AN ANALYSIS OF THE CAMPAIGN SPEAKING ‘oF
CHICAGO’S MAYOR RACHARDTJ. DALEY m
THE 196.3 MAYORAL CAMPAIGN

' Thesis. for the Degree (if M A I
MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Robert A. Lyons
. 1966 ”

 

 

774F915

LIBRARY

MiChiz'J‘ai‘. Sir, tc
University

 

ABSTRACT

AN ANALYSIS OF THE CAMPAIGN SPEAKING OF
CHICAGO'S MAYOR RICHARD J. DALEY IN
THE 1963 MAYORAL CAMPAIGN

by Robert A. Lyons

Richard J. Daley was the candidate of the Democratic
Party for the office of Mayor in the city of Chicago, Illi-
nois, during 1963. The Mayor developed but one speech for
the 1963 mayoral campaign and presented it to each of the
fifty awards of Chicago. This study evaluates the speaking
of Mayor Daley in the 1963 campaign as he sought to insure
his re—election to office.

The body of the speech was composed of seven main
divisions. The first division concerned itself with "Clean—
Up" and the cleanliness of Chicago prior to 1956 (the year
of Daley's first election as Mayor). The second division
was related to the former in that it concerned itself with
"Refuse Collection." Again;a description of the situation
before 1956 and what it was in 1963 is included. The third
topic area is that of the "Police Department." Following a
consideration of the "Fire Department," there is an attempt
to maintain continuity by noting the improvements in these

areas as well.

Robert A. Lyons

The fifth and sixth divisions, "Safest Big City" and
"Street Lighting," are very short in nature, consisting of
one or two sentences each. Closing this portion of his
remarks with a consideration of "Health," and the fact that
this department has been recognized throughout the world,
the Mayor moved into a short summary of the accomplishments
consisting of seven statements that related to the various
topics Just discussed.

The Mayor viewed his task as one of informing his
listeners, as opposed to convincing or persuading them to
his position. He sought to arm them with information with
which to combat any opposing discourse they might encounter.
At the same time, presumably, these individuals became con-
ditioned to the party line, and were now equipped to serve
as spokesmen for the candidate.

Mayor Daley seemed at times to be using the occasions
as a platform to respond to his opponent's major challenge:
taxes in general and real estate taxes in particular demanded
a change in city government. Although no reverence to the
Republican candidate of his charges was made, consideration
was given to the increase in the budget since 1955.

Mayor Daley has confounded the so-called experts by
the fact that he has achieved such an aura of personal power.
Daley does not have the knight-on-a-white-horse image that

sustained the former Mayor, Martin H. Kennelly, nor the fire

Robert A. Lyons

and temperament of Mayor Edward Kelly, and surely there is
not the bombast and oratory of "Big Bill" Thompson.

Richard J. Daley has a deep religious conviction, charm and
sincerity, and the dedication and ability of the professional
politician, and these have served him well.

Mayor Daley won the election by 137,000 votes. At
least one noted newscaster considered this a party triumph
and suggested that the efforts of Mr. Daley and his Republi-
can opponent were of little importance. Nonetheless, Mr.
Daley won the election, and the power of the man and that
office still exist. But with all of this power, Mayor
Daley has still had his problems. The police department
has often been a source of difficulty for the office of
mayor. The race situation in Chicago is a staggering one.
Despite these problems and more, Mayor Daley moves on,
rebuilding the city. He knows the city perhaps better than
anyone: "for what Daley is, so is Chicago!"

There is no evidence to suggest that Mr. Daley's re—
marks before the wards of Chicago had any discernible effect
upon the public image of Mr. Daley or the outcome of the

1963 mayoral election.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE CAMPAIGN SPEAKING OF
CHICAGO'S MAYOR RICHARD J. DALEY IN

THE 1963 MAYORAL CAMPAIGN

By

Robert A. Lyons

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS

Department of Speech

1967

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

During the several years of investigation, writing,
rearranging, correcting, and polishing of this project, I
have incurred obligations to many wonderful persons. My
first grateful acknowledgment is accorded to my major pro-
fessor, Professor David C. Ralph, whose encouragement with
a keen and gentle, but firm, guidance made possible this
journey.

I wish to thank Dr. Jerry M. Anderson, Dr. Frederick
G. Alexander, Dr. Jack M. Bain, Dr. Kenneth G. Hance, and
Dr. Gordon L. Thomas, whose interest and example contributed
much more than they will ever know.

To my wife, Myrdice, my son Steven, and my father
Harold Lyons, who stood by me after moments of discourage-
ment and exhaustion and said it could be done and that I
could do it, who encouraged me to finish, go my heartfelt
thanks.

To the many others who gave of their facilities and

their generosity go my sincere appreciation.

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
LIST OF APPENDICES
Chapter

I INTRODUCTION

Statement of Purpose
Significance.

Limitations .

Method and Plan of Organization

II THE MAN DALEY
III CHICAGO, SOCIALLY AND POLITICALLY, 1963

History and Social Setting

The Candidate and the Campaign.
The Republican Campaign

The Democratic Campaign

IV AN ANALYSIS OF THE 1963 CAMPAIGN SPEECH
OF MAYOR RICHARD J. DALEY . .

Arrangement .
Materials of Development.
Personal Proof .
Materials of Experience
Style

Delivery .

Audience and Occasion.
Speech Writing Staff

V CONCLUSIONS.
APPENDICES . . . .

BIBLIOGRAPHY

iii

Page
ii

iv

|__I

~40\m+4

Appendix
A

B

C

LIST OF APPENDICES

Fourth Ward Speech
Sixth Ward Speech.
The Leon M. DeSpres Letter.

Mayor Daley's Letter.

iv

Page
112

123
133
135

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Statement of Purpose

 

The 1963 mayoralty election in Chicago, Illinois, re—
turned to office Richard J. Daley. Mr. Daley has been called
one of the most powerful politicians in America
strong where weakness would lead to his extinction,
yielding where refusal would mean loss of more than
the immediate, enamored of his city, but more impor-
tant, conscious of what its greatness is . . . but
. for many years one of the best mayors in the world.1
Others have remarked that,
the proper mayor of the modern United States city is
not merely a civil servant, a political boss, and a
ceremonial ribbon snipper; nowadays, he must be a
skilled sociologist, a public relations expert and a
television performer. For better or worse, he is the
image of his city and to a remarkable degree, His
Honor usually mirrors his city's personality.2
The personality of Chicago is that of a big—shouldered
gambling man, a gandy dancer, or a latter day Paul Bunyan.
The personality of the 1963 mayoralty election was rough
and tough. Following election day there were charges of
vote fraud.
Reputedly, two deputies of Republican Sheriff Richard

Ogilvie saw an assistant precinct captain paying off voters.

 

1Richard G. Stern, "A Valentine for Chicago," Harper's,
February, 1962, p. 68.

2”Cities of the '60's Big, Bad and POPUlara" EEEEE’
March 23, 1962, p; 16-
1

A Chicago Tribune cameraman photographed the payoff, and

 

one recipient admitted receiving the money. On the other
hand, Benjamine Adamowski, the Republican candidate, was
reported to have misused several thousands of dollars under
his control while a servant of the people.

Mr. Daley won this election by a 138,792 vote margin.
Unquestionably a powerful man in Illinois, Mr. Daley holds
a unique position. Although a firm Democrat, his candidacy
receives backing from Republican businessmen.

Between Saturday, March 9, 1963 , and Sunday, March 31,
1963, Daley held twelve press conferences. Mr. Earl Bush,
the mayor's public relations assistant, indicated that the
mayor Spoke before all fifty wards during the campaign. In
the mind of the writer, such public Speaking must play an
important role in the campaign.

The purpose of this study, then, is to analyze the
public speaking of Richard J. Daley in the 1963 mayoralty
campaign, in an effort to describe the role of his public
speaking in that campaign and, in addition, to make some
contribution to an understanding of his abilities as a public
Speaker. This study will at no time attempt to consider the

role of public Speaking in mayoralty campaigns in general.

Significance

 

The value of this project can be found to some degree
in the state and national prominence of the man. In the

three terms of Richard J. Daley as Mayor of Chicago, he has

established himself as one of the most influential politi-
cians in the country. Time, in March of 1962, had this to
say:
Chicago’s Richard Joseph Daley is not only mayor
but absolute boss of the state Democratic machine
and a formidable political manipulator with con-
siderable CLOUT on the national scene. Almost the
last of the oldtime big—city bosses, he is a ca-
pable, Buddha—like civic leader who has used his
political power to make Chicggo one of the best-run
cities in the United States.

Mr. Daley has been mentioned as a candidate for na-
tional office, including United States Senator and head of
a new presidential cabinet post, Urban Affairs.

Early in his political career Daley evidenced his
energetic personality. AS a freshman Senator to the State
Legislature in Springfield, Illinois, he displayed the
daring and demanding characteristics that resulted in his
becoming the leader of the majority party. After serving
two terms in the State Senate, Daley resigned in response
to party request to run for Cook County Sheriff; he lost
this election to Elmer Michael Walsh. While serving as
Deputy Comptroller of Cook County, Governor Stevenson ap-
pointed him head of the Illinois Rewame Department. Then,
in 1950, the county board appointed Daley to fill the
vacancy of Cook County Cleark. In November, 1950, he was

elected to that office. With this position, he became head

of one of the largest offices in the state and had control

 

3Ibid., p. 16.

 

over a vast number of jobs in the county. The state was
now set for his ascension to the office of mayor. He was
elected to that office in April, 1955.

As Mayor of Chicago, Mr. Daley provides the leadership
for one of the largest cities in the country. This position
of leadership must be renewed; renewal is accomplished by
campaigning for election to that office. Such campaigning
involves extensive public speaking, and yet, even with such
prominence and influence, Mr. Daley has never been a subject
of rhetorical inquiry.

To indicate the significance of a study of campaign
Speaking in still another manner, it is important to estab-
lish this premise: campaign Speaking is of considerable
value to the democratic process.

A sizeable number of peOple today regard campaign
Speaking as a sort of political ceremony with no actual
effect on the electorate. Elections, they contend, are not
determined by the remarks of any candidate, but rather on
the basic grievances or lack of grievance toward the candi-
date. Politicians, on the other hand, are of the belief
that campaign Speeches are of value in satisfying their
intended goal, the winning of votes. Studies of voting be—
havior have substantiated this position.

A study of the results of voting behavior reveals the

following two conclusions, relative to a voter's behavior:

1. From one election campaign to the next, one—fourth
of the voters in both parties change party affiliations.11L
2. From one—fourth to one—third of these voters make

5

their choice during the campaign. This evidence suggests,
therefore, that a large percentage of voters do make their
decisions during a campaign.

Researchers have arrived at additional conclusions:

1. Campaign communications influence judgments on
which issues are accepted or rejected.

2. Voters who decide late in a campaign are more in-
fluenced by communication than those who decide early.7

3. The more communication exposure, the less indeci-
sion on political issues.

There can be little doubt that campaign speaking plays
an important part in campaign communication and thus plays
a significant role in voter decisions.

Campaign Speaking as a tool in a democratic society

can be viewed in still another manner:

Campaign Speaking serves to bolster the party organ-
ization, excite the party faithful, and arouse them

 

Bernard R. Berelson, Paul Z. Lazarsfled, and William
N. McPhee, Voting, A Study of Opinion Formulation in a
Presidential CampaignIChicago: The University of Chicago
Press, 1954), p. 3A5.

51bid., p. 3A6.

 

 

6Elmo ROper, You and Your Leaders (New York: William
Morrow Company, 1957), p. 3A1.

 

7Ibid., p. 336.

81bid., p. 3A0.

to greater efforts. A campaign speech occasion
affords the candidate the Opportunity to meet the
party faithful; it amplifies and renders more com—
pelling the image of the candidate.9
Encouraged by the personal appearance of the candidate,
the party workers then become, as Lazarsfled put it, "Opinion

leaders"10

who, in turn, reach the voters with the candi—
date's ideas.

It is hOped that the intrinsic merit of this study can
be found in an understanding of the role of public speaking

in this election campaign, and in an insight into the public

Speaking abilities of Richard Joseph Daley, Mayor of Chicago.

Limitations

 

This study3331imited to an analysis of the single
Speech presented by Richard J. Daley, Mayor of Chicago, to
the fifty wards of Chicago, during the 1963 mayoral campaign.

Mrs. Francis Foster, secretary to the mayor, indicated
that the mayor became active two or three weeks previous to
election day. The Speech to be considered will be that given
during the period of time.

The director of public relations for the City of
Chicago supplied the writer with the original manuscript
used by the mayor before the fourth and Sixth wards. These
manuscripts are the only remaining texts among those used

by the mayor during the campaign.

 

9Berelson,_et.al.,_gp. cit., p. 303.

lOIbid.

 

There is no attempt in the study to consider public
speaking in a mayoralty campaign in general.

The writer has been unable to find a published biog-
raphy of Richard J. Daley. Therefore, this study will
provide a biography to the extent that it may give insight
into his public Speaking abilities.

Since the mayor still holds public office, the availa-

bility of materials will be the final limiting factor.

Method and Plan of Organization

 

If we turn to rhetorical criticism, we find that its

point of view is patently Single. It is not concerned

with permanence, nor yet with beauty. It is concerned

with effect. It regards a speech as a communication

to a specific audience, and holds its business to be

the analysis and appreciation of the orator's method

of imparting his ideas to his hearers.ll

Lester Thonssen and A. Craig Baird have verified this

position taken by Welchelns: "The source of the basic canon
of rhetorical criticism is found in the audience and occa-
sion. The end toward which the critic's efforts are directed
largely is the determination of the effect on the speech."12
The rhetorician should then analyze and evaluate the method
of Speech preparation, the audience and the occasion, and

the content and effectiveness of the speech. This is sum-

marized by Welchelns:

 

llHerbert A. Welchelns, "The Literary Criticism of Ora—
tory," Studies in Rhetoric and Public Speaking in Honor of
James Albert WinansINew York: The Century Company, 1925),
p. 209.

12Lester Thonssen and A. Craig Baird, Speech Criticism
(New York: The Ronald Press, 1948), p. 23.

 

 

 

The scheme of rhetorical study includes the element
of the Speaker's personality as a conditioning fac-
tor; it includes also the public character of the
man--not what he was, but what he was thought to be.
It requires a description of the Speaker's audience,
and of the leading ideas with which he supplied his
hearerS—-his topics, the motives to which he appealed,
the nature of the proofs he offered. . . . Nor can
rhetorical criticism omit the speaker's mode of ex-
pressing, nor his habit of preparation and his manner
of delivery from the platform. . . . Style in the
sense which correSponds to diction and sentence move-
ment, must receive attention, but only as one among
various means that secure for the speaker ready access
to the minds of his auditors. Finally, the effect of
the discourSe on its immediate hearers is not to be
ignored, either in the testimony of witnesses nor in
the record of events. And throughout such a study,
one must conceive of the public mass as influencing
the menlgf his own times by the power of his dis-
course.

Armed with these approaches to the purpose of this

study, the writer will pursue the following methods:

A Study of the Speaker

 

N

In that speeches are said to be the result of an

interaction between Speaker, subject, audience, and occa—
sion," the first attempt will be made to discover the in-
fluences which shaped Daley's develOpment as an individual.
A chronological, biographical approach will be utilized,

with emphasis given to Daley's growth as a public figure.

A Study of the Campaign

 

Understanding that proper evaluation of a man's
Speeches is not possible unless the speeches are placed in

the social and political milieu of the times, chapter three

 

l3Welchelns, pp, cit., pp. 212-213.

will be devoted to a study of Chicago and the 1963 campaign:
the city's develOpment, its nature under Daley's leadership,
the strategy pursued by both political parties, the issues,
their background, develOpment, and importance to the came
paign, the decisions made by Daley and his staff which had
their effect upon what he was to say in his speech.
Consideration will be given to study of the prepara-
tion of and for major campaign speeches, in addition to the

candidate's speech writing staff.

Speech Audience and Occasion

 

Each Speech audience is to be described in terms of
size, make-up of political affiliations, and behavior prior
to and during the candidate’s speech. Final consideration
of the occasion is to be given in terms of its purpose, the
setting, and the program,1flfich might have affected the recep-

tion of the Speech.

Speech Organization

 

In Composing the Speech, Mills says that organization

 

means ”the major, over—all divisions of speech materials into
introduction, body, and conclusion." He adds,

Some kind of pattern is a practical necessity for
three reasons: it is a normal outcome of discerning
analysis; it is a prerequisite to clear outlining: it
makes for a consistent point of View in a speech.iu

 

luGlen E. Mills, Composing the Speech (New York:
Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1962), pp. 217, 218.

 

lO

Aristotle divided the Speech into four divisions:
poem or prose, statement, argument, and epilogue.15 Cicero

did not divide the Speech into sections but spoke more

16

generally about placement of various materials. In this
chapter of the study, the structure of the Speech will be
analyzed. The function of the introduction,tmfiy, and the
conclusion will be considered. The purpose of this approach
is best expressed by Thonssen and Baird, in their text,
Speech Criticism; referring to the inventive aspect and dis-
position of materials of a speech they noted:

DiSposition covers the concept of arrangement, of
orderly planning and movement of the whole idea--
the general meaning is twofold: the appreciation of
a plan for the speech as a whole, and the develOp—
ment of Specific parts of the speech, such as the
exordium, narration, proof, peroration, and whatever
other divisions the authors Specify.17

Again, according to Thonssen and Baird, the objectives
of inquiry in this field are best expressed.

The critic who evaluates a speaker's finished dis—
course proceeds with two objectives in View: First,
he examines the Speech as an instance of rhetorical
craftsmanship, pg; pg. That is, he considers the
speech from the point of View of its basic construc-
tion, as an assembly of many parts bound together in
an orderly and balanced whole. Secondly, he appraises
the total organizational plan with reference to the
peculiar audience conditions to which it was presum-
ably accommodated-—In its broadest sense, diSposition

 

15Aristotle, The Rhetoric of Aristotle, trans. Lane
COOper (New York: Appleton—Century Crofts, Inc., 1932),
p. 220.

l6Cicero, De Oratore, trans. E. W. Sutton and J. Racham
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1952), I, p. A37.

17

 

 

Thonssen and Baird, pp. cit., p. 79.

ll

embraces the following matters: The emergences of
a central theme, the general method of arrangement
adOpted for the Speech, and the order én which the
parts of the discourse are develOped.l

 

 

 

 

Speech Style

 

Arimxmle wnfixn "It is not enough to know what to say—-
one must also know how to say it. The right way of doing
this contributes much to the right impression of a speech."19
Mills states: "Style is more than a mechanical skill; it
is no lifeless mask placed upon the body of thought. It is
the mode of linguistic expression as conditioned by the
Speaker, the subject and the purpose."20 The extent to
which Daley was influenced to make use of a given style will

be discussed.

Speech Proofs

 

Throughout this study, the proofs offered_by Hance,
Ralph, and Wiksell will be considered. First, personal
proof, the nature of which, according to the authors, is:

the kind of proof—~or the element that lends credi-
bility to the message-~that arises from the person
of the speaker. It influences the total speaking
situations; it affects the listener's attitudes
toward the Speaker and his point of View, and there-
fore, affects also the amount of information the
listener receives. This element-—personal proof-—
is often called source credibility. The elements

of persona$lproof are competence, good character,

 

 

 

 

 

good will.
18Ibid., p. 383. 19Aristotle, Op. cit., pp. 182—183-
2 o '

Mills, op. cit., p. 267.

21Kenneth G. Hance, David C. Ralph, Milton J. Wiksell,
Principles of Speaking (Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc.,

1962), p. 38.

 

12

Another proof to be employed in this study will be
materials of development. Often, according to Hance, Ralph,
and Wiksell, materials of development "are ready-made; that
is they exist in fact and have only to be found and used by

' still others are ”materials created by the

the Speaker,'
Speaker" such as: (l) repetition, (2) restatement, (3) com—
parison, and (A) contrast.22 Reasoning and evidence which
have their most frequent and effective use in the argumenta-
tive Speech are likewise evaluated.

The final proofs to be considered are materials of
experience. These materials of experience, stated Hance,
Ralph, and Wiksell,

are designed to appeal primarily to the listener's

basic motives, his sensory experiences and memories

of them, and his needs, hOpes, fears, and desires.

These materials are used to make the message more23

real to the listener and to sustain his interest.
Following this statement of proof as discussed by Hance,
Ralph, and Wiksell, this study will subject a campaign
speech by Richard J. Daley to an analysis of his use of

personal proof, materials of development, and materials of

eXperience.

Speech Delivery

 

Aristotle considered delivery to be "of the utmost

"QM

importance to the effect of a speech. McBurney and

 

221bid., pp. 52—56.

231b1d., p. 71

QuAristotle, op. cit., pp. 182-183.

13

Wrage said, "Good Speaking must come from effective delivery,
which includes the effective use of the voice, the effective

use of bodily action, and a style which is best adapted to

25

communication." Hance, Ralph, and Wiksell, noted that:
If we are unaffected, if we reveal our natural
interest in what we are saying, then we can
probably get our message to the audience. But,
deSpite this recommendation for naturalness,

every method of instruction in speaking (including
this one) recommends certain principles that should
be learned and followed for effective delivery.
These principles are based, for the most past, on
the fact that the listener is confronted with two
Speakerg: the Speaker he sees and the Speaker he
hears.5

Delivery will be another approach to an analysis of
Daley's speeches. In addition, observations on delivery
by peOple who were present and the reaction of the immediate

audience will be noted.

 

 

25McBurney and Wrage, A Guide to Good Speech (Englewood
Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall, 1965), p. H6.
26

Hance, §£.§l': op. cit., p. 200.

CHAPTER II
THE MAN DALEY*

Richard J. Daley, the only son of Michael Daley and
Lillian Dunne, devout Catholic immigrants from Ireland, was
born on May 15, 1900. They came from a community which suf—
fered a great deal during the years Ireland was in economic
distress. In a sense, they were representatives of the
Irish laborer who came to this country seeking work on our
railroads, in our stockyards, and who later emerged into
our political life. Michael Daley, a sheet metal worker,
lived in the predominantly Irish Bridgeport District, an
area also known as "Back of the Yards," because of its
nearness to the Chicago Stockyards. Bridgeport is practi-
cally the cradle of Chicago political organizations. It
was from this area that most of the dominant machine poli-
ticians emerged. The last three Chicago mayors, Kelly,
Kennelly, and Daley, all lived in this community. Politics
is a way of existence in this community. It was this back-

ground that served as an early life for the younger Daley.

 

*The greater portion of the material in this chapter
is drawn from taped interviews with the following persons:
Mayor Daley; William B. Lynch, a judge and the mayor's best
friend; Matt Danaher, administrative assistant to the mayor,
Earl Bush, Director of Public Relations, City of Chicago,
Mrs. Francis Foster, the mayor's personal secretary; and Len
O'Connor, noted Chicago newscaster. When the remarks of a
specific person can be quoted, these will be so noted.

14

15

Although he came from a humble beginning, the young
Daley enjoyed a normal and happy boyhood. He diSplayed an
avid interest in Sports by playing sandlot baseball and
football. He also evidenced his leadership abilities early
in life, having served as chairmain of the Hamburg Club,

a club which was known throughout the city as the breeding
place for young politicians. Although the club had many
athletic activities, the social aspect, one of political
application, was of greater importance. Working with pre-
cinct captains, knocking on doors, and working in all the
areas of local community politics was the nature of the
Hamburg Club.

Daley attended McLennan Public School, then transferred
to the Nativity Parochial Grammar School. He later attended
De LaSalle High School and graduated from that institution
in 1919. His first job, while still in high school, was
selling newspapers at the corner of 35th and Halsted Streets.
After his graduation from high school, he accepted a full-
time job in the stockyards rounding up and counting cattle.

In 1927, he began attending De Paul University, this
meant that he arose at A:OO a.m. to work in the stockyards
while attending law school at night. He received both his
college and law school education in this manner. Daley
graduated from De Paul in 1933, with an LL.B. degree. Later
that year he passed the bar examination and was admitted to
the Illinois Bar, becoming a practicing attorney. Shortly

thereafter, he took his first political job as secretary

16

to Alderman Joseph B. McDonough. In 1930, McDonough was
elected to the position of county treasurer. Daley, not
long after his bar examinations, became his administrative
assistant. Then, in 1935, Daley was appointed as county”
comptroller. This lasted only one year, due to Daley's
election to his first public office as a member of the
Illinois House of Representatives. He served in that posi-
tion for two years and was then elected to the State Senate
in 1938. He served eight years as a State Senator.

From 1941 to 1946, he was the leader of his party in
the Senate. Daley left the State Senate in 1946 to accept
an appointment as Deputy Comptroller of Cook County, and
he remained in this point until 1949.

It was in 1949 that Governor Adlai E. Stevenson ap-
pointed him Director of Revenue. In addition, Daley served
as Stevenson‘s legislative adviser and helped guide admin—
istrative programs through the General Assembly.

In 1950, Daley was appointed to fill the vacancy caused
by the death of the County Clerk. In the fall of 1950, he
was elected to a full term in that office and was again re-
elected in 1954. It was during this last term that Daley
was elected Chairman of the Democratic Party of Cook County.

Daley ran for the office of Mayor in 1955 and was suc-
cessful; he still retains that office. During these many
years of public office, Daley has lost but one election for

the post-—that of Cook County Sheriff.

17

Daley married a neighborhood girl, Elanor Guilfoyle,
in 1927; they are the parents of seven children. They live
at 3536 South Lowe Avenue, in a large nine room brick bunga-
low built by the Mayor twenty—three years ago. It is an
attractive, comfortable home. Bedrooms have been added in
recent years to meet their growing needs. This home is only
a block from Mayor Daley‘s birthplace, and he remains to
this day an active participant and leader in all of the usual
neighborhood activities.

A few years ago, Mayor and Mrs. Daley introduced the
seven children to a Massachusetts Senator. Later that day,
the Senator became President of the United States, and the
Daleys were invited to be the first family in the nation to
visit the White House under President John F. Kennedy. "Now
I feel right at home, for when I look at the Daleys, I see
the Kennedys." That remark of the late President Kennedy
has considerable merit, for the Daleys, like the Kennedys,
are a closely knit family of Irish descent, Catholic faith,
and Democratic politics.

Mayor Daley has been cast as an individual with the
stance of a soldier and the polish of a statesman. There
is no doubt that he is a national political figure and head
of one of the country's fastest growing cities.

Daley, deceptively young in appearance, will be 67 on
May 15, 1967, stands five feet eight inches tall and weighs
187 pounds. He has blue eyes and black hair and has con—

sistently been named one of the best—dressed men in America.

18

He has an engaging smile and an enthusiams that pours out
into whatever he says during a personal conversation.

His personal secretary, Mrs. Francis Foster, states,
"I am constantly amazed at his quick grasp of problems and
his ability to get at the heart of the issue and make a
proper decision within a matter of minutes." She adds,

”He likes to read, particularly biographies and political
history when he has the time; that's not often. His working
day is often twelve to fourteen hours long, sometimes
longer."

The list of organizations in which Daley holds member—
ship is a long one, some of the more noteworthy are:

American, Illinois, and Chicago Bar Associations,
Municipal Finance Officers; National Tax Association;
Moose, Elks, Lions, and Kiwanis. He is also a fourth
degree Knights of Columbus and belongs to the Chicago
Athletic Club and the Executive Club.1

Mayor Daley's philosophy of government is simple and

straight forward. He sums it up himself with this remark:
Good politics is good government, and good government
is good politics. Blueprints for better living mean
nothing unless something is actually done to get them
off the drawing board.

The results of Mayor Daley's efforts are many. For
example, as Comptroller of Cook County, he completely mod-
ernized and speeded up office methods and increased effi—
ciency by installing electronic machines to handle payrolls,

accounts payable, and other county transactions. During

his term as a member of the legislature, Daley was directly

 

lChicago Record, April 2, 1955, p. 5.

 

l9

responsible for introducing and securing passage of civil
service, minimum wage, election, courts, schools and housing
authority measures, as well as the Penny Lunch Program which
was intended to help the underprivileged school children of
Illinois. As State Director of Revenue, Daley modernized
the methods and procedures Of the Revenue Department. The
result was to cut expenses more than one million dollars by
eliminating leaks in tax collections and cracking down on
tax evaders.

In 1950, Governor Stevenson wrote, "I have not had
the Opportunity to tell you how deeply impressed I have been
by the accomplishments of the Department Of Revenue during
the period of your tenure as Director."-2

It was in 1950 that Mayor Daley was elected Cook County
Clerk. In that office, he inaugurated the micro—filming of
marriage licenses, birth certificates, and death certificates
in the Statistics Department, thus reducing labor, space,
and expense of storage. In addition, voting machines were
installed in all the precincts under the county's jurisdic—
tion. An organized course of instruction was presented
prior to each election to all judges and clerks to insure
fully legal and efficient voting procedures.

Under Mayor Daley's leadership, Chicago has become the
cleanest and Safest "big" city in the nation. The city,

once considered one of the dirtiest, was given the "Cleanest

 

2Interview with Matt Danaher, Administrative Assistant,
July, 1965.

20

City" award in 1959, 1961, 1962, and again in 1963. The
National Safety Council's statistics Show that traffic
fatalities have been decreasing in Chicago. Daley's admin-
istration has brought sweeping reforms in the police depart—
ment. Its communications system has become a world-wide
model. The fire department with its new fire academy, new
fire stations, new equipment, including snorkels has made

a record of reducing extra-alarm fires and is considered to
be the most completely equipped fire—fighting force in the
world.

Navy Pier has been fully modernized and is now on its
way to becoming one of the great inland ports of the nation.
With the alteration and Opening Of ‘O'Hare Field, Chicago
now posseSses the most modern airline facility in the world.
It is interesting to note that more flights arrive at and
depart from this field than any other in the world.

Chicago has under construction 27 community improvement
projects under the direction Of the Department of Urban Re—
newal; six projects have been completed. This projects have
contributed directly to the benefit of the vast number of
welfare recipients. Mayor Daley states:

We have made much progress, but there remains much to
be done. Our mass transportation system must not only
be preserved, but must be expanded. There is much to
be done to rehabilitate, remodel, rebuild, and renew
our neighborhoods and communities with programs that
meet the approval of the residents. Economy and effi-
ciency in government is a never-ending task, and we
must continue our efforts in seeing that the people

get the fullest value from their tax dollar. In the
coming four years, I will continue to carry on a

21
comprehensive program to meet the needs Of every
neighborhood and community.3

After his election as mayor in 1955,.Da1ey re-affirmed
the "I Will" Spirit of Chicago; his philOSOphy and actions
have done much to encourage that spirit.

In summary, much of Daley's life reflects a tremendous
desire to overcome the minority status that the Irish once
had. His extremely aggressive nature was a natural part of
his environment, and the choice Of a political career was
an extension of that desire for self-accomplishment.

To understand Mayor Daley further, one must consider
his religous beliefs. He is a daily communicant to early
Mass. He reflects a devoutness that is beyond the normal
preoccupation that some people have with religion. Mayor
Daley has a deep feeling for religous devotion or experience.
This aSpect of his life provides a personal proof that is
difficult to challenge. I

DeSpite all the remarks about dishonest politicians,
and deSpite the fact that he Was a part of a corrupt politi—
cal machine and at the same time a dominant and powerful
member of a strong Democratic party in a city with a Repub—
lican press, the mayor's integrity and honest have never
been impugned or challenged.

One observation concerning the Mayor that is made by
all persons with whom I have talked is his understanding of

peOple. The common consensus is that he understands their

3

 

Taped interview with Mayor Daley, July, 1965.

22

motivations and their weaknesses. Many feel this comes
about as a result Of his work as a young man within the or-
ganization. Working from bottom to tOp, from the wards to
chairman Of the party, provided the training that now gives
him the insight into the desires of all with whom he comes
in contact.

These are but a few of the elements which have domi-
nated and influenced the life of Mayor Daley. There is still
another that should be considered. Mayor Daley seeks to be
positive in every way. The positive approach is a guiding
principle in the life of Mayor Daley and it is evidence in
his political life. "The Mayor never engages in personal—
ities."11L

Finally, it should be noted that no one reads about
the exploits Of his family, no one speaks about his wealth,
and most consider him to be a rather Simple person who
speaks a common language and who is never highbrow. Much
Of what has been learned would suggest that Mayor Daley is
an enigma, in that his aSpirations are in conflict with his
cultural background. He seeks to be as educated as Governor
Stevensor or as cultured as President Kennedy. He has a
reSpect for the higher standards of our society, but his
background is contradictory to it all. ‘Mayor Daley has done

much to attain those higher standards.

 

Interview with Earl Bush, Director of Public Relations,
City of Chicago, July, 1965.

CHAPTER III
CHICAGO, SOCIALLY AND POLITICALLY, 1963

The writer considers that the primary function of a
political party is to gain or retain power. To do this in
a democratic society it must campaign. He is likewise of
the Opinion that a prOper evaluation of this campaign and
of Mayor Daley's Speeches is not possible unless the Speeches
are placed in the social milieu of the times. This chapter,
then, will provide information relative to the historical,
social, and political developments Of Chicago, in addition
to consideration of issues and strategy employed by the
political parties in the campaign.

Mayor Daley, in his campaign for re—election, travelled
to and spoke to audiences in all of the fifty wards of

Chicago. His topics, as reported in the Chicago Tribune,

 

Sunday, March 31, 1963, were in support of the recurrent
theme, "Chicago is a better place to live than it was in
1955 when I became Mayor." The Chicago Tribune went on,

"If the campaign of Richard J. Daley for re—election as
mayor of Chicago could be summarized in one sentence, it
most likely would be: Let's look at the record." The evi-
dence or themes in support Of that record were: Budget,

Civil Service Planning, Park District, Consolidation, Traffic

23

24

Court, St. Lawrence Seaway, Aviation, City Workers, Fire
Department, Health, Youth Work, Urban Renewal, Schools,
Senior Citizens, Water Filtration, Streets, Air Pollution,
Strikes he helped settle.

Later in this study, consideration will be given to
an evaluation Of a specific Speech and the issues and how
they related to local community areas or wards. But for
now, let us consider that each ward of Chicago is a collec-
tion of communities, each separate unto itself, each with
its own culture and traditions, and yet all bound together
creating the historical develOpment of Chicago. What fol—
lows then is a brief social and political history of Chicago

plus data of selected ward community areas.

History and Social Setting

 

Chicago, it has once been said, "is where you learn
the meaning of the word, crowds." The validity of this
statement can easily be posted when one realizes that Chi-
cago has a population of 3,550,404 persons and ranks as the
second largest city in the nation.1 Charles Edward Merriam,
in his book’ Chicago, noted that "a city Of 4,000,000 with
a history of less than a hundred years is seldom found in
the annals of municipalities." He goes on to say,

When Chicago was a cluster Of cabins emerging from
sand and swamp around a frontier fort, New York was

 

1Information Please Almanac, 1963, p. 411, quoting
Chicago SuniTimes and Chicago Daily News, (1960 census),
November, 1962.

 

 

 

25

a city of 400,000; London an old metrOpoliS of more
than 2,000,000; Paris numbered overzamillion; Berlin
included some 300,000; while Rome was even then
celebrating its three—thousandth Odd birthday.2

The Windy City of today has traveled a long road filled with

a myriad of bumps, holes, and abrupt turns before it accom—

plished the events of yesterday and reached the position of

importance andeower it holds today.

It all started nearly 200 years ago when Father Jacques

Marquette and explorer Louis Jolliet traveled the Illinois

and Des Plaines Rivers, dragged their canoe across the Che-

cagou portage (called so by the Indians and French), and
.paddled a little over five miles down the Chicago River to
LLake Michigan.3 These explorers from Mackinac were in search

(Df a great river west Of the Great Lakes which they thought

nright empty into the Pacific Ocean. But Chicago really

kuad its birth shortly before 1804 when Du Sabel, a French—

Ccalonial Negro, became a settler in the vicinity of the

£>rwesent day site of the city:3 The potential mecca of the
b’Iidwest appeared to be destined to die soon, for its first

Seittler did not stay. He was followed, however, by John

 

2Charles Edward Merriam, Chicago, A More Intimate View
CDf‘ Urban Politics (New York: McMillian Co., 1929), p. 11.

3Harry Hansen, "Chicago, the Second Largest United
States City is Determined to be First," Holiday, May, 1947,
Pp. 156-159. '""
LlTheodore L. Carlson, Illinois Government and Institu-
.Eéggp§ (Chicago: Allyn and Bacon, Incorporated,,l961), p. 9.
5Robert R. McCormick, "Star—Spangled Town," Holiday,
October, 1951, p. 251.

26

Kinzie, who became the first permanent resident, the "Father
of Chicago.”6 His home was made more secure by the estab-
lishment of Fort Dearborn the year before. The first im-
portant setback in the history Of Chicago caused its ”first
cutimnw to return home with his family. This occurred during
the War of 1912, when, urged on by the British, the Indians
of the region burned the fort and massacred most Of its
troop. Many of the nearby settlers were also slaughtered.
Following the war, the fort was rebuilt. Soon after, in
1818, Illinois became a state. In 1833, the settlement
became a town; in 1837, the town became the City of Chicago,
with William Butler Ogden as its first mayor.7
During the Civil War, Chicago was a prison camp for
the confederates. With the war's end, the future looked
brighter than ever. Chicago was rapidly becoming a center
Of commerce. And then on the evening of October 8, 1871,
the incident occurred that affected the future of Chicago

perhaps more than any other——The Great Fire.

 

_77

6Ibid.

7The inaugural atmOSphere of Mayor Ogden was quite dif-
ferent than those Of today. The Chicago American of Saturday,
May 6, 1837, stated, "The common council were sworn into
office on Wednesday evening last in Russell's Saloon and met
on the following evening for the election Of their Officers."
WTTW, an educational television station, added to this infor—
mation. On April 17, 1963, 8:30 p.m., they stated that the
first mayor "was elected for the year at a salary of $500.00."
The station noted further that, in total, there have been 67
inaugurations with the now three-term Mayor Daley being the
39th mayor of the City of Chicago. The EOpulation of the
city when William Ogden was elected was ,170, and Chicago
covered an area of 10 square miles.

 

27

It broke out near the lumber district on the west

side. Then leaped the river to the south and

finally to the north Side. It burned over an area

of three and one-third miles, destroyed 17,450

buildings and prOperty values at $196,000,000 and

rendered almost 100,000 homeless.
Although many had lost their lives, the fire did accomplish
a much needed reform--the removal of the Old worn—out wooden
buildings with which the city had been plagued. When the
city was rebuilt, wood was discarded and more flame resist—
ant materials were substituted.

Suddenly, then, into the life of the city came the
strikes, so many that Chicago began to be called the "strike
city." The most serious were those of the Pullman Railroad
and the McCormick works riot and strikes.

For Chicago, prohibition proved a singularly ignoble
and costly experiment . . . a city with a large Irish,
German, Bohemian, Polish and Scandinavian base, it wanted
its drink and got it.9 This general lack of reSpect and
regard for the law by the Chicago citizenry resulted in the
election Of one of their own kind of mayor. "Mayor William
Hale Thompson, 'Big Bill,‘ as he was called, left a safe-
deposit box stuffed with a million and a half dollars in

"1O

cash when he died. The city reached its political nadir

with Mayor Thompson, who is supposed to have been Samuel

 

8Encyclopedia Britannica, Volume 5 (1960), p. 454.

 

9Hansen, pp. cit., p. 156.

lOCron, "Clouter with Conscience," Time, March 15, 1963,
p. 24,25.

Insull's errand boy.ll Then, there was Edward J. Kelly who

used his power mostly to throw public projects to his per-
sonal and political pal, contractor Pat Nash. Finally,
when the Democratic machine realized that its image was
being hurt by public realization of the city's corruption,
it allowed Martin Kennelly, a prominent businessman, to
achieve a two-term reign. Mayor Kennelly brought about a
sense Of respectability in being a Democrat, and the peOple
came back in support of the party. When the new and better
public image was achieved, Kennelly was no longer needed
nor supported by his party. He ran in the primary but was
defeated by Richard J. Daley.12

This then has been the setting of Chicago. Throughout
its history Chicago has advanced, although sometimes too
slowly, as in the case where reforms were needed. However,
it has ridden the bumps on its road until it has now evolved
into the second largest city in the nation. How this was
accomplished is a story in itself. But this chapter has as
its main concern, tracing in a very brief manner some of
the city's social and political develOpmentS as these are
reflected in the office of its present mayor.

In the 127 years since the city's incorporation, nearly
45 men have served in the Office of Mayor Of Chicago. From
the first, William Butler Ogden, to the present incumbent,

they served to represent what the city was in their time.

 

11Ibid., p. 25. 12Ibid.

 

29

What then is this time-—the time Of Richard J. Daley, Mayor
of the City Of Chicago? To answer this question and to
evaluate Chicago and Illinois politically is to consider the
concept of POWER. Power in the hands of one man, Richard
J. Daley, is the kind of power that gets things done. For
Daley is dedicated towards getting things done, and he
himself expresses it best:

The Old bosses were not interested in what was good

for the public welfare. They were interested only

in what was good for themselves. The new Objective

of leadership is not what you can do for yourself,

but what you can do for the people. We're the first

of the new bosses--that is the first of the new
1eaders.13

This new type of leadership demonstrated itself in 1955
when Daley first took Office. Chicago at that time was suf—
fering from a shortage of money. Martin Kennelly, Mayor

from 1947 to 1955, was frustrated by what Time Magazine

 

called "his total lack Of political acumen."l" rDaley, on
the other hand, went right to work.

His first act was to get from the state legislature a
half cent increase in the sales tax for the City of Chicago,
and at the same time to secure home rule legislation.

These two acts coming almost on the heels of his elec—
tion to office of Mayor have done much to change Chicago.

Time Magazine again said:

 

Making things happen is Daley's passion. 'We meaning
I-—' are going to rebuild this city, he says, and he
has gone a fair way during his eight years as Mayor.

 

l3Cron, pp, cit., p. 24 1"Ibid.

30

Under Daley, Chicago has a new rhythm as exciting as
any in the city's lusty past. A new facade is rising
in steel and zeal. . . 5

The change under Daley has taken still other forms,
giving evidence of the use Of his power. Mayor Daley con—
trols the City Council, the largest City Council in the
United States. The power of Daley as it relates to the City
Council was best described thus:

Only a man with absolute political power can dominate
the City Council. Richard Daley has that power and

he knows how to use it. If an alderman doesn't vote
the way he is told by the Mayor, then he runs into
trouble from Richard Daley wearing his other hat.

The hat which reads, Chairman of the Cook County Demo-
cratic Cen ral Committee. ~For instance, the patronage
dries up.

 

The Saturday_Evening,Post calls his power over the
Council that Of an "iron hand":

Daley's iron hand is particularly evident in the Oper—
ation of the Chicago City Council, a recent meeting
was typical. Before it began, Daley met in his
heavily carpeted fifth floor Office with Alderman
Thomas Keane, his shrewd, cold-eyed floor leader, to
determine the order of business. His battle plans
laid, Daley strode briskly to his desk on a plat-

form in front of the council chamber. At the first
rap of his gavel, the alderman drOpped to their seats.
A minister prayed. .Before he had finished saying
"Amen," Daley snapped into a microphone: "The chair
recognized Alderman Kean," then Daley sat back while
Keane plodded mechanically through the items approved
for the agenda. Each time, Daley called for a vote,
machine aldermen responded loudly in a Greek chorus
of "Aye." Lost in the crescendo was an occasional
lonely, hopeless "NO."l

 

151hid., p. 34.

l5"nate Line Chicago," Chicago City Council. NBC-TV.
February 18, 1963-

17"Last Of the Dinosaurs Wins Again," The Saturday
Evening Post, May 11, 1963, pp. 72-73.

 

 

31

This control goes beyond the council to that of SE?

lecting department heads.

As boss-mayor, he has almost absolute control over
the party structure; he picks candidate slates,
runs the patronage machinery, works his will on
nearly all Of the 50 submissive aldermen who com—
prise Chicago City Council.1

In addition, Daley's power is reputed to have selected

the Governor of the State, and it is SO strong that it moves

out into national pdfitics, where he is supposed to have done

much in selecting and placing President Kennedy into Office.

Daley hand picked and, to all intents and purposes,
elected Illinois Democratic Governor Otto Kerner,
54, who is almost pitiably reSponsive to Daley's
wishes. He has a nine-member congressional delega-
tion in Washington, and a direct pipeline to Presi-
dent Kennedy, whom he was instrumental in nominating
and electing in 1960. "What Daley wants from the
President," one City Hall subordinate says, "Daley
gets."l9

Mayor Daley enjoys the support of both Democrats and

Republicans. It is Often suggested that he gets as much

assistance from the Republic businessmen of Chicago as he

demands from the Democratic party itself.

are

I think it (results of the election) bears out the
observation we made prior to the election, that the
big name people, including some prominent Republicans,
were involved in a social contradiction in giving
their names and their money to the Democratic
candidate.20

The neWSpapers Of Chicago are no different, they too

on the Daley bandwagon. Chicago's four daily papers,

 

18Ibid., p. 2A. 19Ibid., p. 73

2O"Len O'Connor Comments," WMAQ, Radio and T.V., April 3:

1963.

32

all of which are Republican—owned, are either overtly or
covertly for Daley. With all of this power, Mayor Daley

has still had his problems. The police department has Often
been a source of difficulty for the office of Mayor. In
1960, it was Richard Morrison, the babbling burglar, who
rocked Chicago and City Hall with disclosures that policemen
were aiding him in his criminal career. The Summerdale
Scandal, as it was called, resulted in five policemen being
sent to prison and O. W. Wilson being brought to Chicago

as Superintendent of Police.

Still other problems exist. Chicago's race situation
is one. The migration Of Negroes tO Chicago has been over—
whelming. -Mayor Daley has attempted to handle this explo—
sive issue with an urban renewal and slum clearance program
that is as large as any in the nation. 'Timp noted:

Much Of Daley's time is consumed by Chicago's explo-
sive race problem. The city's Negro population, al-
ways sizeable, began to mushroom in the early '50s.
From the South came waves of Negro families seeking
jobs, housing or welfare handouts. They flooded the
South and West sides like the waters from a broken
dam. White families hastily moved away-—usually to
the suburbs--leaving the Negro tide to lap up neigh—
borhood after neighborhood.

The effect of the Negro migration on Chicago has been
overwhelming. In 1950, Negroes comprised 13.6% of
the city's pOpulation, they now make up 25.8% of the
total. The Negro segment Of the school population
has swelled to 48% Of the elementary school pupils,
34% of the high schoolers. Negroes represent 65% of
Chicago jail inmates, 42% Of the unemployed (sic)
ninety per cent of those getting aid of dependent
children, 50% of the school dropouts. Against such
staggering statistics, Mayor Daley has made urban
renewal and slum clearance his priority program. On
the near North side, on the West, on the South side,
the city has built, or is planning, twenty—seven

33

housing projects covering nineteen square miles of
blight. So far, $900,000,000 have been committed
to the program; 40,000 dilapidated buildings have
been torn down or refurnished, leaving 24,000 more
for Daley's bulldozers.

In his massive effort, Daley has encountered formi-
dable Opposition. Many Negroes who refer to urban
renewal as "Negro removal,l mutter that "Dick Daley
may be the last white Mayor of Chicago."2

Despite these problems and more, Mayor Daley moves on,

rebuilding the city. He knows the city perhaps better than

anyone, for what Daley is, so is Chicago.

The Candidate and the Campaign

 

Chicago politics have always been rough. The "boys"
play for keeps. Campaign oratory usually is extra—
vagant. Men's faults are exaggerated by their
political enemies. Their virtues are exaggerated

by their friends. Neither Daley nor Adamowski is
the paragon portrayed by friends nor the ruthless
politic pictured by enemies. Daley is controversial
not by nature but as a consequence of the position
he holds. Adamowski is controversial by nature and
as a consequence Of the positions he aSpires to.

This remark by Milburn P. Akers in the Chicago Sun-

 

ggppp, Monday, April 1, 1963, is perhaps the best comment
to keep in mind when one attempts to understand the candi-
dates and the campaign of 1963 for the Office of Mayor of
Chicago.

Mr. Akers, who has known both men for more than thirty
years, and as such had a chance to view them since their
entrance into politics, suggested that in some ways the
careers of these two men have been much the same. He noted

that:

 

21Cron, pp. cit.,p. 34

34

Both were lawyers, both were hardworking legislators,
both were and remain "good family men," both were
ambitious, both had grown up in circumstances and
environments which made politics an almost inevitable
choice in their quest for fame and power.

But from this point on Mr. Akers continued to say,

"two more dissimilar men never lived." The fundamental dis—
tinction between the two made itself apparent even in the
early '30s. Adamowski was to some degree the fair haired
boy of politics.

Adamowski, articulate and flamboyant, got Off early

to a metoric start. In his 20's, he became House

Democratic floor leader, a post most men reach only

after years of experience and service. This, I fear,

was his undoing, for in the next decade or two, he

frequently sought to travel too far too fast, at
least too far too fast by ordinary political standards.

22
The success of Adamowski's early years seems to have
had a lasting effect on his career, an effect that has left

an imprint on the years that followed. This position was

perhaps best articulated by Mr. Akers in the Chicago Sun-

 

Times, but was indeed supported by every neWSpaper reporter
I talked with concerning the development of Adamowski as
a political leader. Mr. Akers noted:

Despite great talents, he hasn't been able to work

in harness. In the '30s, the '40s and even the '50s,
he was high in the councils of state and city Demo-
cratic leaders. But he broke with them all, one after
the other. He has held lucrative appointive jobs,

most Of which he has quit in mid-term following dis—
agreements with the one who appointed him. So he moved
from faction to faction within the Democratic Party
until, at last, he constituted a faction almost by
himself. Then he became a Republican.2

 

22Milborn P. Akers, "Two Careers: Daley and Adamowski,"
Chicago Sun-Times, p. 30.

231bid.

35

There is a place for independents in politics, some
have achieved great success. Apparently, the kind of inde-
pendence Mr. Adamowski possesses is not the kind to give
rise to a great deal of lasting political success—-at least
not in Chicago.

Mayor Daley is the political antithesis of Adamowski.
Daley is perhaps best described as an organization man.
Through the organization, step by step success and power
are his and symbolize the Office he now holds. Mr. Akers
position was:

Daley's dream as a budding politician 30 years ago
differed little from Adamowski's. But his rise wasn't
meteoric. He was content to climb the ladder rung by
rung. He never broke with the organization. SO the

organization never broke with him. Instead, it made
him.2

The Republican Camppign

 

The radio and television commentator, Len O'Connor,
made a statement on his program, "Republican Campaign,"
Wednesday, March 13, 1963, that the public "had seen or
heard references to the fact that the Daley-Adamowski con-

25

test is excessively dull." This position could be ex-
plained if one concedes the premise that theirs were two
separate campaigns which seldom if ever coincided.

The Republican organizational campaign got under way

on Saturday evening, October 13, 1962, when 6,000 persons

 

2"ibid.

 

25"LenO'Connor Comments," pp, cit., March 13, 1963-

36

gathered for two and one-half hours in McCormick Place.
Such speakers as Hayes Robertson, GPO County Chairman;

Mr. Jewel Rogers Lafontant, first Negro woman Assistant
Attorney General under former President Eisenhower, and
then a GOP candidate for Superior Court Judge; Senator
Everett M. Dirksen, Republican from Illinois, selected
Daley as their number one target and Chicago's real estate
rate as the major issue. The hall rocked with boos at

the mention of Daley's name. Robertson set the tone Of the
evening when he showed a giant screen blow-up of the Demo-
cratic ticket with every position Open for election identi-
fied with a picture of Mayor Daley. Robertson's remark,
"It is a Daley ticket, nominated by Daley and dominated by

l

Daley,’ resulted in Republican workers yelling themselves

26

hoarse. Relative to the issue, Robertson said:

GOP candidates are pledged to reduce payrolls in
their Offices by 10 per cent. I am Sick and tired
of peOple who tell me that taxes cannot be reduced.
They can and they will be reduced because we are
going to eliminate the loafers and chiselers and
perform necessary services with peOple who want to
do a day's work for a day's pay. 7

The Chicago Daily News noted that rarely has there

 

been such a display Of exuberance and exthusiam in GOP
political circles even in victory years. None of the papers
make mention of Ben Adamowski having been present for the

rally or, indeed, that Mr. Adamowski would be the party's

26)CharlesCIleveland, Daily News Political Writer, Chicago

Daily News, October 13, 1962, p. 3.
27Ibid.

 

 

 

37

choice as standard bearer in the coming primary elections.
Mr. O'Connor states that Adamowski made the decision that
he was going to run for the Office of Mayor and not the
Republican organization (the customary manner of candidate
selection). It seems apparent that the organization did not
have anyone selected and few felt that Daley could be beaten.
O'Connor, Speaking on the subject said:
Long before Adamowski indicated he would be the
Republican candidate for Mayor--and he decided that,
rather than the Organization--certain persons re-
portedly had conversations with Robert Merriam; the
ex—Democrat who gave Daley the battle of his life
back in 1955. The question was: would Merriam move
back into the City and give up a good job in private
industry to try it again? Merriam said, "No thanks."
The one time leader of the City Council's Anti—
Administration Economy Block: Merriam said it would
be impossible to gvercome the Democratic monopoly in
the Negro Wards.2
Mr. Adamowski, on the other hand, said in a taped in—
terview with the writer that he made his decision to run in
the primary during the course of the state attorney's inves—
tigation of his contingency fund (in an effort to force the
state's attorney and all other interested persons into
revealing their intentions relative to him and his fund).
He said he knew they had nothing and would have dragged the
investigation on for months. He noted that this announce—
ment (regarding his candidacy for Mayor) came about a year

before the primary.29 Adamowski won the Republican nomina-

tion over a perennial candidate, Lar Daly. Mayor Daley,

28

 

Len O'Connor Comments, pp. cit., April 1, 1963.

29Taped interview with Adamowski, July, 1965.

38

running unOpposed in that primary, picked up some 400,000
votes; Adamowski won with less than 100,000 over his primary
Opponents. Adamowski said that his activity and efforts
prior to the primary were devoted to supporting the anti-
Daley candidates for the City Council. Speaking before ward
meetings, ethnic groups, and any audience that would give
him an Opportunity to Speak, he did all that he could to
frustrate Mayor Daley's bid for re—election. The Chicago
Tribune of February 18, 1963 (page three) reported that
Adamowski was holding back in his efforts prior to February
26, for two reasons:

He doesn't want to let the issues lose their luster

before the April 2 election and he believes that the

efforts in behalf of anti-Daley aldermanic hopefuls

will pay Off in home stretch support. He calculates

that the Daley Democratic organization can bring a

half-million loyal votertho the polls on election

day. His biggest job thus will be to attract Repub—

licans and independents as voters. "A voter who

stays at home is supporting Daley, not me" he has

said, and will Often repeat.3

Mr. Adamowski supported this position during the taped

interview with the writer. The Tribune went on to say that
Adamowski was basing his attack at Mayor Daley on the modern
extension Of Lord Action's famous political formula of 1887,
which in essence stated, that absolute power corrupts ab-
solutely. AdamowSki eXpresses it in many ways before many

audiences. For example:

The Daley Democratic dictatorship has run wild with
fiscal abuse.3

 

30Chicago Tribune, February 18, 1963, p. 3.
31Ibid.

 

39

or another:

and

The small people Of Chicago are going to prove that
government must serve the peOple, not the politi—
cians.32

still another:

Daley has the State Street executives, the bank
presidents, and the labor leaders, I don't need

those boys. I want the votes of the State Street
shoppers, the bank depositors, the union members.
Those are the people‘who make Chicago, and who I

will represent. The machine has lost all sight

and sound Of them. The dictator can have his power
boys and his payrollers. I think the voters Of
Chicago are interested in efficient economic govern-
ments, and I can bring it to them.33

In response to a question as to whether he had any

Specific strategy in the campaign, Mr. Adamowski replied:

Mr.

NO, in a municipal campaign, I don't think you have
the same requirements for watching the moves that
take place as Opposed to a national campaign. It's
very much a matter of day to day, and where you have
an Opponent that is an incumbent who is told, "now
keep still," it's not as easy as it would be if you
had someone that wasn't afraid to defend his position.
I offered to debate him on television 4 We were
Offered the time and he avoided that.3

Adamowski said that as far as Daley was concerned:

The campaign was a monolog. He took the position
from the very beginning, and I suppose if the
tables were reversed, I would have felt the same.
The less attention he paid to it, the better off
he would be. He was depending upon again the so
called machine, as they call it. 5

When asked how he would label the campaign, one of

issues or one of personalities, Mr. Adamowski said, "A

 

321bid. ‘ 331bid.

3"Taped Interview, Adamowski, pp. cit., July, 1965.

35Ibid.

40

campaign of issues." The next question was, "What was the

most important issue?" He said, "The most important issue

was real estate taxes and still is." 1 then asked, "What

reasons would you give for having lost the election?" He

gave the following factors for his defeat:

I would divide it probably 50-50. I would say lack
of organizational support, active or otherwise, and
lack of funds with which to combat possibly the
biggest machine in the country. I couldn't convince
people. I know that many Of my friends felt that
getting up so early in the morning and getting to bed
so late at night was creating problems for me. They
felt the poor fellow is beginning to believe what he_
is saying and what he sees. And I probably shouldn't
have been quite as vocal about it. I think it was my
being vocal that alerted certain people to begin
checking, and by checking, they found it was true. I
think I was going like a house on fire and the week
before the election I could have been elected because
they woulg not have awakened to the danger that they
were in.3

Len O'Connor said on Monday, April 1, 1963, the day

before the election:

Although Adamowski virtually insisted that he be the
Party candidate for Mayor, he has turned out to be a
pleasant kind of candidate—-so far as the Organization
is concerned. He raised his own campaign money, and
that is most unusual.57

I referred to Mr. O'Connor's remarks and asked if it

were true that he ran the campaign almost alone. To this,

Mr.

Adamowski replied:

Oh, yes, we had a few people. We [his wife and
family] still owe money on the campaign. I called
the ward committeemen together on the Sunday before
the Tuesday [day of the election] and spelled out

 

36Ibid.

37Len O'Connor Comments, pp, cit., April 1, 1963.

41

the situation, how we had done what we had done.
They asked if Hayes Robertson hadn't talked with me
about this. I said, "NO, not until last Friday,"
and that's why I sent them the telegram for the
Sunday morning meeting although this is the time
when you usually give out what money you have for
the precincts. I told them we needed $35,000, that
we had no money for them. I think when the meeting
was over, ten or eleven men said they would go to
the bank and borrow the money; one said he would
borrow $2,500 to pay his workers. That's how serious
things were.38

Thinking in terms Of Robert Merriam's remark, that it
would be impossible to overcome the Democratic monopoly in
the Negro wards, I asked Mr. Adamowski if he felt his posi-
tion on Open Occupancy had lost him the Negro wards. Mr.
Adamowski's answer was: "I never had them; the Republicans

never had them nor will they get them." The Sun-Times of

 

April 2, had a headline reading: ADAMOWSKI AGAINST OCCU;
PANCY RULE. The article said:

Benjamin S. Adamowski, Republican nominee for Mayor,
said Monday he is against Open occupancy in housing
imposed by law. He declared that by enactment of
legislation compelling landlords not to discriminate
against prOSpective tenants for race, religion or
national origin, "all you would do would be to create
an emotional impact." The desirable aim of removing
bias, the candidate added, "is going to have to be
done by discussion and reasonable approach and not

by emotions." His stand came to light in response

to a question from the audience after he had addressed
the weekly luncheon of the City Club in the Central
YMCA, 19 South La Salle. Members Of the Young Exec—
utives also attended the luncheon. Adamowski replied
by saying: "If I were in the Legislature and the
(Open occupancy) measure came up, I would vote against
it." Later, he explained he also believed an Open
occupancy law "would not change constitutional pro-
visions," which, he held, assure a landlord's right
to.choose tenants.3

 

38Taped Interview, Adamowski, pp. cit., July, 1965.
39Chicago Sun—Times, April 2, 1963, p. 1.

 

42

I sought his reaction to the coverage given him in

the newspapers. He noted:

We got good coverage and we got fair treatment from
the press. But fair treatment meant that they were
giving you what they were giving the other fellow.
The other fellow wasn't looking for anything so that
you can't get irritated by that; you can't get angry
SO that this i3 what happens, you're a victim of
circumstances. 0

Near the end Of his campaign, Mr. Adamowski had been
credited with saying ”Thank goodness for television." I
asked if he had made this remark and, if so, why? He re-

Sponded:

Well, for this reason, the press of Chicago rightly
or wrongly or whatever reason did not give us the

kind Of attention we should have gotten, and I think
again for the same basic, economic, cold—blooded .
reason that you don't fight city hall. If this fellow
loses and we have gotten too tough with city hall,
what can they do to us? SO, television they couldn't
touch at all. Although we had some, we didn't have

as much as we would like. I would have taken tele-
vision all day long if I could have afforded it or

if I could have been Offered it. I tOOk every panel
program I could get, I took every columnist I could
get; I was on every radio program that came to me

that way, so that I was able to accomplish many, many
things that I never would have accomplished without
television. I think my message was gotten across
many, many times because of that. SO, that without
it, I don't think I would have had anywhere near the
eXposure, and many people were making comparison

with Daley even when he wasn't on.

Mr. Adamowski closed his campaign on Monday, April 1,
1963, by appearing on television that evening. During that

televised Speech, he stressed again, "the importance of a

 

4O

"libid.

Taped Interview, Adamowski, pp, cit., July, 1965.

 

43

single vote." He told the citizens Of Chicago:

At Tuesday's election, you will either vote to con-
tinue the carnival of high spending and high taxes
we have had for the last eight years, or you will
vote to throw out the machine and start over again
on a basis of economic and common sense. The only
thing that concerns me about Tuesday is that feeling
expressed every election day, and that is lasitude,
complacency, the feeling expressed as, what difference
can my one vote make? I want you to know that your
one vote is important. There have been hundreds of
issues that have been decided by just one vote. As
I have said over and over ayfln during this cappaign:
A stay-at-home voter is a vote for Mr. Daley.

Democratic Campaign

 

The first indication that Mayor Daley was giving any
thought to a third term as Mayor Of Chicago appeared in the

Chicago Sun-Times Of May 22, 1962, page 28. Prior to that

 

date, when newsmen asked whether he would try again, Mayor
Daley would smile and ignore the question. On this par—

ticular day, according to the Sun—Times, he gave the strongest

 

indication he had given to date, and this was in the form

of a challenge to Hayes W. Robertson, the new GOP County
Central Committee Chairman, who had said earlier that the
Mayor would "be easy to beat in 1963." He likened Daley's
position to that Of former Governor William G. Stratton,
when Stratton lost his bid for re—election. Robertson noted
that Daley, like Stratton, has had to make decisions ”which
make more people unhappy than they make happy," and that the
Democrats would be better Off if they ran a "new face" in

the 1963 campaign. Mayor Daley, reSponded with:

 

42Chicago Sun-Times, loc.cit., April 2, 1963, p. l.

44

We'll take him on any place, anywhere, anytime, and
it'll be on the basis of the program of the last
seven years. He has promised a new image for the
Republican Party; I hope he provides one. But it
looks to me like the same Old image with a differ-
ent name. They are still against everything. I
wish him good luck and good health in his adminis—
tration. We need a good two-party system.

The Chicago Sun—Times expressed the general belief

 

that no formal announcement as to the Mayor's intentions
would be made until after the county elections in November.
There is no evidence to suggest that the Democratic Organi-
zation was involved in any campaign to place Daley's name on
the ballot for the primaries. As was noted earlier, Daley
ran unOpposed in the Democratic primary.

The next indication as to the Mayor's preparation for
the forthcoming election is evidenced in two documents, a
COpy of the Mayor's calendar of daily appointments and the
newspaper accounts of March 11, 1963.

Mayor DaleyIs calendar dated March 11th indicates he
was to attend an 11th Ward Torch Light Parade at 7:30 or
8:00 p.m. "Mayor Daley is to lead the parade at 35th and
Halsted, then go down to the Lithuanian Auditorium, 31st
and Halsted. Around 8:15 p.m., a meeting is to be held in

the Auditorium." From the Sun-Times of March 12, 1963, on

 

page seventeen, we find this account of what took place.

As it has been doing since 1955, Mayor Daley's home
community Of Bridgeport kicked Off his election cam-
paign Monday night with a torchlight parade.

The Mayor, his wife, four sons and three daughters
headed some 3,000 marchers down Halsted Street from
35th tO Chicago Lithuanian Hall at 3133 S. Halsted.

45

Jovial and smiling, the Mayor waved and shouted
greetings to many friends among the police—
estimated 13,000 Spectators along the parade
route in the neighborhood where he was born and
reared.

One thousand red flares placed on both sides Of

the street gave Off a smoky glow in the misty,

chilly air.- As the marchers passed 34th, the Mayor's
portrait was touched Off in fireworks.

There was a strong, Back 0' the Yards, Irish atmos—
phere to the bands and civic and business groups that
paraded.

Many were wearing the green, and most wore Shamrocks
proclaiming: Daley in '63.

When they reached the auditorium, the Mayor and his
family mounted a reviewing stand to salute the rest
of the marchers.

A capacity crowd Of 14,000 filled the seats within
the hall, where former State Senator, William Lynch,
counsel for the Chicago Transit Authority, was mas-
ter of ceremonies.

He introduced political figures in the crowd and on
the stage, including Marshall Korshak, Sanitary Dis-
trict Trustee, who was the first of a number of
Speakers.

The theme of all the Speakers was the slogan on the
Shamrocks: Daley in '63.

Daley drew cheers from the partisan crowd with an
emotional, sentimental speech. "There's nothing like
coming back home," he said.

The Mayor made nO mention Of his Republican Opponent,
Benjamin S. Adamowski. He promised that his campaign
"will not be based on personal assassination and
criticism."

The Chicago Daily News of March 12, noted:

 

Bridgeport, the stockyards neighborhood where Chi—
cago's reigning mayors for the last 30 years were
born, approved the third term bid of native son,
Richard J. Daley, Monday night.

It marched Daley, his wife, Eleanor, his daughters
and his sons along Halsted Street through fog and

46

sulphur fumes in the closent thing to an old-
fashioned torchlight parade that modern conditions
will permit

Daley's immediate predecessors in the Mayor's Office—-
Eward J. Kelley, 1933-47, and Martin H. Kennelly,
1947-55--a1so came from the same Back of the Yards

but neither held such parades.

The 3,000 marchers in this one were orderly and quiet.
The audience was enthusiastic but restrained.

The enthusiasm came as Daley left the reviewing stand
and walked into the Lithuanian Auditorium, 3137 S.
Halsted, which was filled with 1,400 supporters.

”This is Bridgeport," shouted William J. Lynch, master
of ceremonies. ”There's no low against showing enthu—
siasm."

Speaker after Speaker praised Daley as a builder.
"He's the greatest Mayor in the United States today,"
said Marshall Korshak, Sanitary District trustee.

"He's a man Of the peOple, a man Of great vitality
and a man of great morality,” said John C. Marcin,
city clerk. "I'm thankful that I've had the privi-
lege of walking in the shadow of this great man."

"Can anyone question his honesty?" asked Circuit'
Court Judge, Thomas J. Courtney. "Has anyone ever
performed the accomplishments Of Dick Daley for the
City Of Chicago?"

jDaley recalled that he had started his campaigns for
Idayor in Bridgeport in 1955 and 1959 and had promised
a report to the people of the neighborhood.

”I've tried to do for Chicago what I thought Chicago
rdeeded,” he said.

'Ihe drinking and rioting of Old-style campaigns
.rallies may have been lacking, but Bridgeport bowed
‘to the past with a campaign song.

'Io the tune of "When You Wore a Tulip," a pretty
singer named Jayne Dinning, supplied the words:

"Come on and

Vote for Dick Daley

Yes, vote for Dick Daley

And we'll all watch Chicago grow,

47

”He's made our city

Both prOSperous and pretty

That‘s why we can't let him go!
He's been a great leader

His wife can't be sweeter

We're pround of them, heaven knows.
"So, come one and

Vote for Dick Daley

Yes, Vote for Dick Daley
And we'll all see Chicago grow,"

43

Mrs. Francis Foster, the Mayor's personal secretary,
and Mr. Earl Bush, the Mayor's Director Of Public Relations,
indicated that the Mayor became active in his campaign for
re—election about two weeks prior to the April 2, election
day, and that his efforts were directed largely toward the
peOple in the wards.

Both Mr. Bush and Mrs. Foster stated that "the Mayor
Spoke to members Of the Democratic organization in all fifty
wards Of Chicago."

Mayor Daley's calendar indicated his first Speech was
to the fourth ward on Tuesday, March 12, at 8:15 p.m., and
his last was to the twelfth ward on Sunday, March 31, at
3:20 p.m.

Often, the Mayor would Speak to several wards on the
same evening, as evidenced by his calendar of Thursday,
March 14. On that day, he was scheduled to Speak before
the 25th ward at 8:00 p.m., the 29th ward at 8:30, the
30th ward at 9:00, and the 23rd ward at 9:30. Likewise,

his schedule for Friday, March 15, where he Spoke for the

 

)F,
43James W. Sullivan, Chicago Daily News, March 12, 1963,

 

p. 2.

48

34th ward meeting at 8:30 p.m., the 31st ward meeting at

9:00, and the 20th ward meeting at 10:00.

Throughout the campaign, the necessity Of running the

city government and of keeping various civic appointments

was still apparent. A good indication as to the demands

placed on the Mayor is his calendar of Saturday, March 16,

which

9:

10:

11:

F!

reads:

l5 a.m.

00 a.m.

:45 p.m.

:OO p.m.

:15 p.m.

Picture appointment with Mr. Bailey
Howard and 12 boys receive checks
from Racing Meet

Open the Chicago World Flower and Garden
Show — McCormick Place (225-4350)

Mass - Old St. Patrick's Church, 718 West
Adams Street (St 2—6171)
Re: St. Patrick's Day

Step-Off — St. Patrick's Day Parade, State
and Wacker Drive. Reviewing stand will be
located in East Monroe Street, east of the
east curb line Of State Street (Further

details on Mayor's detail with date sheets)

Cocktails — Dinner - St. Patrick's Day
Lake Shore Club, 850 North Lake Shore
Drive (Wh 4-4850)

REPLY: Mayor Daley hopes to stOp in, if
only for a few minutes. (Copy Of corr. tO
detail with date sheets)

Annua St. Joseph's Day Dinner Dance,

Grand Ballroom, Sherman Hotel (Fr 2—2100)
Polish American Democratic Organization
Not later than 9:00 p.m. — Mayor Daley
would be introduced John B. Brandt —

Judge Drymalski inviting.

REPLY: Will drOp in (Copy to LB for notes)

Although for many persons Sunday is a day of rest, for

the Mayor of Chicago, it seems to be quite the contrary. In

the morning,

the Mayor attends church, and then as revealed

by his calendar of Sunday, March 17, he continued in the

49

many activities that are demanded of a person of his posi-
tion. His calendar reads:

SUNDAY, MARCH 17

 

HAPPY ST. PATRICK'S DAY

 

12:15 p.m. Dedication of St. Mark Church, 1048 North
Campbell Avenue. Cardinal Meyer attending.
Rev. Wm. P. Dunne inviting (Hu 6-7713)
REPLY: Will have on schedule, cannot
promise because of other commitments, will
try if can.
(Copy to EB 3/14/63 - Copy of corr. to
detail with date sheets)

3:00 p.m. Asking Mayor Daley arrive - Rally, Latin
American Chamber Of Commerce - also pre-
senting Award to Puerto Rican newspaperman,
Our Lady Of Sorrows Church Hall, 332 South
Albany Avenue. Mr. Roger Seaman inviting.
(Ne 8—5800) Mr. Claudio Flores also in-
viting. -
REPLY: Mayor told these men would stop in.
(Corr. to detail with date sheets) (COpy
to EB for notes 3/11/63) (Adjourn between
10:00 and 10:30 p.m.)

6:30 p.m. (Black Tie) Irish Fellowship Club Banquet,
Speakers reception - Parlors B & C, Williford

7:30 p.m. Room, Banquet — Grand Ballroom, Conrad Hilton
Hotel, (Wa 2—4400) Hon. David Lawrence Of
Pittsburgh (EB notified)

Between 83rd Annual St. Patrick's Day celebration
10:00 & and dinner - Ancient Order Of Hibernians,
10:30 p.m. S . Jude Hall, 221 West Madison Street.
Thomas Gavin, President inviting. (Ce 6-
7783) REPLY: Cannot promise, if in
vicinity at that time, will try to drop in
3/15/63. (Copy tO EB 3/15/63)
In addition to the remarks of Mr. Busch and Mrs. Foster,
with reSpect to the strategy of the Mayor, are the words ex—
pressed by Len O'Connor in his radio and television broad—

cast Of Monday, March 4. A portion of Mr. O'Connor's remarks

WGFGI

50

You can make a safe guess that the Democrats Of Chi-
cago have their fingers crossed. They are sweating
out the 29 days that they will have to live through
between now and the April 2nd election for Mayor.

The murder of the Party's most productive vote-getter
has forced the Democrats into a re-appraisal of their
fight with Ben Adamowski. They privately acknowledge
that if the Republicans had put a less-controversial
candidate against Daley-~a civic leader, say Of great
reputation—-the Mayor would be in a tough spot right
now.

Most observers believe that Adamowski is still running
against big odds-—deSpite a killing that has rocked
the Democratic party. Further violence between now
and April 2nd would wipe out the Odds and tilt the
advantage in Adamowski's favor.

All things remaining equal between now and April 2,
Daley Should be re-elected. But no one knows what
might happen in the next 29 days. If you had to
describe the Mayor's desire for a third term at this
moment—-I gues you would have to say that he has both
feet firmly planted on two banana peels.44

Mr. O'Connor referred again to the Alderman Lewis mur-
der in his broadcast of Thursday, March 7, when he remarked
about a weekend he had spent in Washington. He said:

I Spent the weekend in Washington, in video-taped
conversation with Senator Dirksen and Senator
Douglas.———Both Of the Senators made mention of

the Ben Lewis murder. Both said the assissination
of an alderman has caused no stir in the Capitol.
Dirksen and Douglas were both curious as to whether
the murder of Mr. Lewis would have an effect on the
election for Mayor. Neither man seemed to be sur-
prised when told that the murder did not appear to
be a matter of any political consequences.

When Dirksen was running for re-election last autumn,
he got a good deal of verbal help from Ben Adamowski.
I asked him over a cup of coffee if he had plans to
campaign in Chicago for Adamowski. He said, "Oh, my
goodness, NO-—I haven't got time.” Mrs. Dirksen sug—
gested that he would have to find time and the

 

""Len O'Connor Comments, pp. cit., March 4, 1963.

51

Senator said, yes, he probably would have to find

time. Dirksen is aware of the Odds against the

Republican Party's candidate. After all, he himself

went out of Chicago last November, 240,000 votes 45

Short of Sid Yates. [Democratic Senatoral candidate]

During the course Of the campaign, an interesting devel—

Opment took place, interesting in that it is somewhat, at
least in the mind Of the writer, an unusual kind of practice

during an election campaign. The incident was reported thus

in the Chicago Daily News, Wednesday, March 14, 1963, page

 

three: "Ben Adamowski, sues Daley over Police, asks Court

to Order Removal Of 24-Hour Detail." The Daily News noted:

 

Benjamin S. Adamowski, Republican candidate for
Mayor, filed suit in federal district court Wednes-
day, charging his Democratic Opponent, Mayor Richard
J. Daley, with violating his civil rights. The suit
asks the court to order Daley to withdraw the police
guard now maintained on Adamowski's home. It charges
that the guard, among other things, restrains Adamowe
ski's freedom to travel, deprives him of the right to
privapy and to peaceable assembly with "those Of like
mind.

Naming Daley a defendant, the suit charges that the
"sole purpose of these police state activities is the
intimidation of the plaintiff and those who would

support him." It says that those "who would inform
on Daley are intimidated from ding so by the police
watch.”

Although the suit does not name as a defendant
Police Superintendent, O. W. Wilson, who ordered the
guard placed on the Adamowski home, it says that the
superintendent now serves "by sufferance Of the
defendant, Daley, since his contract of employment
has not yet been renewed.” It points out that the
mayor announced recently that Wilson would remain in
his post "as long as I am Mayor" and thus, Wilson
”has a political and monetary stake in the re—election
of Daley.” Adamowski charged that the policemen are
"secret agents . . . assigned to keep tab on the

 

"51bid., March 7, 1963.

52

peOple who come and go at my home." "I am sure that

Mr. Daley is aware that many city employees, and

many other peOple with knowledge Of his political
machine have been furnishing me leads and information
concerning scandal and corruption which he is attempting
to cover up until after April 2," Adamowski said.

Adamowski charged further, "The assignment of these
men is in the tradition of the Gestapo." Wilson had
said Tuesday that he thought it desirable to keep the
guard assigned to Adamowski's home to prevent the
possibility of any damage.

Mr. Len O'Connor's Observation Of the event as reported
the previous day was to this effect:

Ben Adamowski's indignation at discovering he is being
protected by Chicago police against his wishes is part
of an interesting paradox. He is on reasonable ground
in rejecting the police guard. But simultaneously,
Superintendent Wilson acted with prudence in providing
it. We have a situation, here, in which both sides are
right. A fellow running for political office should
not be burdened with protection he does not want.
Equally, a Police Superintendent might be considered
remiss if he failed to protect the candidate from the
unforeseeable.

Even if the guard is removed at the insistence of
Adamowski, Wilson has more or less done his duty.
And I believe the Superintendent when he says that
this was his own idea and not dictated by the Mayor,
Wilson certainly did not want to be caught out on

a limb if something happened to Ben Adamowski.

Perhaps there is a degree Of political profit in this
for Adamowski. Possible, the decision of Wilson

that Adamowski should be protected can be worked
around as evidence that conditions in Chicago are
Obviously terrible when the police chief feels imflé
pelled to protect a man who is running for Mayor.

Adamowski did not hear Mr. O'Connor's remarks, or if
he did, he did not heed his advice. There is no evidence

to Suggest that Mr. Adamowski used the actions of the police

"6Ibid.

53

department in any way other than the suit filed against Mayor

Daley. Mr O'Connor placed the incident within the framework

of the campaign when, in his comments of Wednesday, March 13,

he noted:

Someone called up to ask on what basis it could be
assumed that O. W. Wilson and not Mayor Daley or-
dered that a police guard be assigned to Ben
Adamowski's home. Well, to begin with, this kind

Of foresightedness did not appear to fit the pat—
tern of Daley's thinking, and it was, essentially,

a routine police matter. But, aside from that,

the ordering of a police guard for the Republican
candidate for Mayor was out of character with the
Democratic strategy in this campaign. It was to be
anticipated Hem Adamowski would not be gratified and
that he would have plenty to say about it, as he
did. The Police Superintendent, in my opinion, did
not do the Democratic cause a service. In assigning
policement to keep watch on Adamowski's home, Wilson
was making it possible for Adamowski to heat up the
campaign. The Democratic plan is to keep things
cool; they are not interested in letting the GOP
candidate warm things up. Giving Adamowski a chance
to charge that his civil rights had been violated

at the dictation of the Mayor, was entirely out of
harmony with Democratic strategy.

You have seen or heard references to the fact that
the Daley—Adamowski contest is excessively dull. I
suggest that the Democrats want to keep it that way.
Adamowski's single Opportunity for an upset is predi—
cated on the develOpment of a BIG issue. The Demo—
crats are anxious to avoid a controversy if it is
possible to do so.

. Daley is deliberately running a low—keyed cam-
paign. The plan is that he coast along for the next
couple of weeks and then run like fury to hit the
wire.

Mr. O'Connor then summarized this incident and, I think,
feelings Of many persons when in his broadcast of March

he said:

You hardly know whether to congratulate Ben Adamowski
on proving to the satisfaction of a Federal Judge that

54

a candidate for public Office cannot be forced to
accept police protection he doesn't want, or
whether you should ask Superintendent Wilson: What
are you gonna do now?

In what might prove to be a prophetic incident in

his campaign to be elected Mayor, it could be that

Ben has won the Battle and lost the war. Uniquely,
his Federal case against Wilson was based on his

right Of privacy. There is.hardly anybody who has
more privacy than a fellow who blows an election—- 47
as Adamowski will discover if he blows on April 2nd. ‘

It is virtually impossible to know what is taking place
in an election campaign completely, and it is impossible to
make an analysis at a later date of all the ingredients in
the campaign. None the less, from Mr. O'Connor's comments
of Thursday, March 7, we secure an insight into the working
of what might be called ”the machine in action." I am mind-
ful of Mr. Adamowski's defining machine as "merely the organ—
ization Of those in power, and an organization is the group

out of Office attempting to get in and thus, to become a

machine. Mr. O'Connor's comments were to the effect that:
A Spokesman for the public relations Office of the
Chicago Fire Department professes to know nothing
about this. But we have had numerous calls that
Chicago firemen have been commandeered to peddle
tickets for the Mayor Daley campaign dinner that is
to be held in the Medina Temple on March 20th. The
dinner is Sponsored by ”The Committee for Mayor
Daley." The tickets are being sold at $25.00 a plate
and Chicago Business people who have been approached
figure the Fire Department is putting the arm on
them. If you will excuse the expression, this is one
of the hottest little items in town.

 

""Ibid., March 19, 1963.
48

Taped Interview, Adamowski, pp. cit.

55

This aSpect of the campaign came to an end the very
next day, and the end of the activity was mentioned in Mr.
O'Connor's broadcast, when he stated:

A note to Mr. O‘Connor from the NBC news desk. The
note said: "Fire Commissioner Quinn admitted to NBC
today that some firemen had sold tickets for a March
20th testimonial dinner for Mayor Daley. Quinn says
these were 'friends' of the Mayor and acted in that
capacity. Quinn added it was 'understandable' that
come firemen would want to help the Mayor because they
had recognized what a fine Mayor he has been for the
City of Chicago.” The note from the NBC news desk
went on to day: ”Commissioner Quinn told NBC that
when he found out that firemen were selling tickets
to the testimonial dinner, he——Quinn--put a stOp to
it.” (Unquote).

As the campaign neared its conclusion, an analysis of
the Democratic Party's role would have.led one to believe
that if it were not for the neWSpapers and an occasional
bilboard proclaiming, ”Daley in 1963," there was but one
person seeking the office of Mayor of Chicago. The news—
papers carried editorials recommending to their readers

that they vote for Richard J. Daley. The Chicago Daily News

 

of Wednesday, March 20, 1963, said:

Daily News Supports Daley

 

MAYOR RATED RE—ELECTION ON RECORD OF PROGRESS

On April 2, Chicago will elect a Mayor. The con—
test between Mayor Richard J. Daley, Democrat, and
Republican candidate, Benjamin Adamowski has been
singularly unenlightening and devoid of issues. The
reason for this is that Adamowski can find little

in Mayor Daley‘s record that is open to specific
attack.

The Mayor's record, by any standard, is a good one.
Chicago has prospered and progressed under his leader-
ship. For that reason, and in expectation of more of
the same, we support him for another term

56

The Chicago Sun-Times:

 

EDITORIAL: RETAIN MAYOR DALEY

Four years ago, under the above headline, we urged
the citizens of Chicago to re—elect Mayor Richard
J. Daley to a second term. Today, under the same
headline and generally, for the same reasons, we
gave in 1959, we urge the voters of the city to
keep Daley in the Mayor‘s office for a third term.

49

The papers carried accounts of various organizations
such as the Better Government Association, watchdog of local
politics, giving support to the Democratic Campaign. The

Sun—Times of March 22, 1963, carried this story:

 

BGA PREFERS DALEY OVER ADAMOWSKI, BUT CHIDES MAYOR
ON PAYROLL LOAFING

The Better Government Association said Thursday it
preferred Mayor Daley over Benjamin S. Adamowski
for Mayor, but added praise for Adamowski.

"Mayor Daley has made a good record in rebuilding
and eXpanding municipal facilities," a BGA state—
ment said. ”His support for police reform under
Supt. O. W. Wilson is good evidence of his capacity
for good government. The BGA is not satisfied,
however, with Mayor Daley's efforts to corect pay-
rollers loafing, civil service breakdown, inherent
weaknesses in the voting machinery, nor with his
unwillingness or inability to purge the local Demo-
cratic Party of bad influences. As Mayor and as
chairman of the Cook County Democratic Central Com—
mittee, he has the power to do these things."

The BGA then declared that Adamowski, the Mayor's
Republican Opponent at the April 2 elections, "has
made a life—long record of forthright and inde—
pendent accomplishments.”

The Independent Voters of Illinois stated their position

thus:

 

ugChicago Sun-Times, March 19, 1963, p. 2.

 

57

The Independent Voters of Illinois endorsed Mayor
Daley Wednesday for re—election. The IVI, which
gave unqualified endorsement to Daley in I959, this
time only rated his as ”preferred“ over his Repub-
lican opponent, Benjamin S. Adamowski.
”Unfortunately,” said George H. Watson, IVI chair—
man, ”both candidates seem unwilling to meet certain
major problems with action which the IVI believes

necessary.”

Three problem areas: (1) "Passage of an Openn
occupancy ordinance for the City of Chicago, (2)
”Equal Opportunity and high standards for all students
enrolled in Chicago's public schools, together with
integrated teaching facilities, and (3) "A willingness
to initiate a large reduction in the number of patron—
age employees, which now accounts for a considerable
part of the city budget——neither candidate is willing
to spell out necessary economics."

Cited as pluses for Daley were his support of Police
Supt. Orlando W. Wilson and his backing of state—
wide fair housing legislation during a previous
session of the Illinois General Assembly.

The IVI said Adamowski will make no guarantee con-
cerning Wilson's tenure as police superintendent
and failed to support the housing legislation.
”For these reasons, among others, the IVI prefers
Richard J. Daley to his opponent as Mayor of
Chicago,” Watson concluded.5O

In addition to these groups, there were others such

as the Non—Partisan Committee for Reselection of Mayor Daley.

The Chicago Daily News, of Saturday, March 23, 1963, listed

 

some of the distinguished persons on that committee. The
list of persons was a portion of a letter from that committee
to A. T. Burch asking him to join in their efforts. The

Daily News noted the names of ”Fairfax M. Cone, Ben W. Heine—

 

man, William A. Patterson, George S. Harris, C. Virgil Martin,

 

50Chicago Sun-Times, March 21, 1963, p. l.

 

58

and James B. Rutherford. These are illustrious men de-
servedly esteemed by the public and incidentally by me
personally. Three of them, I am told, are registered Demo—

"51 Mr. Burch in-

crats. Three are registered Republicans.
dicated he did not accept the generous invitation, because
he sleeps in Wilmette, which makes him ineligible to vote
for the Mayor of Chicago.

One notable exception to the list of news media in

support of Mayor Daley was the Chicago Tribune. The posi—

 

tion of the Tribune might be labeled neutral, and is best
summarized from this account published on March 29, I963.

The Tribune makes no recommendations to its readers
on how to vote in the mayoral election next Tuesday.
In our news pages today, each of the candidates--
Mayor Daley and Benjamin Adamowski--has been given
two columns in which to state his agruments. We
have published extensive reports from both camps
almost daily Since the campaign began, even though
the campaign has been one of the dullest in history

The Tribune has high regard for the good
judgment of its readers if they are fully informed.
We have tried to give our readers an accurate
account of the issues in the mayoralty race. We
trust they will make a wise decision. 2

Perhaps the best summary of the events and conclusion
to consideration of the Democratic Campaign would be the
remarks of Mr. Len O‘Connor in his broadcast of Thursday,
March 28, 1963. Mr. O'Connor remarked:

The complacency that characterized Richard Daley's
campaign for a third term is beginning to disappear

 

51Chicago Daily News, March 23, 1963, p. 16.

 

52Chicago Tribune, March 29, 1963, p. 22, Section I.

 

And

59

as the fateful day of election comes closer. We
anticipated that the Daley people would follow the
strategy of making a run for it in the last week or
so of the campaign. And this is what they are doing
and while the visit here last weekend of
President Kennedy was promulgated as a civic occasion,
the White House candidly implied that the timely dedi-
cation of O‘Hare Field was primarily a matter of
politics. . . . Even the ardently pro—Daley news-
papers—-notably the Chicago American—-seems to be
pulling out all the stOps, with a big play for the
Mayor himself and the various honors that are

 

- showering down upon the City at this interesting time.

Even the headlines are not neutral. For example, in
the Thursday morning Sun—Times, a headline that says:
DALEY GIVEN CHICAGO'S THIRD ”CLEANEST BIG CITY" AWARD.
The headline sort of creates the impression that Mr.
Daley cleaned it up all by himself.

again, the remarks of Monday, April 1, I963:

The mayoral election campaign that is to culminate

in an unpredictable turnout tomorrow was not quite

as dull as they would have you believe. The cam—
paign possibly should be described as indecisive,
rather than dull. Adamowski threw punches in all
directions, but never quite connected. Daley ob—
viously planned to stay away from Ben and succeeded

in doing so. The Democrats deliberately charted a
low-key campaign. Daley planted his feet firmly

on a platform of platitudes. He didn't seek to

sell the idea of what a great Mayor he had been;

he appeared to be selling the ideacfl?what a great
city Chicago had become, as a consequence of having
Daley as the Mayor. This may strike you as a fine
line of distinction, but Richard is a SOphisticated
politician and is well-aware tha a fellow can make

a lot of enemies in two four—year terms in office.

So, the Democrats based their effort on accomplishment,
civic accomplishment, rather than Daley's personality.

Daley has a remarkable talent for disassociating him—
self from the embarrassments that frequently plague
other persons in high office. The explosive murder
of the Democratic alderman who ran the most produc—
tive Democratic ward in the city did not reflect un—
favorably upon Daley. The bold shooting of Richard
Morrison outside the Criminal Courts building was
momentarily critical, but the Mayor somehow circum—
vented involvement in that, also. If the campaign
has been dull, it has been dull because of the Demo—
cratic strategy to stay away from a direct exchange
with Adamowski and win on points.

60

Throughout history, men have risen to power and fallen
to obscurity because of their words and the words of others.
The place rhetoric has had in the making of such persons as
Daniel Webster, Winston Churchill, and a host of others is
well—known. The place that speech has in the efforts of
Richard J. Daley is not known at all. The other Speakers
mentioned have been studied, they have been judged. Mayor
Daley has not. Mayor Daley, in his quest for re—election to
the top political position in the City of Chicago, presented
the same basic Speech, with alterations suitable to the
audience before which he Spoke in each of the fifty wards of
that city. Mayor Daley faced from seven hundred to two
thousand persons in each of the wards during the l963 cam—
paign. As the party leader and as a candidate, the occasion
served as the first and last contact members of the audience
would have with him during the campaign. Mayor Daley under-
stood that in four years time Splits could develop within
the ward organization, that many peOple could be baffled by
some issues of the campaign, that it was his responsibility
to maintain unity within the party, that his opponent was
a powerful Speaker, and that Daley's remarks could set pro—
cedures, cement political allegiance, make clear issues,
and allay all doubts. A study of this speech would serve
to answer questions as to what was the role of his speaking
in this campaign? What was the relationship of this Speech
to the issues of the campaign? What were the lines of

thought selected by the candidate for these occasions?

6l

What methods did he use to adapt his material to his audience?
What can be concluded as to the attitude of Mayor Daley? And,
finally, what then was the importance of this type of commu-

nication in the 1963 mayoral campaign?

CHAPTER IV

AN ANALYSIS OF THE 1963 CAMPAIGN

SPEECH OF MAYOR RICHARD J. DAIEY

The method of analysis employs use of a substance out-
line developed from the exact words of the Mayor's campaign
Speech and the only Speech presented by the Mayor before
all fifty wards of Chicago during the 1963 mayoral campaign,
with minor variations for each ward. From these outlines are
formulated technical plot outlines. In this way the writer,
using the same basic outline employed in the development of
the Speech, considers that speech with respect to the fol-
lowing criteria: Arrangement of the Speech (included in
this area is a concern for the basic plan, placement of
reasoning, the introduction, body, the conclusion, and the
effect of arrangement on other factors); Materials of
Speaking (having their bases in Materials of DeveIOpment,
Personal Proof, and Materials of Experience, as they give

rise to effective communication); and Style.1

 

lHance, §t_al,, pp. git.

Materials of development are those factors that
give rise to the develOpment of the subject--after it has
been selected, narrowed, analyzed, and organized. These
several materials are necessary if we want our Speeches to
be clear, convincing, and persuasive. We can classify these
materials as (l) examples, (2) narratives, (3) statistics,
(A) quotations. p.

Personal proof, is the kind of proof--or the ele-
ment that lends credibility to the message--that arises from

62

63

These raw materials, as presented in the technical
plot outlines, provide the substance for the development
of a series of critical summaries. These summaries serve
as the data for the develOpment of this section of the
chapter. Let us now turn our attention to the first area

of concern, arrangement of the speech.

Arrangement of the Speech

 

This address was given by Richard J. Daley, Mayor of
Chicago, at each of the fifty ward meetings during the 1963
mayoral campaign. The Speech under consideration was the
only one developed by and for the mayor during the campaign.
The Speech was presented to the audiences of approximately
seven-hundred to two—thousand persons, depending on the local
and organization of each ward. Each meeting was a highly
informal occasion, with nearly all participants members of
the Democratic organization and in a highly festive mood.

As a member of the audience on several of these occasions

 

the person of the speaker. It influences the total speaking
Situation; it affects the listener's attitudes toward the
Speaker and his point of view, and therefore affects also
the amount of information the listener receives. p. 38
Materials of experience are designed to appeal pri-
marily to the listener's basic motives, his sensory exper-
iences and memories of them, and his needs, hopes, fears,
and desires. These materials are used to make the message
more real to the listener and to sustain his interest. p. 71
Style, or those factors that play so important a
role in adapting a Speech to the audience or an individual,
is the choice of language that can easily determine whether
your listeners will accept or reject your persuasion. Charac—
teristics of style, (1) Clarity, (2) Forcefulness, (3) Vivid-
ness, (4) Adaptability, (5) Sentence structure, (6) Intel—
ligibility. p. 181

6A

the writer feels well qualified to discuss the nature of
the occasions.

The Introduction, as I have analyzed it, would be
labeled, ”the acknowledgment introduction."2 It is best
described by Hance, Ralph, and Wiksell in their text,

Principles of Speaking.

 

In an attempt to maintain attention and provide back-
ground for the theme, Mayor Daley pays compliments to the
audience, and then moves into a series of transitions that
end with a statement of purpose.

Acknowledge--
Committeeman
Alderman
Precinct Captains
Citizens

It is always a pleasure for me to come into the

w‘ard-—a ward where the Democratic Party
represents peOple--where the democratic organiza-
tion is one of the most aggressive...one of the
most hard-working in the whole city.

You are aggressive...and you are hard—working
because you believe in what the Democratic Party
stands for: to represent all peOple, regardless
of their economic status, their nationality, their
race, or wherever they may live.

There is always a great deal of newspaper publicity
regarding big projects. There are always headlines

 

2”The ACKNOWLEDGMENT INTRODUCTION. In this technique
the speaker Spends his entire introduction in greeting
the assembled dignitaries and other guests, in acknowl-
edging the chairman's speech of introduction, and in
paying compliments to the audience. Such matters have
their importance and should be included in many, if not
most, introductions, but an introduction given over
entirely to them suffers from the same disadvantage aa
the unrelated introduction--it fails to present any kind
of preparation for the message that is to come." p. 65.

65

and many columns devoted to high—rise buildings and
dramatic develOpmentS which take place in and around
the loop.

All of these things are important, but those im-
provements and those services which make all of
our neighborhoods throughout Chicago better places
in which to live seldom get much publicity.

AS a result, peOple are inclined to lose sight of
many of the activities and programs that are oc—
curring in their own neighborhoods and which con-
tribute directly to better living for themselves
and their families.

To me, one who has lived in a typical Chicago neigh-
borhood all of his life, these improvements repre—
sent the most vital changes in our city life.

I would like to discuss with you tonight some of

the programs that have taken place in the last

seven years which have made your neighborhood and
all of our neighborhoods better...and some of the
programs under way which will continue this progress.

The purpose sentence, although following a rather
lengthy transition, is clear and Should offer little mis—
understanding as to the Speaker's intentions.

Perhaps one area of concern would have been this
lengthy transition. The coherence of the total sequence
gives rise to an organizational pattern that is Simple and
direct. There is no building to a climax or other variables
that might have made this a more compelling introduction.
Thonssen and Baird, discussing Aristotle on the introduction,
said:

Aristotle believed that ”the only indispensable parts
of a s eech are the statement of the case and the
proof.' He added,however, that if other parts were
necessary, the total number should not exceed four,
the exordium, exposition or statement of the case,
proof, and the peroration. These are the four parts

whose functions most critics examine when evaluating
the structure of selected orations.

66

The functions of these parts are almost set forth

by their descriptive titles. The INTRODUCTION, which

Aristotle said conformed to the prologue in poetry,

is intended to enlist the attention and interest of

the listeners, to render the audience well diSposed

toward the speaker, and to prepare the way for the

ideas to come.3
Surely this audience was disposed to the Speaker, and to
that end perhaps the nature of these remarks was not needed.
But if the introduction and its transition did not develOp
a greater reSpect for the Speaker, they did not lessen in
any way the regard then held for him by members of the
audience.

By way of preparation for the ideas to come Mayor Daley
made the issues, if not more important, far more personal
than they may have been heretofor by relating the concepts
to the very neighborhood in which he was speaking.

In the body of the Speech are seven main divisions.
The first division concerns itself with CLEAN-UP and the
cleanliness of Chicago prior to I956. The second is related,
REFUSE COLLECTION, and again a description of the Situation
before 1955 and what it is today is included. The third
tOpic area is that of the POLICE DEPARTMENT. Turning to
the next division, the FIRE DEPARTMENT, there is an attempt
to maintain continuity by noting improvements in this area
as well.

(EB futh and sixth divisions, SAFEST BIG CITY and STREET

LIGHTING, are very Short in nature,consisting of one or two

 

3Thonnsen and Baird, op. cit., p. 398.

6'7

sentences each. Closing this portion of his remarks with

,a consideration of HEALTH, and the fact that this department
has been recognized throughout the world, the Mayor moves
into a Short summary of accomplishments consisting of seven
statements that relate to the various topics just discussed.
The conclusion to this address was a continuation of the
summary consideration of the programs, and how they had
affected the Specific ward before which he was Speaking.

The summary carried on in the same manner the structure of
the body of the Speech. A stacking of material, resulting
in motive appeals, such as wealth, health, fame, honor, good
luck and virtue, as well as corollary appeal to social re—
Sponsibility, personal honor, family life, that are implicit
rather than explicit.

The schematic presentation of this discourse was his—
torically distributive in nature. This multiple principle
of division is distributive in that all matters having a
basic relationship are grouped together. Some divisions
are at the time time historical having a chronological order
that moves from past to present, and at times, present to
past.

9332.11.22

If there was any one complaint about Chicago

before 1956, it concerned the cleanliness of
our city...and in many ways, nothing is more
important to neighborhood pride than clean streets.

All of you know that in your neighborhood

before 1955, there were many streets that were
never cleaned. Now, your neighborhood has its

streets cleaned at least once a month and at
times, more frequently.

68

Refuse Collection

In 1955, garbage was collected on an average
of approximately once every eight days, now it
is collected approximately once every six and
a half days.

 

The Mayor viewed his task as one of informing his
listeners as Opposed to convincing or persuading them to
his position. He seeks to arm them with information with
which to combat any opposing discourse they might encounter.
At the same time, presumably, these individuals become con-
iitioned to the party line, and are now equipped to serve
as Spokesmen for the candidate.

The selection and arrangement of principles are not
;h conflict with each other, and the structural consistency
is maintained throughout, resulting in a method of inter-
lacing that is quite satisfactory.

The Speech seeks to maintain attention and acceptance
through the statements of ”truths," "truths" that support

an unspoken theme, that "my” administration is good, or

that ”I” am the best candidate for the office of Mayor.

The discourse attempts to incite action by suggesting that
only Daley's administration could have accomplished the
various programs undertaken.

These are programs of service and that is what
the Democratic Party stands for; that is why the
men and women in this room are respected by their
neighboorhoods, because you serve your peOple.

These programs of police, fire, health, streets

and sanitation have made every neighborhood better;
and these departments account for 75 per cent of
all the increases in the budget since l955.

69

Mayor Daley seems to be using these occasions as a
platform to reSpond to Adamowski's major challenge; takes
in general and real estate taxes in particular demand a
change in city government. Although there is no reference
Mr. Adamowski or his charges, there is consideration for the
increases in the budget since 1955.

In l963, the total appropriations for the city's
operating and public works expenditures was reduced
by more than forty million, and property taxes for
the city of Chicago operating fund (which fund pro-
vides for police, fire, health, streets, and sani—
tation, and building plus other vital services) was

reduced by more than seven million dollars...the
most substandial reduction in city taxes in half a
century.

One device used by Mayor Daley in nearly every example
or tOpic area is the application of the subject under con—

sideration to the audience at hand, the ward, or the city.

in this case, he says, for example:

Street Lighting

Everyone in this room knows what modern street
lighting means to a neighborhood——for every resi-
dential street in this block, this ward, with the
exception of development areas, has new lights.

 

Another example can be found in his remarks relative
to the ”Safest Big City.”

Safest Big City

All of us can be proud that Chicago is the safest
big city in the nation. While the death rate from
traffic accidents rose throughout the nation, the
peOple of Chicago, working together, have saved
lives and reduced the number of traffic fatalities
with the most outstanding record in the nation.

 

The organizational pattern of this address made for a

very clear theme. It is reflected in every statement, every

TO

assertion, and every division. It continues in the summary
and the closing remarks. There are no digressions.

The speaking plan of this speech is a combination of
the deductive-inductive sequence. The candidate announced
his Specific proposition or purpose sentence in a deductive
fashion and then proceeded inductively with a series of par—
ticulars apparently intended to lead to a re—statement of
his position. Although the organization of the body of the
Speech was inductive in nature, the Speaker did not employ
a purpose sentency type of conclusion as might have been
expected; rather he used probably the most common form, the
summary conclusion, repeating the phrases or topics used
in the body of his address.

Closer to home when we compare the cost of local
government to the property owner in Chicago with
thirty-nine representative suburbs, we find that

33 out of MO communities are higher than Chicago.
Yet, how many of these suburbs can boast of public
schools where not one school student is on a double
Shift, where there is excellent crossing guard pro—
tection for their children, unlimited filtered lake
water, protection against polio and other dread
diseases, parks, beaches and playgrounds, outstanding
mass tranSportation systems, every residential block
with new lights, a library within walking distance
of nearly every community, paved and widened streets,
most modern police communication system and crime
lab, the world's best fire department, and countless
other benefits?

Aside from the one suggestion that the members of the
audience should continue their good work and remember that

the battle is still on, there are no appeals for immediate

action.

71

Materials of Development

 

Hance, Ralph, and Wiksell, in their text, noted that
materials of development are those elements found or invented
by the Speaker and are common to all speaking. The concept
of reasoning as a factor in the materials of development
has been given but minor treatment in this study. The writer
justifies this decision by noting that logical appeals
are sparce in nature in the development of the Speech, and
in an attempt to maintain harmony has accorded reasoning
equal consideration. Mayor Daley makes liberal use of Spe—
cific materials common to all speaking. Examples, for
instance, are used liberally and serve as the greater portion
of develOpment of the speech. A typical example:

Fire

The same kind of improvements have been made in

the Fire Department with new station, new equipment,
new fire academy, and snorkels. Twenty—five new
ambulances have been purchased and, today, there is
emergency ambulance service for every citizen within
three minutes.

There is a modern fire alarm box in every one of our

schools; there is a Sprinkler system in our schools:
in our nurseries and public buildings to make certain
that we will never again eXperience a disastrous
tragedy.

Statistics are used in several instances for the pur—
pose of providing added support of the theme.

The purpose of urban renewal is to rebuild worn-
out sections of the city so that all our residents
may live in standard housing, in good neighbor-
hoods, with good schools, enough parks and play-
grounds, and all of the other elements that make

for good communities.

And we are making real progress. The United States
Bureau of Census of Housing reported that in the

72

period between I950 and I960, the number of dilapi—
dated dwellings in Chicago was reduced by more than
50 per cent; from 6M,000 to 30,000. In the past
two years, the number of such dwellings has been
further reduced by 5,000 to 6,000.

The Speech avoids the use of narratives and does not
contain a single quotation.

There is an attempt to be creative in the use of
repetition and contrast. The devices are not prominent in
the address. A case in point is the following:

Repetition:

In I955, garbage was collected on an average of
approximately once every eight days; now it is
collected approximately once every six and a half
days.

Contrast:

In I955, when our administration took office, it
was confronted with a tremendous challenge. Chi-
cago, like other major cities in the nation, had
been unable to carry out a full—scale program of
public improvements Since I930, because of depres—
sions and wars.

This administration launched a program of public
works to meetthe needs of the citizens of Chicago.

With the Opening of the Day Ryan South Expressway,
our super-highway program is nearly completed.

President Kennedy will dedicate O'Hare Field on
March 23--an airport which is the most modern air-
line facility in the world and at no cost to the
taXpayer.

Other projects which have contributed directly to
the welfare and well-being of all our citizens have
been the new fire academy, the filtration plant,
the many bridges and viaducts, the extension of

the outer drive, and many other projects which

have been urgently needed for many years.

The logical pattern of the Speech is fitted to the
objectives. The Speaker sets out to demonstrate the truth

of an implied theme. (My record is better than my opponent,

73

or I am best suited to be Mayor.) The procedure is largely
inductive. The Mayor did on one occasion make use of Sign
reasoning:
The peOple in this neighborhood know how conditions
have improved, for they can see the squad cars
goind up and down their streets throughout the day
and night; and how Chicago has one of the tOp police
administrators in the nation--Supt. 0. W. Wilson.

The candidate multiplies or stacks up example after
example with the design that the listener, after hearing
this array of material, will decide that a change from the
present administration would be a sin. The examples, as I
have noted, are plentiful and appropriate; they are all in
areas in which the audience has a direct association or
knowledge. The Speaker has made little attempt to account
for possible negative reactions, but this particular ward
meeting, with the Mayor present, as opposed to other ward
meetings held during the campaign, was not considered an
occasion for the need for such action.

Regarding the reliability of the source, Mayor Daley
assumed the authority of his office; and he felt that his
conviction was shared by all of his listeners. The theme
is repeated often and is linked directly with the audience.
For example:

And, of course, all of you are familiar with our
community improvement program, for you in the
fourth ward are part of one of the greatest
community improvement projects in the country—-

A program in which you, along with your local
government and the Federal Government-—are working

together to build a better neighborhood--the Hyde
Park—Kenwood project.

74

This Speech is definitely an address of advocacy. Its
prime purpose was not to change an opinion or an attitude,
for, indeed, many if not all of the listeners already held
the speaker's desired opinions. This Speech was intended to

strengthen a vieWpOint.

Personal Proof

 

Turning our attention to personal proof or those factors
that lend credibility to the address, it can be said that
Daley fares well. There is but one direct statement in this
address that could be classified Specifically as personal
proof. It was a personal reference:

To me, one who has lived in a typical Chicago
neighborhood all of his life, these improvements
represent the most vital changes in our city life.

Another remark serves as personal proof, but it is
indirect in nature. It appears in the interim summary in
which he observed that:

President Kennedy will dedicate O‘Hare Field on
March 23, an airport which is the most modern
airline facility in the world, and at no cost to
the taXpayer.

Beyond this, personal proof of this address is built
on implications and inferences.

The choice of lines of thought seem to be suited to
the occasion and the purpose. They should reflect well and
enhance the pOsition of the Speaker in the minds of the
listeners.

Clear reasoning tends to influence an audience in

behalf of the Speaker, and in this address, the choice of

75

examples and the massing of evidence through the citing of
these examples produced a feeling that the speaker's posi—
tion was well substantiated.

The competence, character, and good will of the Mayor
is unquestioned by those who know him. In this case, it
would be a safe guess that nearly every member of the audi-
ence had made some effort to understand if only in part some
aSpect of the Mayor with respect to these criteria.

The delivery of the Speech was forceful, as it should

be on such an occasion, and added much to its ethical appeal.

Materials of Experience

 

In the area of materials of experience, Mayor Daley‘s

speech is the richest. The purpose of the address is not
to inform solely but to persuade or strengthen the listener‘s
position. In so doing, he deals with a great human motive-—
PRIDE. He recognizes that pride of status and accomplish-
ments are very strong drives. During the course of this
cl rcss, he used the word "pride” no less than five times.
Many of the illustrations were apparently intended to
strengthen this motive of pride of accomplishment. For ex-
ample:

Yes, Chicago was once thought of as a ”dirty city,"

but now, with the help and COOperation of the men

and women in this room and with all your neighbors,

Chicago has won the first award for being the clean-

est big city in the United States in I959, l96l, and

in I962. This is a program that everyone in this
room can be proud of.

76

While Speaking on develOpment of housing for Senior Citizens,
he said:

Senior Citizens

One of our primary programs is to build housing
for the elderly and this community had the first
housing project for our senior citizens on the
South Side.

 

All of us can be proud of the program at 49A9

Cottage Grove, and the second one that is going up

at 40th and Lake Park will Offer even more facilities
so that our older citizens can enjoy a fuller life.

another example:

These are programs of service, and that is what the
Democratic Party stands for; that is why the men and
women in this room are reSpected by their neighbor-
hoods-~because you serve your people.

Motive appeals and suggestion did not have to be used
to any great extent. A recital of the facts was all that
was needed to meet the desires of the group. A head—on
approach to the topics reached the minds of the audience.

On at least one occasion, he did depart from his custom,
in what I would describe as a direct appeal to the senses
of the listeners. This appeared during his treatment of the
concepts regarding the Fire Department. Chicago experienced
some years ago a tragedy in the death of one—hundred or more
children in one of its grade schools. Demands were made by
the citizens of Chicago that steps be taken to insure that
such a thing could or would never happen again. Mayor Daley,
in the following illustration, seems to be calling this
tragedy to mind:

There is a modern fire alarm box in every one of
our schools; there is a Sprinkler system in our

77

schools; in our nurseries and public buildings to
make certain that we will never again experience
a disastrous tragedy.

Mayor Daley chose, by this theme, to Show that he and
his administration had, over the years, provided for Chicago
those things needed for development and progress in every
area of city government. He did this by illustration after
illustration. These materials were not interwoven like a
chain, but were arranged in a form intended to cover the sub-
ject area. The materials included the following: (I) illus—
trations of commendable accomplishments on the part of the
administration, (2) a personal illustration, (3) suggested
reasons for pride. This variety of materials of experience
constituted a blanket of persuasive materials, all geared
to the same theme.

There is no negative suggestion in the address. The
listeners are never told that they must not be proud. Rather,
it is told to them that the accomplishments of this admin—
istration and this organization, to which they belong, have
every reason to be proud of its efforts.

All four classifications of materials of experience
are employed. Motive appeals are limited, as stated. Atten-
tion is secured through much illustrative material. In
actual delivery of the address, tone of voice and forceful—
ness of voice, in addition to the speaker‘s personal proof

contributed to attention. Organization of the material also

kept the attention of the audience, in my Opinion.

78

The Speaker's objective was to appeal to listeners who
had given their time to the organization and their support
to his desire for re—election. There was no need to pave
the way, in terms of motive materials, for the concepts dealt

with.

saris

Style, according to one writer, is like the atmosphere,
it shows the thought, but itself is not seen. Hance, Ralph,
and Wiksell remind us that style is the major vehicle through
which all of the constituents of persuasion and exposition
reach the listeners. Let us then consider the effect of
style on the address under consideration.

In my Opinion, this was the most revealing aSpect of
the entire analysis of this address. Much of Mayor Daley's
weakness in his public speaking can be traced to his style.
The style employed in this address, although perhaps suited
to a political campaign, serves as a disadvantage to a prOper
image of the Mayor. That is, the advantages or strength of
this address can be found in the over-all structure of this
speech. In the area of personal proof and all other aSpects
considered, the Mayor's abilities were strong, apprOpriate,
worth of note. His weakness presents itself in an inability
to construct a clear and concise sentence, resulting in a
possible loss of understanding, and the belief by others
that the Mayor is a poor Speaker. Let us look at some

examples of this weakness:

79

Refuse Collection

In I955, garbage was collected on an average of
approximately once every eight days; now it is
collected approximately once every six and a half
days.

 

This sentence is circutious in its development. The
concept of ”on an average of approximately" has no meaning.
The sentence would have been better had it Said, "In I955,
garbage was collected on an average of once every eight
days.” Let's look at another example:

Clean—Up

If there was any one complaint about Chicago before
I956, it concerned the cleanliness of our city...
and in many ways, nothing is more important to neigh-
borhood pride than clean streets.

In this example, there is a loSs of clarity because
of the use of too many words. There is no need for saying,
”and in many ways.” A Simple direct statement to the effect
that, ”Few things are more important to neighborhood pride

' would have been better. In the first

than clean streets,’
example, I think it can be seen that the Mayor tends to
circle the objective before presenting it. In the second
illustration, the difficulty is a result of too many words.
Another example, and this one in still a different area, is
his use of prepositional phrases.

It is the goal of this administration to eliminate

from every neighborhood every slum dwelling during

the Sixties.

The prepositional phrase, "during the Sixties," is

miSplaced. He might have said, "During the Sixties, it is

the goal of this administration to eliminate from every

neighborhood, every Slum dwelling.” Still another example

80

of the poor use of the prepositional phrase is the following
illustration:

Safest Big City

All Of us can be proud that Chicago is the safest
big city in the nation. While the death rate from
traffic accidents rose throughout the nation, the
people of Chicago, working together, have saved lives
and reduced the number of traffic fatalities with the
most outstanding record in the nation.

 

In this case, the prepositional phrase, ”with the most

' is miSplaced.

outstanding record in the nation,'
The writer's theory is that Daley's style has been
influenced by his development as a lawyer. The structure
of his address seems to suggest that he has an appreciation
for facts. The development of a concept by presenting fact.
after fact, then following with another concept developed in
the same manner is forensic or argumentative in nature. It
suggests the approach used by an attorney in the formula-
tion of his case. The weakness to which I have referred
may not be his, but rather that of his Speech writer. Mr.
Bush is first and foremost a journalist. I think many would
agree that most reporters are concerned with facts. In
reporting those facts, little concern is shown towards what
might be called a literary approach. Often, I feel they
believe that the reader will not read beyond the first or
second paragraph, therefore, they attempt to present every?
thing necessary for an understanding of the facts in that

amount of Space. All that follows beyond that point is to

provide details. Certainly, there is no attempt to build

8l

to a climax. This lack of concern for the total effect
of the communicative act seems to be most obvious in the
area of style.

While I cannot prove my theory completely, it seems
to be somewhat supported by the absence of figures of
Speech, vividness, or rhythmic touch in this address. There
is but one truly vivid example in the whole Speech. That
example had to do with the Police Department, Daley said:

The people in this neighborhood know how condi-
tions have improved for they can see the squad
cars going up and down their streets throughout
the day and night; and now Chicago has one of the
tOp police administrators in the nation—-Supt.

0. W. Wilson.

This is not only a vivid example, it is also the use
of Sign reasoning. The example illustrates that which was
discussed earlier when we considered the use of the conjunc-
tion, ”and." All too often, the use of this conjunction is
not needed.

The word selection Of this Speech, although reputable
and suitable to the occasion, offers no sense of apprecia-
tion of what a subtle criSpness of style or variety of
sentence structure might accomplish.

Throughout the address, clarity of the central theme
is prominent. Within the framework of many sentences, the
omission of a connecting word, the use of specific words

rather than a general reference to things, and the avoidance

of ambiguity would have resulted in an improvement of style.

82

Let's consider this concept of ambiguity as we turn once
again to the text of this address. .Mayor Daley remarked:
No longer is there the grave danger from Polio...

more than 300,000 children have received dental
treatment and examinations in our schools. We are
the only city that is giving physical examinations
in the public schools to protect the health of

our medically indigent children.

The failure to have a transition between his treatment
of the polio idea and the dental treatment received by
300,000 children makes for ambiguity. One might be inclined
to say that there had been 300,000 persons examined to pre—
vent the danger from polio. The use of the word, ”examina—

' is in excess; and the technical phrase, "medically

tions,’
indigent children," could result in a loss of understanding.

In this Speech, clarity of expression suffers as a
result of faulty arrangement of words. Complicated sentences
and the use of technical words proves to be another source
of ambiguity. These violations of style are obscured by
the clear concise over—all structure of the address.

The success of the Mayor in conveying his meaning is
made possible for still other reasons. His manner was force-
ful, not only in delivery, but in the fact that it was
direct and positive. Throughout the address, the Mayor was
ipositive in his treatment of his ideas. In addition, the
audience, having been formed of persons who were not accus—
‘tomed to ornateness of language or the artistic handling

of words and who desire a simplicity of word selection, made

this style of address apprOpriate to the occasion.

83

Delivery

Mayor Daley makes no preparation for the delivery of
a speech beyond a reading of the manuscript to himself en—
route to the occasion. The Mayor is usually a warm and
friendly person, and this state of being continues in his
public Speaking, resulting in a more effective delivery.

As a speaker, one would not say that he is gifted in the
skills of delivery. 0n the other hand, he has through the
years acquired skills of delivery through numberous Speaking
experiences. His variety and emphasis come as a result of
his natural interest in what he is saying.

Much of the effectiveness of Daley's delivery must
come as a result of his appearance. He has been selected
several times as one of the ten best dressed persons in the
city. He is a large person, a commanding figure. If it
were not for his manner of dress, his appearance might be
considered a handicap. His manner, or the bearing of his
body and head while standing, is that of a confident, re—
laxed person who is alert and with an air of assurance and
conviction about his message.

In this Speaking Situation, his first movements were,
(of course, to arrive at the hall and to pass through a
large number of persons as quickly as possible. This act
bespoke of his confidence and ease. These first movements
set the pattern of the address that followed. There were
no problems in holding the listeners' attention. This oc—

casion and audience produced a most festive mood, somewhat

84

on the order of a pep rally. This allowed for an animated
person with vigorous, overt action~-all of them were appro—
priate to this occasion. Gestures in excess would not have
hindered the communication process.

His facial eXpressions were that of a happy person,
smiling and nodding to those in the audience, reflecting a
genuine interest in the responsiveness of the audience to
his arrival as well as their reSponsiveneSS to the ideas in
his message.

His dark, blue eyes are perhaps the most effective
means of non—verbal communication at his diSposal. He
awakens and maintains an interest in the information he is
giving by looking directly at his listeners much Of the
time he is Speaking. This direct eye contact serves as a
stimulus for each of the individuals in the audience and
guarantees the attention requested by the Speaker.

Mayor Daley's voice reveals his emotional state; his
feelings are often detected in the loudness, rate, and
pitch or tremor of his voice. There is no attempt to cover
or mask his feelings. In this Speaking occasion, he Spoke
with vigor and seemed to believe in what he was saying.

He never appears lethargic or indifferent to what he is
saying. This results in a greater success in his communi—
cation. If it were not for his sincere and seemingly deep
convictions in the subject, the nature of this address and
others would result in an almost totally ineffective act

of delivery.

85

In the past, the Mayor has had difficulty with articu—
lation and pronunciation. For example, ”O'Here" for "O'Hare."
This address seemed to offer no problem in this area. His
normal Speaking manner and a room filled with a loud active
group of persons and conflicting sounds, would result in
a need for quite a bit of loudness; and he seemed able to
adjust to the demands of the Situation, still maintaining
a sense of conviction, sincerity, and a genuine interest in
the tOpic. His pitch was suitable to the occasion, relatively
high in an attempt to maintain the excitement of the audience.
His quality can best be described as resonant, revealing an
enthusiasm and a state of well-being. His greatest diffi—
culty would have been the time element. The material was
not that complex, but the nature of the audience and the
need for keeping on Schedule could have created a problem.

Mayor Daley's mode of delivering a talk is usually
from manuscript in any address of more than five minutes.

In this case, it served well because of the rigid time
limitations. His text is typed in a double or triple—spaced
manner which sould assist in decreasing the possibility of
his losing his place. Late in the campaign, his manner
might be best described as extemporaneous in nature. The
manuscript was little more than an outline, providing for

an organization of his thoughts. In actual practice, it

was a memorized speech until he entered into the area of

concern for the Specific ward before which he was speaking.

86

In summary, the address under consideration was the
1963 mayoral campaign Speech of Richard J. Daley. In his
quest for re-election to the office of Mayor of Chicago,

Mr. Daley spoke to all fifty Democratic wards of the city.
The text was arranged into three divisions: Introduction,
Body, and Conclusion. The introduction was an acknowledg-
ment type. The body of the speech was divided into seven

areas followed by a summary of these divisions. A transi-
tion into consideration of the government's program as it

affected the specific ward was next. The conclusion was a
short restatement of the ideas covered in the body of the

Speech.

The organizational pattern of the address made for
a clear theme throughout. It could be labeled a reasons
or proofs outline type of pattern.

The logical arrangement of the speech is largely in-
ductive. Mayor Daley presents his ideas through example
after example. All are statements of fact. The conclusions
to these concepts are implicit rather than explicit.

The ethos of Mayor Daley lends itself to this addreSS.
The character and good will of Mayor Daley has seldom been
questioned. Clearly, the richest area of the address is
in his use of materials of experience. He appeals to a
strong motive: Pride of Accomplishment. Using these mate—
rials with skill, he is able to maintain attention.

Style proves to be the weakest area in the develOpment

of this Speech. It is a result of a lack of ability or

87

concern for the development of a clear, concise sentence.
Mayor Daley's appearance and natural interest in what he is
saying gives rise to a delivery that offsets, in part, the

major weakness of his public speaking.

Audience and Occasion

 

Speech, as an instrument of social control, whose
function it is to alter or in some way affect the social
body, cannot be analyzed successfully without consideration
being given to the characteristics of the occasion and the
audience.

Frank R. Kent, in his book, The Great Game of Politics,

 

notes that ”during the campaign, the candidate for Mayor or
for governor will come out (to the ward) and Speak." The
practice of Speaking before members of a ward by a mayoral
candidate is not uncommon. Mr. Kent goes on to say that
these occasions are well attended. In his words, “The
members flock to these affairs.” He went on to note that
it's the ward executive (in the Chicago situation, the ward
executive would be the ward committeeman) who is in control
of the ward machinery.

Earl Bush, Speaking on the appearance of Mayor Daley
before the wards in the I963 campaign, noted that these
are joyous, enthusiastic occasions and could be likened unto

h

a pep-rally. ”It's a prelude to a victory celebration.”

 

IEarl Bush Speaking about the wards in the I963 cam-
paign.

88

He noted further that although it is a time of great excite-
ment, it is also a working meeting, very informal in nature.

This occasion provides all members of the party with
an opportunity to meet the various candidates. Not only do
the party workers secure materials in the form of posters,
placards, publications, buttons, auto stickers and the like,
to be used in the campaign, but also they can hear the theme
of the campaign re-echoed. The candidates use the occasion
as a platform to make announcements and statements concerning
their efforts, their intents, their desires.

During the 1963 campaign, Mayor Daley was given less
than one-half hour in which to present his message. This
information comes from a COpy of his calendar for the period
in question. It reveals that on many evenings, he would
speak to as many as four different wards, beginning around
8:00 p.m. and ending at 10:00 p.m. or later. The one—half
hour to which I referred also included the travel time be-
tween appearances. Mr. Bush stated, ”It was the Mayor's
custom to call from his car (by auto telephone) and indicate
his expected time of arrival." This served two purposes:
(I) The program, which was under way with the various dis—
tinguished guests and Speakers, would be organized in such
a manner so as to greet the Mayor upon his arrival and allow
him to speak immediately, and (2) with the knowledge that
the Mayor was on his way, the committeeman was assured of

keeping his audience.

the date, ward,

8:00 p.m.

9:

CD

89

Here is a portion of the Mayor's calendar indicating

:30

:00

:30

:00

:30

:00

3O

:00

:30

:00

time, and place of his Speaking engagements.

TUESDAY, MARCH 19, 1963

 

lst Ward meeting - Hamilton Hotel, Grand
Ballroom, 20 s. Dearborn (RA 6—6100) Ald.
John D'Arco

5th Ward meeting - Shoreland Hotel, Louis
XVI Room 5454 South Shore Drive, Marshall
Korshak (PL 2—1000)

8th Ward meeting — South Shore Post, Ameri—
can Legion Hall, 7901 Stony Island Avenue,
Russell L. O'Brien inviting.

9th Ward meeting — American Legion Memorial
Hall, llth Place and Cottage Grove Avenue,
Leslie V. Beck (PU 5-5353)

WEDNESDAY, MARCH 20, 1963 - PAGE TWO

 

19th Ward meeting - Morgan Park High
School, I744 West Pryor Avenue, Thomas
Fithatrick (BE 3—3625)

l8th Ward meeting - Gresham Hall, 8444
South Racine Avenue (RA 3-9022) William
J. Lake

l3th Ward meeting — Marzano's Hall, 3323
West 63rd Street (RE 7-5662_ Michael
McDermott

l5th Ward meeting — Knights of Columbus
Hall, 2811 West 59th Street (GR 6-9880)
John F. O'Toole.

THURSDAY, MARCH 21, 1963

 

27th Ward meeting — l618 W. Madison St.,
John J. Tuohy (SE 3-5859)

28th Ward meeting — Midwest Hotel, 6 North
Hamlin Avenue. Anthony G. Girolemi
(NE 2—3600)

24th Ward meeting — 3604 W. Roosevelt Road,
Mark Jones (VA 6—2121 - NE 8-5555)

9O

9:30 p.m. 22nd Ward meeting — Lawndale Temple, 2300
South Millard Avenue - Otto F. Janousek
(CR 7-0170)

FRIDAY, MARCH 22, 1963

 

7:30 p.m. 32nd Ward meeting - Northwest Hall, 2403
West North Avenue — Daniel Rostenkowski

(BR 8—0465)

8:00 p.m. Mayor Daley has five tickets — The I963
John A. Ryan Forum — Father Hans King
”The Church of Freedom" Banquet Room,
(McCormick Place)

8:30 p.m. 35th Ward meeting - Central Park Hall,
2804 North Central Park - John C. Marcin
(SP 2-7348)

8:45 p.m. Promptly — Asking Mayor Daley arrive —
to be introduced before their 9:00 p.m.
Cabaret Show - International Brotherhood
of Electrical Workers - Frank Darling
Auditorium, 5247 W. Madison St. (ES 8—7090)
(Also on for March 23. Mayor Daley ex—
pected for both evenings). Mr. Robert
Fitzgerald inviting.

9:00 p.m. 36th Ward meeting - Chanticlair Hall, 2300
North Narragansett — Robert L. Massey
(NA 2—4310)

9:30 p.m. 4lst Ward meeting — 5504 Milwaukee Avenue,
Harry Ball (R0 3—9561)

The size of the audience varied. According to Mr.
Bush, this was dependent upon the control of organization of
the various ward committeemen. In general, there were from
700 to 3,000 persons at these meetings. The Size of the
audiences necessitated the use of a large hall or auditorium,
supplied with suitable amplification, stage, lighting, and
heating. I have visited many of these halls and auditoriums
and found all of them to be designed with many of the same

characteristics: large in Size with a considerable eXpanse

91

for seating, a stage or enough room to erect a portable
stage if necessary, sound systems, easy access from the
street. Apparently, the geographical area included in each
ward is such as to provide for at least one such meeting
place. Mr. Bush described the arrival of the Mayor at such
an occasion in this manner:

The Mayor entering the hall is smiling, at times he

is removing his overcoat as he passes through the

audience which is probably standing and applauding

and cheering his entrance. Often the band plays the

campaign song, sometimes the group Sings along with

the band. The Mayor walks directly to the stage, his

custom is to pause after mounting the stage and Shake

hands with everyone there. The committeeman steps to

the mike and says, ”And now ladies and gentlemen, our

leader” or ”the greatest Mayor of Chicago" or some-

thing like that and would turn the meeting over to

the Mayor for his speech.

The introduction of the Mayor was always Short, ac—
cording to Mr. Bush. ”After all, everyone knew the Mayor;
there was no need for a long introduction. You must remem—
ber that this was a gathering of friends and as such, is
always a very happy and informal occasion.”

Speaking about the Mayor's adaptation to the audience,
Mr. Bush said: ”The Mayor would smile and nod or wave to
the many people he knew in the audience. Often he would
have to speak louder to be heard over the noise and excite-
ment going on in the auditorium."

”The Mayor never Spent much time in the hall after

his Speech because of the need to keep his time schedule.

 

5Taped Interview with Mr. Earl Bush, July, 1965.

92

If it was the last Speech, he wanted to get home. You know
he goes to early Mass every morning and is in the office by
eight or nine o'clock.”

In summary, then, an analysis of the audience and oc—
casion which prevailed for Daley's speeches before and during
the I963 mayoral campaign reveals that consideration was
given to those factors which could affect the speaking situ-
ation. The factors to which I refer are: size of audi-
torium, lighting, amplification, speaker stand, and the
audience. Mayor Daley's calls from his automobile reveal a
concern for the audience aspect of the Speaking occasion.
This alone would have to contribute considerably to the suc—
cess of his attempts. Granted, there was a need for his
keeping to his time schedule.

Investigation, explained in another section of this
chapter, reveals that consideration was given to adapting
to the audience. Mayor Daley might be considered a wise
Speaker in this respect. All indications are that he knew
his audience well. There was an understanding of a need
to adapt his materials to the occasion, to himself, and to
the peOple with whom he wished to communicate.

The fact that his message was well—received, that
it was continually interrupted with clapping, whistles,
and the like, might be considered superficial as to the ef—
fectiveness of the speech; the presence of such remarks and
activity should not be overlooked. This was a friendly

audience and theoretically, this behavior could be expected.

93

Nonetheless, the behavior supports, if only in part, Mayor
Daley's character and ability in the areas of personal
proof and materials of develOpment, as well as materials of

experience.

Speech Writing Staff

 

The practice of writing speeches for others is an old
profession. The modern day public Official does not have
the time or, indeed, in many instances, the ability to write
his own speeches. Thonssen and Baird in their text, Speech

Criticism, p. 30l, stated:

 

Reporters, ”ghost-writers”; and professional speech
composers have prepared or have helped to prepare
many of the talks that have appeared in the daily
record of public affairs. . . . Somecfi‘the greatest
Attic orators, notably Antiphon, Lysian, and Isarus,
were professional writers of forensic speeches, and
very good ones, too. From days of antiquity, there
have been men whose services as writers of addresses
were for hire.

A Speech bearing the mark and hands or mind of others
camplicates the critic's problems and makes the critical
assignment liable to error.

Mayor Daley's Speech writing staff consists primarily
of one man, namely Earl Bush. His Specific title is Direc-
tor of Public Relations for the City of Chicago. Although
Mr. Bush has as part of his staff three assistants and a
secretary, the task of Speech writing is his and his alone.
This is not to suggest that the assistants do not aid in

some manner, but their function has been that of gathering

research materials that Mr. Bush later develOpS into a speech.

94

For uS, as individuals schooled in the value and in-
tricacies of rhetoric and public address, it is interesting
to note that Earl Bush has had no such training. Rather,
his develOpment in this area comes by way of his experiences
as a newspaper reporter and editor. He expresses it this
way:

Unlike many of the peOple around the Mayor, I am

not Irish. I had no political associations, for

most of my life has been that of a reporter and an
editor. I worked for the city news bureau which is
the training ground for reporters. I went to work
for the Sun—Times and other newspapers where I worked
in a variety of assignments. At one time, I estab-
lished my own news service. I employed eleven or
twelve reporters who covered all of the beats, all of
the avenues, all of the news, and I supplied that
news to community and suburban newspapers.

 

Mr. Bush noted that this experience was more than just
the gathering of news; that this position affords one an
insight into the Operation of governments. He said:

I was a news bureau, but nearly all of my reporting
life has been in the area of beat reporting, that is
I covered the Criminal Court building, the county
building, the Federal building, the city hall, Illi-
nois Commerce Commission, the Board of Education,
every area of local government. AS a net result, I
learned. I am familiar with all of the Operations of
local government, not familiar in a surface way but
in an intimate way because when you are a reporter
covering a beat, you cover the committee hearings,
where all the work is done, and you get first hand
knowledge of the work. I served in this manner for
six years. I, therefore, received a wide background
and an intimate view of government Operations.

The relationship between Mr. Bush and Mayor Daley began
when Mr. Daley was county comptroller and developed further

when he was county clerk. The relationship, passing in

95

nature and, therefore, only slight, nonetheless was an im—

pressive one for Mr. Bush.

When I was running a community news service, one of
my important beats was the county building. The
reason was that the county has many services which
supply the suburbs, and some of my most important
clients in the newspaper business were suburban news-
papers. Consequently, I had a reporter working the
county, and I, myself, worked the county building.

One of the things we used to do was to cover the
county clerk's office. The county clerk's office would
supply me with list of marriage licenses, taxes, rateS
and increases with the county, and that was a tremen-
dously important story. The Mayor, at one time, was
county comptroller, so I knew him Slightly then, but
when he was county clerk, I used to go to the county
building every Saturday. He was appointed at the death
of Mike Flynn, who was a former county clerk. I was
immediately impressed with Daley because in most areas
of government, the head of the department, the elected
official, does not necessarily know much about the
actual administration of the office. He usually won
the office for political reasons. Now there are some
men who are elected to office who have little or no
knowledge of the details of their office. In fact, I
would say that most of the elected Officials, particu-
larly l5 or 20 years ago, were of this nature. This
has changed now because the government has improved in
that area. What impressed me about Daley was that
this man was really a top notch administrator and

knew everything that was going on the county clerk's
office. He was familiar with every operation. You
couldn't talk about tax rates, you couldn't talk about
foreclosures, or about real estate, all of which is
involved in the county clerk's Office, without finding
that he was a man who knew as much as the men who were
doing it. This was very strange to me. I Shouldn't
say strange, but very appealing. I had met others,
but in Daley, it was something I appreciated a great
deal. He was a politician, a powerful one and a man
who knew his job. The result was a professional re-
lationship which Sprung up between uS.

The early relationship to which Mr. Bush refers can by
no way be considered that of a speech writer. A considerable
amount of time passed before this came about. During the

interim period, as the Mayor became more active in politics

96

and, therefore, presented remarks before various groups,
the Special kind of assistance Mr. Bush could provide was
not only reSpected, but requested. Mr. Bush expressed it
in this manner:

When he became county clerk, the relationship be-
tween reporter and government official continued.

On one occasion when I came in where he had been
invited to make a fifteen minute address, we started
to talk about some of the points he should talk
about; and finding that I was knowledgeable, he said,
”Why don't you sit down and organize some of this?
Find out some of these things.‘1 He didn't ask me

to write a Speech for him or write a draft of any
kind, but just sort of put the things together and
get some information for him, which I did. This
happened two or three times. I was running my news
service, when he said to me, "I find that you are very
helpful.” He found that my information that I gave
him was actual and factual, and that he didn't have
to tell me a lot of what he wanted to know. Because
of my experience, I knew what he wanted to know, or
what was necessary to a speech. So between us grew
an association that every now and then he would have
a request and he would say, "Work it out for me."
The relationship had no monetary Significance; I was
happy to do it, and the truth is, that they didn't
happen frequently enough. Nor was it in one field
necessary for me to put in a lot of time and effort.

Early in I954, when the Mayor became chairman of the
Democratic Party of Cook County, the need for making more
speeches increased and, as such, the involvement of Mr.
Bush became more pronounced. In addition, the Mayor made
a demand that is required of Bush even to this day. Mr.
Daley required then and demands now that any Speech written
for him be phrased in a positive manner. To insure that
this request is followed to the letter, Mr. Daley examines

the Speech in detail. Here is how Mr. Bush expressed it.

97

Starting in I954 when he became chairman of the
Democratic Party of Cook County, the necessity for
his making more Speeches was over a greater level.

I Should point out that not only now, but for the
next five or six years, he was extremely careful to
go over every Single idea I presented to him; that

he would take nothing for granted. He would question
me: if he had any doubts, he would look it up himself
and so forth. I always found that his questions

were direct and very penetrating. What I found most
difficult was his insistence that all the remarks
should be positive.

In I955, Mr. Daley ran for the Office of Mayor and the
need for the development of a staff brought Mr. Bush into
the organization. ”He called me in and asked me if I would
assist him in his campaign." During that campaign, the
relationship had not assumed any permanency. Mr. Bush was
only to assist in the campaign; his primary duties being
to draft a positive program for every aspect of government.
Said Mr. Bush:

Now, when he was running for Mayor, we had this
positive program. So he told me that we were going
to present a program for every aspect of city
government. A specific program for police, fire,
health, sanitation, planning, housing, public works,
everything. He was going to tell the people pre-
cisely what his program was. Now don't forget that
although he had not been in the city council for
some time, for many many years, he was perfectly
aware of many of the issues. I had been living in
the city council. I had been attending all the come
mittee hearings. Not only that, while I was doing
this, as editor of the service, reporters were con-
stantly funnelling into me everything that was going
on. I was an admirable choice for him, noting the
vieWpoint of my ability, the fact that here was a
person who was in a position to be extremely knowl-
edgeable about the affairs of city government. I
knew all the background. I knew all the problems.

I knew all the issues. I knew all the details. Now
he would tell me what he proposed to do. For ex—
ample, in the police department, there has been a
long cry about the fact that the police protection

98

in Chicago was poor, so I was aware of all the prob-
lems facing the police department and what he (the
Mayor) wanted to do, which was to employ 2,000
additional policement and to improve their equipment
and communication and so forth. SO, I sat down and
wrote out in detail everything about the police
department, taking the ideas that he prOposed. Then
he would go over them with me very carefully and
make changes. I did this for roughly 18 or I9 de—
partments.

With the Mayor's election to Office in I955, Mr. Bush
assumed the position he holds to this day. He considers him-
self aptly qualified for the role of speech writer for the
Mayor although he has had no formal training in this area.
The qualifications are found in two areas: (I) knowledge
and (2) his association with the Mayor for such a long period
of time. Mr. Bush remarked:

The relationship between myself and the Mayor then has
never been political and in a sense, not too personal
but has been based principally on the fact that I was
extremely qualified to do the work. Secondly, having
been with him, I recognized that the best way to or—
ganize a Speech for the Mayor, and in a sense it was
dictated by the fact that we were being positive, was
to say what he was going to do as directly and simply
as I could. Now. [Bush's task is] to say things
directly and Simply and also understand, at the same
time, that he was not going to talk as an intellectual,
that he has no order, that his normal day by day
vocabulary is uncomplicated, and even though he is an
attorney, he recognizes and understands all the words
of different cultural levels, that it was not his
manner of Speaking. So I wrote. I organized mater-
ial and wrote phrases Simply and directly, avoiding
the use of words that were not usually part of his
regular vocabulary.

Mr. Bush considers the Mayor's Speeches quite different
from those of most politicians. ”The normal politician
hates to be Specific because when you are Specific and to

the point, you invariably will say something which somebody

99

will disagree with." The Mayor, on the other hand, demands
that Bush be Specific and positive. The speeches differ in
still another manner. Mr. Bush expressed it thusly:

In area after area, many politicians will find their
Speeches are usually generalities. They're usually
appealed to stereotypes; they're on the Side of God
and against the Devil. However, they may be clever
and they may be humorous. The Mayor's Speeches are
not clever and not humorous. They are proposals,
programs, facts, figures, because the Mayor is not a
philosopher, he is a doer. If you look through all
the Mayor's Speeches, some people say they are dull.
They are dull in relationship to what other people
do, but basically, nobody can say that the Mayor's
speeches are not informative in the sense that they
usually have a great many facts: they have figures,
they stay to the point; they have programs; they
make prOposaIS3 and they may reject proposals. Well,
the Mayor doesn't use his speeches to make peOple like
him as a personality. He makes Speeches to tell
people what he thinks and what he wants to do about
something, covering all the areas.

It was the feeling of Mr. Bush that the 1963 campaign
offered an excellent example of this position. He said:
Now this Operates particularly true in the politi-

cal field, in the campaign of I963. What is the
primary theme? The primary theme is ”What have I

accomplished?” Then there is a list of accomplish-
ments, of programs. The second theme is, "What will
I do in the future?” And, there is another list of

accomplishments.

From the remarks of Mr. Bush, it can be assumed that
the Mayor understands the need for an attempt to be per—
suasive, and that much of this understanding comes from the
nature of the man himself. Mr. Bush said:

Now the Mayor insists that at all times these accom-
plishments be told in terms of peOple. For example:
The construction of an expressway as a hundred million
dollar project is not the important thing, although

it is natural for the American people, because of our
cultural approach, to think in terms of numbers alone.

lOO

If a man builds something worth a hundred million
dollars, it must be good because there is a hundred
million dollars involved. But if you look at the
Mayor's approach, he will say that the construction
of this eXpressway permitted a man to get downtown
in 22 minutes instead of 36 minutes. It cut down on
accidents. It took traffic off the internal streets
and put them on the expressways. Or is now saying
that we must be extremely careful what expressways
we now build because of their effect on the people
of the community. Now the Mayor, in View of his
religious training and so forth, always brings in
basic ideals-—the sanctity of women, the protection
of youth, the stereotypes. They find themselves
automatically into all the Mayor's Speeches because,
bluntly, this is his philosophy.

By virtue of his position, Mr. Daley is interviewed
by many important persons. Mr. Bush commented on this
aSpect of the Mayor's life and gives, in doing so, another
bit of material that might aid in an understanding of the
man and his communicative abilities. He noted:

I would say that the Mayor has been interviewed by
every ranking journalist in the United States,
including Walter Lippman, James Rusk, and everybody
else. When they go into talk to the Mayor, I always
fell a little compelled to tell them, "Now look, _
when you talk to the Mayor, you're not going to get
any inside information. In fact, some of it may
sound pretty platitudinous to you. The Mayor will
say he is doing this because the program calls for
this kind of approach, and you will find that what
he is doing is saying what is obvious, which is
precisely the way he believes.”

Mr. Bush stated that he enjoyed his role as Speech
writer because,

He [the Mayor] never asked me to write a single line
which was false or to make statements that weren't
true or to make promises which he couldn't keep. I
should say to make promises which he wouldn't en—
deavor to keep. And my relations are easy: all of

a sudden I find myself writing good government.

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS

In this, the final chapter, the task of measuring
the effectiveness of Mayor Richard J. Daley's oratory is
complex. The acquisition of ingredients that constitute
an individual's oratory requires diligent and faithful
analysis. In an attempt to chapter these elusive charac-
teristics, the writer has explored the character of the
man. Observation of the events and processes of history,
as far as understanding Chicago and the effect that it may
have had on the Speech and the hearers, have been considered.
Attention has been directed to the roll of persons and
issues regarding their function in influencing the speaker's
eloquence. Finally, the address and the behavior of the
audience, the Speaker's adaption to his audience as well
as the occasion have been a matter of further attention.

Even with this activity, the task of judgment is made,
nonetheless, incidental. The question, "By what criteria
do we call a Speech successful?” still remains unanswered.
To establish a direct causal relationship between Mayor
Daley's spoken words and subsequent actions would be de—
sirable but not infallible. Mayor Daley will no doubt be
judged less by his oratory than by his accomplishments as

lOl

102

a politician in the long run of public affairs. Apart from
that, this study has set as its goal a reckoning of a man's
eloquence, as it related to one aSpect of his life. The
deliberative nature of this exercise would, I hOpe, be
considered a commendable piece of critical investigation.
Acknowledging the critic's lack of ability in this treatis,
let us seek to realize a verdict.

Richard J. Daley is recognized as one of the most
influential Democrats in the country. Daley has Slashed
through bureaucracy and political opposition to carve out
a power unprecedented among mayors. The so—called experts
are confounded by the fact that Daley has achieved such an
aura of personal power. Daley does not have the knight—on—
a—white—horse image that sustained former Mayor Martin H.
Kennelly, nor the fire and temperament of Mayor Edward
Kelly, and surely there is not the bombast and oratory of
”Big Bill” Thompson. Richard J. Daley has the dedication
and ability of the professional politician, and it has
served him well. Abilities developed through years of ser—

vice to the Party Organization. The Chicago Tribune, Sun—

 

day Magazine, of July ll, I965, page 29, suggested that his
honor, the Mayor, has savvy, vision, and stamina.

Running the nation's second city consumes a man.

It takes all his waking hours and some when he
should be asleep. It takes savvy to deal with
party hacks and the vision to solve the problems

of 3-l/2 million human souls. It takes the stamina
to pump I0,000 hands at a political rally or to
face a delegation of irate citizens despite a cold
in the head and a corn on the foot. It takes a man
like Richard Daley, his honor, the Mayor

IO3

Daley has more than this credited to him by the Chicago
Tribune. He has a deep religious conviction, charm, and
sincerity, an intellectual capacity to secure a degree in
the field of law, true leadership abilities, and much more.
Never in his political career has the integrity of the Mayor
been questioned.

Daley still lives in the neighborhood he was raised
in, at 3536 South Lowe, but this and his actions deny a
portrait of a man as disdainful of culture. It.has gone
largely unheralded that Mayor Daley and his wife are regular
first-nighters at the opening of the Opera season or at the
ballet. The Mayor is said to have no really close friends,
although he is close to his five sons and two daughters.

In his dual role as Mayor and Chairman of the Cook
County Democratic Central Committee, Daley has virtually
absolute control of Democratic fortunes on the city, county,
and state levels.

Elections that are decided in a period of explosive
issues are quite unpredictable. The I963 mayoral campaign
and election should not be described in such a manner. The
pivotal point of the battle for the office of Mayor was
Adamowski’s contingency fund. The supposed misuse of these
funds was made public by the Chicago newSpaperS. It was a
cause of great concern by the citizens of Chicago, and yet
never mentioned by Mayor Daley in the course of the campaign.
Perhaps he felt there was little need, although I am much

more inclined to accept the position that was offered by

IO4

his staff members, that the Mayor never attacks an individual
personally. The Mayor will take exception to an individual's
position but never his behavior. Mr. Adamowski was willing
to take advantage of Opportunities made available to him.

He made effective use of television, but failed to come up
with a destructive revelation. Had he been able to do so,

I would still question what his success would have been.
Chicago is a Democratic city, as are most, if not all, the
big cities of this country. Nonetheless, had Adamowski

been able to make effective use of a ”big" issue, the I963
campaign would have been far more interesting.

The Democratic strategy was to run a ”low—key campaign."
Often, the campaign was described as dull. Perhaps so, if
so it was because the Democrats stayed away from a direct
exchange with Adamowski. Mayor Daley set forth his record
for the past eight years and as a result, the concepts of
what Chicago had become as a consequence of having him as
Mayor. He formulated one Speech and presented this address
to all fifty wards of Chicago. The Speech serves well to
answer two of the three issues that Leon M. Despres, Alder-
man, Fifth Ward, considered as basic to the campaign

(See Appendix - letter from Mr. DeSpres). The issues put

forth by Mr. DeSpres were:

I. Daley's ”achievements” vs. Adamowski's attack
on bossism.

2. The discontent of real estate tax payers at
public expenditures and heavy taxes.

105

3. Adamowski's veiled appeal to anti-Negro

sentiment as evidence publicly by his
expression of Opposition to Open occupancy.

Daley's address deals directly with Mr. Despres' second
issue and provides an implied reason to the first. Mr.
Daley's concern for the third issue is not .made evident in
the basic texts. This is understandable in that the larger
number of wards in Chicago are devoid of Negro residents.

The creation of a Speech for the Mayor is within the
reSponsibiIity of Earl Bush, Director of Public Relations
for the City of Chicago. The greater portion of his ex-
perience has been in the area of journalism. Even so, the
address devised by Mr. Bush reflects an understanding of
the factors necessary for the creation of an address.

The speech gives evidence of materials of development
and eXperience. The Mayor's greatest asset is in the area
of personal proof. Style, at least in the Speech under
consideration, would appear to be the weakness of this ad-
dress. Closer examination of the speech when considered
in terms of its adaptation to the audience and occasion seems
quite apprOpriate.

The results of the Speech are difficult to assay as
noted earlier. Mr. Len O'Connor remarked that:

By no means do I consider that Daley is a cinch to
win by 300,000 votes (or better), as some observers
have predicted. Maybe Daley will win by better than
300,000. If he does, it will be a personal triumph.
If he wins by less than 200,000 it will be a party
triumph. If Daley wins by less than 100,000, and it

is possible that he might, the result would be almost
a vote of no confidence and the credit for the

106
victory would accrue, not to Daley, but to the Demo-
cratic machine.

Mayor Daley won the election by 137,000 votes. Out of
the votes cast, Daley had 678,347, Adamowski, 540,816. Mr.
O'Connor calls this a party triumph and seems to be sug-
gesting that the efforts of Daley or Adamowski were of
little importance.

Perhaps another way of considering the effect this
Speech had on the party organization would be to consider
the Democratic Organization's efforts (and indirectly Mr.
Daley's) in wards that Mr. O'Connor suggested Daley could
have trouble with. They were: the seventh, eighth, thir-
teenth, eighteenth, twenty—first, thirty-fourth, thirty-
sixth, thirty—seventh, thirty-eighth, and the thirty—ninth.
It should be noted that these wards have a large Polish seg—
ment, and would be expected to support Adamowski, a Polish
candidate. The following is a tabulation of the votes in

the wards Mr. O'Connor made reference to.

 

 

 

Daley Adamowski
7th 13,049 15,698
8th 10,637 14,654
I3th 11,151 15,705
l8th 16,305 17,196
21st 14,714 13,973
34th 8,830 12,023
36th 12,068 17,466
37th 13,429 12,424
38th 11,455 20,831
39th 11,685 13,842

 

107

Mr. Adamowski won nine of the ten wards considered.
and lost in the thirty—seventh by a relatively Slim margin
of one thousand and four votes.

Mr. Bush states that the Mayor does not use public
speaking as a means of winning a popularity contest. This
by no means suggests that the Mayor is unaware of its impor-
tance. He seems to regard public Speaking in the selection
of office holders as most undesirable, if not sinful. "GOd
help us on the day when politicians are elected on their
ability to make a Speech."1

The degree to which Mayor Daley would embrace this
remark made by Mr. Bush is unknown. What is known in his
attitude regarding published material. Mr. Daley's position
is eXpressed in a letter that accompanies his annual report
to the citizens of Chicago. This form letter, reproduced
on stationery with the Seal of the City and containing in-
formation to the effect that this letter comes by way of
the Mayor's office, was sent to selected individuals. It
reads:

Dear Friend:

Confident of your interest in Chicago and the activity
of its municipal government, I am sending you, here-
with, our official annual report for the year I962.

AS it has been for the past three years, the annual
report is published as a newspaper supplement. The
I962 report was included in the Chicago Tribune and

Chicago's American Sunday editions of April 7th. It
is our experience that the utilization of newspaper

 

 

 

lTaped Interview, Mr. Earl Bush, op. cit.

 

108

circulation is the best method of acquainting the
most readers with the details of the governmental
operation.
I trust you will find the supplement worth perusal
and I would appreciate any comment you might care
to make.
Kindest regards.

Sincerely,

(signed)

Mayor

The Mayor's reliance upon communication of this types
is quite clear, and may be indirectly telling us in this‘
letter the importance he attaches to public Speaking.

To Show that this speech was not a decisive factor in
returning to office Mayor Daley in the I963 Chicago Mayoral
Election Campaign is not, however, to prove this Speech or
this study to be without significance or value.

Analysis of the Chicago I963 Mayoral Campaign has
revealed the following: A

l. The Mayor's-position in this campaign was his
record over the past eight years.

2. The speech used in the campaign serves well to
establish the record of the Mayor.

3. To that end, it can be labeled an effective speech.

4, To the degree that it satisfied the demands of
the audience and the occasion, again it can be called effec—
tive.

5. As an example of an address to be highly regarded

in and of itself, there is much to be desired.

109

6. Daley, as an individual, has a deep religious con-
vition; he has charm and sincerity, true leadership abilities,
and a high intellectual capacity. Never in the political
career of this man has his integrity been questioned.

7. Daley's political experience began while he was
still a young man participating in the functions of the Ham—
berg Club. This experience has been so complete that he
can be called a professional politician.

8. In his dual role as Mayor and Chairman of the Cook
County Democratic Central Committee, Daley has virtually
absolute control of the Democratic fortunes on the city,
county, state, and to some degree, national levels.

9. The power of Daley is awesome; it has never been
achieved by any other Mayor of Chicago.

IO. Politics in Chicago are usually rough and tough.
This campaign, however, did not fit that image.

II. There was no campaign book for either party. In—
stead, the approach to the issues and the campaign, in
general, by the candidates were from day to day.

12. Adamowski was handicapped by his contingency fund
and the disorganization of the Republican Party in ChiCago.

l3. Daley's campaign was short in length. At no time
did he seek a direct exchange with his Opponent.

l4. Daley has had no previous experience and training
in public Speaking beyond his development as a lawyer. None—

theless, the demands placed upon the Mayor of Chicago to

llO
engage in public Speaking activities has develOped within
him a rather creditable ability.

I5. Earl Bush is charged with the writing of the
Mayor's Speeches. His background is journalism, but he
seems to command an understanding of the many elements neCeS-
sary to the creation of an effective address.

I6. The victory of the Mayor can be attributed to the
party, at least in the opinion of those close to the politi-
cal situation in Chicago.

17. This study has proven to the writer that Mayor
Daley is a most apprOpriate subject for rhetorical inquiry

l8. No attempt has been made to c6ver all types of
public Speaking as performed by the Mayor, although other
areas would prove to be worthy of consideration.

l9. The political machine, as it is found in Chicago,
would be worthy of investigation. An individual concerned
with political science would find machine politics in Chi—
cago unique.

20. For those interested in social science, the
liehavior of a city Of people during an election campaign
seems to the writer to be apprOpriate for an analytical

inquiry.

APPENDICES

lll

APPENDIX A

FOURTH WARD SPEECH

Appendix A and B contain copies of the speech presented by
the Mayor before the fourth and sixth wards. The original
are in the possession of the writer and are the only re-
maining Speech texts of the I963 election campaign. They

are representative of the speeches given by Mr. Daley before
the other wards of Chicago.

112

113

ACKNOWLEDGE--
COMMITTEEMAN
ALDERMAN
PRECINCT CAPTAINS

CITIZENS

It is always a pleasure for me to come into the Fourth
Ward —- A ward where the democratic party represents peOple --
where the Democratic organization is one of the most aggres-
sive...one of the most hard-working in the whole city.

You are aggressive...and you are hard-working because
you believe in what the Democratic Party stands for: ——TO
represent all people -— regardless of their economic status
...their nationality...their race...or wherever they may live.

There is always a great deal of neWSpaper publicity
regarding big projects. There are always headlines and many
columns devoted to high—rise buildings and dramatic develop-
ments which take place in and around the Loop.

All of these things are important -— but those improve—
ments and those services which make all of our neighborhoods
throughout Chicago better places in which to live -- seldom
get much publicity.

As a result, people are inclined to lose Sight of many
of the activities and programs that are occurring in their
own neighborhoods and which contribute directly to better

living for themselves and their families.

ll4

To me -— one who has lived in a typical Chicago neigh—
borhood all of his life —- these improvements represent the
most vital changes in our city life.

I would like to discuss with you tonight some of the
programs that have taken place in the last seven years which
have made your neighborhood and all of our neighborhoods
better...and some of the programs under way which will con-

tinue this progress.

CLEAN-UP

 

If there was anycxe complaint about Chicago before
I956, it concerned the cleanliness of our city...and in many
ways nothing is more important to neighborhood pride than
clean streets.

All of you know that in your neighborhood before I955,
there were many streets that were never cleaned. Now, your
neighboorhood has its streets cleaned at least once a month

-- and at times more frequently.

REFUSE COLLECTION

 

In I955, garbage was collected on an average of approxi—
mately once every eight days —— now it is collected approxi-
mately once every six and a half days.

The city has built incinerators to get rid of dumping
and to eliminate long truck hauls of garbage from one section
of the city to another.

Yes, Chicago was once thought of as a "dirty city,"

but now, with the help and cooperation of the men and women

115

in this room...and with all your neighbors...Chicago has
won the first award for being the cleanest big city in the
United States in l959...l96l and in I962. This is a program

that every one in this room can be proud of.

POLICE

 

If we are to have good neighborhoods, we must have the
best kindcfi‘protection for life and prOperty.

In the past seven years the appropriation for the Chi—
cago Police Department increased by $36-million dollars --
of which more than $15-million was appropriated in the past

two years.

We added 3000 more men...new equipment...new facilities...

The peOple in this neighborhood know how conditions
have improved -- for they can see the squad cars going up
and down their streets throughout the day and night -- and
now Chicago has one of the tOp police administrators in the
nation: —- Supt. O. W. Wilson.

Since he has taken command, Supt. Wilson has created
a new image of the Police Department. It now enjoys the
public reSpect and the public confidence. It has opened
the door to promotion for younger men who are promoted be-
cause Of their ability —— and nothing else -— and our police
department is rapidly becoming a truly professional career
police department.

I just re-appointed Supt. Wilson as Superintendent —-

and he is going to be superintendent as long as I am Mayor.

110

FIRE

 

The same kind of improvements have been made in the
Fire Department -- with new stations...new equipment...new
fire academy...and snorkels. Twenty—five new ambulances
have been purchased and today there is emergency ambulance
service for every citizen within three minutes.

There is a modern fire alarm box in every one of our
schools...there is a Sprinkler system in our schools...in
our nurseries and public buildings...to make certain that

we will never again experience a disastrous tragedy.

SAFEST BIG CITY

 

All of us can be proud that Chicago is the safest big
city in the nation. While the death rate from traffic acci—
dents rose throughout the nation, the peOple of Chicago --
working together -- have saved lives and reduced the number
of traffic fatalities with the most outstanding record in

the nation.

STREET LIGHTING

 

Everyone in this room knows what modern street lighting
means to a neighborhood -- for every residential street in
this block...this ward...with the exception of development

areas...has new lights.

HEALTH
Chicago has always been one of the healthiest cities

in the nation and Chicago's Board of Health Leadership in

117

Preventive Medicine is recognized throughout the world.

No longer is there grave danger from polio...more than 300,000
children have received dental treatment and examinations in
our schools. We are the only city that is giving physical
examinations in the public schools to protect the health of
our medically indigent children.

The Board of Health's Program of Research in such vital
health areas as heart...cancer...diabetes...and mental health

..is contributing to the health of every citizen.

There are programs of service —— and that is what the
Democratic Party stands for -- that is why the men and
women in this room are reSpected by their neighborhoods ~—
because you serve your people.

These programs of police...fire...health...streets and
sanitation...have made every neighborhood better —- and these
departments account for 75-percent of all the increases in
the budget Since l955.

In I963 the total appropriation for the city's Oper—
ating and public works expenditures was reduced by more than

$40—million and prOperty taxes for the City of Chicago's

Operating fund -— which fund provides for police, fire,
health, streets and sanitation, and building —— and other
vital services -— was reduced by more than $7—million...the

most substantial reduction in city taxes in half a century.
In I955, when our administration took office, it was
confronted with a tremendous challenge. Chicago -- like

other major cities in the nation -- had been unable to carry

118

out a full—scale program of public improvements since 1930,
because of depressions and wars.

This administration launched a program of public works
to meet the needs of the citizens of Chicago.

With the Opening of the Dan Ryan South Expressway our
Super—Highway Program is nearly completed.

President Kennedy will dedicate O'Hare field on March
23rd -- an airport which is the most modern airline facil-
ity in the world —— and at no cost to the taxpayer.

Other projects which have contributed directly to
the welfare and well—being of all our citizens have been the
new fire academy...the filtration plant...the many bridges
and viaducts...the extension of the outer drive...and many
other projects...which have been urgently needed for many

years.

And, of course, all of you are familiar with our com-
munity improvement program, for you in the Fourth Ward are

part of one of the greatest community improvement projects

in the country -— a program in which you, along with your
local government and the federal government —- are working
together to build a better neighborhood -— The Hyde Park-

Kenwood Project.
I would like to clear up one misconception about Urban
Renewal. These community improvement programs are not de-

signed tO tear down and relocate, but to conserve existing

119

buildings and to protect neighborhoods which have upheld
their standards.

And when a family is relocated, they are not asked to
move until better housing is made available to them.

The purpose of Urban Renewal is to rebuild worn—out
sections of the city so that all our residents may live in
standard housing...in good neighborhoods...with good schools
...enough parks and playgrounds...and all of the other ele-
ments that make for good communities.

And we are making real progress. The United States
Bureau of Census of Housing reported that in the period be—
tween l950 and I960 the number of dilapidated dwellings in
Chicago was reduced by more than 50-percent —- from 64,000
to 30,000.

In the past two years the number of such dwellings
has been further reduced by 5,000 to 6,000.

It is the goal of this administration to eliminate
from every neighborhood every Slum dwelling during the
sixties.

The fundamental principle behind all our planning for
community improvement is that there will be no program
undertaken until the residents of the community have had
every OppOrtunity to participate in hearings and discussions
and to make their contributions to the plans for their own

neighborhood.

12O

SENIOR CITIZENS

 

One of our primary programs is to build housing for
the elderly, and this community had the first housing projects
for our Senior Citizens on the South side.

All of us can be proud of the program at 4949 Cottage
Grove -- and the second one that is going up at 40th and Lake
Park will even ofer more facilities, so that our older citi-
zens can enjoy a fuller life.

And then there is the Chicago Dwellings Association
Housing for the elderly at 50th and Cottage, which will go

farther to meet the urgent demands of our older citizens.

SCHOOLS

Perhaps, most important to all of us, is the welfare
of our children. Right here, in the Fourth Ward, five new
school buildings have been built and additions made to in-
crease the facilities of two others. When the Oakenwald
addition is completed, it will further help the community -—

and all of us can be proud that not one single child in

this neighborhood —— not one Single child attending public
schools in Chicago -- is on a double—shift.
There have been many improvements -— new sewers with

pipes large enough to prevent the flooding that used to take
place in this area and other areas in the city.
All of us can be proud of Chicago —— for while we

have been carrying on this tremendous Public Works and

121

Community Improvement Program we have continued our top-
ranking financial position.

Certainly taxes have risen to pay for these many im-
provements —- but, after all, the cost of everything has
risen in the past eight years.

Chicago's over—all per capita debt is the lowers of
all cities over a million and fourth lowest of the forty-
two largest cities in the nation.

Chicago now has the best credit rating of most of the
large cities in the nation.

Real estate taxes paid by property owners to support
the Operation of the city government are lower than in any
city in the United States with a population of over 500,000.

Closer to home, when we compare the cost of local
government to the prOperty owner in Chicago with thirty—
nine representative suburbs, we find that 33 out of 40
communities are higher than Chicago.

Yet how many of these suburbs can boast of public
schools where not one school student is on a double Shift
...where there is excellent crossing guard protection for
their children...unlimited filtered lake water...protection
against polio and other dread diseases...parks, beaches
and playgrounds...outstanding mass transportation systems
...every residential block with new lights...a library
within walking distance of nearly every community...paved

and widened streets...most modern police communication

122

system and crime lab...the world's best fire department...

and countless other benefits.

APPENDIX B

SIXTH WARD SPEECH

Appendix A and B contain copies of the speech presented by
the Mayor before the fourth and sixth wards. The original
are in the possession of the writer and are the only re—
maining speech texts of the I963 election campaign. They

are representative of the Speeches given by Mr. Daley before
the other wards of Chicago.

123

124

ACKNOWLEDGE-—
COMMITTEEMAN
ALDERMAN
PRECINCT CAPTAINS

CITIZENS

It is always a pleasure for me to come into the
Sixth Ward —- a ward where the Democratic Organization
is one of the most aggressive...one of the most hard-working
in the whole city.

You are aggressive...and you are hard—working because
you believe in what the Democratic Party stands for: -— to
represent all people -— regardless of their economic status
...their nationality...their race...or wherever they may
live.

There is always a great deal of neWSpaper publicity
regarding big projects. There are always headlines and
many columns devoted to high-rise buildings and dramatic
develOpmentS which take place in and around the Loop.‘

All of these things are important -- but those improve—
ments and those services which make all of our neighborhoods
throughout Chicago better places in which to live —— seldom
get much publicity.

As a result, people are inclined to lose Sight of
many of the activities and programs that are occurring in
their own neighborhoods and which contribute directly to

better living for themselves and their families.

 

lull-I'lllillluil

 

125

To me -- one who has lived in a typical Chicago neigh-
borhood all of his life —- these improvements represent the
most vital changes in our city life.

I would like to discuss with you tonight some of the
programs that have taken place in the last seven years
which have made your neighborhood and all of our neighbor-
hoods better...and some of the programs under way which will

continue this progress.

CLEAN-UP

 

If there was any one complaint about Chicago before
I956, it concerned the cleanliness of our city...and in
many ways nothing is more important to neighborhood pride
than clean streets.

All of you know that in your neighborhood before 1955,
there were many streets that were never cleaned. Now, your
neighborhood has its streets cleaned at least once a month

—— and at times more frequently.

REFUSE COLLECTION

 

In I955, garbage was collected on an average of approxi—
mately once every eight days -- now it is collected approxi-
mately once every six and a half days.

The city has built incinerators to get rid of dumping
and to eliminate long truck hauls of garbage from one section
of the city to another.

Yes, Chicago was once thought of as a "Dirty City,"

but now, with the help and cooperation of the men and women

126

in this room...and with all your neighbors...Chicago has
won the first award for being the cleanest big city in the
United States in 1959....96l and in 1962. This is a program

that every one in this room can be proud of.

POLICE

If we are to have good neighborhoods, we must have the
best kind of protection for life and property.

In the past seven years the appropriation for the Chi—
cago Police Department increased by $36—million dollars ——
of which more than $15—million was appropriated in the past

two years.

We added 3000 more men...new equipment...new facilities...

The people in this neighborhood know how conditions
have improved —— for they can see the squad cars going up
and down their streets throughout the day and night —— and
now Chicago has one of the top police administrators in the
nation: —— Supt. O. W. Wilson.

Since he has taken command, Supt. Wilson has created
a new image of the police department. It now enjoys the
public reSpect and the public confidence. It has Opened
the door to promotion for younger men who are promoted be—
cause of their ability -- and nothing else -- and our
police department is rapidly become a truly professional
career police department.

I have just re—appointed Supt. Wilson as superintendent

—— and he is going to be superintendent as long as I am Mayor.

127

FIRE

The same kind of improvements have been made in the
fire department —- with new stations...new equipment...new
fire academy...and snorkels. Twenty—five new ambulences have
been purchased and today there is emergency ambulance service
for every citizen within three minutes.

There is a modern fire alarm box in every one of our
schools...there is a Sprinkler system in our schools...in our
nurseries and public buildings...to make certain that we will

never again experience a disastrous tragedy.

SAFEST BIG CITY

 

All of us can be proud that Chicago is the safest big
city in the nation. While the death rate from traffic acci-
dents rose throughout the nation, the people of Chicago ——
working together —- have saved lives and reduced the number
of traffic fatalities with the most outstanding record in

the nation.

STREET LIGHTING

 

Everyone in this room knows what modern street lighting
means to a neighborhood —- for every residential street in
this block...this ward...with the exception of development

areas...has new lights.

HEALTH
Chicago has always been one of the healthiest cities
in the nation and Chicago's Board of Health Leadership in

Preventive Medicine is recognized throughout the world.

128

No longer is there the grave danger from polio...more
than 300,000 children have received dental treatment and
examinations in our schools. We are the only city that is
giving physical examinations in the public schools to pro—
tect the health of our medically indigent children.

The Board of Health's program of research in such vital
health areas as heart...cancer...diabetes...and mental health
...is contributing to the health of every citizen.

These are programs of service -- and that is what the
Democratic Party stands for -— that is why the men and women
in this room are respected by their neighborhoods -- because
you serve your people.

These programs of police...fire...health...Streets
and sanitation...have made every neighborhood better —— and
these departments account for 75-percent of all the increases
in the budget since l955.

In I963 the total appropriation for the city's Operating
and public works expenditures was reduced by more than $40—

million and prOperty taxes for the city of Chicago's oper—

ating fund -— which fund provides for police, fire, health,
streets and sanitation, and building —— and other vital ser-
vices -- was reduced by more than $7-million...the most

substantial reduction in city taxes in half a century.
In I955, when our administration took office, it was
confronted with a tremendous challenge. Chicago —— like

other major cities in the nation —— had been unable to carry

129

out a full-scale program of public improvements Since I930,
because of depressions and wars.

This administration launched a program of public works
to meet the needs of the citizens of Chicago.

With the opening of the Dan Ryan South EXpressway our
Super—Highway Program is nearly completed.

President Kennedy will dedicate O'Hare Field on March
23rd -— an airport which is the most modern airline facility
in the world -- and at no cost to the taxpayer.

Other projects which have contributed directly to the
welfare and well-being of all our citizens have been the

new fire academy...the filtration plant...the many bridges

and viaducts...the extension of the outer drive...and many
other projects...which have been urgently needed for many
years.

In the period between I950 and I960 the number of
dilapidated dwellings in Chicago was reduced by more than
50~percent —- from 64,000 to 30,000. In the past two years
the number of such dwellings has been further reduced by
5,000 to 6,000.

It is the goal of this administration to eliminate
from every neighborhood every Slum dwelling during the
sixties.

The fundamental principle behind all our planning for
community improvement is that there will be no program under-

taken until the residents Of the community have had every

130

Opportunity to participate in hearings and discussions and

to make their contributions to the plans for their own

neighborhood.
SCHOOLS

Perhaps -— most important to all of us, is the welfare
of our children. Right here -— in the Sixth Ward -- six

new school buildings have been built and additions made
to increase the facilities of two others —- with 155 new
classrooms to accommodate more than 8,400 children.

All of us can be proud that not one Single child in

this neighborhood -— not one Single child attending public
schools in Chicago —— is on a double—shift.

Two new city parking lots serve the Sixth Ward -- one
at 63rd and Evans —— and one at 1533 East 67th Street.

We have completed 14 separate paving projects and
installed five miles of new sewers.

A new water main was installed on 66th Street —- from
State Street to Indiana.

Two new play—lots were installed —— one at 6514 Wood-
lawn —— and another at 6414 Ellis.

Meyering Playground at 71st and South Park was improved
with a new flood-lighting system.

We will work to get additional supervised play areas

for this community.

131

The Park District re—paved sections of Marquette Road
and installed new lights and traffic signals on South Park-
way.

Streets in the Sixth Ward were cleaned by mechanical
sweepers on an average of 17 times a year —— or a total of
2064 curb miles in one year.

There have been many improvements -- new sewers with
pipes large enough to prevent the flooding that used to take
place in this area and other areas in the city.

All of us can be proud of Chicago -- for while we have
been carrying on this tremendous public works and community
improvement program we have continued our top-ranking finan-
cial position.

Certainly, taxes have risen to pay for these many im-
provements —- but, after all, the cost of everything has
risen in the past eight years.

Chicago's over-all per capita debt is the lowest of
all cities over a million and fourth lowest of the forty-
two largest cities in the nation.

Chicago now has the best credit rating of most of the
large cities in the nation.

Real estate taxes paid by property owners to support
the Operation of the city government are lower than in any
city in the United States with a pOpulation of over 500,000.

Closer to home, when we compare the cost of local

government to the prOperty owner in Chicago with thirty—nine

132

representative suburbs, we find that 33 out of 40 communities
are higher than Chicago.

Yet how many of these suburbs can boast of public
schools where not one school student is on a double shift
...where there is excellent crossing guard protection for
their children...unlimited filtered lake water...protection
against polio and other dread diseases...parks, beaches
and playgrounds...outstanding mass transportation systems...
every residential block with new lights...a library within
walking distance of nearly every community...paved and
widened streets...most modern police communication system
and crime lab...the world's best fire department...and

countless other benefits.

APPENDIX C

THE LEON M. DESPRES LETTER

133

aggsus (107 as

‘ a a ‘ i‘ _ I) ‘
c l T \’ C O. U f4 C l L COMMI’ITLL MEMBLRSHI 5
CITY OF CHICAGO Buildings and Zoning:
.0- ' . . -.-. .. .. Financo
COUNLEL C;‘!.~‘5xl't.£i'.;3;;.l\‘f ————.—
SECOND FLOOR. CITY HALL Federal and State Legislation

 

TELEPHONE RANDOLPH G-UOOO Judiciary
Planning: and Housing;

POUCC, Fim. Civil Scwicc, Sch sol.

and Munzcmal lnst.1‘.uL:on.~.

 

o::.:.~-: 191.3 E. o3:d Skeet (60615)

Telephone, EU tlerilald 8—7411

July 14, 1965

Mr. Robert Lyons
8840 S. BlaCkstone Avenue
Chicago 19, Illinois

Dear Mr. Lyons:

Although I suppose that the detailed Speeches
and publicity releases of the candidates would Show
a great variety of issues in the 1963 mayoralty campaign,
I think that there were really three basic issues:

1. Daley's ”achievements” vs. Adamowski's attack
on bossism.

2. The discontent of real estate tax payers at
public expenditures and heavy taxes.

3. Adamowski'sfiyeiled appeal to anti-Negro
sentiment and-evidenced publicly by his
expression of opposition to open occupancy.

Sincerely yours,

4:». ”In . ”WV/W”

Leon M. Despres, Alderman
Fifth Ward
LMD/ld

APPENDIX D

MAYOR DALEY'S LETTER

135

RICHARD J. DALEY

 

“in” J‘auhl‘lm

LfiOFFICLE. OF '3. HE P/ll-aYOR

‘- Q: ;.; :\ MAYOR
’1 i 7*‘5‘ \
' M‘ .
“ ." ‘ w .y - c-;n3(~1er,nn--’ ‘1 fr;
‘ . :5 . 1" fig}

 

G Dale-‘5 3:“ “cf:

Dear Friend:

Confident of your inter est in Chicago and
the activity of its municipal government, I am
sending you herewith our official annual report for
the year 1962.

As it has been for the past three years, the
annual report is published as a newspaper supplement.
The 1962 report was included in the Chicago Tribune
and Chicago's American Sunday editions of April 7th.

It is our experience that the utilization of newspaper
circulation is the best method of acquainting the most
readers with the details of the governmental operation.

I trust you will find the supplement worth
perusal and I would appreciate any comment you might

care to make.

Kindest regards.

Sincerely,

 
  

j [[2 0/?)
1“”! ./ "‘\/ V

Mayor

 
   

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Aristotle. The Rhetoric of Aristotle. Translated by Lane
Cooper. New York: Appleton—Century—Crofts, Inc.,
1932.

 

Berelson, Bernard R., Lazarsfeld, Paul 2., and McPhee,
William N. Voting, A Study of Opinion Formulation in

 

a Presidential Campaign. Chicago: The University of
Chicago Press, l95A.

 

Carlson, Theodore L. Illinois Government and Institutions.
Chicago: Allyn and Bacon, Inc., 1961.

 

Cicero. De Oratore. Trans. E. w. Sutton and J. Racham.
Cambridge, Massachusetts:- Harvard University Press,
1952.

Renee, Kenneth G., Ralph, David C., Wiksell, Milton J.
Principles of Speaking. Belmont, California: Wads-
worth Publishing Company, 1962.

 

 

Merriam, Charles Edward. Chicago, A More Intimate View of
Urban Politics. New York: McMillin Co., 1929.

 

 

Mills, Glen E. Composing the Speech. New York: Prentice-
Hall, Inc., 1962.

 

ROper, Elmo. You and Your Leaders. New York: William
Morrow Company, 1957.

 

Thonssen, Lester., Baird, A. Craig. Speech Criticism. New
York: The Ronald Press, 1948.

 

Welchelns, Herbert A. "The Literary Criticism of-Oratory,"
Studies in Rhetoric and Public Speaking in Honor of
James Albert Winans. New York: The Century Company,
1925.

 

 

Nrage and McBurney. A Guide to Good Speech. Englewood
Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1965.

 

137

138

Articles and Periodigals

 

Akers, Milburn P. "Two Careers: Daley and Adamowski,"
Chicago Sun-Times (March, 1963), p. 30.

 

Cleveland, Charles. Daily News Political Writer, Chicago
Daily News (October, 1962), p. 3.

 

Chicago Daily News. 1962, 1963.

 

Chicago Record. 1955.

 

Chicago Sun-Times. 1963.

 

Chicago Tribune. 1963.

 

"Cities of the '60's Big, Bad and Popular," Time (March,
1962), p. 16.

Cron. "Clouter with Conscience," Time (March, 1963), p. 24.

Hansen, Harry. "Chicago, the Second Largest United States
City gs Determined to be First," Holiday (May, 1947),
p. 15 .

Information Please Almanac. 1963.

 

"Last of the Dinosaurs Wins Again," The Saturday Evening Post
(May, 1963), p- 73.

McCormick, Robert R. "Star-Spangled Town," Holiday (October,
1951). p- 251. _

 

Stern, Richard G. "A Valentine for Chicago," Harper's
(February, 1962), p. 68.

Sullivan, James W. Chicago Daily News (March 12, 1963), p. 2.

 

Encyclopedias

 

Encyplopedia Britannica. Vol. V, 1960, p. 454.

 

ngublished Material

 

Chicago City Council. Date Line Chicago, NBC-TV, February 18,
1963.

 

"Len O'Connor Comments," WMAQ, Radio and Television, March
and April, 1963.

 

\ III. will ’11.]

139

Adamowski, Benjamine. Taped interview.
Bush, Earl. Taped interview.

Daley, Richard J. Mayor. Taped.interview.
Danaher, Matt. Taped interview.

Foster, Francis (Mrs.). Taped interview.

Lynch, William B. Judge. Taped interview.

MIC

 

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