THE ECONOMIC TREATMENT OF
BLIND PERSONS IN
THE UNITED STATES

Thesis for the Degree of M. A.
Arthur N. Magill
1935

 

  

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THE ECONOMIC TREATMENT
OF

BLIND PERSONS IN THE UNITED STATES

A Thesis

Submitted in partial fulfillmont of
the roquirements for the degree of

Master or Arts

Michigan State College

Arthur N. Magill

1935

WRAP-".9?

 

 

 

 

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The presentation of this study has been
made possible through the particular
kindnesses and peraonal efforts of Dr.
Harold S. Patton. Head of the Department
of Economics. and Professor WilliaI‘Haber
of the Department of Economics in Michi-
gan State College, East Lansing. Michigan.

99135,»

PREFACE

The amount of information concerning the blind and their rehabili -
tation in useful occupations is extremely limited. The latest informa-
tion available in the reports of the United States Census for the year
1920 indicates that there are same 68.000 blind persons altogether in
the United States. Accurate studies concerning the problem have been
made infrequently. The National Society For the Prevention Of Blindness,
for example, estimates that the number of blind persons exceeds 115,000.
The literature concerning the methods of assistance, occupational train—
ing and retraining, is also very sketchy.

Fortunately, this has been counterbalanced to a certain extent by
other printed matter which deals with both the activities of the blind,
and activities carried on for the blind. Knowledge has been dissemin-
ated through various media which have informed the public concerning
the Braille system - how it is written, the libraries carrying a Braille
department; the education, psychology, social and economic conditions
of the blind; the recreational pusuits of the blind; and finally, the
part played by science in the lives of the blind. Mention should also
be made of the splendid work done by the National Society For the Pre-
vention of Blindness.

The following pages are principally based on material dealing with
the economic condition of the blind. flais material was secured from

the special research library of the American Foundation For the Blind

through the assistance of Miss Helga Lende, librarian. It was in the

form of articles written by both workers for the blind and instructors

of the blind, and appeared in The Outloongor the Blind, The American

Association Of Workers For the Blind, and The American Association Of

 

Instructors Of the Blind. Other datafwas secured from the files of the
Department of Rehabilitation, Lansing, Michigan. through the kindness
of Mr. John Lee and his secretary Miss Bassor. This material has been
supplemented by information obtained from reports of surveys made in
various states at different times. Very much assistance was also se-
cured from the book by Dr. Harry Best entitled, "Blindness and the
Blind in the United States.”

Obviously the person handicapped by the loss of sight is econom-
ically at a terrific disadvantage in competing for a job. He can be
employed in industry in only a limited number of occupations. His
training for employment must be specially prepared. Hissknowledge of
industrial conditions is not secured at first hand. Economically, he
is dependent. To secure work he must frequently rely upon the good
will and philanthropy of an individual or organization. “Bargaining
power" normally possessed by industrial workers usually is not possessed
by the blind man.

This thesis seeks to summarize the economic condition of the blind
in the United States, to examine various methods of aid, both public
and private, and to describe the special methods of Rehabilitation of
131 cases through the aid of the Department of Rehabilitation, and to

evaluate the results.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I. The Economic Condition Of the Blind
In The United States........

II. Public Assistance For Blind Persons......
A. Pensions For the Blind...............
B. TicrkShops For the Blindeoeeeeeeeeoeeo

III. The Placement Of the Blind In Private
Industryeoeooeoeeeeoo

A. The Blind In Competitive Industries..
B. Concession Stands....................
C. Blind Persons In Professions.........

IV. Vocational Rehabilitation Of the Blind
In LuChiganOOOOOOOOOOO.

v. ConCIuSionSOOOOOOOOOOO....OOOOOOOOOOOCO.

BibliographyOOOOIOlo00.......0...'...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

Page

11
12

15

22
22
30

51

33
49

52

TABLES

Page
Table I. Percentage of the blind gainfully occupied
in comparison to the percentage of total
pepulation gainfully occupied............. 1
II. Percentage distribution of the blind accord-
ing to general occupation................. 2
III. Iercentage of the blind self-supporting
according to occupation................... 5
IV. Percentage of the blind gainfully employed
according to amount of annual earnings in
the different occupations................. 6
V. Percentage distribution of the blind accord-
ing to the means of support............... 8

Case Studies of 131 Persons Who Contacted the Department
Of Rehabilitation Of Michigan......... 36-43

CHAPTER I

The Economic Condition Of The Blind
In The United States

With increased industrialization the Opportunities for the blind
are limited. The development of our civilization has been made large-
ly by visual initiative. with the inevitable consequence that sight is
the prime requisite for practically every occupation or line of endeav-
or. Those who do not possess this requisite find it incriasingly diffi-
cult to secure remunerative employment. But insofar as employment is
secured, the reliance upon partial or complete aid is minimized.

The percentage of the blind in the United States. grouped accord-
ing to age (ten years of age and over). sex. and race gainfully employ-
ed is indicated in the following table:

TABLE 1: Percentage of the blind gainfully occupied in comparison to the
percentage of total population gainfully occupied in the United

 

 

States.*(l)
=
Per Cent 0 Total
General
. Blind Population .

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Race - Nativity
l 10 20
a eauals.i_Esmalsi t_Eamale.
Total....... ”=22; .__ZLJ.._
whit‘::::::::::::::: . 5.9 19.2
Native........... 26.7 6.2 19.3
Foreign Born..... 18.9 5.0 18.4
Negro............... 21.3 4.7 38.9
Indian..............1 14.9 4.8 11.5

 

 

 

 

According to Dr. Best. this table shows that a considerable portion of

the blind are occupied, thus providing in part. at least for their main-

(l)Best. Harry “Blindness And the Blind In the United States“ - pp.218.
The statistics are taken from the reports of the United States
Census Bureau of 1920 relating only to persons making special
report. Statistics for the year 1930 are not available.

s2.
tenance. This group should be considered as the best among the blind:-
thoee possessing the physical or business abilities necessary for hold-
ing a Job. One-fourth of blind males are gainfully employed, while for
the general population three-fourths are gainfully employed. Among
blind females the proportion is less than one-twelfth (7.8 per cent),
which is a little over one-third of that for the general female popup
lation. Of all the blind gainfully employed, 17.8 per cent are femalesr
as against 20.5 per cent for the general population.

In making these comparisons it must be borne in mind that many of
those included among the blind have become blind as the result of senile
decay, and are too old to do any work. It must also be kept in mind
that many of the individuals who are blind are also suffering from some
other handicap which prohibits their entering any occupation.

Table II indicates the distribution of the blind and of the popula-
tion at large in the several general occupations from 1910 to 1920:

TABLE II: Percentage distribution of the blind according to general
occupations.(2)

A

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

=
Per Cent Distribution
General
Blind - . op
1910 1920 H 920 in
g T. Male Fe. T Male Fe. fl Male Fe. 4
Total..........,100!0!10022! 0 tioggoflioogguiooeo!10950!
Agriculture............... 18.9 28.3 7.3 13.2 14.6 6.6 29.8 12.7
Extraction of minerals.... Oes 0.3 eee 0.2 0.2 eee 3.3 eee
Manufacturing and
mechanical industries... 30.1 27.9 43.6 43.1 41.8 48.8 32.9 22.6
Transportation...........y 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.4 8.6 2.5
Trade 22.3 24.2 7.6 17.6 20.8“ 2.7 10.8“ 7.8
PUblio SerV1cO...........> 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.5 0e 2e3 0e3
Professional Serice....., 15.7 14.6 22.5 14.0 12.7 20.0 3.4 11.9
Domestic and personal sen. 7.4 6.2 14. 5.5 3.8 13. 3.7 25.6
“Clerical occupations....., .... .... .... 3.9 3.5 5. 5.1 16.7
UHClaflsificabl. e 3e 3e on Des 009 eee eee

 

 

 

 

 

 

The larger proportion of the blind are gainfully employedtmanufacturing
and mechanical industries (43.1 per cent). While these are the callings

(2)Best, Harry, Ibid. pp220.

3.
which have the largest representation in the population as a whole, the
prOportion is not as great as with the blind. Trade has the next high-
est proportion (17.6 per cent), which is also considerable larger than
that of the general pOpulation. Professional service has the third
highest preportion (14 per cent), which is approximately three times as
high as with the general pepulation. In the remaining groups the pro-
portion for the blind (13.2 per cent) is about one-half that for the gen-
eral population. In domestic and personal service the proportion (3.9
per cent) is about one-half. In transportation the preportion (1.5 per
cent) is about one-fifth of that of the general pepulation. The repre-
sentation of the blind in this class of occupation is relatively the
least of all, with the exception of the extraction of minerals (0.2 per
cent). In public service the prOportion (0.5 per cent) is about one-
fourth of that of the pOpulation in general. The larger proportion of
the blind in manufacturing and mechanical industries as compared with
other occupations can be attributed to the lesser difficulties encount-
ered therein, and also to the inclusion under this general head of cer-
tain processes often of simple handicraft character to which the blind
have been able or permitted in limited measure to turn their hands. The
high prOportion in the professional callings can be accounted to the
inclusion of such occupations as teaching and instruction in music. The
prOportion is also made up of a considerable number of blind persons who
have found it possible to pursue their profession after their blindness.
"As between the sexes, the prOportion of male blind is relatively great-
er in agriculture, extraction of minerals, transportation, and trade; and
of female blind, in the remaining occupations save public service (in
which the prOportions are equal). (3)

The majority of the blind are largely engaged in certain particular

(3) Ibid. pp221.

4.
callings. Approxiaately three-fifths (58.4 per cent) of the male blind
listed pursue seven occupations, each of which gainfully employs more
than 5%. These occupations are:broom making, farming, retail dealing,
piano tuning, playing and teaching of music, chair caning, huckstering
and peddling. Three-fourths (74.1 per cent) of the male blind are en-
gaged in fourteen occupations, each employing more than 5 per cent. The
additional occupations are : general laborers, agents and canvassers,
agricultural laborers, neWSpaper carriers and news dealers, clerks and
salesmen in stores, basket workers and clergymen. All but about one-
sixth (15.2 per cent) of the male blind are engaged in twenty-seven
occupations,each of which has more than 0.5 per cent. (4)* “Female
blind persons are found to be fairly well represented in the occupa-
tions which have been regarded as especially suited for the blind, and
for which Special vocational training is provided - plain and fancy
sewing, playing and teaching of music, chair caning, basket working,
weaving, carpet and rug waking, and broom mlking. Some of these repre-
sent handicraft processes engaged in at home, and taught possibly through
special home instruction. (There are 19.2 occupations which characterize
the special shOps - some being engaged thereat in the homes.)” Needle
trades are occupations to which blind women turn rather readily. Other
occupations of a more general character, in which the proportion for the
blind is larger than for the population at large include farming (as own-
ers or assistants), agents or canvassers, boarding-house keepers, retail
dealing, literary work, semi-skilled labor in printing, huckstering and
peddling, and general labor. It might be significant to note that stenc-
graphy is an occupation to which a large number of blind women are turning
of late years. *(5)

(4) Ibid. pp. 225
(5) Ibid. pp. 230

5.
In TABLE III is given the percentage of blind males and females who
are reported as self—supportingdn the principal occupations in which they

are engaged, based on the Census of 1920:

 

 

TABLE III: Percentage of blind self-supporting according to occupation(§)
=
Occupation Per Cent 0f Total
Male
Total -‘ 45.2
Agriculture:..................................... 54.2
Fumuw..u.n.u.u.u.n.u.u.u.n.u.n fihl
Agricultural laborers........................ 41.4
Manufacturing and mechanical industries.......... 37.9
Laborers, building and general............... 19.1
Broom makers................................. 34.1
Piano tuners................................. 61.7‘”
Chair caners................................. 15.5
Basker workers............................... 2&.5
All other......... ..... ...................... 51.7
Trade............................................ 51.9
Retail dealers............................... 64.0‘
Hucksters and peddlers....................... 31.5
Newspaper carriers and news dealers.......... 35.0
Clerks in stores and salesmen................ 51.8
Professional service............................. 58.6
lusicians and teachers of music.............. 52.2
All other.................................... 71.4”
Domestic and personal service.................... 38.0
Clerical occupations............................. 36.9
Agents and canvassers........................ 27.3
Female
Total.................................. ._______£EL£;________
Manufacturing and mechanical industries.......... 13.9
Seamstresses and fancy workers............... 6.0
All Othereeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 19e5
Professional service............................. 48.1“
Musicians and teachers of music.............. 34.8
Domestic and personal service.................... 33.1

 

 

 

 

 

 

This table more fully reveals the actual economic condition of the

blind.

The prOportion who are self-supporting is surprisingly small

among those reported as engaged in some form of remunerative employ-

ment.
employed are self-supporting.

(5) Ibid. pp. 244

Less than one-half (46.2 per cent) of the blind males gainfully

Less than one-third (30.5 per cent) of

6.
the female blind are self-supporting. The proportion for both sexes is
43.4 per cent.‘(7)

Table IV indicates the annual earnings according to occupations.

 

TABLE IVsPercentege of blind gainfully employed according to amount of
annual earnings in different occupations. *(8) 1

Occupation . ss.. 5188 (13355_"31500..

than to to to and
A 3100 3399 3799 $14.99 Over

Isle

Agricultu‘OOOIOO......OOOCOOOOOOOOOOOO 15.; 42.6 19.4 7.3

¥

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4 15.5
Farmers............................. 13.1 37.7 22.0 18.0 9.2
Agricultural laborers............... 26.1 55.0 10.0 7.1 1.4
Manufacturing and mechanical industriesJ 13.3 40.1 28.7 12.8 5.0
Laborers, building and genersl...... 38.5 44.6 13.5 3.4 ...
Broom makers........................ 10.9 43.6 37.7 6.3 1.5
Piano tuners........................ 6.6 21.3 21.6 34.4 16.3
Chair cesers........................ 19.6 57.3 21.7 1.4 ...
Basket workers...................... 20.8 41.6 35.1 2.6 ...
Trade................................... 10.4 35.2 26.5 16.4 11.5
Retail dealers...................... 7.3 25.8 30.6 22.8 13.5
Hucksters and peddlers.............4 16.9 56.0 22.7 3.6 0.9
Newspaper carriers and newsdeelers.. 13.8 51.1 22.3 12.8 ...
Clerks and salesmen 5.1 17.7 38.0 22.8 16.5
Professional service...................l 9.7 24.7 20.2 27.2 18.2
musicians and teachers of music..... 13.1 29.5 20.7 25.1 11.6
All others.......................... 6.2 19.7 19.7 29.3 25.1
Domestic and personal service........... 22.7 40.3 20.1 13.6 3.2
CICrio‘l occupations.................... 11o? ‘ael 22.7 13.0 ‘es
Agents and canvassers............... 14.0 55.4 20.7 8.3 1.7

Female

Total.........................W
Manufacturing and mechanical industries. 51.8 35.9 11.7 0.4 0.2
Seemstresses and fency'workers.....4 76.9 20.5 2.1 0.5 ...
Semi-skilled operatives............. 33.6 47.0 18.7 0.4 0.4
Professional service...................4 12.9 35.6 29.4 20.2 1.8
Musicians and teachers of music....4 21.7 49.3 18.8 10.1 ...
All other........................... 6.4 25.5 37.2 27.7 3.2
42.6 9.9 4.0 ...

Domestic and personal service.......... 43.6

 

 

Along malesw‘he sum of 8800. or over per annum is earned by more than one-
third (36.3 per cent) retail dealers, and by almost two-fifths of clerks
and salesmen (39.3 per cent), though by only a little more than one-fourth
(27.9 per cent) of those employed in trade. It is also received by more

(7) Ibid. pp243
(8) Ibid. pp. 249

7.
than one-fourth (27.2 per cent) of the farmers. The real preportion for
farmers is considerably higher, as many of this group report only actual
cash receipts, no allowance being made for products consumed on the farm.
This same condition also exists in the case of retail dealers, some of
whom fail at times to include personal expense met from business receipts.
Well over one-half of the persons engaged in the remaining occupations
earn less than $400. per year - four-fifths of those employed as agri-
cultural and general laborers, three-fourths of those employed as huck-
sters and peddlers, and two-thirds of those employed as agents and can-
vassers, newspaper carriers, news dealers, and domestics.

'Chair caning is the poorest paid of the employments of the blind,
over three-fourths so engaged receiving under 3400. per year. Basket
workers fare somewhat better, and broom-makers slightly better still,
though almost two-thirds of the former class and over one-half of the
latter have earnings under $400. per year. The prOportion in any of
these occupations receiving as much as $800. annually is extremely small.
These amounts may be regarded as fairly typical of the earnings received
in the so-called special occupations of the blind.“ *(9)

An appreciable per cent of the occupations reported by the blind
are irregular pursuits and oddjobs, the earnings accruing therefrom
amounting to very small sums, which at times are little more than chari-
table offerings.

With females, earnings in the several occupations are usually very
low. In general professional service,slightly under one-fourth (22 per
cent) receive $800. or more per year. The preportion among musicians
and teachers of music is about one-tenth, though in other professional
pursuits it is much higher. 0n the other hand, a very large proportion

(9) Ibid. pp.253

 

    

  
  
   
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
    

domestic and personal service, and semi- killed operatives receive

\ e ‘34 .. p .
tnan p400. per year; of the seamstresses who reported,over three-

ibout one—half of stenographers have

2110 3.“ ‘3 e

"In table V is given the percentage distribution of the blind
according to means of support as found on investigations in Massachu~

setts (1901, 1900, 1919, and 1925), New Jersey (1909 - 3 investigations)

Pannsylvania (1909), Wisconsin (1928}, Minnesota (1924), Californis

ations, and New York (1928)." *(10).

\l 2
(“O
O
\1/
\ \.
H .
:3
<
(‘9
(I)
c+
t...
09

:aBLE V: Percentage distribution of blind according to means of support.

 

 

 

Per Cent Distribution

 

 

 

Means Of Support fiasrachusetts New Jkrsey Pe n. ‘v§:: ’ 22:” finnerCaliiornia
_ m <2> <3) <4) <1> <2), <1) <2) * ‘ sin <1) <2)_

 

Total...............lO0.0.lDO.Q.lO0,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0

100-0

100-0

100.01

 

 

... 20.7 28.3 16.
17.2 O... O...
14.1 0... C

9.5 .00. 6.5

0.0 ‘0.

Self-supporting.............. * '
Entirely 5918-5upporting..... 43.8 29.3 18 9
Fartly self-supporting..,.... 4.7 15.5 10.4 4-5
Independent income........... ... 16.3 .... 13 4

Partly self-supporting

9 7
9.3 eee
9 O

 

or independent.,......... ....l ....; .... .... .... .... .... .... -.-
Housekeeping................, .... ....1 5.4 7.8 .... .... .... .... ...
Dependent on family......... .... 30.0% 20.8 .... 33.2 .... .... .... 27.
Dependent on relatives...... .... ....i .... 22.1 .... .... .... .... .-.
Dependent on family

or relatives............7 35.3 ....7 .... .... .... .... .... .... ...

Dependent on family,

relatives or frisnds....q ., .
Dependent on private aid...., 1.3 ....1
Dependent on relatives, friend

or charitable societies.4 .... ....t .... .... . .. .... .... .... ...
Inmates of priVate lnst...... .... .... .... ....
Dependent on pensions

 

of all kinds............. .... ....2 .... 7.5 5.3 .... 4.9 .... ...
Dependent on general 3

public pensions.......... 1.7 ....l .... .... .... .... .... 6.8 ...
Dependent on pensions for g

the b1i1d................ .... ....§ 3.0 .... .... .... .... .... ...
Dependent on public aid...... .... 13.0‘ .... 2.1 .... .... .... .... ~--
Inmates of public Inst. ..... 3.8 ,,,,; 2.6 .... 8.5 4.8 8.3 8.4 84-
Inmates of Inst. of all kinds..... ....l .... 8. .... .... .... .... ...
Dependent on compensation,

corporation benefits,etc. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... . "'

(HQ
034
I

la‘tendicantS..eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

l4.)

1

(a
N

030

 

O...
.0 O
.0 O
I. O
I. O
O. O
C. O
.0 O
O. O
D. O
O. O
.0 O

 

 

20.0

16.6

3.
3.

e'vee

(Us)

 

26,0

O...

O...

18.9

 

 

 

"'1

TABLL V:(continued)

 

A

 

 

«~~ W“ Per Cent Distribution

Keane Of Support

 

a

Massachusetts New Jersey

 

 

 

. 1 {1) v (2') " (25) (4) £1) (3)

3100.0.1oo.o;1oo.o.100.0.1oo.o.1oo.owiti.

_«:¢-:qr-:-.- ,

To*"l
Ub—eeeeeeeoeceeeaeee

9e

 

 

 

J i C“ e

con-

ifioto.

Einne,
ota

California.

(1)

(2)

 

100 e01

100.0.

100.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Lincrs..........................i .... ,.,.. 1:3.~ 13.9 .... 11.6 ...
Dependent on 3 her aid..........; .... ....I .... ....l .... .... ...
inmates of nrivaee institu+ions 5 l

or supported by charity.....l .... .... .... .... .... .... 8.
iiscellaneous...................I 11.4 7.5. 3.7L. 3.6 .... .... ...

 

 

 

 

 

 

25.6

5.3

 

 

 

a small proportion of the blind can be considered independent, as
tney are in possession of personal resources which afford them a private

income. This pronortion ranges in different states and communities from

i

a fev :8? cent to cne~third, dependins on the definitions involved. For

° C,

\

the country as a whole, the pronortion of the blind population, ten years

4‘ ‘ r ,s ' . ‘ s. r (t : v‘ +
rescited as liv1ng on tneir own means is 7.6 per cent for

o
.-
2
{’12
o
o

r over

ales and 4.9 per cent for lemales.

The remainder of the blind, or tw0«thirds of tnsir entire number, are

supported in three general ways: by the assistance of families or friends

by some form of private aid of less direct or personal character; but for

the most part through alnsgiving or institution and non~institutional pro-

vision.
nny conclusions concerning the economic condition of the blind must

be hedged about with qualifying circumstances. The above quotations and

tables indicate that only a very small preportion of the blind are entire-

lv self-supporting. Thev are receiving an income from work, sufficient t

support themselves, or are enjoying a private income.
Those who do not support themselves are unable to secure a position
or are physically unfit. The individual may be both young and unfit, due

- v I 5 ‘ ' 4 a + V‘ ‘
to several reasons, which are important care only insofar as ~hey prelent

his employment. Others, blind because of old age, could no longer meet

(10) Ibid. pp. 253.

 

s.

 

10.
the demands of industry. Many are unable to procure a position due to
the lack of vocational training, and placement agencies.*(ll) It should
be borne in mind that the blind man has relatively little bargaining
power. Those blind who are working have secured their position in the
majority of cases through the medium of a placement-man or agency os-
tablishsd for this particular purposo.*(12)

On the whole it must be said that very few of the blind are self-
supporting. Tho great majority are not able to secure employment either
because of lack of opportunity, or they are physically incapacitated

other than being blind.

(ll) Irwin.R.B. "what Increased Rehabilitation Funds Might Do",
Rehabilitation Review, v.6, No.3, Mar.1932. pp66-68.
(12) LaDamo, M. ”Securing Employment For the Handicapped; a
study of placement agencies for this group in New
York City. New York, Welfare Council of New York
City, 1927. pp.133.
Loavitt, M.A. I'Handica.pped wage earners. New York. 1928.
Jewish Social Service Association Inc. Chpt. 5.

11.
CHAPTER II
Public Assistance For Blind Persons

Because such a small number of the blind are self-supporting,
the great majority must receive aid in order to exist. A large por-
tion of this aid is secured from the immediate family. In some cases
this imposes burdensome responsibilities which cannot be borne and
forces the individual to seek assistance from other sources.

The pension is a form of aid adOpted by many states. It was
thought that assistance in the form of an outright subsidy would be
most beneficial to the blind. The granting of a small pension was
considered less expensive than building and maintaining a large in-
stitution. This permitted the individual to be independent and. to
enjoy the comforts of his own home.‘(13)

The establishment of workshOps is another form of pension or
subsidy. The philosophy underlying this workshop system is that the
majority of the blind would rather earn or partially earn their liv-
ing than to receive direct aid. In many instances the earnings of
the workers offset to a large extent the eXpense incurred in their
maintenance, which decreases the necessary governmental apprOpriations.
These workshops offer both training and boarding facilities for the
workers. I'(lt‘l) Even though the workshop provides employment by which
he may, in part at least, pay for his maintenance it is still a form
of subsidy or pension.

(13) Baker, E.A. "Pensions For the Blind", Canadian Report.

MacKenzie, Clutha N., ”Memorandum On Pensions For the
Blind of New Zealand'. Minutes and proceedings of

House of Commons - Feb. 21, 1935. Canada.
Best, Harry "Blindness and the Blind" - theoretical con-
sideration XLVII p. 534; practical appl. XLVII p. 549.
(14) iaSSachusetts, Special Commission on the blind. Report re-
lative to the employment, training and pl cement of the
blind. 935. 55 p.
Leavitt, W.A. "Handicapped flags Earners" Yew York. 1928.

12.

The other forms of employment sought by the blind are in direct
competition to sighted workers. But in order to compete adequately,
they must receive training either at some of the schools for the blind
or through some rehabilitation agency. Because the public is not ac-
customed to the competition of the blind in trade and commerce, it is
difficult for them to secure employment without the aid of an organi-
zation. Thus they find that the bargaining power for their employment
rests in the hands of an organization, or a representative of a place-
ment organization.

PENSIONS FOR THE BLIND - The first public pension system for the blind
in the United States was created in the City of New York in the year
1866, when the city department of charities was permitted to give the
blind monetary assistance. -The grant to one person was not to exceed
.850. a year, the total amount available being $20,000. annually. (In
1897 the amount was to be increased to not more than 3100. for any per-
son, the total amount not to exceed $75,000. In 1913 the law was amend-
ed to permit the grant of $100. to each applicant, with a total annual
allowance of $150,008} In 1923 the maximum amount per person was rais-
ed to 3300., with $200,000. as the total sum.

In 1898 a statute was enacted in Ohio as an amendment to the poor
law permitting counties to grant the sum of $100. a year to worthy
blind men and women having no property or other means of support, and
who had been in the state at least five years, and who had resided in
that particular county at least one year. In 1908 a ltw was enacted
which provided for the creating of special commissions in each county,
who were to have control over the levying and distribution of the funds.
Needy blind persons were also carefully defined, and permitted relief to

the extent of $150. per year in lieu of all other public aid. In 1913

 

 

 

 

 

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13.
the law vested the powers in the regular boards of county commission-
ers. In later years the laws have been amended.

In 1903 Illinois adopted a pension law for the blind, which was
permissive until 1915 when it became obligatory. Wisconsin followed
in 1907. In 1910 graduated relief was granted to he blind in the state
of Massachusetts. In 1911 Kansas also adOpted a pension law. Missouri
added an amendment to her constitution in 1915, which provided for the
granting of pensions to the blind. In 1920 this law was again amended.
*(15) In 1915 four other states enacted pension laws: Iowa, Nhine,
Nebraska, and New Hampshire. Similar laws have been enacted in the
following states: 1917 Idaho; 1918, New Jersey; 1919, California and
Colorado; in 1920, New York; in 1921 Connecticut and Washington; in
1923, Arkansas; in 1924, Kentucky; in 1925, Minnesota and Nevada; in
1928, Louisianna; in 1929, Naryland; and in 1931, Utah.*(16)

The above laws were enacted because it was felt that the particu-
lar individuals would receive the pension, would not be able to support
themselves in any way, and were a charge upon either their friends or
the community» (although these laws have been called I'pension laws",
they cannot be compared with other laws bearing the same title. Numer-
ous pensions have been granted to war veterans, widowed mothers and to
those injured in industry, as a partial compensation for their previous
contribution and service to society. Some pensions have been granted to
handicapped groups, as the blind, not on the basis of compensation for
service, but on the basis of incapacity due to physical disability, and

(15) Baker, E.A. "Pensions For the Blind"

MacKenzie, Clutha N.. "Memorandum on pensions for the blind
of New Zealand'. Minutes and proceedings of House of
Commons. Feb. 21, 1935. Canada.

Best, Harry ”Blindness and the Blind" p. 534, 549.

(16) Sullivan and Snortum, “Problems in placing the handicapped"

p. 551.
Best, Harry Ibid. p. 551.

 

 

 

 

ha

'0

SI

14.
thus becoming an outright grant, or dole.:
//fMany Opposed to the granting of pensions to the blind, present
arguments, discrediting the pension system, which will be discussed

according to their significance. Dr. Best has said that if at least

 

half of the blind in the United States were accorded a pension of not
more than three hundred dollars a year, the cost to the tax payer
would approximate thirteen million dollars. 0n the surface this

seems prohibitive, but when one considers that a number receiving this
pension should be obtaining an old age pension, the figures are less
startling. It is somewhat true that such a pension is discriminatory
from the point of view of other incapacitated groups who object on the
grounds of partiality. They are of the Opinion that it should extend
to all classes of the disabled.\\

Perhaps the most outstanding criticism is that the pension has a
degenerating effect upon its recipients. The individual, it is said,
loses his initiative, no longer desires to provide for himself, and
in many cases, develops a “pension-complex" - the government owes him
a living; he no longer needs tovork. There is often doubt in the mind
of the pensioneer, and the public at large, as to reasons for the pen-
sion. Neither party is certain as to whether the pension is a form of
direct relief, or a form of compensation for a physical handicap.

Those supporting pensions for the blind also present aguments in
favor of their beliefs, of which the most important is that the pension
system is the only means of support for a portion of the blind. Work-
shops and institutions could not include all without sight, thus the
pension is the only source of income for many. This type of relief is
both economical and easy to apply.§ If the elastic rate were substitut-

ed for the flat rate, the law would be more Just, for the amount the

15.
individual would receive would depend upon his particular circumstanceg
The receiving of a pension often means the welcoming of a blind individu-
al into his home. The pension law has merits which should be the basis
for its consideration. The pensions for the blind would not suffer be-
cause of the accusation of discrimination, for each pension covering a
specific class should be based on the merits of that class.

(lt is but natural that a law such as this should have many weak-
nesses. Vicious compromising often accompanies the passing Of a law
through the state legislature, necessitating additions and substitutions.
However, there are numerous improvements which could be incorporated into
the pension laws, in whole or in part, depending upon the particular law.
The use of a flexible provision in the law to take the place of the flat
rate has already been referred to. The applicant for a pension should be
carefully scrutinized. Only those recommended by a certain number of re-
putable citizens should be eligible. The pension should consist of com-
bined state and local funds. This would make the law uniform in all the
counties within one state, and it would also place the county administra—
topdn a subservient position subject to suggestion from state officials,
which would in a large measure tend to do away with any political impli-
cation concerning the distribution, which may arise. *(17) The law
should remove the stigma of direct relief, as much as possible:>
WORK§§OPS FOR THEgELLE2.- WorkshOps, as previously mentioned, have given
aid to many blind peOple and originally were associated with schools for
the blind. This affiliation was due, in part at least, to the belief
that because vocational instruction had been given, it was their duty as
a school to provide industrial employment for graduates and others.

In the year 1840, an employment department was Opened for some Of

(17) Baker, E.A., "The Canadian Pension Law”. Special report on
the blind.

16.
the former pupils of the Perkins Institute in Boston. Three years later
this was extended to include other adult blind. The school provided
quarters for both classes. In 1850, a special appropriation from the
state made possible in part a special plant. In 1865 a laundry was set
up for women, but it proved a failure, and was abandoned in 1867, although
the shop for men has continued with little change to the present day.*(18)

New York and Pennsylvania established shOps for adults as an exten-
sion Of their work which were’soon abandoned. In 1845 an industrial de-
partment known as the "Home for the Industrious Blind" was created in
Pennsylvania for graduates, which in 1849 was extended to include others.
6n the year 1848 the state legislature apprOpriated funds for the direct.
benefit of the shOp, which continued during the remaining years of its
existence. Funds were also raised from private sources. It was soon
found that the market did not absorb a large portion Of the gOOds manu-
factured resulting in a glutting of the warehouses. After ten years of
trial the trustees for the school admitted that the venture to provide
permanent employment for adult blind was not a success. In 1857 it was
stated that although the shop had continued Operations, it had incurred
a heavy loss. In 1862 the legislature repealed the laws relating to the
shOp, which automatically closed the industrial department of the school.

In the same yeara charter was granted to the New York Mechanic‘s
Association, an independent organization furnishing mechanical education
to the blind, and assisting in procuring employment for those found capa—
ble. The financial support was derived from small intermittent appropri-

-... -..—-

ations of the state and city governments, supplemented by private endow-

r.

ment. This plan was discontinued after a trial of eight years. In 1851
Pennsylvania started a workshOp in connection with its school. In 1885

“”WMA(18) Massachusetts. Special commission on the blind. Final
report of special commission to investigate relative

to employment, training, and placement. 1925- 55P-

17.
it was abandoned, although for the first twelve years of its existence
it was considered a success. The founding of two other institutions of
a private nature resulted in the reversal of its fortunes. In 1858
Maryland also established a department in connection with their school.
As in the cases of the other states it only admitted graduates in the
beginning, but in 1874, it accepted other adult blind. This was also
abandoned after a trial of about four years. Haryland stated that she
did not need this type of shOp for the blind. The school however re-
tained a department until 1908 for some of its graduates.

In several other states the matter of schools and workshOps was
prOposed, among these were the schools in Illinois, Louisianna, Mich-
igan, and New York. *(19)

The experiments of the schools are credited with little or no
success for they were limited from the point of view of duration. It
must be said, however, that they afforded an eXperimental proving ground
upon which the independent sheps were built.

The first independent workshop was located in Philadelphia, Pa. in
1874, and was known as the Working Home for Blind Men, designed to
draw the adult blind from the institution. This institution still con-
tinues as a private concern although it has received aid from the state
at various times. The next undertaking was in Louisville, in 1882,
known as the Kentucky'whnufacturing Establishment for the Blind, which
continued Operation for about a dozen years. The first direct public
measure was the creation of the California Industrial Home for the Blind,
at Oakland in 1885, which has been regularly in receipt of state support
up to the present time. Four establishments came into being within the
next five years, only one of which was of a permanent nature. In 1886

(19) Best, Harry. Ibid. p. 496.

18.
Ohio established an Industrial Home at Iberia, which lasted for only
ten years. In 1887 Illinois created the Illinois Industrial Home in
Chicago which exists to the present. In 1888 a private establishment
was created in St. Joseph, HissourL which lasted but a few years. In
1890 Iowa created an Inlustrial Home at Knoxville, which was abandoned
after about ten years. Drting from this period the shops which have
been created, whether of a private or public nature, have been more or
less permanent. This marked the spread of industrial workshOps for
the blind throughout the entire union.*(20)

As we know from our previous study a large penvcentage of the
blind do not enter into competitive industries. Either they cannot se-
cure employment or they are not capable of meeting sighted competition,
- the worksh0p was designed to accommodate the latter group. The organ-
izers of the workshop were of the opinion that although many of the
blind could not wholly maintain themselves, they could all assist in
their support. This would capitalize the individual's assets now lying
dormant, and relieve the degradation of outright relief. Many of the
blind prefer living in homes and sheltered institutions.

The organization of each workshOp varies with the theory underly-
ing its particular type. The snap in its simplest form is found in
either a separate establishment or in connection with a school. This
shop affords trade instruction and a limited amount of occupation for
a selected few. A more complex type of organization is the industrial
factory, which differs from the average only in that it employs blind
labor, with a minimum amount of sighted labor for purposes of super-
vision of processes,etc. A third type which emphasizes instruction

(20) Establishment of Michigan Employment Institution at

Saginaw in 1903.

Final Report of Massachusetts Commission. Ibid. pg. 41-48
Best, Harry. Ibid. pg. 502.

19.
more than production, combines vocational training with boarding accommoda-
tions.*(21) The last type is the combination institution which differs
from the above mentioned form only in that its labor is secured from two
sources: the institution itself, and the adjoining residential district.

If the shops are privately owned, the sale of their products, pri-
vate donations and sporadic governmental appropriations take care of the
necessary running expenses. The state owned shops are supportedfrom the
sale or their goods, regular state appropriations, and private endowment.
e(22).

Regardless of the ownership of the workshOp, the problems surround-
ing the organization and its functions are more or less similar. These,
for purposes of simplifiCation, may be designated as internal and extern-
al. The internal problems are many and various, for although these shops
are subsidized, their natural income is expected to defray the larger
portion of their cost, which means that a certain degree of efficiency
must be maintained. The policy of theshop must be determined. Is it
to be a training school, or a productive unit? If a training school, a
definite curriculum must be provided. The length of the course and the
amount to be paid during training must be considered as well as the
placement of the individual within the shop at the completion of his
apprenticeship. The trades taught in this type of an organization are
limited, and great care must be taken in the choice of workmen so that
quality may be maintained. Those processes, prohibitive because of
blindness, must be performed by sighted workers. The object of pro-
viding work for the blind is thwarted if too many visual workers are
employed. Obviously, sight is necessary to supervise the quality of
workmanship, and to carry on certain functions within the establishment.

(21)Massachusetts. Final Report of Commission. 1925.

(22) Best. Ibid. pp. 625, 615.
Massachusetts. Ibid. pp. 42-49,

20.
The determination of a wage rate is a serious problem. If the worker
resides within the institution his expenses are less than that individ-
ual working in the shop, but living in a nearby community. It is essen-
tial that a fair wage be paid but its determination is a delicate prob-
lem.(/In many cases the wages of the workers have been augmented in
order to secure for them a so-called "fair wage". *(23) 3

The external problems confronting the workshops are as serious.
There is the matter of marketing the finished products. Marketing the
finished products in competition to similar goods generally necessitates
selling below cost because the competitor is more efficient. To meet
competition it is necessary that the quality of the goods be above re-
proach. The goods should be sold on their merits alone, and not because
they are made by the blind. If the goods manufactured by the blind can-
not be disposed of, the warehouse will be overstocked, meaning reduced
output, - either a layoff, or a seasonal production, involving the es-
tablishment of shifts to provide part-time employment.

Some of the workshops’ severest competition comes from other shelt-
ered industries,- as broom making, chair caning, basket weaving, etc.
Prison labor is the strongest competitor in the field of broom making,
gwhile eleemosynary institutions afford competition in the other industries
traditionally relegated to the blind: If certain industrial pursuits
were assigned to the workshops for the blind, and others were given to
the prisons and other institutions, it would be possible to eliminate this
vicious competition and duplication. By absorbing the products of these
workshOps the government would to a great extent solve their marketing

problem. The articles needed by the state departments, should be purchas-

(23) Sullivan and Snortum. "Placing the handicapped..' pp. 413
Best. Ibid. pp. 490.

21.
ed from these sheltered industries. Besides providing a constant market
it would decrease governmental expenditure. The appropriations necess-
ary for their maintenance would be less as their income‘would nearly ap-
proximate their costs.

Many criticisms have been levelled against the workshops for the
blind. It has been charged that it would be much less expensive to
grant a pension. It has also been charged that workshOps are success-
ful because the state grants to them a monOpoly for certain types of
products which the state departments purchase. These accusations are
true from the point of view of pure business, but surely there are
other considerations. The sheps are more expensive than an outright
grant, but the granting of a pension prohibits the recipient from earn-
ing what he receives. In the workshbp his wages depend upon his ability.
Thus in part he knows that he is assisting ipghis maintenance. The same
principle applies to the accusation that jobs are created through forced
buying of the several departments of the state. If these workshOps are
closed, a certain class of peOple are deprived of the "priceless blessing

of toil',-Qhe boon of mankind.

22.
CHAPTER III
The Placement Of The Blind In Private Industry
<Up to this point in our study. we have considered the blind re-

ceiving direct relief through the pension system or working in industri-
al shaps for the blind. As yetSwe have not considered those taking a
place in competitive industries, including those who are now working and
those seeking employment. These individuals should not be considered
more courageous because they desire to take their places in society as
normal men and women rather than being sheltered. Those taking advantage
of the pensions and workshops have done so for various reasons. Some
prefer to retire from what seems to them a cruel world, and spend their
lives cloistered, as it were, in some form of an institution. Others,
through straightened circumstances, are forced to accept the relief
offered, whether it be direct or through the medium of the shop system.
TBS BLIND IN COMPETITIVE INDUSTRIES - Another group does not accept
either alternative, but faces the world as individuals striving to take
their places in society as normal men and women, and only want the
Opportunity to prove that they possess ability which can be capitalized.
This type of individual is found working among those who possess sight,
for he is able to resist the pressure to accept wage discrimination and
unemployment.

This worker, or potential worker, should have vocational guidance,
if he has not already hai it. *(24){ Our highly mechanized civilization
no longer requires an individual to apprentice himself for a period of
years to learn a trade. At the trade school a knowledge of a particular

(24)Bernstein, "Vocational guidance for the blind". Outlook for

the Blind. v. 27 Feb. 1933. pp. 23-25.31.
Joice. "Vocational direction”. AAIB. 1925. pp. 242-247.

23.
trade is gained,- this knowledge, coupled with eXperience makes the
worker a master tradesman. Today he is expected to know his trade when
he takes a position, at least he should have a working knowledge of the
trade which he is desirous of pursuing. The individual who has already
pursued his trade, is confronted with a different problemg) The blind
man, like the average individual, needs training before entering a trade.
His training is often the product of vocational guidance while in school.
Each School for the Blind should have a comprehensive vocational guidance
program, available to every student from the time of entrance through
graduation.*(25) The program should assist him in the choice of a life's
vocation, taking into consideration the individuals inherent aptitudes
though being available to those whose sight was lost after their schooling
was completed. Some, bereft of vision in middle life, also need vocational
guidance, for they are now not able to pursue the occupation in which they
were working when they became handicapped.*(26)

Each individual should be analyzed to find his potential vocational
abilities. If possible the man who lost his vision in later life should
be permitted to pursue his former vocation, for he would be more contented
in work of his own choice.4k27) This return to a former occupation may
not always be practicable, but some of the knowledge should be capitalized.
For example, the young man, possessing technical skill in installing re-
frigeration for a livelihood, due to an accident lost his vision, and des-
paired of ever being able to continue his work. When he asked for voca-

tional guidance, and his history was learned, it was suggested that he se-

(25) Birchard, ”Vocational guidance..' A.A.I.B. 1924. p. 158-162.
Hayes, “Vocational training.." A.A.I.B. 1924. p. 162-166.
(26) Foster, ”New developments in V.G.' A.A.I.B. 1933. p. 13-17.
Meyer, ”Responsibility of SchoolI A.A.I.B. 1930 p. 505-511.
Immeln, "Helping the blind adult“ A.A.I.B. 1927. p. 58-63.
National Inst. for blind. "Employment" 1930. Bulletin No.1.
(27) Foster, ”New Developments“ - A.A.I.B. 1924. p. 13-17.

24.
cure an agency for electrical equipment, including refrigeration. This
enabled him to make a successful adjustment through the capitalization
of his assets.‘(28) Scores of interesting examples could be cited in
which this principle has been applied with favorable resultsi) When an
individual is applying for a different type of work or has never worked
before, the same principle is applicable. A diagnosis of the individual
should reveal his latent abilities as well as his past experience. This
should be followed by a careful analysis of the position which is vacant.
If the individual's abilities are the ones necessary for the position, a
placement should be made. {Many individuals who have completed their school-
ing were not suited for their occupations, and have become dissatisfied.
If a thorough and comprehensive Vocational guidance plan had been avail-
able when they were starting, their present dilemna might not have exist-
ed.) Each'nd every person possesses some form of an asset, which if cap-
italized would work for him.g A rather extreme example of this was found
in the case of the Buffalo negro. Besides being old and infirm, he was
blind. There was nothing that he could do except pluck a chicken dry.
This particular conmunity had a large congregation of orthordox Jews,
very strict in their preparation of food. They only eat chickens that
have been plucked dry, and not scalded by water. The old colored man was
able to capitalize on his assets to such an extent that he was removed from
the poor farm in the spring to prepare chickens for his Jewish patrons.
This filled a real need in the community, and demonstrated a splendid
spirit of c00peration. True, it is an extreme case, but the principle
is there, and it cannot be too well emphasized.*(29) The following of
this policy to a logical end makes the enumeration of possible vocations

unnecessary.) The blind, like their sighted companions, have abilities

(28)-(29) "Vocational guidance for the blind". Radio speech.
June 4,1931.

25.
leading in all and saried directions. Some are interested in work
requiring manual dexterity, *(30) other: meeting the public, find such
occupations as salesmanship more enjoyable, while a few pursue the
path of education desiring to secure a niche within the professions.

It is true that the blind have very definite occupational limitations,
but within these limitations they compete successfully with heir sight-
ed essociates. New avenues are constantly being opened up to the blind.
The employers becoming more conscious of the fact that blindness, with
certain reservations, is not an industrial handicap, have opened fields
of endeavor hitherto closed to the blind.

Manual work today usually takes the form of industrial employment.
As a general rule the head of a concern is skeptical when told that
there are certain Jobs within his factory or plant, which could be ef-
ficiently handled by blind labor.*(3l) His preconceived opinions of
the blind and their total disability make this suggestions almost ludi-
crous. If the placement agent can sweep away these misconceptions, the
employer usually counters with the statement that the blind are too big
a hazard, and would cause an increase in the insurance rates if taken
within the firm. This too is a misconception, for no compensation law
specifically legislates against the blind.K_Clunk states that Ohio has
an amendment which permits the blind person to waive his rights to com-
pensation, if the accident is due to his blindness. This law has never
been tested, and it is a question as to how much real value it would be
to the employer. Another exception is that of Ontario, Canada, Where
two yea:s ago a special Blind Person's Compensation Act was passed, and

(30) “New Sources of work for the blind" - Beacon. August 1928.

(31) Clunk, J.F. "Selling blind labor over half a continent during
the world's worst depression”. A.A.W.B. 1933. pp.185-192.

26.
by it. the employer is only charged for compensation claims up to fifty
dollars, and any claim in excess of that is paid from provincial welfare
funds, and is not charged to either the employer or his class.i§32)

When this is pointed out to the prospective employer, the actual selling
of blind labor as a commodity begins.*(33) Contrary to most opinions,
increased division of labor with its high degree of specialization has
broadened the occupational horizon of the blind in industry. This divi-
sion of labor confines a man's activity to one or more processes, many of
which are purely manual. requiring no sight for their performance.( Pro-
tection in industry aside from compensation requirements can no longer
be considered an insurmountable barrier:> The modern factory is so con-
stituted that it will secure the greatest efficiency with least risk.
New safety devices are constantly being introduced to protect the un-
thinking sighted worker. The blind worker is usually more cautious near
machinery than the sighted man.*(34) He is more apt to abide by the
rules of safety listed in the shop than the average worker.

Jobs should never be sought for the blind on the basis of their
handicup. Only those Jobs which can be done equally as well, if not
better, by the blind should be considered,- Jobs of a comparatively
simple and repetitive nature.*(35) ("Be content with those Jobs in which
blindness is no handicap, and at which a blind person possessing prOper
qualifications can produce equally with the average sighted worker and
Without special arrangements.”*(36)§

(32) Fox, Journal of National Institute of Ind. Psy. 1931. No.6

pp. 332-343.
(33) Clunk,J.F. ”Placement as a business" 0.F.B. v. 26. 1932.
pp. 16-19.

(34) MCKay,E.C. Survey of factory employment. A.A.W.B. 1927

pp.53-68.

(35) Dean,T.N. "Restoring the Disabled To Industry“

(36) Baker,s. and Clunk, J. "Employment of blind" World Conference.
New York. 1931. Proceedings. p. 166-182.

 

27.

The good placement man will always consider the point of view of
the employer as well as his client.¢(37) Jobs should never be secured
for blind applicants if they cannot approximate the efficiency of their
fellow-workers. The placement man should reject Jobs, as well as suggest
them, as this policy would gain favor with the potential employer who
would be assured that the welfare of his concern as well as that of the
blind worker is being considered. This will lead to greater satisfact-
ion for both the employer and the employee, as the employee would be
placed only at that type ofvork which he could do efficiently. When
the blind individual is placed, in his Job, it is essential that he be
shown his particular function by the demonstrator accompanying him, for
he will not be able to gain a knowledge of his particular function,
through absorption, and as he will in all probability be the only one
placed, the segregated method of instruction cannot be used.*(36) After
placement, periodical visits should be made to him by the plucement
agent to see that he is an efficient worker. It should never be necess-
ary for the employer to discharge the sightless man.*(39) His efficiency
should be observed by the organization responsible for the placement Which
should remove him immediately, substituting another. As a general rule
this is most satisfactory to the employer, for he feels that a sincere
interest is being taken in his affairs, and that no effort is being made
to make him subsidize handicapped labor through the donation of Jobs.
When the employer is first contacted and actually sold on the principle
that those functions requiring handskill only, can be done effieiently
by peeple without vision, the very fact that one or more needed to be re—

moved, will not shake his faith in the principle.*(40)

(37) Clunk,J. 'Placement...‘ 0.F.B. v.24. No.1, June 1930 pp. 16-19.

(38) Sullivan,O.M. "Problems ...' Rehabil. Review. Oct. 1933. p. 92-109

(39) Nickerson, G. ”Placement Work” 0.F.B. March 1927. pp. 15.17.

(40) Nicherson, 6. “Getting Jobs ..' 0.F.B. Sept. 1930. p. 12-13.
Clunk,J.F."Placement as a bus..."O.F.B. June 1930. pp. 16—19.

28.

1!
RThe principle of blind labor as a commodity is only feasible, when

this commodity is in demand, or can create its own demand. In the maj-
ority of cases, it is necessary to create its own demand which is usually
accomplished by making a survey of various industries to determine which
processes in each industry can be satisfactorily handled by the blind
worker. In the year 1922, the Division of Re-education of the State
Board of Education of Minnesota conducted an exhaustive and detailed
survey of factories in St. Paul, Minneapolis, and Duluth. "The plan
followed, was to hire a blind man who could serve as a demonstrator. For
this purpose Mr. John Stackpole, a graduate of the State School for the
Blind, at Faribault, and an employee at the time for the Victor Broom
Shop in Minneapolis, was engaged. He proved to have an all-around abil-
ity in mechanics, which was very useful in the experiment. The only
possible drawback was the possibility that he did not represent an aver-
age or typical blind person. This was offset, however, by the consider-
ation that at any rate, as far as the blind were concerned, the experi-
ment was being made under favorable conditions. Much preliminary work
had to be done in order to bring the nature of the experiment to the
attention of employers of these three cities, and to emphasize the need
of cooperation on their part. This was accomplished through the press,
the platform, and personal visits. A classified list of industries and
commercial plants was used, and a selected list made. By the process of
elimination, those willing to help in the experiment were listed. The
next step was to make a casual survey of the plant by one acquainted with
industrial organization, in order to note operations that might be adapted
to the try-out by the blind worker, (usually more were listed than could

be used); talking with the plant superintendent, and the various foremen,

and enlisting their good will in carrying out this experiment.*(4l)

(41) Special research into Opportunities for factory employment of the
blind in hinnesota' - Bulletin, Misc. 453. pp. 3.

 

29.

It is very encouraging to note the results of this survey. “It
proved that ninety processes in the factories of the three cities were
feasible for blind persons. Not all of these processes are feasible
to the same degree nor are all of them organized as separate Jobs.
Sometimes the question of whether the particular process will consti-
tute a Job varies with the size of the factory; in other instances, the
practice of the trade determines this.'*(42)

The following summary of this survey made by the Division of Re-
education of Minnesota might well be included here. I'It may be said
that the research was continued far enough to prove that a considerable
number of factory occupations exist which could be performed by blind
persons. lither further study in time of greater industrial activity
or the constant every day efforts of agencies interested in the blind
should reveal more and more of such opportunities. and bring about more

and more placements of blind persons in this field. Along with and

‘~___--"

following any such efforts will undoubtedly need to be a prolonged pub-

licity to acquaint employers with the possibilities to be found in

blind workers, and convince them that it is better economically for the

state to utilize handicapped persons in such a productive manner than

to iscard them, and eventually force them upon grants of public or pri-

vate relief. At the same time that efforts are made to place such a

\__

‘.____

program Of factory employment for the blind before employers. attention

should be given to acquaint the blind so that they may avail themselves

Of these Openings. In most of the processes that have been listed.

school or institutional training would avail very little. The necessary

skill must be attained on the Job. However. there undoubtedly are alter-

ations in the plan of education of the blind, which could be made to pre-

(42) Ibid. Minnesota Bulletin.

 

 

30.
pare them better for factory life and factory workers' -ode Of liveli-
hood. Entry into such varied fields as have been described would tend
to bring the blind more into contact with the normal population, and to
decrease the tendency to make Of them a segregated and peculiar fraction
which exists now partially upon the few occupations open to them.)
CONCESSION STANDS - Let us now consider those individuals who preferring
to meet the public, earn their living by salesmanship. For”his group
the concession stand affords a most desirable form of occupation. There
are three general types of concession stands: "the dry stand", usually
located in hospitals, city halls, and public buildings, which sells
articles of the package variety; "the canteen” is a combination stand
usually located in a factory, and sells both package goods and limited
hot refreshments; “the cafeteria", the final and more complex type,
handles complete line of refreshments and package goods involving a
much larger layout than the other two.

Canada has an interesting method of handling her concession stands,
which differs from the method prevalent in the United States. According
to Clunk their stands are a combination Of the chain store and independ-
ent ownership. They are chain stores, in that all operating rights are
held by the Institute, and any operator can be removed at will; nor can
he sell, lease, or dispose of the concession in any way. Regardless of
his investment in the equipment, he has only Operating rights. The
business is individual, in that the operator is responsible for his pur-
chases and contracted liabilities. He enjoys the full profits,iand is
permitted to continue indefinitely subject to satisfactory service to his
patrons, and management acceptable to the Institute.

In the United States the concession stand may be secured by an

agency. As a general rule, it is given outright to the individual se-

lected to Operate it, or this individual may secure the stand for him-

31.
self. The Operator in the United States is entirely independent of an
organization. He owns the equipment, and the continued Operation of
the stand depends upon the type of service rendered, its profitableness
and the policy of the building management. When the management finds
it necessary to remove the Operator, the concession is generally lost
to any other blind person. The Canadian organization never loses a con-
cession stand. If the individual is not giving the type Of service Or
quality demanded by his patrons, he is removed. and another man takes
his place. This maintains the concession for the blind, and permits
nO Opportunities for blind employment to escape through carelessness
or mismanagement.

In Canada the Operator also receives the benefits of a plan known
as the "Merchants' Association", which enables him to buy from the
Institute, which in turn buys at Jobber prices.‘and distributes mer-
chandise to him for cash. The net profits at the end of a three month
period are divided in prOportion to the purchases of the members. This
dividend is received in addition to their ordinary and regular retail
profits.
gggnn PERSONS_I3 THE PROFESSIOJ§ - Some of the blind prefer profession-
al work, and therefore have pursued higher education.*(43) fThe per-
centage of blind who receive a higher education and take up a profess-
ion is relatively small. According to the data‘obtained from various
countries§iit appears that eight percent of all the blind, capable Of
education and employment, are receiving a higher education. In this
eight per cent are included, also, those who take training in music,
commercial occupations, and massage.{ If you will Omit these last men-
tioned occupations, two per cent would be more correct.fi If this small
percentage is to be placed efficiently in professions, it is essential

(43) Strehl, Karl. "Higher education Of the blind and their chances
in the professions" pp. 3,8,9.

32.
that, ”only the exceptionally talented, physically healthy and determin-
ed blind person, who has a decided preference for mental work should be
encouraged to enter a University. If these requirements are fulfilled,
the blind intellectual worker will probably make a better living than a
blind manual worker; eyesight will be less missed by the blind man in
the intellectual field than by the blind handworker..3(44)

There are a number of positions in public or private Offices, or
in the Open employment market, which could be filled by the really com-
petent blind persons. It is essential to give individual guidance in
order to put the right man in the right place.{/It will never do to
divide the academically trained blind into a few groups and give them
this or that kind of work indiscriminately, but individual guidance
will make the most of vocational potentialities. It is always easier
tO find an Opening for one or two, here or there, than to find work for

whole groups of Job seekers.\
}

(44) Strehl, Karl. ”Higher education of the blind..." pg. 10.

33.
CHAPTER IV
Vocational Rehabilitation Of The Blind In michigan

Public interest was aroused on behalf Of handicapped peOple in
civil life by the passage of a congressional act which provided for
the rehabilitation of disabled soldiers, sailors, and marines follow-
ing the World War. The question arose during this time of the feasi-
bility of extending this program to include that far greater army of
persons disabled in civil life. Statistics revealed that approximate—
ly two million were crippled each year in industry, with a probability
of sixty thousand of this number being so crippled as to be subject to
charity unless some remedial provision was made. The same statistics
reveal that for every non-fatal industrial accident there were two
non-industrial accilents, which did not include an even greater number
disabled by disease and congenital conditions. 1any of this group are
cripples of long standing, Who have been deprived of an education and
vocational experience.

The majority of those who receive an injury which results in a
disability are immediately relegated to that group Of labor considered
as unemployable. This means that employment for them in the future
Will be rare unless economic conditions demand the expanding of the
labor market, or a position is secured on thebasis of charity which
almost invariably means a subsistance wage. If a position is secured
through the facilities of an agency the bargaining power Of the indi-

\

Vidual worker is enlarged, and he is able to procure employment on the
basis Of his economic utility.

The passage of the Federal Civilian Rehabilitation Act, effective
July 1, 1920, provided for the systematic functioning Of a rehabilita—

tion program within each individual state. This act provided for an

‘34.
annual allotment of federal funds on the basis of population to be avail-
able on condition that for each dollar of federal money expended the
state must apprOpriate at least an equal amount. By the passage of Act
No. 211 of the Public Acts of 1921, Michigan accepted the provisions of
the federal act and appropriated the required amount of money.

On April 8, 1930, the ”ichigan State Board for Vocational Education
adopted a plan which was later approved by the federal board, providing
for more intensive rehabilitation service for the disabled peOple of
Wayne County by centralizing the service and reducing the duplication of
effort of the many and varied social agencies. The plan was to continue
for a period of one year, and if at the end of that time it was found to
be satisfactory to all coOperating agencies, it was to be renewed. This
plan of c00peration has continued to date.

The Rehabilitation Department is an agency within the state, support-
ed by both federal and state funds and dedicated to the Job of reclaiming
the human wreckage of our industrial and social society. This reclaima-
tion takes the form of attempting to re—establish in industry those who
have within themselves some economic asset which can be capitalized.
Vocational guidance assists the handicapped individual to determine the
possible future source of his income. The Department provides special
training wherever it is necessary and practicable, from the standpoint
of both the individual, and the local community. If the program of re-
training is not found to fit the individual case, placement without train-
ing is resorted to when a vacancy occurs which the applicant can fill with
efficiency. No position is sought by the Department on the basis of sym-
pathy or charity. Only positions which can be successfully filled by
disabled individuals are sought.

The activities of the Rehabilitation Department have been substan-

tially increased by F.E.R.A. aid, dating from December 15, 1933. In a

35.
period of one year the case load increased approximately 35 per cent;
the number in training increased 33 per cent. The number placed in '
employment in the first nine months of this fiscal year (1934-35) was f‘
38 per cent greater than the number placed during the first nine months
of 1933.

The following chart summarizes 131 cases of blind persons (5% vis-
ion or less) which were handled by the Department Of Rehabilitation of
the State of Michigan in the Department of Public Instruction from the

time of its inception in 1921, until April 1935.

 

CASE STUDIES OF PERSONS WHO CONTACTmD
DEEARTMENT OF REHABILITATION OF MICHIGAN

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.Jé-
Case Sex Age [Locality Number [ Education Cause of Date of Contact Types Of COSt 0f Subsequent Earnings
No. a Depends Blindness With Rehabilitaq Training Training Occupational Before After
‘ ents tion Department Experience 3 Training Training
1 21 Big None High Accident- 5% April 1923 :aIESTanship and 325. E $15' Wk'
Rapids School vision ““1““ m°th°ds
2 V 30 Big 2 5 th Electric flash February College Preparatory $100. .Auto and brass 5 70¢ hr.
Rapids grade from welding 1922 Ferris Institute shOp; farmer
a — r ~«» . i
E M 21 Detroit None 8th é Shot on 5 December :iano tuning 339. piano tuner; ; 33.50 day
grade { hunting trip E 19¢4 typist broom .
H l 7,- 7’ MV— - A .- ”an: [Ha-hi {lg ‘
4 M 18 Rockford None Dynamite 3 January Typewriting $55. Carpenter $15- WK-
explosion ; 1928 '
s: 35 . Grand 2 None Explosion g Jul“ 1933 Finisher in 37% hr ‘
. -, f ’ , o
Rapids § § furniture factory;
i j 3 , i i.“ ‘y
6 M 43 Detroit 5 5 Birth June 1931 ; $112.50 $3500. yr
, g i month
_____ ; 5 ,_n o 7 ,,,_~_lm_,olr-- e .~
7 j , ‘
g 7 M 32 ; Detroit None 8th Spinal . piano tuning $98. Hemmed towels $10. Wk.
3 3 grade Meningitis October Detroit League
E f‘
. i E 19‘9 for Handicapped
.— f ' 1
8 M 45 Menominee l S Cataracts Novgmber ChirOpractor ChirOpractor $1000. annum $100. month
‘ 1'd2 12 years
9 M 31 Manistique 4 March 19¢2 Cigar and confect- Construction work 315. wk.
ionery store
10 M 19 Grand Home High Birth August Massaging $300, .7310. wk.
Rapids School 1931 ‘ Y.M.C.A.
Grand Rapids
1
11 M 31 Concord None 11th . Scarlet fever November Practical $35. Day laborer $20. wk.
grade 1924 Poultry
12 M 28 Detroit None “’32:? Piano tuning $10. Wk-
13 M 18 Detroit; None High February Typing and $18. 315- Wk-
SChOOl 1924 Dictaphone
{
14 M 39 Detroit 6 October Inspector in $42. Wk.
1931 Ford Motor Co.
' ~ ~ Hi h Con enital T October Inspector in $42“ Wk‘
15 M 38 Highland 2 g g 0 Ford Motor 00
Park School 1-31 '
. Broom maker 320. wk.
15 M 43 St. Joseph None “£533" saus'nansmp

 

 

 

 

 

 

CASE STUDIES OF PmRSONS WHO CONTACTmD
DmPARTNfiNT OF RNHABILITATION OF MICHIGnN

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(continued)
r J7.
5 "9 e . -
i 1! h 32 Flint 2 5th April 1923 Imperial Wheel Work 40¢ to 50¢
grade Champion Ignition per hr.
§ Flint Varnish Works
*5 M 40' DetI‘Oit 2 High Injury April 1932 Placement Agent for «$57.69 Wk. 3250. wk.
3 SChOOl State of Mich. and
§ Canadian Government
1 l“ q M g i . Literature, science 382. Placement Agent for $1200. Yr.
T s h 25 ann arbor 5 1 High November and arts at U.ofM. Blind
; g School 1921
§ 20 M 34 Detroit None 7th Injury October Revised Braille 3150. Sales York $24. wk.
3 grade 1928 Insurance Sales
1‘ 2'1 M 23 Saginaw None 5th Injury April 1923 Shoe repairing lfiunition Plant
grade
22 F 39 saginaw None 11th November Switchboard Opera-
grade 1923 tor for 16 yrs. $18. wk. 25¢ hr.
23 M 61 St. Charles None 6th February Farm hand for 45 318. month §l2. wk.
grade 1922 years
24 N 24 Saginaw None 4th Injury September Shoe repairing Piano tuner $24. wk. $40. per
grade 1922 month
$7.; v - one ___~. mar-- ~ 7 — ~ 1..-...
x A
i ' M 37 Detroit None 4th March 1931 1215. wk.
;‘* grade
r
" 6 M 49 Highland None 8th Injury in October Assembler 12 yrs. #42. wk.
Park grade army 1931 Engineer in army
27 F 18 Jackson None 8th Accidentally January Home weaving
shot 1922
A .4.
28 M 23 Jackson 1 8th Sore eyes January Common laborer 4Or hr.
grade at birth 1922
29 M 46 Detroit 2 10th 4“”, August 'Insurance Sales- $50. Insurance Agent $50. Wk. $20. t9
grade 1929 $25. WK-
30 M 19 Detroit None High Injury February' ' Dictaphone Operat- $75. $100 Wk~
School 1929 ing
31 M 17 Detroit None Congenital September Piano tuning $156. Orchestra - tenor $25- Wk-
1926 banjo
32 M 41 Flint } None None April 1923 Sailor for 25 501 hr.
, r i years
7‘ w—_7UH “_H‘m*~"~wnwfli<u 2‘ WA 7 “+"L-M' _ ‘ _ ‘ EX) t1 .
33 M 23 Ionia None 7th Struck in eye March 1922 Plpe fittgllw:?r:t 3g? 3: d r
man an mi 1g q .
grade steel chips 4‘310. wk._‘
34 M 50 Detroit 1 10th Paralysis of June 1931 Chair caning
grade optic nerve

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CASE STUDIES OF FERSONS WHO CONTACTED
DHPARTMENT OF.REHABILITATION OF MICHIGAN

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

continued‘
( ’ .556
35 W 55 Flint 1 April 1923 1* Stone cutter $20. wk. 40d hr.
i 25 years i
. .1. ’7' . 11__ Y
i 36 M 35 Detroit 1 8th ; atrophy 0f January E alesmanship 335. Laborer $34. wk. f $14. wk.
E grade 3 optic nerve 1931 g ‘
g 37 M 26 Flint None 11th 1 May 1923 j Shipping $24. wk. f 40¢ hr.
‘ grade E Clerk i
g ‘ 1
1 38 M 54 Ann Arbor None 5th acid thrown November Typewriter 35? to i $110. month
! grade in eyes 1924 machinist 85¢ hr. j
I 39 u so Detroit 1 8th é June 1933 Foreman; stock 312. to $10. wk.
grade 3 clerk - Herman $25. wk.
e. g Keifer; and Doyle
40 F 20 Grand None High i Birth September Social Service $143. #15. wk.
Rapids School E 1928 Work
1 .
x T
41 M 30 Ann Arbor 2 High % Injury November Braille and $60. U.S. mail carrier 1 $40. wk. $20. to
School ' 1931 Typewriting 10 yr.; distribut-F $25. wk.
: or of candy mach. i
42 F 28 Lansing None High Disease March 1922 Music, pipe-organ $329. ; 365. month
School . analysis; counter- '
point
43 M 23 Sandusky None 8th Hereditary June 1922 Shoe repairing @160. None $18. to
grade Frank T. Perrigo $20. wk.
Saginaw, Mich.
44 M 43 Detroit None 6th Birth October Inspector at Ford 235. wk. 342. Wk.
grade 1931 Motor Co.
45 M 39 Detroit 2 10th Injury October Sales manager for $75. wk. $25. wk.
grade 1931 Toner Commission Co.
46 M 30 Detroit None High Ophthalmia October Clerk for 3 yrs. 112. wk. $12. wk.
School 1931
47 n 29 Detroit None High Birth March 1932 Detroit Twist $23. wk. $20. wk-
School Drill Co.
’ - ' I'” ' t in small $15 to #20. WK.
48 M 24 DetrOlt None 6th Birth January rianls , ‘ 2
grade 1932 orchestra $30. WK.
AL .
49 M 57 Saginaw None Injury October $76. 10
1923 month
so u 52 Saginaw e a High Accident February Shoe repairing a~nd Teacher 0f Trades 37’- day 350' mm“
School 1922 Trades for Blind used by the Blind
51 y 18 Flint 2 8th April 1923 Trucking business 40¢ hr.
grade
52 M 44 Dodgeville 3 None Blasting in November $250. Miner - 19 yrs.
mine 1921
53 F 18 Ionia None High Rifle wound November Teacher's course $123-
School in head 1921

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CnSE STUDIi3 OF PSRSONS 350 CONTACTBD
DmrARTVmNT OF RSHABILITATION OF MICHIGAN
(continued)
_ .37.
54 k . ' w , ‘ h - - -
59 I 8;. None lst Injuiy larch 1922 I Shoe repairing Laborer, Fireman
(3' “a r, f .
an ce grade . in lumber camp,
5.1,-” "we- , -. _ ,,._,- 4" £3.51” '- ("£31.
on F 28 Flint None 2 High Birth March 1922 E Vacal training Box folding 26¢ hr. 210. wk
‘ ; ‘ School 1 Evangelistical plus fees
? i .1 fix li’i'OI‘k '
4 1:1.) :« n c . 17‘ . , n , , ., '5 . O .. ' W "" a
g “‘ Q ; 6C ; illrt none 4th Injury 1 February Braille $90. Carpenter; electric
i fl g grade g 1932 ‘ truck driver
% 3‘ 7 ‘ r" * r 1 Tl ;
' a”? . 1&7 A 1 V x'* . ‘ _ J ' - a
r o? . m L 38 } Bessemer o ‘ 3rd Blasting 5 October Poultry husbandry 1 $35. ; Miner for 16 yr.
[ ~ f grade E 192.. f r‘
5 c. f F 00 ; Saginaw Efiaa g 11th * Congenital 3 October L g Switchboard opera- ‘ 25¢ yard
; , “ 5 1923 i “ tor and weaving Efor weaving
59 ' 27 Detroit None * High Injury October Machine Operator $10. wk. 3 S23. wk.
I SChOOl 1931 1 Sewing machine E
00 9 M 38 DetrOlt None * 11th Congenital October Inspector at Ford i 242' Wk°
4 grade 1931 Motor Co. 3
61 N 18 Detroit None i 7th Atrophy of September i 210. Wk‘
% optic nerve 1930 ‘
62 N 28 Vanistee None ' High Congenital November ; 312' Wk'
3 School 1929 i
63 H 41 Lansing None ‘ High Injury July 1923 Shoe repairing $40. Broom maker - 17 312' Wk'
School years.
64 n 41 Orleans None High Birth September Shoe repairing Piano tuner and 315- Wk.
h SChOOl 1923 broom maker
- 1 ‘
55 I 24 Grawn None 3 High Resulting hay 19o: Shoe repairing $30. Wk.
School from illness
35 K 23 Gladstone None 5th Scratched eyes Narch 1928 Shoe repairing $60. $18- to
V grades 2:5 t‘h Ctrvi “3113.1”qu ' $20. WK.__¢
87 N 49 Detroit 1 3th Cay 1923 Piano tuning $56. Salesman; watchman 3900 $15. to
(pref-1.4.13 . _month———%180 Wk.___‘
0‘ "' 4
58 K 67 leslie 1 High Birth March 1922 . Operation of rivet Salesman; music teacher 5329 hr.
1
School machine
I. -—-
i 69 n 20 Detroit None High Eyeballs November 3 Literature, arts 3184. 32000. yr.
J School frozen 1921 E and science
: i .1
i 70 F 26 Detroit None College July 1922 ‘I Detroit Teacher's Teacher $140.month $200. month
1 College
3
g 41‘ V
' 71 M co Detroit 7 8th Injury September Millman - Morgan _ 435- Wk- ’10- ”k.
I grade 1931 and Wright, DetrOlt
. . , * .65 montr
Shoe repalrln 3139. Broom maker 10 yrs. 3 .
1 72 N 53 Dowagiac 3 11th Injury May 1924 . g
grade j

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CASE STUDIES OF PERSONS
1' 31%;.erij fil‘ET 0}“ 5'1in BILI TATIGI‘} 3'

/ 1v _ '
\ooitinued}

330 CONTACTED
:51

1.110761 IGAN

    

r/o.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

73 H 36 Saginaw 1. 8th Cataract January 1924 Broom work Farmer; employee is. to 26. $20 wk
grade formation Texas 011 Co. day
?i i 41 Chesaning 2 8th Shot through November Shoe repairing $160. Millwright and $1.75 to n15. wk
w _ - I :7 ‘ 0
grade hea 1923 E wood worker $5. day
75 M 21 Flint Nona 4th Varch 1923 i laborer - 7 yrs. 40d hr. 40¢ hr.
s grade
1
. " SP ”3 fi“ ' r7 ' 4‘” 'E! ' —' ~av rho 71] 4“ I 'e ‘l ' .(‘I J
73 p 59 E Langlng a E ilbfl o.ploSion June 192‘ b.80brlc shoe $75. _ COprer reliner, $6. day 322,50 wk.
5 E grade E Lake Shore Smelting
' I; E (low
77 r 45 Essexville None 3 Imiury January Weaving and canine
i 1923 Saginaw
I
a. . a E 2 , a, n ." ' 1 ' '7 ”I e
78 M 51 DetrOit i 2th Gatfildwfi dprle 1993 E Private chauffeur $10, wk.
grade formation Police commissioner
u .. \ m '0 3’ ‘1 {:1 (3 A
’79 m 28 Flint 1 ohm BIND arms *3“ Farmer 403% hr.
3“ade
20 M 19 Detroit None 5th Shot by cap March 1925 Shoe repairing 9140. Sold papers
grade of dynamite
81 m 50 Lansipg 2 High October Establishment of EPrudden Wheel 00. $168. month
School 1925 stand .
82 N a2 DetrOit 3 3th Gun shot nfrll 1531 Die maker $40 to $10. wk.
~ .,'_ :4 -
grade 3’ 50 0 WK 0
g? N 54 Highland None 11th Strain of October Tool maker at Ford 350. wk. $42. wk.
Egrk grade optic nerve 1931 Motor Co. - 8 yrs.
1 2 , m rlmoififl Seoterber Shoe repair business Miner - 15 yrs.
84 1%.", 4P HanCOC‘K 0 cl", .qunu talk. .5 1 ‘
I J \' 77‘89'10 ”LE/21
:55 30 Flint 2 éth January Machinist - 7 yrs. 401 hr.
~ "rade 192v Buick Motor Co.
86 M 49“W“Langing 7 2nd Tgmor July 1933 Cobbling $120. Cobbler, farmer, $3. to $5.
- erode huckster day
no N 38 Detroit ? None 10th Birth January Saxaphone player $20. wk.
‘4 5 A." ,‘ 1 l
’ ”"""”’D p; tr Febr ary Ford Motor Co. 324 to $45. 340. UK.
28 M 32 Detroit None 8th 3;? x as. per wk
rade l r" A t O
‘L
A M _ - l ‘ —-— -- - V
‘f*”" ’ q+ January Carpenter - 12 yrs. 37. day 60¢ hr.
89 M 32 Flint done Ooh 1 ;
grade * "U
4"” .. tr January Rush Seat Weaving $15. Librarian, music 35. to 37.
s ,, .- - ”as. r *ioh . r “
30 F $3 Dlrlnéuum none H+sxj “1 * 1924 teacher, chair caner per seat

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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(continued) ‘%I
v ‘ “"‘1
H 42 Saginaw None Hign Stine thrown October Shoe repairing 3104. Farmer. clerk [
School in eye 1923 Bookkeeper in
n 4e~~r~e oBestgurant - m > _
E 20 Detroit no 10th Birth October Piano tuning $222.12 None $22, per wk.
grade 1931
M 43 Detroit None High Congenital September Inspector at Ford $43- wk.
School condition 1931 Motor 00.
M 25 Flint None Kigh Congenital October Broom maker. rug 350, month
School condition 1931 weaving, chair
caning
fi 21 Flint None 10th April 1933 Sailor — 2 yrs. 50¢ hr.
grade Lathe worker
95 M 20 Detroi t None 5th Injured by June 1923 Dictaphone i1 . to $1 . 50
grade fire shovel; Operator day
bicycle ace.
9. F 34 Detroit None 11th Congenital June 192 Braille music $108. Sales promotion $19. to $45. $20. wk.
grade catere ts Social Service Organist, director week
4.,_ _ 1 - _- 7 of music
n 20 Flint 2 8th March 1923 Grocery business i35. Wk. 50¢ nr.
grade
11--»17 , fl 0 I I t ’- 1
M 50 Detroit 10th Accident March 1932 chair caning maChIHISt 720. WK. $15. Wk.
grode Apple vendor $8. wk.
" ’ ” " " 'a- “..‘. —* ----“__..4___._.....-A, ""7—' fl ‘ . . r 3 A {’1'
M 53 Detroit 5th Glaucoma Yerch 19 2_ Piano tuning Pattern manor :1. to $1.45 45. per
grade per hr. piano
,3
M 47 Uetrgit 10+h October InSpector 13$ yrs $30 to $42 $42. wk.
grade 1931 WBGK
1V1 _ 74,w__lwr_
' ~ 9 Shoe repairing $20. wk.
M 24 Lansing None 10th shotgun July 1923 .
grade acoldent
M 31 Flint 5 3m apri 1 1923 Farm work 9?“ 45¢ hr '
”redo truck driV1ng
q 4. v
m - , on ' ' .; 65 88 month
n 40 Pigeon None 8th Injured eyes e sugust 1923 Shoe repairing 3208. é -
grade points of Perrigo-Saginaw
shears
. - ~ ~2 . n n 55 hr
M 26 Flint 3 9th April 1943 Operator in gas 3200. m0 t ¢ .
* . com an
”rode p y
.. . i -. , 2 wk and
H 29 Vonroe gtn govemoer Chair caning, news $7. wk. 31 .
“‘ ” ' __,, 7C2; paper, street mu51c- up
‘LI’L‘I": ' n
t , dd 1 105 *eer“ry Inspector at Brigg #32. wk. $32. Wk.
‘1; ‘- 1‘ j + r ' I , 1'1 131‘" [123. E?) J- C‘” .
E‘kl. 30 Q8 vrdlt C T 7' i “7‘:\ 14ng Co.; mlner in
grade ~80» Lava .
a @an

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

o: ) trilt ‘o-e Tlgh Dise<ce Januaiy Machinist; relief $42. wk. 314. wk. A
icicoi 19:3 mail carrier week
I‘ [A . 1 fig
._ 4; Detroit 5 3th Atrophy of March 1934 Shipping Dept. 235. wk. $30. wk. .
grade optic nerve Ford Motor Co. 1
b
143 50 Saginaw 3 4th Inflammation December :oncession stand Broom maker 40 yr. $25. month is. wk.“T
grade of eyes 1934 1
111 F 42 Detroit 4 8th Disease Way 1933 Insoector at Ford $33. wk. $30. wk.
grade Motor Co.
112 M 26 Detroit None 9t SnowblindneSs February Dodge Bros.; sales $29. wk. $22 wk
grade 1935 man for Blind Prod. $12. wk.
113‘ 45 Detroit 2 Wish October Electrician, Detroit $35. Wk. 3330. wk.
114 M 21 Detroit 7 10th Cataracts , larch 1934 Newspapers. Laborer $5. wk. 324. wk.
grade Goodwill Industries $8. wk.
115 m *0 Detroit 4 10th Blind a light March 1934 Assembler Fund's $15. to $25. wk.
grade p rception 10 yrs. 335. wk.
116 M 40 Detroit None 5th June 1933 Columbus stamping Co. 318. wk.
grade Studebaker, grinder;
l. -- Hudson Motor Car Co-
117 M 22 Detroit None 9th Ulcers 10% March 1933 Braille, insurance $12.5. Packard i-zoror (:0. $324. wk. €322. wk.
grade in one eye selling, and piano
1. ~ — . tuning _i,_. a~m~mwuw nee
118 M 48 Detroit 3 8th Detachment November Toolmaker $42. Wk to $14. Wk.
grade of retina 1933 348. UK.
119 M 32 Kalamazoo 7th Struck with June 1933 Moulder in D'Arcy $40. Wk.
grade 3 sunflower s. Foundry
1
120 F 19 Lansing None College : Birth May 1931 Voice and Piano $473.32 $190 month
121 M 29 Detroit None 5th May 1922 Piano tuning $12. wk.
grade
4-.----"
122 M 43 Detroit 5 4th Flying Chip N0V9mb°r Commercial work Sweeper in Briggs 330. Wk. 922.50 Wk-
grade 1932 Mfg. Co.
123 M 21 Detroit 2 10th Birth May 1934 Sewing machine Salesman $10. WK. 315- Wk-
grade operator
124 M 43 Detroit 2 9th Glaucoma August 1933 Sewing machine Rigger - Detroit 550. WK. $15. Wk.
grade operator Construction Co.
125 M 36 Detroitl 3 nth Scrofula August 1931 Stock room clerk 227.50 wk. 322.50 Wko
20. Wk.

 

 

 

 

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DEPARTEEET OF RMHABILITATION EHCHIGAN
\
(continued; 44}.
1:) W 53 Lansing I 2 College Congenital April 1934 Organist - 14 yr. $25. monti
: piano tuner
-iifi. .. ‘ T “D i
i<f & 48 Detroit 2 High Birth Ma%ch 1904 Sewing machine Chair caner all. wk. .12. wk.
School ' operator
128 D 18 Detroit None 9th Ophthalmia Seiterber Broom and mop $80 Wk-
“rade 1J3O making
1 (’\r' , NH ‘ K HAN—T- . s ’ , p
Lev D 40 Bay City 2 7th Gunpowaer November Pool room operator $18.15 WK.
grace blaze 1934 Clerk in grocery
1”o r 40 Detroit 2 High Birth March 1934 Sewing machine Chair caner $11. wk. $12. wk.
School Operator
131 M 16 Detroit 11th Anterior polar December Auto trimming $85.45 Washer - Red Arrow $24. wk. #14. wk.
cataracts 1928 Bottling Yorke
n it p - 4

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0"

44.

Before drawing any conclusions it is necessary to insert a pre-
face to the effect that the information secured in this survey of 131
cases, 117 males and 14 females, is very fragmentary, and in many in-
stances necessary uniform data was notavailsble.

Fifty-eight of the one-hundred and thirty-one received special
training from the Rehabilitation Department, which means that training
facilities were provided in each individual case. These facilities for
the most part took the form of institutional training or schooling, and
special tutoring as in the case of shoe repairing, piano tuning, etc.
The total cost of this training is not available, but the cost for 39
of fine 58 is $4,592.32, or an average cost of $117.75. Forty-nine (81
per cent) of those receiving special training followed the occupation
in which they were trained. The total wages received by this group
are not available, but the wages of 39 of them were $427.62, or an av-
erage wage of $18.65 per week. Out of the one-hundred and thirty-one
cases studied, information concerning wages before rehabilitation was
available in only 49 cases, that is, wages before disability or contact
with the Rehabilitation Department as in the case of blindness of long
standing. The wages for this group were $1,797.59, or an average wage
of $30.46 per week. The dearth of data in this instance can be attri-
buted in part to the large number of cases in which no previous wage
was earned due to accident before the industrial age was reached. The
information, however, is more complete after rehabilitation for it in-
cludes 117 cases. The wage received by this group was $1,372.74, or an
average wage of 111.64 per week. The 14 cases not accounted for are
either not earning, or have not reported the wages which they received.

Out of the 131 cases studied, 44 were congenitally blind, 14 blind

45.
due to industrial accidents. and 71 due to mescellaneous causes. Re-
gardless of the cause of blindness, the Rehabilitation Department
attempts to‘adjust the handicapped individual in such a way as to pro-
vide his own support. In drawing up a program for each individual
case, the Department takes into consideration the past experience of
the individual, whether or not he has been blind from birth; his sub-
sequent employment; his hOpes, ambitions, initiative, and desires.

If the applicant has no definite plans regarding his future, the depart-
ment attempts to formulate for him a plan based upon an analysis of his
background. The plan may involve a definite form of training which

might benefit the particular applicant. It might involve an adjustment
without any particular training, such as an inspector and assembler in
the Ford Votor Car Company, or the Buick Motor Company; sewing machine
Operators, cigar and candy stands, etc. The type of training to be
followed depends upon his program for the future, or that of the Rehabil-
itation Department for him. The Rehabilitation Department recognizes no
definite set or form of training. Most important, it adapts the partic-
ular methods to the individual case,- the prime requisite for a success-
ful rehabilitation. In is interesting to note that the majority are
placed without lengthy or particular training, showing that future or
successful employment of the rehabilitant does not necessitate special
training. If the applicant has definite plans for the future, the De-
partment assists him toward their completion as far as they are econom-
ically sound. The individual who has been deprived of his sight from
birth receives no different treatment from the Department than the indi-
vidualwho became industrially blinded. The past eXperience of both, their
initiative and personality are equally weighed and measured. A man

blinded in industry may be more easily replaced in that form of employ-

46.
ment due to conceptions previously established, but it does not pre-
clude the industrial placement of a man congenitally blinded, for he
may reveal latent mechanical or industrial abilities which would make
for a successful industrial employment.

The data covering those who have not contacted the Rehabilitation
Department is not available. It is logical to assume that the wages
received by those who have contacted the Department and availed them-
selves of its services are higher. This is due to the training facil-
ities offered, and the ability of the Department to place individuals
in positions which they could not have secured through heir own bar-
gaining power.

As far as the figures are available, it would appear in the long
run, that training after disability would be more remunerative to the
individual, than placement without training. However, it must be men-
tioned in this connection that no follow-up work is carried on in this
Department which precludes the assurance of permanent placement either
with or without training. In the case of training, which leads to the
establishment of an individual enterprise, the chances are that the
element of permanency would be stronger.

The data at hand indicates that there is a tendency for the wage
to be higher before disability and subsequent rehabilitation than after
disability. This is true. of course, only in the cases where the indi-
vidual met with an accident in industrial life. In Judging this con-
clusion, it must be taken into consideration that if the rehabilitant
had not received the services of the Department, his income would no
doubt have been negligible.

Obviously the Rehabilitation Department is limited in the amount

of work it can do. It can logically handle only those who can be placed

47.

in some form of remunerative employment. Those who have been injured
to such an extent that future employment is unthinkable cannot be
among its applicants. Then, too, the amount of appropriation which
this Department receives naturally limits its activities. This means
that in many cases it is not able to provide adequate services. ELack
of finances prohibits the pursuance of a comprehensive follow-upipro-
gram, thus tending to weaken the work they have already accomplished by
not being able to safeguard the permanency of their placements. Without
this follow-up procedure, each applicant is considered as a new case, re-
gardless of whether or not he received service at some previous date. g

The work of the Department of Rehabilitation cannot be extolled too
frequently or with too much fervor. It is seriously limited by inade-
quate funds it is true, but this branch of the state is quite young and
the future bids fair to be a fruitful one for those in the twilight zone
of employability. Unemployment breeds restlessness, discontent, and dis-
satisfaction, especially if the unemployment is caused by a handicap re-
ceived while pursuing the daily economic activities of life. Insecurity
gives birth to despair and a perverted outlook on life; a feeling that
society is the cause of the trouble and therefore should be made to pay.
The Department, to some extent, meets this social and economic emergency,
and at a relatively low cost per unit. Its various facilities enable it
to place the handicapped individual in some form of employment hich not
only provides for his economic necesSities, but restores to this person
the feeling of security and self respect. It is a state department, and
when this fact is made known to the employer, he c00perates more heartily
and with greater results.

Aside from the element of influence which the Department wields un-

consciously, the successful results can also be attributed to the work-

ers within the Department itself. These individuals feel that

48.
their work is vital. They are intensely interested in each individual
case in a personal way that inspires confidence in the applicant - a
very necessary element in a rehabilitation program. The past work of
this Department is commendable, but it is the opinion of the writer
that the future will see far greater activity along this line. This
will be accomplished by more adequate financial support from govenn-
mental sources, and by a greater degree of cooperation among the diff-
erent groups interested in those who are disabled; as instanced in
the past few months by a survey of the entire blind population of
Michigan made through the combined efforts of several of the state de-
partments. It is to be hOped that this type of c00peration will be
continued, resulting in more and efficient economic adjustment of the

blind in the future.

49.

CHAPTER V
Conclusions

So long as approximately one per cent of the total population is
devoid of sight, their economic adjustment is extremely pertinent, at
least to those suffering from this handicap. It is possible to dimin-
ish the number of blind through prevention. This may take the form of
medical care at birth, and proper medical attention through life. The
recent study carried on in the State of Michigan shows that blindness
due to disease and congenital conditions is gradually decreasing.

This means that the number needing such facilities as the schools for
the blind will tend to be less in the future if such preventive work
is developed.

If in the future, society is fortunate enough to have only about
one-fourth as many blind as we have today, the problem of adjusting
that fourth would still exist. The study carried on in Michigan fur-
ther indicates that the number losing its sight through industrial
accidents is increasing, which makes it more essentia1 that an intell-
igent working plan should be inaugurated to take care ofuhose needing
the service.

The public should be intelligently informed concerning the blind
in order tolreak down the detrimental misconceptions which have been
built up around them. This could be accomplished by means of printed
material, lectures, and exhibitions. By education of the public, the
way is made easier for the adjustment of the blind into an economic,

or partial economic freedom. The attitude of the public would thus

be changed, making possible the enactment of essential remedial leg-
islation where and when necessary. An equitable pension law should

be passed, which would provide for a subsistence income for those who

are too old to enter a workshOp or compete in industry and commerce.

50.
This pension should be flexible in nature to permit its adjustment to
the individual case. For those who would rather not accept a pension
and are able to assist in their maintenance, workshOps should be pro-
vided, either of the factory or boarding house type. These factories
or workshops should be run as economically as possible which can be
accomplished in part by the government providing a market for their
products. Penal or eleemosynary institutions should not be permitted
to compete with these workshops, but each worksh0p should be required
to make the product which it can produce with the greatest degree of
efficiency. By purchasing the products of these workshops the govern-
ment could reduce its apprOpriations, as it would mean that they would
be practically self-supporting, thus requiring less pecuniary aid.

The greatest problem lies in the placement of those injured who
are not eligible for a pension and do not desire to enter the work-
shops, but would rather face competition in the markets of the world.
As the Michigan study has shown, the number of industrial injuries is
on the increase, which means that greater stress must be placed upon
some form of placement agency or agencies, such as the Rehabilitation
Department, to take care of this group. This also means that in the
future less and less emphasis will be placed upon vocational guidance
and training within the walls of the schools for the blihd, and more
and more emphasis placed upon vocational guidance and retraining
through the facilities available within the state for placement.‘
Therefore, it is essential that adequate machinery be set up to<30pe
with the problem which now exists and which will exist to a greater
extent in the future.

It would be useless to become categorical, precise or dogmatic

about the positions which can be filled by the blind. Each blind man

51.
and woman is an individual, and as such possesses latent possibilities
which, under the prOper guidance, can be capitalized and made to earn
for the individual. The form this employment might take is almost as
varied as the employments followed by those who possess their eight.
There are definite limitations it is true, but within these limitations
the individual qualities determine the occupation. All cannot be

broom makers and all cannot be college professors, but each possesses

some asset which can be capitalized.

 

(1)
(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)
(7)

(8)

(9)

52.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Documents
Baker, E.A. "Canadian Pension Law". 1930. Toronto, Canada.
MacKenzie, Clutha N., “Memorandum 0n Pensions For the Blind Of
New Zealand" (Minutes and Proceedings Of the House
Of Commons: February 21, 1935, Canada).
Massachusetts. Special Commission On the Blind. Final Report
or the Special Commission on the Blind to investigate
relative to the employment, training, and placement
of the blind. Boston, wright and Potter printing
company, legislative printers, 1925. 55p.

Special Research Into Opportunities For Factory Employment or
The Blind In Minnesota. Bulletin Misc. 483. p.3.

Books

Best, Harry "Blindness And the Blind In the United States"
(New York: Macmillan Company, 1934)

Dean, T.N. "Restoring the Disabled To Industry"

Leavitt, M.A. “Handicapped Wage Earners“ (New York: Jewish
Social Service Association, Inc. 1928) Chpt. 5.

Strehl, Karl "Higher Education or the Blind And Their Chances
In the Professions" p.3,8,9.

Sullivan, Oscar y, and Snortum, Kenneth 0. 'Disabled Persons
Their Education and Rehabilitation" Chpt. 1.

Magazines and Periodicals

(10) American Association Of Instructors For the Blind (A.A.I.B.) -

Abel, Georgia Lee. "Present day vocational opportunities
and how to train for them." A.A.I.B. 1934. p. 152-154.

Birchard, F.W. "Vocational guidance in schools for the
blind". A.A.I.B. 1924. 158-162.

Hayes, Charles B. ”Vocational training of the blind girl"
A.A.I.B. 1924. 162 -166.

Joice, B.S. Vocational direction. A.A.I.B. 1926. p. 242-247
Meyer, George F. ”The responsibility of the school for

vocational guidance and placement. A.A.I.B. 1930.
p. 505-511.

53.

mulligan, R.J. “Training in habits of industry". A.A.I.B.
1925. p. 252-254.

(11) American Association or Workers For the Blind (A.A.W.B.)..

Allen, M.B. "Placement in a rural community". A.A.W.B. 1933.
p.38-42.

Berinstein, Benjamin. Vocational guidance for the blind.
A.A.W.B. 1933. p. 18-27.

Campbell, C.F.F. "Work among the seeing". A.A.W.B. 1907.
p. 101-104.

Clunk, J.F. ”Selling blind labor over half a continent dur-
ing the world's worst depressiOn. A.A.W.B. 1933.
p. 185-192.

Foster, Terry C. "New Developments in vocational guidance
with special emphasis on diagnosis. A.A.W.B. 1933.
p. 13-17.

Griffith, R.A. "The specialized agency in a community pro-
gram." A.A.W.B. 1929. p. 105-110.

Holmes, C.W. "Employment bureau” A.A.W.B. 1907. p. 105-108.

Keeper. J.T. "Placing the young graduate in society and
industry'I A.A.W.B. 1929. p. 120-129.

Immeln, H.M. "Helping the blind adult to select an occupa-
tion. AQA.W.B. 1927. D. 58.63.

McKay, E.C. "Survey of Factory Employment" A.A.W.B. 1927.
g. 63-68.

(12) Atlantic Honthly..
Adams, Chas. Magee "The world and the blind man". Nov. '24.
(13) Beacon
New sources ofwork for the blind; exploration by appoint-
ments board of the National Institute. August
1928. p. 1-4.

(14) Journal Of Rational Institute Of Ind. Psychology..

Fox, 0.3. "Industrial psychology applied to the blind. 1931.
No. 6. p. 332-343.

(15) Outlook For the Blind..

Berinstein, Benjamin. "Vocational guidance for the blind".
v. 27. Feb. 1933. p. 23-25, 31.

54.

Birchard, Florence W. ”Present difficulties in placing
blind people." v.22, No.4, March 1929. p. 36—38.

Broun, C.L. "Procedure in placement work”. v. 26, 1932.
p. 156-150.

Campbell, E.K. ”A vocational guidance course for the blind"
June 1927. p. 29-31.

Clunk, J.F. "Placement work as a business". v. 24. No.1,
June 1930. p. 16-19.

Dresdjen, W.F. "First hand views on placement for the blind"
v. 16, 1922. p. 101-105.

”Getting a Job for the blind“. v.17, 1932. No.2. p. 22-24.

Nickerson, G. ”Getting Jobs for blind peOple.” v. 24, No.2,
September 1930. p. 12-13.

............. , "Placement work". V. 20, NO.4, MRrCh 1927.
p. 16-17.

Wessborg, Eric. "Twenty-one placements in a depression
year” v.26, 1932. p. 39-41, 48.

(16) Rehabilitation Review:

Bickhan, M.H. ”Placement centers for the handicapped workers“
v. 5, No. 10. October 1931. p. 246-254.

Irwin, R.B. "What increased rehabilitation funds might do
for the blind". v.6, No.3, march 1932. p.66-68.

Sullivan, Oscar M. "Problems in placement of the handi-
capped" v.7, No.0. October 1933. p. 308-314.

BULLETINS AND MISCELLANEOUS

(17) Baker, E.A. and Clunk, J.F. Employment of the blind in work for
which sight was formerly considered essential. World con-
ference on work for theblind, New York. 1931. Proceedings,
p. 166-182.

(18) La Dame, M. Securing employment for the handicapped; a study of
placement agencies for this group in New York City. New
York, Welfare council of New York City, 1927. 133 p.

(19) McKay, Evelyn C. Vocational guidance of the blind; address given
at meeting of Minnesota Council of Agencies for the Blind.
June, 23, 1926.

55.

(20) McKay, Evelyn C. Vocational guidance for the blind; radio speech.
June 4, 1931. 6 p. (typewritten)

(21) National Institute for the Blind. Employment of the blind; em-
ployment of blind persons in ordinary factories and work-
shops; sub-contracting as a means of finding new occupa-
tions. 1930. (Bulletin, No. 1.)

(22) Nickerson, G. Placement work. 1930. 4 p. (typewritten paper)

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