd units were
put in compartment ”C” with the cxtcrnal electrode absorp-

tion unit placed in the midolc laycr and the internal

-25-

' elaotroda absorption unit placed in the upper layor of

bales. Sea Tabla 2 for types and locations of these units.

table 2. Types and LocaLlona of Four Fiberglaa fibaorption
Units Used in the Second That

C 05219. Box Polo

Poaition

Xe. Kc. in Comp.

Typo

 

B 2 1
B
4
5

Kiddlg‘layer
Tobtluyor
Tap layer

Kiddlo layer

Fibarglna internnl electrode
Fiberglai external electrode
Fiberglas internal oloctrode

Fiberglaa external aloetroda

The baled hay, I mixture of alfalfa and grass, was put

into compartment '3' on August 4th at an avaraga moisturo

content or 45.0 percent and into compartment ”8” at an av-

erage moisture contant of 40.0 porcont. The resistanco

readings were taken beginning on August 4th and were com-

plated on August 12th.

The resistance readings of the first test indicatad

that there wan eonllderablo 113 on tho putt of tha absorp-

tion unit: in Iltablllhing cquilibrium with the balad hay

K when the absorptian units were not pra-saturated beforo

innertlon 1n the teat bale.

For the second test two of

tho fiberglaa absorption units were pro-saturatad and comp

pared with the two similar absorption units which warn not

firedmolatanad before inserting into the teat bales. Re.

search in 8011 maiatura teating had shown that it was nec-

essary to saturate plastar of Paris blocks with distilled

- 25 -

water boforc embedding in the soil. Eowcvcr, it can not
bclicvcd necessary to saturate the fabric absorption units
which are very hyérocoopic. In hay, whore a much loss per-
rcct contact is made bchcon the moisture containing hay
and tho absorbent, it copaara necessary to saturate the
absorbent before inccrting it in the hay whose moisture

o ntcnt is being measurcd.

For the second test a non-portable assembled bridge
for mcasuring resistance furnished by the Electrical En-
ginooring Department was used to check tho results of the
portable bridge used in the first test. There was some
doubt as to the accuracy of the resistance readings ob~
teinod with it, but the readings of both bridges in the
second test were very similar showing that the portable
bridge was reasonably accurate. With the pro-saturated
accorption units there was very good agrccmcnt in resis-
tance readings given by both bridges, while the resiatancc
readings on tho non-moistened absorption units showed coma

variance.
HzSULif AXE DESCGSSICH

First Tog}: Compartment ”F" was filled hcltcr skcln
tor n th a mixture of alfalfa and timothy at an average
moisture content of 26.5 percent. After drying 13 days
by natural draft the hay was removed with an average mois-

ture content of 14.1 pcrccnt. Ono nylon external electrode

absorption unit was placad in the miéélo lcycr of bales.
totabolic acti tits cnfi considerable heat.n; while curing
had an unknown influence on the resistsncc of the absorp-
tiOn units. ihc high hay tomperaturc rcachcd 1143?. Th
.reaistcnce rcaci nag more gjreatly influenced by relative
humidity during tho tact, increasing thou the relative
humidity docreascd and dccrocsinq than the relative hu-
m’dity incrcasod. ihc temperature also scored to influence
tho rcsiatancc reactors. After the absorption unit reached
apparent equilibrium, low temperatures in gonoral were
charactcrizcd by hiphcr rccictance'rcadinrc and high tem-
poraturaain general wore characterized by lower resistance

“fl

race: We. See rig. 7.

lha resistance readings ranged mostly from 25,000 to
150,000 ohms. lilo moictu re content of tfitzc ha) cviccntly
played only a minor role in determining the recictcnce
readings. There cas a general upward trend to infiicatc
that the hay was drying out, but tho readin;3,s were irregu-
lar and not very conclusive. Thcrc was no;po?nt in the
curvo which indicctcfi that the hay had roe med a safe
storcfic co Wzéition cs wo uld have been inci catcd t a rapid

and coutiiuous increase in the resistancc rcccircr

Comportmcnt "1" cac itcckcd seven layerc dccp with a
mixture of alfalfa and orcss halcé h-y. The boy was balcd
at on ave“ c c racisturc coztcnt of “5.3 percent coo after

curing 18 days by natural Graft it was removed at n av-

erage moisture content of 14.8 percent. Like the hay in

--28--

I
‘\ ’ 1
. 5
5 . I
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I". ‘ . ..
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3 »1
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2 : ’I
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I

A. /\ I I; RESISTANCE OF NYLON EXTERNAL ELECTRODE ABSORPTION
V ‘“ I I /W\// UNIT IN COM PARTMENT " F " ~
' RESISTANCE,°/o REL: HUMIDITY, AVG. HAY TEMPERATURE VS TIME

I \ / FIGUR E 7

 

 

this hag was made under aévorsc weather
conaitiona and metabolic activity had begun while it was
still in the field. iho infloonco of thooo factors in
COn§aP180n with the other factors of rolatlvo humiéity,
tooporaturo, and moisturo content on the resistgnco road-
ings cannot be detsrxinod. iho high hay tomporazure

roachod 1320?.

A fiberglas and a nylon external electrode absorption
unit more placed in the bottom and middle layer or holes
respectively. The nylon unit gave reading: which were irn
regular and inconclusive. It took five daya to reach ap-
paront equilibrium and than after the 12th day a null
point was not obtainable and tho resistance was out or
‘raach of tho bridge. Ho curve was plotted for this absorp-

tion 1331‘.

Tho fiberglas absorption unit gave fairly good reale-
tanco readings during the first part of the test ranging
primarily betwoon 12,500 and 155,000 ohms. See 313. 8.

It reachod apparent equiliorium the first day and then
started a gradual and quite regular climb infilcatiog that
tho hay was érylng out. Aftor nine days of orying the re-
sistance reaainga started to increase quits rapidly, but
two days later the ourvo broke and started down. Very 1r-
regular fluctuations in resistance were recorded for the
remainder of th toot. Comparativoly low temperaturus

marked tho sharp lacroaso 1n resistanco reaflings. than the

curve broko the temperature roso about 15 F. and remained

 

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‘T‘I ME 4 Ll-‘A‘I’S ~ J‘i.?;,.v
RESISTANOE OF FIBERGLAS EXTERNAL ELECTRODE ABSORPTION UNIT IN OOMRARTMENT"E"
v RESISTANCE,°/.REI.ATIVE HUMIDITY,8I AVERAGE HAY TEMPERATURE vs TIME
. - FIGURE :3

 

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_" l . 4- - f - — ' .-‘ V' "I '3 '9 "
fairly caustant Lucrcarusr. .Arinh tuLS oupiOc 0; rather

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constant tcxccrc arc, LLC rosisaunco recoiugs aopcrcutly

A

rcsoonicd 11th nor ed lag lug to the infllanco of volative
d -. .

find

9
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éricfi Loan to 20.1 percent

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do

.4

' in congarthHt A-l
avar539 moisture concoct and hay in "A-Q" dried coca to
14.3 perccnt avora c moisturc contcnt after five darn of

0"

drying by heated iarced air. Insufficicnt data on resis—
tance readings fr0% the nylon and fiberglas Ebcorrtion
units located in thosa cocpcrtmonts prevent any analysis

on tho value of the resistance method of wccsuring the

IS

moisture content 0 bclcd hay thilo uncorfoin: drying.
the moisture content of the test halos after drying var-

iod quite widely ulSO, ranging from 4 percent to 29 per-

(la

cont. lit; some halos very dry an others covpzrativsly
high in moistcro ecutaot, the effect of hay moisture con-
tcnt on the rcaistacco rccdinga coulfi not to fietormin l.
iho resistance readings that were obtained indicatad a
quitc rapid and grafual increase but the curve 51d not
become asymptotic to time to indicate that the hay had

reached a condition of air dryness for safe storagc con-

dition. No curves were plotted for those absorption units.

Hay baled for tests in oompertwont ”P" was a xix-
txro of alfalfa and brows grass wits an avarara voistura

content of 33.1 percent. After drying b; unkcatcd forced air

it was removed with an average moisture content of 12.3
percent. A nylon anfi a fiberglcs external electrode ab-

sorption unit taro o?ockod in this ¢Onp8rtfimfit in the mid-

dlc an& upper layer of bales respectivolj. ho resistance
readings mar” vary ier oler taaéing to fluctuate through

tide ran es of resist nco voluos without opgaroat reason.
She nylon cni fiberglus aosorptioo units both started out
at a much hither ran a of rasictance, about 500,300 ohms,
nnfi reached an appercnt equilibrium two days latcr around
110,000 ohms resistance. From then on th e3 acted very

m: “snodicelly, continu .11} going up for a while and then
cropping back nocr eppcront oquilibrium. After nearly

two mocks of drying they even flrOppefl down to resistance
valouc lower than those obtained for tho original app rent
equilibrium. ibis nae a13;sarcntl" the result of very high
relativo humidity during two days or rain. 30 good indi-
cation of Crying was pivon. The fibcrrlas aosorotion ur .it
did Show a Vor; general trend of increasing osisteroo to
inchco o drying during t.%ze firct halfo 'P the test. to

curves wcro plotted 2or either unit.

fiixod alfalfa and grass hay was put into compartmont
"C" at an average moisture oontout of 35.7 percent and re-
movod after eight days of drying by unheated forced air
at an avora a moisture content of 13.5 percent. A fiber-
glas and nylon external electrode absorpti on unit ware
located in tho lower and middle layers of bales roanoctively.

fiho resistance readinss were aficin very irrsruler and while

locra was a 511 2%} tganeral increase in the resistance

rasdings tnoro was a rifle variation botwosn individual
readings. The hay certainly passed through tho air dry
stage, but there ass no pronounced point at which the
resists:1cs rss 6: n s be an 3 rs p ’6 increase to indicate

[i1

that 816 hay was air dry. :ns range of m03.s burs content
in t?s dried he}? sss from 11 percent to 17 percent. The
resistance vlezos sore not plotted for the nylon absorp-

tion unit.

The resistance raafliuga of the f1bsrg3lss absorption
unit again seemed to respond to the chooses in relative
humidity. Faring the time the blower was on, the to pers-
ture was kept cempsrstivoly low and the resistance values
were high. As soon as the blower wss shut off the tom-
psrsturs increased and the resistance values decreased.
From that tins on the change in resistance values soared
to be a result 0? chsn Inr rolstive humidity. fiherc was
no pronounced reaction to temperature, but some low resis-
tance vsluos occurred at the pa Jase of the 11 st hay tom-
pcrsturs. Sss Fig. 9 for graph of rs s3.s tsnos vslnas ob-

tained from fiberglas absorption unit in compartmont "C".

Compsrtssnt "D" was filled with alfalfa and grass
mixture at an average moisture contsnt of 22.9 percent.
fiho bolas were stocked seven laysrs deep and curcd by natu-
ral draft over a period of 3 says. The avers s moisture
contout aft or curing was 13.1 porcent. Ono external nylon
absorption unit was located in this compartmont in the

mlfidlo layer of bolas. Tho rr-sisnsr co readings were

 

 

 

 

 

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ELECTRODE ABSORPTION UNIT
TIME

IN COMPARTMENT “c”

RESISTANCE 8r °/o RELATIVE HUMIDITY VS

:3

l.-

RESISTANCE OF FIBERGLAS EXTERNA’
FIGURE

 

irregular and indicated no cloar cut trend of érying.
Located deep in the center of the now thcrc was evidently
considerablc time lag bofore the resistance resolnfc more
affected by relative humidity or tcwpcraturc. No curve

was plotted for this absorption unit.

Clover and gross hay was baled at avorcgo moisture
contents of 23.7 percent and 26.0 percent eno used to
const.uct ctacks "5-1" and "3-2" reapcctlvoly. Path
stacks hrd an average moisture content of 14.5 pcrcont af-
ter curing by natural draft for 18 days. A nylon and I
fiberglas external electrode absorption unit were lo-
cated in stack "5-1" in tho mldolo and top layer of holes.
One nylon absorption unit only was tested in stack ”8-2"
in the middle layer of bales. ihoaa nylon absorption now
its responded similarly to the other nylon units located
in other comosrtmonta. Thorc was no good inoicatlon of
drying by constantly increasing resistance values. In
general the results were unsatisfactory and form the
basis for the conclusion that these units are not adap-

table for measuring the moisture content of hay.

The roslstanoc readings obtained from the fiberglas
absorption unit wore not much better and showed wide vari-
ance also. After the second day when apparent equilibrium
was established, the resistance wavered up and down and
' snowed no consistent increase to indicate that the hay was

drying. In general highor resistance values were accompanied

-55-

by lower temperatures and lower resistances by higher
tempera ures. At one time it rained for two days and the
resistance dropped very low during that period. do our-

ves were plotted for the resistance values.

All during the test considerable diffi.ulty was had

in isolati:g the null point to establish the resistance
readings. Eecauee of the scape and size of the hay drying
project it was neceaeary to work several persona in shifts
to take readings night and day. This contributed unknown
errors where judgment was required in interpretation. The
readings were not eaay to take and in all probability were
interpreted quit differently by each person. It usually
took several minutes to take each read.ng. The null points
were not as sharp and clear out as usually experienced in

taking coil mniature content resistance readings.

Second Test: Fesietance readings were taken every
three hours on four fiberglae absorption units in compart-
ments ”E" and "C" which were filled with three layers of
baled alfalfa and grass bay. The hay in compartment "E”
had an average moisture content of 44.5 percent when en-
tering -he compartment and an average moisture content or
10.5 percent when it was removed 11 days later. The hay
in compartment ”C" had an average moisture content of 45.8
percent when entering the campartment and an average mois-
ture content of 13.5 percent when it was removed at the

some tire on the hay in ”B". The blower was Operated

continually for 204 hours except for short periods of
tine when it was necessary to shut down for servicing the

engine

159 two fiberglas absorption units which wore satur-
ated with distilled water boforo being inserted in the
test halos, gave a very uniform resistance curvo the first
three days of blower operation. too F12. 10 and Fix. 11.
On the third flay the resistance values bcgan to increase
more rapidly and grudually acceleroted. On the fifth day
there was a small break in the curvos which mas the result
of high relative humidity accowpaniod by precipitation 50
that highor moisture contsnt air was being blown into the
compartment than was leaving the hay. fioisturo was so-
tually being deposited in the hay instead oP-boing removed.
This was indicated by a docroase 1n the resiStanco values.
Eelng located in the middle and top layers of bales there
was some logging in the effect of the moisture addition on

tho resistance values.

Ehc internal olootrode fiberglas unit, see Fig. 10,
recovered in 12 houra and the resistance curve became al-
most asymptotic with time to indicate that a critical point
had boon reached. In 8011, saturated conditions are mark-
ed by constant low resistance values in tho vicinity of
50 to 900 ohms resistance which more also obtained in the
hay with the pro-saturated fiberglas units. As excess
gator disappears and the air begins to outer he soil poro

spaces, aoll resistance ourvos era usually marked by a

 

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RESISTANCE OF PRE-MOISTENED INTERNAL ELECTRODE FIBERGLAS
ABSORPTION UNIT IN COMPARTMENT c ”

FIGURE £0

 

 

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RESlSTANCE OF PRE'MOIS

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TEWNED‘ EXTERNAL ELECTRODE FIBERGLAS

ABSORPTION UNIT IN COMPARTMENT “ o"
RESISTANCE,% REL. HUMIDITY, a Ave, HAY TEMPERATURE vs TIME

   

-40:-

critical point and further losses are marked by relatively
large lncreascs in rosistenco. this is callcd tho wilting
point of soils and is shown by a resistance of 10,000 to
15,000 ohms by fabric abacrp ion units.- A.einilar res
sponse was obtainod vith tho pro-saturatod Entornol fiber-
glus absorption unit in hay. the resistance curve was
marked by relatively large increases from 1,000 to 7,000
ohms and then incroasoo rugldly to values well above
15,000 ohms. Homo or, after going above 40,000 ohms the
resistance curve of firying hay broke and hogan wavering up
and down. The irregular changes in resistance were appar-
ently not due to 1rre;ular changes in the hay moisture
contont because wot and ivy bulb tonporaturos of both the
entoring and loavlng air showed that moisture was con-
tinually being removed from tne hay. Hoacvor, the changes
in resistance values were not without causc and the in-
fluoncing effect must have come from tho aEWOSphoro sur-
rounding the absorption unit. The only two known criteria

are the rolativo htmidity and the temperature:

Then the blower was shut off on the 11th or August
to chock the progress of curing, the temperature and rela-
tive humidity lm-ediatoly increancd causing the resistance
values to decrease markedly: They even dropped down to
about 2,000 ohms resistance to suggest again that atmospheric
conditions arounfi the absorption unit were more influential

than the actual moisture content or the hay in determining

- 41 -

the resistance values of the absorption unit. vhcn the
blower Operation was rcctartod the rocictvnco vaLzec again

increased on the temperature and relative humidity decreased.

Tnc extcxncl olcctrodc fi ocrglac absorption unit,
see Fig. 11, reached 6,000 ohm arcsictcncc before the curve
‘roke and hogan fluctuating. Irrogulcr changcs in role-
tnrc contcnt were apparently not the cause of those §.rr Wran-
lar resistance readings, as was suggested clove. During
the time tho bloccr wcs off no resistance values decreased

q

and likcciac incrcascn uhen it was turned on again.

The nonoscturatoc absorption units ravc irregular
reccings similar to those obtained in cm firct test
The internal electrode unit gave ravflctaccc reacin-s at
a much hirhrr rango establishing appnrcnt equilibrium at
about 47, 000 o 313 and going as 1d cc 570,000 ohms. Eco
Fig. 12. -“ia is consiccrablyi zighcr cemparcd with the
range of 45 to 60,000 0hr for the pro-saturatcd internal
electrode unit. The noanaaturctcd external clcctrccc unit
gave resistance rocdingc ranging from about 7,000 ohms to
515,000 ohms as co pared with a range of 100 ohms to 5,700
ohms for the pro-ccturaicd external electrode unit. Eco Fig.
13. The external electrode unit showed less variance and
a raorc gradual increase in resistance rcaa.ingc tian did

,the internal electrode unit.

These for tests are at best only an indication, but

tccy do sug3est that fabric absor‘o tion units of the thcs

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RESISTANCE OF UN'MOISTENED INTERNAL ELECTRODE
FIBERGLASS ABSORPTION UNIT IN COMPARTMENTHB"
RESISTANCE,%RELATNE HUMIDITY-8x AVG HAY TEMP VS TIME

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RESISTANCE OF UN~MOISTENED EXTERIOR ELECTRODE

FIBERGLAS ABSORPTION UNIT IN COMPARTMENT "B“
RESISTANCE, °/o REL HUMIDITY, 8 AVG. HAY TEMPERATURE VS TIME

FIGURE I3;

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teatcd are not afiaptablc for measuring the moisture con-

tcnt of drying hay.

1)

2)

4)

“'(‘T no mm
‘J'D‘ V .‘J'H‘ k) I 'u’&‘! 0

Fabric absorption units of the typos mood for meaa~
uring the moisture content of soil arc not aécptcd

to measuring tho moisture content of hay.

Etc biggest factor contributing to tbcir unsatisfactory
Operation is the lack of intimate contact between tho
moisture containicg fibers and the absorbent of the
absorption unit. At boat this contact is very incom-
plctc an& artificial. The atoms which contain moat

of the moisture form a very weak bridge for the conduc-
tion of the contained moisture to the absorbent of

the unit. There are too for paths anc they are vary
restricted and very indirect.

The naturc of the absorption unit with its imperfect
contact between tho cloctroéca and tho fabric, and
with its outer metal case chick intorfcrca with per-
foot contact between the hay and tho ataorbcnt further
dccrcaaas the chances of over establishing anything
lika an intimate contact batwcen the hay an& the ab-
sorbcnt.

As the result of this poor contact the resistance
readings tend to be influenced more by changes of rela-
tive humiéity and temperature in the atmosphere which
surrounds-the absorption unit than by changes in the

moisture content or the hay.

- 45 -

5) It is necessary to pro-saturate fabric absorption units
before 1:13 rtiru; them in the hay to bc tested to ca-
tcblish a condition of equilibrium between tn mois-
ture containing hay uni tho absorbent. filthough it
was not tried, it is bali3vad that pro G-BaLurcted ny-
lon absorption units uoulfi Lava rcactsd similarly to
tho pro-saturated fiberglas absorption units.

6) 1.1 303‘: ral highcr toxgcraturos will cause lower ro-
aistancc values for a given absorption unit and lower
temperaturzc will be charsctsriscd by higher resistance
values.

7) In gcnaral for a given absorption unit the higher the
relative humidity the lower will be the resistance
values, and the lowcr the relative humioity the ii ghcr

will bs ti :6 valio s of rssistanco.

”‘5 1‘4} an.

Pr ”Dodo u £03111. ”1:. {\:'S V‘fif "t 77373:“.3 CWY

Tho fiberglas absorption units used in this study
vorc or oorimsntsl units still in the process of doveIOp-
m nt. The intcrnal clcctrodo fabric absorption unit was
dos Er nod to provice a cor stsnt environment ar und the cloc-
trodes so that tho resistance of the unit would be unaf-
foctcd by such factors as texture, compaction, chemical
reaction with material being measured, and alcctric lines
of force. aith a constant environment the resistance of
the electrcd as would only be a footed by the moisture con-

tcnt and the tcmpcraturo of the environment.

It was later discovered by Er. fiouyoucos, that a
constant environment was not obtainod in tho first intornal
electrode fiberglas obsorption an to as a result of in?
oufficlont and improper contact between the fabric absor-
bent and tho electrodes. A new technique in aosombllng
is now bola; used to provifie increased internal contact

and. t0 8.38111‘6 a 7301‘3 conotant environr‘zont.

Dr. Bouyoucos has been receiving numerous requests
for information regarding the use of the fabric absorption
unite to measure the moisture content of othor materials
besides soil. 'Tho improved intornal electrode fiberglaa
absorption units ohould be retested in hay. However, in
measuring tho moisture contoot or matorlal like boy, the
biggest problem still is to get sufficient contact between
the hay and the absorbent. Fluffy or expanding absorbents
which would intermlx and surround the hay would gleatly 1n-
oroaco the possibilities for successful measurement or
moisture content of hay and similar poor contact materials.
The improved fabric absorption units should be stucled in
chOppod hay since it provides more intimate contact than

6093 althor baled or loose hay.

TM

no use of those improved fabric absorption units to
measure the moisture content of grains like wheat and rice

should also be investigated.

- 47 -

PA-p T II
FILLD DEYIJ'} IiuL 51 0F ALTALFA, ALYAL°A AID MVATJ GRASS ,
ASE JUfiE CLCV E HAY IN 1Y3 SUT"LR OF 1943

I"""ODUCT Cfi

.1 ~cA

The work that was done in moisture testing and the
data herein presented was gaLh cred in conjunction with
hay drg'ing experim :cnts beizhg made by the Agricultural

nkinacrinb Depart~inent of Ti: wni an State Colleg; _e in coop-

eration aith the J. I. Case Company of Racine, Licconlin.

Any locality with éivcrsified weather conditions pre-
sents a rather serious problem to the would-be hay maker.
It is desirable to be able to make hey while the sun shines,
but when it coca not the farmer has to do the best he can
to get his hay in under shelter in the best condition pos-

sible.

There are many factora,of course, which influence
the rate at which hay dries or cures once it is out down.
The type of legume or grass and the percentage of each
type in the composite sample if it ie a mixture; the thick-
nose, growth, aucculence, and quality or stand; the kind
and amount of weeds and foreign material if they are pro-
cent; the stage of maturity at the time of cutting; the
direction, nature, and velocity of the wind; the tempera-
ture of the air: the relative humidity of the air; the

topography of the lc.d; wind breaks; the occurrence of

-43-

rain and/or dew; and the intensity and amount of sunshine
and solar radiation which strike the hay, are all factors

which affect the d ylng rate of hay.

oancorvzs
To determine the moisture contont of various types

of hays while drying under average weather conéitlons.

To plot tho drying rates of thoso hay: and to aa-
ccrtaln the average Crying rate of common types of hay

under usual weather conditions.

To dotormine which or the many variable factors that

influence the drying rate of hay are tho most important.

C“ «3‘ rr- ' v' .. RT Pi“) m","t‘.i-‘ P?“ ‘K :Lffll!
54 $1‘\ <5 ..di 2. .. \¥ V: .1 .L . ‘ur 4 .b:.‘ 4.452

The experiments were conducted during the 1943 hay
harvesting season of central Elohigan on the first and
second cuttings of bay. The author's part consisted of
taking moisture tests and of determining the drying rates
of the hay. In experimental hay orying work it is necessary
to eliminate as many of he variables as possible. It is
not only important to know the moisture content of the hay
unoorgoing toot, but further to be able to harvest and

bring it in for test at a predotormlnod moisture contont.

Too methods were used in determining the moisture con-
tent of the hay. the first was the Dextur mothod usod to

spot check the moisture content of the hay in the field.

The results of this tost indicstsd when the hay tas ready
to rake and when to begin the bsllng operation. The other
method was tho dslsyod oven drying mothod in which samples
were collectod ens lstor dried overnight in a steam oven.
the re ults of those tests tors usoo to determine the rs-

lisbllfty of tho fioxtor method and to plot the crying cur-

ves of the hay.

A brief description of s day‘s work program was as
follots:
1) Map each day's cutting:
2) Start taking samples for oven drying as soon as
tho hay is out:

a) Check moisturs content of each windrow cvory
hour or when the hay is drying rapidly, chock
it'ovory half hour:

b) than time does not pormit testing every swath
or sindooo, test every othor 039 or s represen-
tative portion thereof;

3) Koop-rocorfls of sanglss bogged for oven drying

and those tsstod for moisture in tho field. These

records will include notations on location, time

of cutting, sunshino, t operators, relative humi-
dity, direction and velocity of the wind, and pro-
clpitstion;

4) Kcsp the moisture content plottcd for ovary 5rd or

5th windrow if possible;

t) rrooict 50 poroont tango and notify rakor a.
to the film. to begin raking:

b) Predict tho timo to begin holing for any pro-
dotormined buling rungo.

#1}in E DU 01" EAKIEEG T83 T5

In Ioouring dotcfor plotting tho drying ourvot of
tho hay, numplol wort bagged and Ioighod in tho rigid and
later dried in tho ltoom oven 3% 100°O. Prooautionl var.
takon to soloot on avorugo portion of tho £1.14. A: tho
drying rota Ill plottad ngainat tin. and reintivo humidity,
a era's oootion of half of tho field van taken fr m which
to collect tho complet. Runborod Dian: taro 911006 on
each tooth or-uindrou whor- tha camploo'xoro to ho taken.
The signs were numborod from.ono to four in ouch.oorioo or
a color. The different aoiora made it cosy to dirrorontioto
between tho oovornl cutting: undo in a inrga rioid ovor I
period or Iovoruldays. Con-coutivo utopia: worn tukon
near tho ligno in order.to get an accurate a picturo as

posoiblo or the drying rate or similar buy. 300 Fig. 14.

It is not difficult to Ioloot a representotivo sample
or may from the litth as out it it 110. evenly on the ground
and in fairly uniform in kin& and texture of hay. When it
is roood into the windrow, howovor, it is not quita so Iaoy
to got good riprooontativo samploa. In taking a lamploi

from tho oindrow, a portion was aoloctod that was of average

-51-

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size and éonsity. A sample use taxes from the center of
the windroe being careful to secure boy from the top,
middle, and bottom of the winérow. Tbs average saople
weighed botsoen 100 and 200 grams and was of convenient

8129 to insert in a 12 pound bag.

The bags were oven dried prior to their use soc were
taken out to the field in decicetora to keep them éry.
its tare weight ranged froo 15 to 15 grows for the 12 pound
bugs and the movable face scales were set to reed in torm'
of he net weight of the hay. Thus the sample was selected,
bogged, and then weighed. the sample designation number
and not weight were then marked on the bag and recorded

7

on the data sheets. ihe samples were taken back to the

Agricultural Chemistry drying oven at the end of each day
and dried overnight at 100°C. The standard procedure is
to cry for 24 hours, but in this case the easples were re-
moved at the end of 15 hours in order to plot the drying
curves for the previous day ehich were to be used to help
predict the future drying rotor of other hay. This also
cleared the oven and made it possible to more out the
moisture contents before going out into the field each
morning. The error in cooputing the moisture content at
the end of 15 hours of crying was vory small because the
loss of several additional grams of moisture change the
percent of moisture content by ususlly less than 1.0 per-
cent. To check this, samples were taken from a first cut-

ting of alfalfa, brooe grass, and timothy made on June 17.

lhey wer; selected from a reorevsotstive portion of the
field, begged,t teijhod, rnd taken into the dryinv oven.
The objective of the test was to determine the min ~num a-
mount of tir e tlls.t co 11d be ellorsd for drying hey sawples
at 1000C. The earples were weighed at the end of 12, 24,
and 43 hours reopectively. The r cults that were obtained
from a dozen samples selected at random are given in Table
l in the Appendix. The percent moisture content is given
on a set basis. The results obtained in drying these and
otm r sem_.1es indicat3d that a 12 hour drying period was
sufficiently scourete in date rmln ng t:1e moisture content
of bagged sanglos. Only one sample was out of line with

the other results. It was obviously in error.

Precautions were taken to see that the so s;:3los were
not packed in the oven. They were placed on the shelves
so that there see good air circulation around each one.
Under these conditions samples dried very rapidly and uni-
ormly end were taken out at the and of 12 to 15 hours with—

out danger of h.vin3 a row incor pletely <?ried ea plea.

In making the dryinfl curves the moisture content was
plotted ag;elnst time. On the average the samples were col-
lected every hour. The moisture content of the selected

ccsr9118s, if they vere representative, then gave a repro-
sentative drying curve of the hey being studied. The
relative humidity and precipitation were ole o ontared on
the chart. Since tbs test Lansing weather station was

located within a for Elle: of all t: 19 harvesting Operations,

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recargsr 333 0336333 333k morn1 n.f: 3133 a 313n3 ,ch‘runator.

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plott3d on 13 to-Lha 1 nah graph pn:m;.. in: paroeht of
moisture can ant, the percent of r31311va h113111t3, 331
the ins 33 of rainzail 3‘3 plcftad against tima. Th3 dis-
cus .1.3 on whic folloas In 3333& on the drying curves and

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T1g. 15 illustra't the problzm of 3333. r c>rdit ions

(33
O
.5
4

WLiCh 333 likaly to can rent th3 avsrago farzer when 33

tries to field car3 first cutting hay in ceztral Tichizan.
113 hey 33 .s a 23 acre £1311 3f alfalfa, 33013 33383, and
3033 than.J £33 f1r3 1d hxi & 810138 to the st 3 a west.
3 Mavor3313 3333 3? candit13n3 1n th3 form of rain, hefivy
d338, 010 M3 5383, L133 P3133133 “uu33xtV, 833 103 Lempara-
33333 are illustratafi have end are of common occurrence

e"rln; h3y harve -at 1?" 3335335.

In 53n3ral, t- 3 10 :r the parcent of ralativa huwiéity,
Lbs fastar 3111 be the Crying rats far any given hay. Light
precipitation in the form of r313 or de 3111 3133 down

the firying rats of hay 3 13 111u313333€ in 31;. 2 on the

 

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13th, 19th, Blot, 23rd, and 27th of June. A heavy pre-
cipitation may halt and also reverse the crying process
to afid to the moisture contont of the hay as it did on

the lath, 22nd, and 27th of June.

aha drying rate for the hay varies considerably dc-
gondlng Upon the weather and tho type of moisture being
evaporated. Freshly cut hay on a good drying day will
dry quite rayldly because the first plant moisture is
evaporated quite readily. Lhon out, lsgumc hays have an
avorara moisture contunt or about 75 pcrccnt on the wet
basis or 300 percent on the dry basin. Unless otherwise
stated, all moisture contents arc given on a ret basis.
For further discussion on the wet basic method of figuring
molaturo contonto vcrsca the dry basis method, coo remarks
in tho conclusions. A largo portion of this moisture is
loosely hold by the plant tissue and evaporates first.
The last or the plant moisture evaporates at a slower rota
bocouso it is held tightly in the internal t1 cues of th

plant.

After cutting the first coy, tho moisture content of
winéroms l and 3 docroasoé at an aVcragc of 22.3 poroont
in seven hours or at an average raLo of 5.2 percent per
hour. oindrowc 9 ano lfibcut two hours later, decreased
an avera36 of only 9.5 percent in moisture content between
the hours of l and 5 or at an average rate of 2.4 porcvnt

per hour. The drying rate starts slowly in the early morning,

-57-

reaches its maximum rate in the early afternoon and tapers
off in the late afternoon and early evening. fiction that
the 17th was the only flay in which the rolativc humidity
went bolow 40 percent and all of the rest of tho timo it

was above 50 percent.

The drying rate appears to be {rcatar on the 20th,
23rd, and 24th of June. It is, howivar, tho raault of
evaporation of moisture adced by heavy precipitation,
rathor than tho eva;oration of plant moisture. on th
24th the moisture content is about whore it was on the
12th of June. iho moisture contont drappcd l7 porcont in
seven hours on the 25th, or at an average rate of 2.4 per-
cent per hour. again, on the 25th the relative humidity
increased to abcvc 60 porcent and tho drying rota aloacd
down to an avorago rate of 1.9 percent per hour. ihc 272h
showed a further incroaae in rclativo humidity to greater
than 70 percent and a furthar dccraaaa in flrying rato to
an average rate of 1.7 percent par hour. A few winorOaa
on tho upland side of the fiolo acre baled on the 25th
and tho remainder of those through windrow 14 on tho higher
north and west slopes aoro baled on tho 27th. Possibly
a farmer would havo been also to bale on the 26th, but
for the research tests the ho; was dosircd with a mois-
ture content of 25 percent ané thus woa timely baled after
a light rain a day later at a moisture content of approxi-

mately 25 percent.

hhilo the first mating scs {getting rou<:v for bcling

'.‘.' ..t, . .. ". , {-3 ()‘j‘f- (j "J 3 4"
a L 1rd mowlah :33 Dead on Una loud of Jane .99 i 5. lo.

TL cocond mating bchan to mold in tLo tin: Brow a.d was

éacmad un' it for 51.3' touts. the rctca of dryinn wore faster

than those of €7.10 first 12s.:.'.‘.?.;'.(.;; which Hire ”mitt; (.233 at a
lowor moisture coutnnt rango. figuin the rote of vryin
taudcd to éocranzo as the percent of rtlcti vs bu iiitj
increased. on tne 2523 the orging rota avorcycd 4.2 par-
cent per hour, on tfic cSCK it has 2.9 p€r361t our th

aha rn tho 27th it mos 2.; percent per hour. hftor rain
and four more days of Tcyln: the moi mt1r3 con..cnt of th
Lay on July lot was no lower than it too on Juno 2? 1. The
.

nag was finally halo c o.'1 ley 8rd after 5r31n3 fiotn to ep-

2 ;2~+-‘ -. a“ .. , , 4.. .4...» :...,, .. .§._,,.I
prozlmtunlf a; FUTQPlu 3.13clro cont Kt.

Fiold E, the coco; a field moocé for tLo Casc Fay

Drying ixpcrimont, 353 a five acre field 31th a general

0!
Go

lop: to the south. fn‘ hay in field "E" was a littlo more
advanced in maturity and the ori2iral moisture content was
10 war ti tan th moistuzc contcnt in field ”A". It varied
from £6 to 70 percent in moisturo contant. £93 lit. 1?

fort dr3 n3 curvos and ncatucr conditions.

Ivan thonih the percent 0" rilaT’ve humifiity was quite
high on July 5th a 10 mile per hour winé Fro? the south
east helped to o;ccd up the drying rote. 2L3 av rage dry-
ing rate for tho tiofirows to: 3.7 pcrcont par hour 03 613

...-I

second day the air was still and clouoy in the forcnoon.

 

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Chu oven thos;h tLe r.la;lvo hfimléity 63d firop below

50 porcoat lab»? in the oftornoon it did not affect the

rats of d?5lJf gulch avura¢ud 2.4 purcont per hour. lhe
ha; was desirad with a moisture content of 57.5 percent

and the avura e moisture content when baled was 55 per-

cant.

She third fiel

a

i cut was a seven acre field of alfalfa
infested with quite a few large weeds. See Fig. 18 for

drying CUPVUS and weather conditions for field "Cé- It

mag out before tho “or; mas completed in field "B" and
therefore no dgtn was taksn on tho original moisture content
f the ht} or during the first few hours of drying. The

hay dried rap ély in the afternoon, after tho sun came out,
at an average rate of 4.2 porcent per hour. Tho second

\
y
A

day txe drying that “as done took place in the worming
prior to ballng when the percent of relative humidity mas
quite high. the av$rage rate of drying was only 1.6 per-
cent per hour. lho percent of rxlativs humifiit; vent be-
low 40 percent in the afternoon and would have given I
more rapid drying rate than that of tho forenoon. An
intoresting example of frying took place in this field.
The usual procadure is to begin raking tuo hay as it ap-
proachas a moisture content of 50 percent. Hochnr, 1f
the hay is érying quite rapiily the last hay cut say 110
long enough in the swath before raking so that it dries
fastsr than the first cut hay thich has its drying rate re-

tarded by windrowing. On July fith this is illustrated by

 

 

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nindrows 20 and 23 xhich start out at a higher mois-
ture content at tho boginnin; of the do" but dry faster

4

down to & loo-or r:.o.'1:...=.:=c content. "cg-1

I“

which havo boom out loo or. Too hag was bolefl at 55 per-

u

cont moisture contcnt.

field "B” was approximately a 20 acre field of good
growth Juno clover which was in full bloom ané advanced in
maturity. lhe terrain was rolling to hilly. Only the
north_portion of tho field with a slopo to the north was
used for tests. Sec rig. 19 for drying curves ené weather

conditions.

fihe first three windroos more out in the afternoon
of July 7th and the remainder were cut tho next morning.
Zho original moisture coutant of Lha clovor then cut ov-
oragod 72.3 percent. Ehc drying curves on Jul; 8th in-
dicate the olfferont drying ratos that are likely to result
from keys of Varying original moisture contents. Hoticc
that tho higher molaturo content hays have the fastest
drying rates. Conversely the lower tho moisture content
of the hay the slowor is the drying rats for any givon act
of weather and plant conditions. In this case the fast-
est Crying rate was 5.5 percent per hour for winfirow 20
and the slowest ering rate was 0.4 percent for windrow 3.
The avorogc rate of drying was 2.5 percent per hour for fin
first day and 2.2 percent per hour for the cocoa. day of
drying. A heavy dew added moisture to the clover boy on

the night of July 5th. Etc clovor was baled the following

 

 

 

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day. 250 relative 555151.; was also hi5h5r on July 3th
when the race 51 653153 was slower. Clo v5? hay 55555 to
be very 515.1 r to ulfalfa in 5015 ture c5~i.r.nt 51d urJiLL

characteristics.

11515 "A" 505513356 the first cuttiag of 553. It was
an eight acr5 field of alfalfa including a cfinsiécrablo -5:-
bar of thistlaa. 355 fig. 20 for dr3ing 5 MTV 555 weather

co.Litlo:1s. This rile received only 5 light precipitation

0
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55 fl';5t tzxc 50135‘35 ccnuent of th
a small amount. 3&5 weather on 555 12th 53? 1515 of July
555 cloudy and overcast so that ELLrylzg rata was 0513
boat 2.2 p5r51t per hour the fifiCCfid C53. 255 third 553
wasnore favorablac dr5l:;5 weathe rr aith 5 551555 sun, 8
clear sky, an} a cr155 breeze but'witl a r Lner F.13h 5ercart
L

of relative humidity. :h5 553 dried at an avarage rats of

2.7 percaat per hour.

Epcond Cut: in; : T55 first field of tha second cut-
ting 555 59555 August 5rd. The irat cthtin1z) on this fiel5
was made early anfi tha 566555 cutting 555 515 o r555 aLout
two waeka earlier than in ths othar {15153. 855 Fig. 21
for drying curves 555 555thar confiltions. Swatks 1 th 5":h
23 were 505 d froa 15UO to 2130 on the 5V5ning of August
Srfi, and the remainder were 50555 on the marning of August
5th. fiha 51f51f5 555 short, fine, 1! 1:t 1551556, and in

the pra-bloam 55530. The hay 555 L1.m 2555 5595 the light

pracipitation €511 no that it drlefl 5515513 and 555555 no

 

 

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. \2~.~1THw.-ATI-AER cnhIV‘ITIONz CURMG THE "RUCESS _. ;

.. . _ ; 121.2161” URE CO1JTEMT QF‘éLATIvE HiJMImTY A»... RA1MF—‘AL vs TIME- ‘1

. 1 I

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1 FIELD DRY 116 :21:— HAY Gummy-:- TO CQN1pAPT1E-NT5 A a
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521m in moistura CJdtJflt. It driag at atsut En aV?T839

‘-

'V

rata of 2.5 parccnt per hour. :53 in minivans 30 to 5
that ware cut on tha Eth of August dried rapidly at the
rate of 4.2 percent pwr h02r, but the hay in wlnfirow 24
which 225 out two days e2rllcr dried mucn more 2lowly at
tao rate of 0313 niout 1.0 percent per hour. This hay
wnJ baled on the aft¢rnoons of the 4*h and 5th of August

at an nvcra3a maiatura content 3? 45 yercsnt aui 40 percent

reSpectivaly.

Very favcr¢L.13 crying waathar the last of Auburt firiad

0

L49 last of the 520323 cuctin; 21“31fa in alzcszt racord

4|

time. See 11;. £2 for r"‘“~ curves and negtner 222timh"
359 hay in both fields "B" and ”C" has cut one m3rn’. mg and
was ready for baling 24 h3urs latfir. She key was short,
fine, 11;"; t in $32.13, Free of weads, and not Very succu-
lent. Field ”E" had an av.'- -rQ a mciatare ca¢tcat when cut

\.

of auaut 53 percent mhila field ”C" £23 an avarage mois-

ture chauut of only 85 percent. A 13.ht breaza, bri5ht

4‘.

sun, clear sky, anfl & 102 percent 0; r2lative huwldity ex-
pea ited trio rate of Crying. field ”E" drled at an average
rate of 5.7 parcent par hour with some of tha last hay cut

drying 119 fastest. fllnéraw 23 drcpgad 34.3 porCSHt 1:

five h ura for an EVFFE a rate of fl.9 percent per heurs.

As has be u n3zod '113 or '5Lnal “f 22:29 content of
13 Cid ”C" was a littla 1023r anfi that can-
M1 d wink warter air tcipgratur 3 a3& a litile loaer por-

cent of ‘EIELiVe L22- ity CPiufl the hay 5023 $3 a lcwer

 

-- - 153‘

 

 

25 AUG. ; 3 24 AUG. 2 25 AUG-

 

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I * . 1' ‘ .. . 1,22 BA 2224 \H-f' .5 ‘1,
3 - . i .. ,3: ; Fm: 3:2 .. _ 3-
‘i . FIELDS ’8‘” W? SECONb PUTEM‘ .. ' ._ 1
i. ‘ " Twwondwsv-l TO 50% . i . * ,;
E ' 1 imam 3R: 12153731191:er J

 

 

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121

 

 

 

 

 

 

HELD DRYING OF HAY SUPPLIED TO COMDRQTMENTS » Dfifif

WtTH ‘AEAT’HER CONDt'rxmsrs-s DURING THE QROCESS .
MOISTURE CONTENT— RELATWE HUM: YANG RAINFALL V“ {we

 

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-r’U-

moistura contant but at a little slower rate. Ike average

{It

drying rate was 5.5 p rcent p3r haur tut one vinfirow, um-
ber 26, firied down 45.5 percent in six hours or at an av-
araga rats of 7.6 parcant p r hey». The hay was balad at
an average malstgre cautcnt of 21.8 pavcazt for f eld "Z”

anfl as 13.4 parcent far field "C”. Ive hay was firiev than

I , ‘- . .3. .9, ,— ‘.. .,fl ... ..: a 3 .. ,:
aslrcc, Lab 4353 r3. :orfl s suoa hon ragloly he} afin nry

Cb

unfler favorell: $55ther caqaltians.

A farxcr aha wants his hay to ranch a 3: f3 moisture
content for sboraga will be no&t interostea in the heavlar
a.1d nora lvx.rlant Mar mVSGh dries the slowest, alnce,mhen

that }:ay reaclss tiU Ga szrad maisture Cfifltfllt, all of th

rewald n;; na 3111: La aafe to swore.

It should be rcmawnered ton, that as hay maturas, its
moisture csntant decresses sonemhet. fihua, lpture hay with
a “-oistura coni ;nt er uxd 63 percent to 69 rcent will dry
somewhat mere quickly than more L-.r.atur a lay with 8 vols-
tura con'ant around 70 percent t0 7% parcgnt. Pry sensans,

or a period of droughty weataer Eaveral wesks b:a few 9 har-

:-

vca ti::g, will nnwrociaclJ 10 war the oriyinal moisture con-

tent of the hay.

fiurlng a marmal parted of drying weather the maxifium
rate of drying $31993 place b: tacen :36 haars of 1150 and
1500. At this time the relative hLmliitu is the lowast

H

and has tanparature is the hfghezt. Fay that is out early

-71..

in the mnrnin; dries clowlv at First mhon the relative

U

.

humidity is high anfi -he tamporaturo is low. lhe drying

(

rats accelerotos in cidmornior and roaChcs its maximum in
midafnornoon. Che firying rate tapers off in lctc afternoon
or aLout 1330 and c0135 to a standstill at condown. Turing
the night the r 3 may gain moisture if there is a dew and

than it will again bo35n to ory out Lhen nae sun comoa Got

the next morning.

Hay will also lose moistoro more readily while drying
from a moisture content or 75 percent down to 45 parccnt
than it $111 in drying from 45 percent down to 15 porccnt.
Thus the hay will dry more slowly as it dacroascs in mois-

toro content.

Puring a normal season with favorable drying woathor,

\

a =ood stnnd of first cutting hay in control Elohiycn dried

.-

P‘

at about an ovorayo rate of 3 percent to 5.5 percent per
hour during a nine hour day from 0900 to IEJO. fihus under
av rage conditioas in early aummcr--rolativo humidity down
to 45 percent during the day, air comparaturos bo;woen 75°F.
and 35°F. in the aftcrnoon, 333 with a modoroto breeze
blowing-~0no might expect a good stood of alfalfa and brome
grass hay to 3ry from a moisturc contont of 75 percent,

nhcn cut in the morning, to a moisture content of 45.5 per-
cent to 43.0 percent at the end or nine Food orging hours.
If the mom mg is atOppod at 1300 then the last hey cut

would dry only five hours. It would drv down to a moisture

I}

'9

content of betwoon 57.3 percent and fi0.0 percent by tho

T7139 a"ora

aviators con

en3 3a 33. -3 tent of all hay
MOL“$ in one morning moulé then to uLovt 52 porcent at the
and of th irst flay. The er1. rates on the 9900 o and
suscaafl.n; £339 in normal wast 3r 30313 ho a lit slower.
a larger portion of the ru‘aM .133 moist3ro is hold more

tightly add lh°a r3olily ovogoratod.

:1th light socoad cutting o1? olfa it is [(8-33lu to
:‘t mob; tor- ropii iryi3x. lho ovorv'a rota of dr;ing
may Lo as hi; as 5 reort to 6 pore on per hour and dur-
ing 0:3tim33 confliti .3 for oryio», so: uiuoroos er dry
at a rate as high as 10 percent per lo3r ”or a few hours.

3

I'iold "C", a 13 -2 Povonv cuttin", rrs cut in U13 morning
between tdo hours of 0300 an 11:0. It had pas so d through

8 drou;

first day it hafi driaé

of 33.3 garcont.
rate of 5.5 pares

E3t period for a

3:13

at p r hon

baled from OQCO to 1223 End

tent of 1?.3
23.0 port: on t.

c363 of good an

fast that ovon

.’ '_‘ n
Eda-‘5‘

of boy was

twig ran- and

Ion: ooo33h for

J

tura contents.

I; 9 PC ‘13.“3

J.

L, with

nor-7

M338 94". h

v.88

month

dean to an avara“

before cutt

‘3

«want th"t it had

‘TH

'QB

uh”.

it bod

a range frog 9

in Pong:

d poor hay in the ffolo.

1.11013;

down t) 50 porcent, it soon pasaeé

L

tho 11

‘h the r5

“4

$«~o
moiatu
dried

next morning
on ovora o

3.7

Ey 1700 that
re content
at aw average
it was
isture

my con-

il :3

percent

a wore caused by pat-

uhis hay dried so
toé before most

tnro:u;:3
W

go last he; cut remained in the azath
optiwum drying so that it caught up with

“a

$.th Gilt

An inzaresz

hey

i

n 3933335

71,”!

a lib x»

.0 int is hora bran;

down to lower mois-

‘r‘3t‘. out

'~ n, . fi“ Lt ,-. - ‘ "o '. 1
Li“: ‘— CJ-U 1&3" .Lt P-ua'lwlL‘J 9'0

v
0

M
(A
L,
3.
£3; '
u’
'23
K)

in that 3:2,:er LlLa
parcant, and 3333 Lh‘uih £13 rLLLLILg pro r33835 at about
tza 53:3 pL3d as tw3 #33133, t33 333 33133 was cut lat3r
acc31333233 fast anemia in its érgiLg so tflst by the tin

it is PSYGd It 1

CG

catching up ufibh tha first cut hay. fly

:3: and of £23 33 it 13 oftcn 33.3? than :3L3 of the hay

Ed

3'

131 has 3333 03t 323 lonjest. €313 coxiitian 331 ostur
1th Elnost Lny 11,Ht stand of hay durin; $003 drying

'50 1101‘.

Libh a ;iv;n 2133 of ;3y, in 3 given grouth cunfiitlon,

on a given 333a of 1338, tha £3332? has 3313 the factura
cf 335333? ccnilbiane Lo consiéur in hurvasLLng thaL hay.
G? 33333 13033:3 2:3 agogat ané 13L3n3fty of 33333133, gre-
cigitation , anfl 3:33 r3 th- mast lnfluontlal 13 3103133
up or in 3333313; up the crying prmcess. T‘;13 relative hu-
delty 333 i33 aLr t3 goruLure are 33333333 upon the afore-
mantlon3d 33cth3r factara. Lhoy fluctuate quito PapiLly
and 315313 3 3t alte r t -3 net drying rate of the It? to a
much lesser 39”“ a. @3333 two factors are invL.rs )1; pro-
portionul, V us when t: -3 tv.yLr3LLr3 r19 33 L33 r31331v3
humifilty decraascs 3333353 tne 33???? air “35 a greatw

capacity for holding moisture. firain Lhan the 3*33r3Lure

i.‘

Q

d3cr33333 3.L& pCFCLnt Of r313L1v3 hufitc:ity increacas.

ha
(-..

.~‘.. ._ 9 .- ., . . ,_ ‘ .. V" .. 4

n a ngafl 319 LLL;<;LWza wze 3r 3 p3rcawt 0L r313.iva
. . - ,.‘ ... ..., .‘ .. ' 3..., 4.. -_.. L._ - 2,3 . -i .
hagiuLtJ, an dcr3ass in 3L? dovafiunq :LaLcjs L33 3.? :33-
" "' ‘ i" "- ‘ q.‘ n" . ' '. 1‘ 3' Q”. "'.‘- ' 1: - . "‘ L ~.,~ - 1 4' V. V
perLLure 333 also 133 r LLLLLe nmJiuily of L33 3333333323

arouna tna product 331ch is uniargoing crying. iho moving

 

-7;

air currents reduce the relative hufiidity by dispersing
anfi lowering the concentration of malsture vapor which has
accumulateé aft2r being r2‘ leas ed by tbs product undergslng
frying. This allows more waist”* to be evaporfited to re-
saturate tha air and lowers the air temperature -ec9usa

it takes haat to evcgofiata netar. It should also be natafi
that meisture ladan air, or air with a h1 Ear agacif lc hu-
midity, will rise beca 'ae it 13 l':?t gr. 1119 also tenus

t) keep the carcun u9z‘1~ian of vapor reducad around the pleat

.9

Opt; 1 ryL” cunfiltlons for any given hay in a
givan condition wuulfi be cantinuaua intense 391sh1ua, re-
sulting in a high air 1””Jfirfl 1ra and a low percent of
relative humidity, and a brisk breeze to d1aparae the

noisture that is evaporntad.

:ue a zoznt aid intensity of tha sunshine anfl solar
radiation is a very important factor. Few peopla stap to
realize haw psmerful the sun is as a $9312; agent. Ona
reason is uz‘aLutadl: the way in mhlch tha parcont of.m013-
tura centent 18 s a:ed—-as on a wet basis instaafi of on a
dry basis. flood alfalfa or lire laiug he; con ta19 3 ea
an avgrago about 75 parcent molsiura on a wat basis. flaw-
ever, on a dry basis this reprf°fiu s 300 p rec rat moistu1e
Litger way it is Spokezm of as a quantity of f r2ahl3 on t
green bay which weighs 2000 pounfis, it will cantain on an

average about 00 pounds of d ry hay matter vith t e

remaini-m 138 0 p0 ”31:8 bola wotLP. IL is only 171m) you
speak of pounds of WLLLr razovod on a dry basis that you
eo3rcc1113 Lhot a truly 9333358113 or3133 £3ont the sun is.
Soo F13. :3 for a graphical congarison of poroozt wjist31

content on tho Let oasis versus aha percent; noistgro c-on-

tent on tho dry basis.

The wot basis mot1od of describing moisture content
is very Inisloadin3 as the 3raph b91338 out. than 1500
pounds of Later are removed from a t3:z of boy, the wet
basis indicatsa t? :at it is 75 percent of the total weight
of the mat hay. Howovor, 33 are not iot Poo tod in this
compmrlsf on of total moisture content with tot 1 wet wei3ht
of L33. that wa should know is tie percsnt of moisture
in Eho hey as compared to 310 p; rco at of dry matter. T51
is corroctly givan only by using the dry basis wethod for

oouputin: Llo porcen t of molsturo oonawnt of day.

u.}1i‘/u»~ Jun)

1) Boring a normal season with favorable waaLhor conditions,
(relative humiilty (1013 to 43 p 93 sent during the day,
air tom; era urro o rangin3 boLLean 75°F. and 95°F., and
moderate LPGGZB blowior), a first cuttin_: stead of
good alfalfa and 39335 mixture 1133 nijht bo oxpooted to
dry at an average veto of 5 percent to 5.5 percent por
hour during the first day. ‘

2) On the second and 3300933133 days the hay 3111 £93 at

slightly reduced r3138. As tho hay 69133, a larger

mflw mane—.... .

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portlsn of the rumaiaing moisture is held with corres-
punéingly greaLer farce.

Light second curt n3 &lf&lfa may dry more rapidly at
rataa &3 high as 3 percent to 6 percent per hour.
Lecausa hay arias m3re rapidly in the swath than it
done in the windrow, light second cutting hay which is
out last may lie longer in thg swath or be subjectsd to
more Optlmlm firyin; conditions, so that by the end of
the firying 693 it dries down to a lcusr maistura con-
tent than hay watch was cut quite a while before it.

The sun has the most influence on the firylng rate or

1-0‘

18y. In ncrmal weathxr, dryin.

'0
..1

begins as soon as the
sun canes up a1i.stops when it goes dovn. The drying
rats usually acculeranes rapidly in misforning and
reachas its maximum in mldaftarnoon. It tafiers off in
tha late aftwrnnon and the hay may begin to pick up
moistars aftwr sunéonn.

Precipitation in the form of 69% or rain will retard
and may P5V£rfie the drying process.

'\

flir mOVement hastans tha rate of frying by disparsing

evaporpted moisture.

g A - 7: n: P v. TAM: nag;- A ”an" :g't ; (N “at; ?T : m") :r'frr "7r‘2’y‘ff‘
'.J.L i-.v«_,é'§p'$£.‘-'¥.\. "\J. ... l J -M L'.’-.’.. ,.'_3 A 514 Rain: -). w ‘ »-... . 5‘}

53?: AA SAY IN AA; FIELD BY THE EZFA?ET

tn! 9 v I \ns ,2, "'T I"!

‘4’. E‘ ‘ C; r V \1
3’" "l'!." {2"‘1
*u‘L ".}PELJ

Th3 exhaust method of quick drying hay in the field

mak.s use of tha rat e:;hau st gases from an 1nt3rnal com-

J

V

Lustion enr1n'. It uaa dAvelcpAd by Jr. S. T. Fexter at

175163 Farm Grape {Agrart aunt, ?;.'1c'..1gjzim fita‘w Collawa, in
1343. An ant” 31.116, truck, or tractor may ‘a usAfl but

the heating is more unff wr and thsrn 15 11:3 danger of
Eurnfn; or carAmelizlng the hay sample it the gases pass

through a muffL Ar be :fore bu!.n asad for Gry1ng. It takes

from 15 to 13 minutes to dry a sample conAaining 50 par-
cant cr mora moisture on the wet basis, from 12 to 14
minutes to dry hay Aith 30 percent to 45 percAnt moisture,

and from 8 to 13 m1nu1;s to dry ha, containing 20 percent

to 30 percent mo}.8turo.

139 sample of hay to be firied is put into a cyltndcr
and connected to thA end of the exhaust pipe. The tem-
pera? are of the exhaust gase 95 var 153 with the Speed of the
engine. Dexter stetAs A? 1 140°C. or 2340?. is the maxi-
mum to.parAture at which hay can be heatAd w1thout earn-
mellzlng. Field trials showad this to be true. ihe effect
of oaramellzation is to inflicate hi: ghar molethre contants

than really exsist. The Dexter method is useful for Spot

checking the moisture cont nt of the he: in tha fie 3. 5y

-73-

using this matflsd :3 far wnv r can det: rnlne Allen 12 a hay
is ready ta ta rakui aad when 1t 13 reafiy to be baled.

In tds Case day Frying praject for 1348 the Lay was raged
unsn it re acLod a maisuuro conhant of 30 percent on a wet
basis. It was balai at vgrious moisturs confisnts rA1.1ng

rrOA £5 perceAt to 40 percent.

For purQQAAs of research tests, the hay AAA Aeslred

at a cerAAln moistura cunt at. In any opjrazi A of any

' -‘C

8 20 wdatsoavsr, Lula, at LAst, cAn only mean an average
ngiszgra CflflCuflt. In Ozhcr Aorls, it is usually necessnvy
ta 8 Aart LLlL:;b ore the majfirlty of the hay 13 down

13 the ficsirefi moisnura cantant so that the hay A111 be
pavle; LLPOQLH ALA range 303 desire while ballng to Alvo
you a final avarage Gee 1r Afi moisture c31tAnt. It is not
practical to staggAr Aha mOAlng and rakAAg to col: 1cloe
wit; & cantl:auam13 Cr"1ng rate to give hay that would be at
t e cesirc d molS' Lure cantant as the b51115 prefvasses.
uhere are too many factnrs involved wh1ch influence the
orig: al moi stare can; at and fine éryin: rats of the hey.
ifia or1glnal moisturs content is c: 39*raqt upon the 81939
of musur1ty, the ears on, 1L0 8011,1ha presence or absence
of wcAds or 01h r {0?0133 material, and LEA variety and
type 9f hay. 1L8 Cryinr r813 of a certain hay is Lur11553t

upin tLe original maistura coatsat, the atynd Aha amount

3 L‘, .-,.‘.,,. . . ,. _ 0 ‘4‘ ,9 ‘51 _‘ .; ,‘ . _ ’f‘
fiolg, An; 1; pArauurA 01 Ada air, 140 P 18,3ve Lleiit"

of the Air, tza valocitg of the Wlnj, 11:9 £3;;aunt anfi 1nte.sl ty

I“,

of sunshine or clouds, the pr033nce of '32uruaus or d lo-
cation aromas the field, and the afidltlun of were mois-
ture by precipitation in the form of dcms or rains.

Crus h-n; Lho stage be is £036 uith 3H9 John tasa taymeker

ta 07 a third or acre. For

H

V111 increase the dryinn r

{:3

Further inf or~gflatfoq sue Part IV of this report.
5211.?! L $271513 '5 I 2‘. fl

23a hardest part, by far, of making moisture tests of
any kind Is 13 sol sting saxples which ara repr339ntative

of th hay to be Lostad. its field shoali b5 afipralsad

(-9

tefore b ml :xin" 0 £533 any eafiplas. If tte flelu is
level or very nearly $0, and the stand of hay is even
throughout and frea of weade and foreign material, then it
1a quits easy to select a cross section of ins field which
w:11 be reprasantative. On the othsr hand, if the topo-
graphy of the field is quite uneven Lhera will be high
areas which will probably have a lighter stand of hay and
w ich will dry more q.icw 13 because of more favorahle sun
and wind action, ané there wlll be low areas which will
probably have a more luxuriant grawth ana wflich will dry
more slowly because they do not receive as much firyin: ac-
tion tram tha sun and winé. The preeance of windbreaks,
trees, and buildings may tamper the action of Lhe wind and
producs similar .esults. She percent of ralfit Ive hu~ia ‘lt.y
nay bzild Up in t} a low are as an very still days or in areas
sheltered from the wind. £9 Lha sun GVHporatas the vols-

ture from the hey, it builds no the cone: ntrnt ion of moisture

immediately around the stems and leaves of the plants and

as the concentration increases the drying rate decreases
somewhat. The wind is needed to disperse this concentratian
of mcisture in order to obtain the maximum rate of drying

Of the hay.
APP’FAE?S $3? TQ?IP”INT

The fiextsr metaod is Eiflglfl enough so that any farmer
can make the equipwent, or have it nude by a tinauith,
enfi run the t st. The equipmant consista of tho sxhaust
oven in three main pxrts: a funnel staped adapt r made of
light galvanizea sheet metal and which fits onto L43 ex-
haust pigs or oato an exiension of fleuible axhnust tubing;
a cylinder made of aluminum aiich fits into the large an
of the adapter and whlcfi makes up th" main body of the
oven; and an inner split cyanfirlcal wrap made of alumisum
into which the hay is placed before being inserted into
the main cylifider. .399 Fig. 24 for sketch of cowponcnt
parts anfl metfind of assaxbling. It is expectad that this

equipment will be available for purchasa vary shortly.

Other equipmsnt needed includes: a 500 gram scale
graduated in grums and with a movable face 50 that the tare
weights of tha alumrnum c3 indsr can be deductad from the
reading t9 give the net weight or the hay ermple airectly;
a tharmomatsr which r3553 at least 13 ”C. or 3309?.; a clip
board with data sheets; and leather gloves for handling fie

hot cylinders during the drying process.

:0

55.0 Pabfiwpm Hawk ho

w4a§<m

 
    

wJoz<I

  

m9&4...» mmiohmhmoo .va ...:

£413 mmzz. Edam

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Fora 1t 33 be dcrlrsbla to

Pr
'3 1'
c3

33 such tractors as

ex ta; né 1&3 exhaust p193 31th a 91303 of flex1b13 tubing
so as to bring the oven up behind the tractor saat in a
more canvan13‘111 and vorafcal "ositian. 3 box or small
platfcrm can also be boltad on heh1n1 tha tractor 333C to
which the and of Lhz flexibla tubing and th3 adapt3r can
be rast3n3d. Ike 333135 can then ba sat in the box and
aft3r the 333313 has been 33132133, the entire tasting op-
eration can b3 run by the Operator 31thout maria; fror
the tractor 3331. A3 tharmonet3ru ar3 easily broken, a
safe placa 3hoalr be prov vlded to keep them from being;
brok3n Wham not in nan. The 303133 are also ruhh3r sen-

tive 3mm azoulu b3 r333 Oilfibly l3va l to er3 aclzurate
rosults. R 3 all swivel Joint platform can easily be
bu11t 3;1c h makes it 93831313 to lavel the scales by means
of a small plufib bob. This is a vary halpful 31d when

cporating on rolling rrraln.

On tractors such as the International and Case the
oven can be mountad directly on tha short exhaust pipe
above the muffl3r, or a pieoa of flaxible tubing can he
used to bring aha oven bank tmwmrd the controla of tha trac-
tor. Thia puts £53 oven at a lower IGV31 where it will be
33313r to r-3u1 Lh3 ‘1vrmornter, w31gh thfi 533313, and con-
éuct th3 taab 1n gsngral. In this way tha tractor controls

r3 couvaaient t3 r33ch an the 333133 can 333311?

3st

w-N
‘ I
{D

on the tractor before the seat so that they are also con-
venient to the operator. If the oven is m mated d1r3 ctly

above tha manifold in place of tha exhaust, very careful

_._ ‘ 5‘ 1 . f, y (t' ‘\. ' ‘ 1
attentifin mugt b3 ;;v3n t3 c1 133 .333 Emjlfltflufit to pr3vant
- ' pp '3‘ ‘- ‘ "“N ‘ 319' w 0“. ‘ 9 ’ ‘
1333.33 or ca r3t3111113.<37 313 334913. L0'~~P CIL‘H3 9'99 93
.. , f, V, . . 3 . fl , ‘ -,, ”.4 m". 'I. .' .... 9 . -.: . , 3.. >
3111 33 H3333d L3 {gve 113 3331334 993133 13-???113P9 ‘3

1n caxgarison to the 32gina sp3ad of the Terd tr3.t -.3r. £93

"‘2
’3

' H ; ' .~ \ v -‘ 3. t 1' ~ - w: ‘ --. . a '- "1.
113. 23 3 plot are of 3133331 ovea arglnb first U313; make

vth a Case tractor.

float automobilus, small trucks, 333 0-3 plow tr¢.c-
tors have ancut the 5333 size erhausb plpss, or agent
1 1/2 to 2 1332335 in 02118133 diamet-rrr. The 1331531“ 1,30
3103 tractors usually 3333 a 2 to 2 1/2 inch exhaust pipe

33 on ::.3 ler 5311 H and Gas-3 EC.13for9 ma'., in: up :33

oven equiprzcnt, the fa W*n::r shoal: data r311 :13 331ch an 133

33 can 1:03: canvoniontly use and uiapt the oven to it.

‘v-w- ~ 8 . -" .L, . , 1 _, ,, .: . 3,.
A 5.3rt p1323 3‘ 313 iucn p193 can 33 trazau c: tua

31d of t.3 fla 31:13 1.;133 so that it can easily be 311;-

":3
{3
{a

J
‘3
P"
.1
£2:
0
' 1
*5
1":
A

exhaust pipa ta 3333 tat 0v:n outcL
Eetachable fron Lhu rackina. An inch or two of coarse

31331 3301 is also packed into 133 afiapLar e:3_net tize

,urb .

screen to £31311 out SpaPRS ant t fivi'a 333 iistrlbuta

O
k‘

the flow of hot gases evenly over the enlarges 3333 cf the

afiapter.

If a :00 gram scales is use , the combined weijht of
£23 301313105 split 1r 13r 3P8p 333 133 wt r C“; 121A .r £13116
b3 kept Let133n 230 and 330 grams. ibis lan13 ~1b~uun £30
and 2:0 ;;r113 as big maximum size 882310 that can be 3;.3h3d

on the 503133. Turin; 1&3 drytug process 333 outer cylinéar,

makommh ammo .4 EH»... Hafiz «PAH

9.....3 omfima 2mg amnfimm m.

0|

..:»
Lu,»

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and split lunar wrag confaininfi the hey, is reversed every
£9? mfuuflse t3 fir; the hat uniformly from both enfls of the
as 913. V0 wako it PH?5$? ta keep trgck of tha drying
process, a colérci tsnfl is painttfi around one end of the
outar c;liufler. fifiwn If the bandad end is always inserted
first into the sfippter it is easy to remember when to re.

vevse LFQ c linder for more uniform drying or whfin to tak

\

A mire hanfile can also fie attached to the split inner

wrap to rake it BEEJwP to remove it from tha inside of

the outer 6511n53P. The split inner wrap an& outer cy-
L;der should be made out of light weight aluminum sheeting

to keap the weight as low as poaslbls. The adapter can be

made out of heavier 13 gauge galvanized ahaet metal. lbs

and that slips over the exhaust pipe can be Split so that

an adju table clamp can he ussd to fasten it on sacurely.

After the equipme.t has been made and installed on
tha engine, the Operator ahauld allow the engine to war:
up and then check the leaperaiure of the exhaust gases
caning through ha empty oven. fitter saveral trials pith

‘
l

hay in nae oven, the operate” shauld have a fairly good

ldtfi as to how fast the elyln ehauld La Operabefi to we;

0.":-
cartain tamperaturex in the hay sample. In actual pracclca
it will usually be found that the engine can he Operated
fastnr at first whsn moisture is being driven off rapidly

because the evaporation of moisture cools the gases. m1fi1

samples of 30 percent moisture canLent or more the engine

- 87 .

can be ope ratgé at a rather fast speed continuously for

the first four minutss or more, but it then must be slowed
dawn as the moisture coutaat decreaaan. IOP example, on

a Tord or Forglson tractor with a flaxiblc tubing extcns 10 an,
high moisture content hay can be dried for the first four
to eight minutes at about 2/3 throttla, but than as the hay
dries out and the temp eraere begins to climb, the throt-
tle must be reduced to 1/2 or more. The engine should be
throttled at all times £0 that the temperature is kept

JusL below 140° L. or 2430?.

Folloaln~ is Liven a squastad racedLre to follow in
b L t T

running the exhaust oven drying. Lent.

Eelect a erresenLat ive saflpla Walsh will Luigh be-
tween 100 ané 200 grams. A little experience will enable
one to jufiga this quite effectively. Folé the hey into a
loose bundle about eight inches long, or juat a little
shorter Lhnn the split trap. The bundle of hay should be
of such size that it will fill the split inner wrap and ro-
qulre a little pressure to sqaaeza it tagether when in«
aerting it into the main cylinder. f little trick may be
utlll zed here to keep the hay fret Sl'dlflf in and nut as
it firles and shrinks. Phen inserting the hay into the
split wrap, hold onto the bottom ean of a few stems and
put them between the Béits of the split c;lin?2r. ihia

will then hold the hay in 11803 ave n after it has dried

out and it will not bc necessary to pack the sample in
t1;atly. The hay must be held in placa 1n the cylinder h!
order to luscrt the thermometer without pushing the hay
down into the Opposite and of the c3lindcr. Care should
be tal-aan to keep the camp— 3 falrly loose and Open at the
ends, espsclally where it is folded. Dense and tlghtly
packed ends make it hard to dry cgt tfe middle of the hay

sample and increase U 6 CH1 ages of carar ell zlng the ends.

After the hay 3&mplc has been placed 1n1§e the split
wrap, 1? sert 1t Into the out-3‘ r 0311ndcr. fiake sure that
the hay does not stick out or the ends of the outer cy-
linder. Set the tare weight of L? c outer c Jllnder and
Spllt inner u mp on the scale by moving the scale face.
Place the fillad inner wrap and cylinder on the scale and

record the mat we: mEt of the wct h 3 sample.

It is presumed that the tractor has been ranting and
that the e: :haust p1 pe is hot. Insert the paint banded and
into the adapter on the and of tie exhaust p190 and 0p31
the throttlo on the tractor about 2/3. At the end of one
minute, pull thc cylinder out of the adapter and inscrt

he Opposite e:zd into t c adapter. Coatlnuo to reverse
ends at thc and of each aucccedin: minute theraaftcr. It
usually takes about four minutcs to Rant up Lhc hay 1f 1t
has 30 to 40 percent moisture. Hay that has a hi -hcr or
lower moisture content will require a little more or a
little less ttflc racpectlvely to came up to the prcpcr dry-

ing temperaturc. Check the tcfipcrature of the hay during

I
(I)
w

I

the third ad fourth minute and decrease the engine speed
. . . , C“; .. .
1f tne temperature is Vary near tha 140 C. mark. aeigh

1

faur minutes. For hign moisture con-

i",

the hey at tie and o
tent hay, weigh again at tie and of eight minutes and re-

fin.

CCI’G. 101'

(.2

h ovary two minutes thereafter or whenever the
painted beufi is flosn. ior low moist‘re cont at hays, weigh
tFe second tima at the and of six minutes had every two
minutes thereafter or thenevur the painted band is flown.
Yhenever the hay aumyle is weighed it cools off, so after
it is figain lnaartad into the adapter, race the engine for
about 15 or 20 seconds to bring tn hey back up to the 60-
sirad drying temperature and than raduce tha engine Speed

to hold it Juan below 140°C.

Vatch the weights as the drying proceefls and than the
change in weight does not exceed mora than one for five
grams, the hay sample can be Judged as d 165. Sae Fig. 26
for a sample data sheet and rficorfl of several days exhaust

van drying tests. than drying high moisture cont nt hays,
35 percent or more, the tendency will be to not dry them
coxpletaly. A good oxampla of this is shown by afimplea
91931 and E1 8431 in Fig. 25. Also, than Crying hay with
a moisture content of 1688 than 35 percent the tend ncy
will be to dry them too much or to carameliza them. In
either case the percent of error should not exceed ona or

two percent.

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- 91 a

RLRULTS

1b chant tbs accuracy of the exhaust oven test for
'drying hay. a largq sample was salaetcd out or the swath

or windrov, and after being thsroughly m1x&d, it was fil-
vléad into two parts. ?ho moisture contant at one part

was datarminad by exhaust ovan in tbs fifilfi and the other
part was bagged, we-ghsd and later driad in the staam oven.
Fér a comparison of results obtained in drying similar sam-
plaa with tha exhaust ovan 1n the flelfi nd with the steam
oven for 15 hours, see Tabla 5.

fihble 3. Comparison of Ray Samples Exhauat Oven Dried
with.Samplos Steam Oven Dried

 

Percenf:&oiatura Content% pefcgnt Deviation

 

 

Sampla 30. Exhaust Steam Ov- Exhaust Dried from
Owen Dried - on.§rig§ Steam-Dried
31251 45.5 ‘793 v 1.8
81931 5214 (2.4 ~10.0
312431 38.3 39.3 - 2.5
82231 25.6 25.8 f 1.3
33081 24.6 23.1 + 1.5
61281 52.2 54.0 v 1.8
01431 32.8 33.2 . 0.4
62431 28.2 27.5 + 0.7
022631 23.0 23.4 - 0.4
0214N1 23.8 22.; + 1.7

...J

5 Percent moisturo Contant on the tat Basia

- 92 -

Hhoso figuros Show that the exhaust oven method of
field testing hay for moisturo content is both practical
and helpful for detonnining tho poroont of moisture in
boy with reasonable accuracy. The biggest error is likely
to be in tho eporator'a Judgment. The length of time that
the sample shoulé be run to be dried is best taught by ex-
pericnco. without a thermometer it is Very hard if not
imooasiblo to maintain the prepor temperature for maximum
drying without danger of burning or caramelizing the sam-

plo.

A season's work in checking moisture contents of hay
will soon convince any one that they cannot accurately tell
the moisture content of hays by morolg looking and fooling
of them. After a season's experience a person can make
fairly good estimates of the moisture content without
testing, but there are always cases when ho judges wrong.
Iost farmers have a vary poor conception of what the mois-
ture content of hay is whoa cut and at any time during
drying. Farmer: at the 1345 gross days guessed everything
tut the correct moisture content in most cases. Hichigan
has a reputation for variable weathor which changoa rapidly
and it has a profound influence on the orying rate of hay.
By runing just a few samples a farmer can determine :hen

it is tire to rake ona than his hay is safe to be baled.

1)

:3)

6)

1)
2)

5)

4)

CJKLLCI3HS
Eho exhaust oven test enables a farmer to determine
he moisture contant of hay in the field.
It is sufficiently accurate if moderate precautions
are taxan by the eporstor.
It can be used on aqu.pmont available on most farms.
The technique does not require a great deal of ox-
porionce and can he self taught.
The equipment is simple and the ouulsy for it costs
very little.
?Lo accurate determining of the moisture contant of

hay takss much of the guwsswork out of hsymaking.

Some disadvantahsa of the exhaust oven test are:

The toot takes 10 to 15 minutes to run one sample.

The test may tie up I tractor or other equipment

needed for some other job.

$ho test requires reasonably gooi juégxsnt in selecting
ano testing the sawplo.

The wind may be bothersore while weighlnfl sowples.

A portabla windbreak zould b3 1 very useful device

in providing a sheltered place for weighing.

R _ ,: I .- .. U. ta. y~ ' to- > r- ~_ ‘7‘? . A. I“. c_ “4 '. .figI‘I‘ {- ?‘ ‘1"?ng '. ’ “1": V ‘f (i 5‘ 'q
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23 0-0.0~

I"; ‘ 3" rm .-. T W7

- vulgu’f‘a

A study was made in the lato summer of 1943 on tho
drying choraohoriutzcs of crushed he; var us uncrushed
hay. Tho exgarlment was eonduoted on the-Kellogg farm
near iattlo Crook, Richlga; which in a part of the Etchi-

gan atato College rxpurimont Station.

,1
1

m

A John Moan

load

{aymakor was purchased for the farm in

1347 8:16 11: 1:5:

m

us~fi in makin¢ all of the hey during the

(

1J49

£8

ouson. Clover, alfalfa, 135 alfalfa trons grass

!

hers were harvesteé. ?ho farm suparlntendont, Er. EcCrary,

statue that he thovght it was the best quality hay they

4‘\
u

had over mafia. fie soft that two factors stood out with

n

“he uso o; the haymakor:

l) A ahortar curing porioé which 1n goofi dryiwg weather
enaLlod ihem to cut hay down one 58y and to bring
it in on the following flay;

2) fl bettor quality hey hacauso of tho resulting
brighter green color and the ratention of almost

“I!

100 percent of the loavos.

2-51". McCr-ssry fur'ihcr owner! that 1:9 thought Line: time
required for curing and drying the hay was snortoned by
1/3 to 1/2 as co pared to the Limo required for firglna the

hay when harvestod with conventional heymeklng oquipmont.

id

lug houthzr, cons sting of a relatlvely

alrh 43 para ure, 3 low parcont of rllatlvc huwiéit and

I,”
U

a breezo, is a factor which is moat essential for rapid

hey curing and drying. the tire éurimg which all of these
CDlditl"fl3 occ or slmultonoo;sly and in 0g tizum in%mels ’ties
for rapid hay dryinr is rolatively shoxt and 1;;roczuont 1n

OCCLII‘PGRCO o

Cruahf mg. the hay expedited the evaporation of the mole-
thro from t..‘:e s‘oms and leaves anti may help overcome in
part 168- favorable won her OOHdIthlB as they affect hay

or? ing and curing in tho field.

"PJ Cir-Ix "S

T? o e; :porimont tea conductod to determine to that ex-
tant crushl1g shortens the drying time of alfalfa hay.
339 moisture content of Lay on a wet basis should to 20
percent for safe atorage without aoditlonal natural or
artificial drying. Thus the time that it takes hay to dry
down to this range 13 t} .9 critical noriod and th one in

which the farmer is interosted

A second objective was to dotormlno how much windrowing
retarrl s t a drying of crus had and uncrushod hay. The dry-
ing rate of both tho crusneo anfi uncruohod ray was cooparod
unfior three olf’erazt cond’tlons:

l) flaked immedigtoly after cutting;

2) flaked at tho tine the hay reached a: proxin zately

the :0 percent mwn! turo co nt2nt level on tlao wet bas‘ .3;

3) Left unrazad

A third objective W83 to detxrmine if it was bzttar
to mow in tge merning, in tha late afternoon, or whether

it wade any appreclal 13 difference.

. , ~r'~--:- 1 ~ t”. . I"? ~' -" " ""V'I'T ‘-
Alz2h-....'ns.' )3 5 C’ .‘JHHL a. ,L‘! C ,. [A V"

(/1

The muchlfio used for cutting and crushing was a seven
foot cut John fean Evyflaker 21th a press av.rc of aLcut 1230
pzunds par S'uero inc~ between the crushing rollers. See
313. 27 for a View of Lie Haymaker in action. A side de-
live ry Ia};a was us' cd for winfirowlng. A slin3 pay hror.z6tar
uas uaoé to check the rclaelve humidity and temperature.
the sawples were weighed on a 500 gram spring scale with

a movable face.

Lhc hay which was used in the test was a tr1rd cut ing
of pure alfalfa. lbs previous two cuttings were wade ear-
13 but very little prccigitatlon fell aftur the second
cu‘t13* was made in lane June. "his cowb‘ne with the
light sandy nature of the 3011 provided lnafiequate moisture
for :r wth ovar moet of the field. fine rollin3 topo rsphy
of tha land, however, produccd lower lying pockcts or hol-
lows in which a fairly good gromti took place. It was on
two of Lhasa areas of about 1/2 acre 3 piece Lhat hay was
selected for the tests. The hay averaged 15 inches high
in tast area no. l, 553 13 inches high In taat area no. 2.

§he hay was in the pre-bloom stain and vary aucculcnt.

Ea m4? cubfifiu mom Em

mda... .054...» mudkfimfikm gmm fish Marv or“ .3“

 

II -11

 

.' I'"F?(' T.“ 1"” :Y'“ t” I~ 1”" _
1. L U: i .4 2.1G-

Tho ori3inal plan was to cut two identical areas of
her and hope for $1 ilar wcazk er conditions on successive
days in ordcr to get a comparison of the crying rates. The
first test area was to La out early in the morning or as
soon as the doc hcd evaporstcd. In the soconé test arcs
the hay was to be cut loco that “8 o afternoon and allowed

to dry the next day.

he morning the tests wcro to start the sky was com-
plctcly overcast. There was a heavy dew so the hey on
test area numbar l was not cut until 1130 hours. Also, be-
cause of bus nature of the pockets of hay which more so-
lectcd for the costs, it was not possible to out two iden-

tical areas in shape or in size of hay.

The hay in test area num or 1 was in a long, rather
narrow strip extcndi.q3 north and south sné t was divided
into sections lengthwise. See Fig. 28 for sketch of test
areas. T? c rollor cr‘shor BGCHJRH cm was elevated and the
cast sids was cut first without beigg crushed. The roller
crusher was then lowcrcd and the west side was cut and
crushed. hc moisture conosnt of the crushed and uncrushsd
hay was then checked under three different conditions: one-
third of that which was cut was raked imrscistcly, one-
third was rsl cod when it rcschsd an cstirstod moisture content
of 50 percent, and one- hiro was left unrakod. fits un-

crusrw ed hay was not chock 3d under condition number 2, raking

-99-

. " I

§‘ 1:

~ I

}

‘* 1

’~ ,I

I
I
1/
\‘ ,1.
\-‘
\~ ,4!
U“
TEST AREA I
'3
t

i
l
5
i

TEST AREA“€'

FIGURE 3’

- 100 -

after the hay reached the 50 percent moisture content

level, because of insufficient hey.

Foprceantetivo samples of hay were selectcd from win-
drovs or soothe or the various conditions at one-half hour
intervals until 1700 hours. iho hay in test area 2 was out
at lVIS hours. Being oval in shapeythc plot wee divided
into six cectioas,eith the swaths cut perpendicular to the
long axis. Samples of hay for the cooperative tests undor
the three conditions were taken from similar areas to try
to give greater likeness for better comparative re alts.

See sketch in Fig. 23.

From 1?00 until 2400 hours samples were taken at one
hour intervals. ihe second day when samples were taken
frOm two areas which were about one-fourth of a mile apart,
the samples were taken at one hour intervals all during
the day. the samples were carefullj selected, begged,
marked, and weighed as they were taken. it movable face

on the scales was set so that the net weight of the hey
was given each time a samolo was eeiihed. The samples none
then brougtt back to the college and steam oven dried a;

10095. for 24 hours. A eecon

Lb

meighin; then gave the infor-

mation needed to calculate the moisture content.
Fig. l in the Appendix for a sample data sheet
and record of the drying rate of crushed and uncrvened cl-

\0 hot-0‘

{alfao

- 101 -

LIrlzaTISts AEB QYSZFVATlfifis

the first coy the test we

it}

started was not a good

drying day. The sky res cloldy ani overcast until about
400 and the relative humiiity renaincfi above 50 percent
except for about two hours in the afternoon. Heavy flows

1 I ‘

were also precipitated on toe nights of August 2-53 and

l

30th.

The alfalfa in test area 1 varied quite extensively
in growth. around the edges of ice pocket it mac consiéer-
ably shorter, less succulent, and thinner in stead than k;
the center areas. the samples throughout the teat, however,
were aolocned from the windrows and swaths in the center
areas. The alfalfa in test area 2 was not as uniform as
was desired for the test, but it did have more growth,more
even density of stand, ané a more afivanced stage of maturity
to n that in test area 1. The above reasons would Biggest
that the study should be repeated again under more fav-
orable conditions. Zoe study should also be made on a first
or Become cutting no they are used mostly for hay and as
the Lhiré cutting is often nullified by firOught or used for

pasture.

Ehe variance in thickness of stand and in hei ht pre-
sented no problcna in plain wooinf, but it old effect the
crushing operation. mhen the hay was short and light in
stand, it did not feed through the crushing rollers. It

was estimated that from 5 to 50 percent of LE9 mowed hay

drcpped off or passed unaer Vxe cru shin; rollers instmad

of passing 1&rc115h thaw v}1cn thc atcnd was poor to fair.
Again chcn Lhc stand was fair to 303d, but the alfalfa was
szcrt, fine, and succulent, 1t paasod thro1gh tic roller
'rucra Lat tcndcé to hang up on tha scraper, wh‘ch cleans
the lowcr roller, and dry? off in bunches. The bunching
of thic freshly crushed and matncd hay floca retard ts

rate of drying but to a lesser dcgree than that chi h in
raked 1mv1:;atcl into windroras. This indicatca Lhct as
far as the mechanical oporaiion of the crusher is concerned
it is necessgry to have a good stand of forage which is

not too short, iica1ure, or succulent.

Test Arca 1: For a comparison of tha drjin: rate of
crusnad varsus uncrus had hay in tact area 1, see graph in

Under con: ltioc 1, raifcd iwnx 1atc1y aft:;r cuntin3
nd/or crushing, tha uncrushed may had a lower or151na1
moisture contcnt. 1hia was fiuc to the position of the
rzay 1n the test crea. See Fig. 23. Evidently tha hay on
the sout txeaat side was less succ ulcnt 1han Lhe rcst. The
era shad hay dried out more than the uncrushcd hey, or about
a third faster. Notice Lhat as Lha relativc hurl? ity in-
creasea above 30 pcrcsnt thc Crying rabc 31013 50 cu ané even
rcvcrscs in the evening. A very heavy dew precipitatcd

the night of August SOth so that the hay gained moisture

 

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PT 6 ~ 5 i'

COMPARISON OF THE RATE OF DRYING OF

CRUSHES AND LJNC‘RUSHEC ALFALFA
IN TEST AREA "I"

FIGURE 2*: 9

-1.:.-4-

aué was literally "wringing wat" the next morning. Over-
nQ.hL Lha crusasd ha; pickod up more moisture than did the

uncruahed hay.

the sacond day TEs a fairly good dry inT daj T1.th a
clear sky, a bright sun, 2 light breeze during part of he
day, and a low relntive humidity which dropped fiown to 34
pcrcant in the lane aftarnoon. “Te crus} 1Rd he: dried ovar
twice as fast as d1 d tna uncrushod nay. Rithoni a heavy
dew t; .5 crushed hay would not have t9? csn on as muck mois-
ture at night and woulé probably have dried out evon fas-
ter the second day. 'Hie uncrushedl 9T dried from E7 per-
cent down to 50 percent moisture content in 11 hours or at
tho rate 0.? 1.5 percent pR r Inozr. Vhe crushed drlad from

£0 parcant down to 45 gore Punt moistlxe con 'ent in 11 hours

or at the rate of 3.4 percent per hour.

Laier conc- iltion 2, raxed ThRn the hay a;:proached a
xoiatqra contaut lovol of 50 percent, tharR was no com-
parative teat oetwden crus.n9 3d and uncrushad hay suitable
for the test. flaking the crushea hay as it flpyP083hfid 50
pchant moiatu re conLRnt did retard the dryinfi rate sowe¢
what the first day of drgixr. Th3 spread in drying rata
gradually widened the sucond flay. Hotice That the dryTRg
rate slowed down marr:e ily soon after tho rRlM iva humidity
started to increase. Lbout 1900 hours the hay in conéition
2 started to take on moist mzxe and increased tke moist 1T6
content by 8 parcent by 2400 goura. The second day the

moisture contant was decreased from 55 percent to 20 percent

in 11 hours or at the :HLR of 3.2 percent per hour. A2

is a typical drying curve and it follows the path of the
relazivo humifiity curvo. In the morning Rhon the rslativo
hualdlcy is high, the rota of drying is low. As the rela-
tive humidity drags the rate of drying increases and it
raachoa its maximum rate at midday or a little later. As
tho relative humlflity starts to inoreaeo, the rate of dry-
ing slows down, and may stop altoaether and reverse in tho

evening.

Under condition 2, unrakod, the crushed and uncrushed
hay showed little differonco in drying rate until late in
the aftornoon of the first flay. Thoy roaohod an equilibrium
in drying at about 1330 hours and then increaseo 1n mois-
ture contact. The seconfi day the moisture content of the
crushed and uncrushod hay was approximately the same at
the beginning of the Ray duo to the addition of moisture
during the night. The crushed hay dried out more rapidly
and reached a moisture content of 25 percent six hours he-
foro the unoruohod hay. Ibo orging rato of the crushed
hay was almost half again as fast as the uncrushed hay.
fiho uncrushed hay dried from 54 percent down to 25'porcent
moisture content in 11 hours or at the rate of 2.6 per-
cent par hour. =110 c ushod hay dried from 54 percent down

to 12 percent.molature content in 11 hours or at the rate

of 3.8 percent per hour.

- 106 -

(‘0
0.

rest Ar-a Cowpcrison of the firying rel 0!

F

(

 

crush d versus uncruchod hay in test area 2. See graph
in Fig. 30 for the firying curves of the hay uaier all

hroe conditions.

Under conditioa 1, cut the evening beforo and raked
as soon as the dew evaporated the next morning, the crushed

hay had a lower original moisture content than 61d the un-

I».

crushed hay. Foe F1;. 31. The first evening very little
drying took place. overnight the crushed hey gained a
little moisture. She second day the uncrushcd hey de—
creased 23 pcrcent in moisture content in 11% hours or at
the rate of 2 percent per hour. The crushed haw decreased
56 percent in maisture content in 11 hours or at the rate
of 3.3 percent per hour. The crushed hey thus dried ovor
half again as fast as the uncrunhed hey. For a better
camperison the test shoulc have boon continued another day

or until the uncrusned hey reached a moisture content of

30 percent or less.

Under condition 2, to be raked than the moisture con-
tent reached 50 percent, the rays wore raked . little pre-
maturely. iho uncrushed hay was roked about 1% hours too
soon or then it had GS percent moisture content. See Fig.
32. The crushed hey was rakod when it was approximately
57 percent moisture content which was one-idf hour too soon
at the rate it was dryi.q. In the six hoursfollowing, the

uncruehod hay dried from 63 percent dorm to 44 percent

 

4
A
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COMPARISON OF THE RATE OF DRYlNG OF
ORUSHED AND ’zJNCRUSHED ALFALFA
lN TEST AREA " '2"

FIGURE 5;)!

 

 

-108-

COMPARISON OF THE RATE OF DRYING OF
CRUSHED AND UNCRUSHED ALFALFA
IN TEST AREA“2"

FIGURE 3!

-109-

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1‘

COMPARISON OF THE RATE OF DRYING OF
CRUSHED AND UNCRUSHED ALFALFA
IN TEST AREA "2"

FIGURE 32

~ liQ -

naistura cantent, or at a reta of 3.2 percent per hour.

[.3 .
\I

p.»

q
r .~'
*1

{b
*3

Furlnn tha Rana time the cru.uaé ha

”.2

V

rum 5? per-
cRnt dean ta 34 parcent, or at a rate of 5.8 percent
hour. Iw'eifahc or dalvyafl Rinénow3n; will retard the rate
a; 613'1u of crunrnd or uncrushed hays. In this sLudy the
windroms were 51511, indicatin: that the effect woulu be

\-

more pronzunced Aitn largar windrows.

Lnder conditim:1 3, hays unrakcd, the uncrushed bay
3&3 Crier o“! infill? Than the crushca ha" fag Vii. 33.

am lirst aven-n; vex; little drying task plrnu Thile tie

3 T. ,. a ... ,.., L 0 .~ T,‘ . . ,. _, ..\ 3 .1 .. . .

:2 ' “.-..: T 3-» * :1;- N. ”:3 0.: L3 1.416: “ 11m:- L513 v.39
s “a . Q '.~. - “n s z ‘I .“ A - w an 4. ._.

lass in»; :30 cru: in HQ; pfiinfl iron 73 percgnt dchn to

' : .t ., .. I». ...y. - I 9 ' _. . . ,9

R? )-““‘L ngasLmrE 03:; at Ln Elw Laura or at a rage of

3.3 p PCExt yer hour. The cruahgd hay Cried Tram 80 per-

.. + .: + r-v. .. T...... . : 4- . T , ..
cinv “own uQ Eu p,rccnt a; suEru Reuben. in 11 h: P5 or

O

It

DISCUSSIQR

Fven though the teat comiitlEnE were not too favorable,

\

as results of the study Show that crushing dose reduce the

Y

tr"’n time of alfalPs rev b: a third or more. 7he lomar

0‘ E

the moisture ccntcnt lcval to which the he} 13 (Vie-d the

greater is tne ye TTnent Te:flcti?n in firyin; Live to La gained

by crushing the hay. Crushlni cracks Opan Lha stene, but

ST?

(1

.111-

COMPARISON OF THE DRYING RATE OF
CRUSHED AND UNCRUSHED ALFALFA
IN TEST AREA "2"

FIGURE 33

does not actually squeeze but the vory smallest amount of
moisture froR the hay. Ry orushino,aad oxpo;ifig the innsr

tissues and cells of the loaves and atoms to t -o cryln 3
action of the sun and EirgTRo process of drying is Speedad
up. The internal mois are in the uncrushod stem is the last
to be given up, but when is is cracked Open it tends to dry
from the if laide out as 3911 R3 from the outside in. A
much larger surface is exposed to evaporation also, so

that drying can Luke place more rapidly. ?hua a soaller

amount of internal noietura, tightly held and insulated,

is left to be evaporated in the last stages of drying.

In g3nor&l,lmmofiiata or delayed windrowing will slow
down the drying rate of either crushed or uncrushed hay no
acmparofi to tho drying rate of uu.lnxrownd crus mad or un-
crushed lzay. the results also indicate that uncrushod hay
is retarded more in dxwyi gby Rindroa a? then in crushed

Lay.

It is not poaslblo to reconneud the cuttimg of hay
oi ‘ or in the “orTLRT or in who lRte thornoon or evening
by tho results of this Enudy. Many factore enter into the

ptctura to cause each not of conditions to be solved separately.

filth favorable weaphe or conditions and hay that is not
too succulent and in the proper stage of maturity, it ap-
pears that a second or third cutting of hey can Le cut and
crushed one s: 22m ing and taken in tho afternoon of the fol-

lowlgg day with a moisture confiont bolow 30 percent. 1*

.L

- 115 -

the hay were not cruchad the time for crying would be at

least half crain as long.

In test area 1 in Spite of the facts that the hay
was in sture and highly succulont, that it was not good
dryin3 RRatth the first day, that tn! hay was not cut un-
til 1100 because of the unfavoro blo weRtEor conziti 6.8. and
that tho m:Jist uro c3.tont of the hay was increased over-
night by a heavy den, tho crushRd hay rated at 53 percent
moistirc content was flown to £0 porcent moisture co: .t;nt
at tho and of 12 days of d. ing.

.hor e anr to to no Rivante o in cutting hay in the
late afternoon or evening when heavy flaws are precipitated
R3 the hay :Ry have a higher moisture content the rol- ‘
10:1.3 morning than v.hcn it mas out t1 16 evenin3 to ore.
Euring good drying weather without dew: it may be poaaiblo
to cut the hay in the evening and than take it in early the

second 68y of crying.

C 0133 If: I 3318

1) Crus.i:13 reduces the drying time by a third or more.
2) th lower the moisture content lecl to which the

hay is driafl, the araator is tho reduction in crying
time to be 3Rincd by crushing hey.

u) Crushing cracka 0 on the stone to increase the affective
area from R: ic}: evaporition takes place, but apparentlj

does not squeeze out any approciable amoHRRt of moisture.

4)

31)

Lindroaing inrefiiytelv decreasvs the *ryin: rate of

31‘ 51.10131; one-third.

,1
C3
(1.:

‘ 1-1.:
tw‘
a

4

w
r-Q‘

I

Einfiron1n3 immediately 68 Para 3:15 tbs ”r”7“7 r3 6 of
crushad hav Ly 31L 0: t on.-f1? th, thus infiicating again,

j

the superior drying c.a “tyrls tics of cruLLad hay.

.1154-

EIPLIOGEAPEY

Bouvouoon, G. 3.. and L‘lok. A. E.

1940 An Flootrioal Fos1otonoo Method for tno Continuous
Heaauronont of Soil Roisturo Unccr Field Cortdltlona.
Technical Bullotin 172, Elohlgan State Collogo.
Agricultural gxporimont Statlon.

BouyouOOl, Go :0. and Kick. A. act
1947 Improvomonts in the Plaster of Paris Absorption
Elock :loctrical liosistanoo Fathod for nonsuring
Soil‘ noioturo Under r'ield Conditions. Soil Solonoo,
V01. 63. BO. 6.

BouyouoOI, G. 3., and $10k. A. E.
1948 A thrio Absorption Unit for Continuous measure-
ment of Soil Eointuro 1n the Field. Boil Solanoo,
Vol. 65, Ho. 3.

Dfixter. B. To
1947 A Method for Rapidly Dotormining the Moloturo
Content of Bay or Grain. Pionignn Agricultural
' Exporlmont Station, Quarterly Bulletin 30, No. 2.
153-166.

Baxter. 8. To
1947 A notbod of Estimating Whothor Bay or Grain E111
Koop in storage. Elohignn Agrtoulturul Experlnont
Stntion, Quarterly Bull-tin 50. No. 8. 150-157.

Hart. W. H.

1948 Curing Vontilatod and Ron-Ventilated Balod Hay with
Forced Drift, Hosted Forced Draft, and Batnrnl Draft
Ventilation. Unpublished Report or S.ooond Year's
EXporimonto Under J. 1. Case Company-Hiohlgnn ~toto
Collog o Cooperatlvo Research Agroomont.

Eurot, W. E., and Humphrion. I; R.
1936 An Absorptlvo Agent for Drying Grain. lgournal or
‘ giriogltural Emginullng. $1: 119. '

Hurst, W. X.
1937 Recent Pragroaa 1n Forage Brying. Journal of
Agnioulturol Engineering. lg: 499. *

J0n9., T. H., and Pub-163‘. Lo 0.
1932 Flold Curing of Hay, A. Influencod by Plant

PhysiolO51oal Rotations. JOurnal of Agricultnrn%
’L *1noerln . VOIQ 13. 30. ‘ .0. 0 Q

. , o. 3 and Juno 1934, Vol. 15. Ho. 6.

  
     

Jon-I. I. 3.. ond Palmer. L. O.
1936 Rotural Drying of Forag o Cropl. JournalLof Agri-

cultural §551noorigg. 523 433-437}

- 116 -

Jonas, T. K.
1939 Haturnl Drying of Forogo Crops. Journal or Agri-
cultural Engineering. £2} 115-113.

JOIN-g T. ‘0' find Dudley, R. P.
1948 nothodn of Field Curing Hay. Journal of Agrioultural
Engineering, 33} 159.

Kouhlor. L. fi. .
1955 Comparative nutritional Value: of Sun Cured and
Artificially Cured Alfalfa Hay. Journal of
Agricultural Engineering. 3.9 1‘29.

AI" P9253111

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NET TEIGFT—QRAMS % WOISTURE RELATIVE

UATE AUG.

50,1945

 

HAY ALVALFA-TWIQW CVTTINGT

 

WTATHER AND

TIME SWATH TIME SAWPLE
007 00. N0. WET DRY DIFF. WTT 54515 HUVIDITY 9904275
1100 1 1100 51-1 195 55 155 57.2 97.0% Temp; 69°F.choudy
1105 2 1105 41-1 212 55 159 75.0 p «2 994 qvgrc st
1106 5 1200 81-2 197 71 126 64.0 05.0% Temp. 69 F
1109 4 1205 41-2 220 55 154 74.5
1112 5 1250 51-5 152 55 105 55.4
1115 5 1255 41-5 175’ 52 121 70.0 .2 .0H
1500 B1-4 165 65 98 00.1 54.00 Temp. 70 r, hazy
1505 41-4 155 55 155 71.7 out clearing on
1550 31-5 2174 67- 107 61.5 ‘the nortn west
1555 41-5 197 55 151 55.5 . O
1400 51-5 215 * 55 152 51.5 54.0% Temp. 74 F, hazy
1405 41-5 205 57 155 57.0 ~
1450 81-7 171 66 105 61.4 Bright sun and
1465 Al-V 182 .68 114 62.7 clear Sky
1500 51-5 154 71 115 51.4 52.0% Temp. 75 F
1505 Al-8 199 55 155 55.5
1550 51-9 155 75 110 50.1
1555 41-9 194 75 115 50.5 0
1600 Bl-10 225 91 ‘ 154 59.5 47.0% Temp. 81 F, Bright
1505 Al-10 206 71 155 65.5 sun, scattered
1550 51-11 209 55 124 59.5 clouds
1555 41-12 205 51 144 70.2
1700 9 -15 225 95 150 57.0 45.0% Temp. 75°F
1705 A —15 209 70 159 55.5 0
1500 51-14 179 79- 100 55.9 55.0% Temp. 75 F
1505 41-14 155 74 111 50.0 0
1900 81-15 212 88 124 58.5 66.0% Temp. 68 F, clear
1905 A1-15 205 59 144 71.0 sundowg
2000 51-15 205 95 110 54.2 54.0% Temp. 52 F
2005 41-15 194 55 109 55.2 o
2100 51-17 259 102 157 50.5 59.0% Temp. 55 F
2105 41-17 205 55 125 59.7 0
5 ,2200 51-15 212 57 125 59.0 91.0% Temp. 55 F‘
2205 41-15 251 94 157 52.5 Moderate breeze
2500 51-19 255 125 157' 55.5 50.0% Temp. 52°F
2505 41-19 255 99 154 57.5 0
2400 51-20 224 101 125 54.9 55.0% Temp. 50 F
2405 41-20 251 105 145 57.5 -
August 51 0550 51-21 255 112 155 55.2 95.0% Temp. 5502, Clear,
1Second day 0655 Al-Zl 271 87‘ 184 67.8 " sun-u still
‘0750 B -22 270 105- 165 61.1 79.0%- Temp. 6féF, Clear
0765 Ai-22 257 107 130 54.9 . Bright 580
0550 51-25 214 105 109 51.0 55.0% Temp. 55 F
0555 41-25 245 54 154 57.7 0
0950 51-24 155 75 110 55.5 55.0% Temp. 75 F
0955 41-25 220 79 141 54.0
1050 51-25 255 95 155 55.5 49.0% Temp. 7759
1055 41-25 259 51 155 55.0 0
1160 81-26 214 96 118. 55.2 41.0; Temp. 82 F
1155 41-25 155 57 75 47.5
1250 51-27 207 90 117 55.5 ""47.0% =Temp. 75°F, Light
1255 Al-27 186 85 98 53.6 breeze bright '
1550 91-25 149 74 75 50.5 44.0% Temp. 796F
1555 41-25 159 54 55 50.5
1450 51-29 145 55 52 41.9 55.0% Temp. 50°F, Strong
1455 51-29 175 87 88 50.5 breeze
1550 51-50 155 55 97 52.4 55.0% Temp. 50°F
1555 41-50 150 57 55 45.5
1550 51-51 142 52 50 42.2 55.0% Temp. 50°F
1555 41-51 155 94 52 59.7
1750 51—52 151 105 75 45.1 54.0% Temp. 75°F
1755 11-52 151 92 59 29.5
1800 54.0%. Temp. 74°F
*Key: Raked Immediately, Al: Crushed hay, Bl: Unoruehed hay. .
Fig. 10 (3471* 31 1 m >1 -~ * 0 1 2 .

v-
7 1'7' \