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This is to certify that the

/ - thesis entitled

INVESTIGATIONS CONCERNING THE
EFFECTS OF CCRTISONE IN THE DOMESTIC m

presented by
J mEPH JOHN KUDZIA
19 52
has been accepted towards fulfillment

of the requirements for

M.S. degree in Poultrz Husbandry

32%

Major professor

 

Date August 6L 1952

I .L‘.

 

 

L. I?! u. \

     

'o-v

INVESTIGATIONS CONCERNING THE EFFECTS
OF CORTIBONE IN THE DOMESTIC FOWL

by
JOSEPH JOHN mzn

A THESIS
submitted to the College of Graduate Studies of Michigan
State College of Agriculture and Applied Science
in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the degree or ‘

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department 0: Poultry Husbandry
1952

Tt‘it’iffila

 

/<J ' M.1v"“::." L(?)

CONTENTS
PAGE
Introduction 1
Literature Review
Material and Methods 12
Results and Discussion 17
Body Weights 17
Feather Growth 18
Egg Production 21
Egg Weights 22
Fertility I 23
Hatchability 23
Ohio]: Weights 2‘»
Summary and Conclusions 25

Bibliography 29

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fi_"“" _"".."&}s.*\k)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author wishes to express his sincere thanks to
Dr. Lloyd R, Champion of the Department of Poultry Hus-
bandry under whose inspiration, constant supervision and
unfailing interest this investigation was conducted and
for his assistance in the preparation of this manuscript.

Grateful acknowledgment is also due to Professor
Carl G. Card of the Department of Poultry Husbandry for
his continual encouragement, unfailing cOOperation and
for making available the facilities of the Department of
Poultry Husbandry.

The author also wishes to thank Dr. William D. Baton,
Professor Of Mathematics for his assistance and kind guid-
ance in the analysis of these data.

The cOOperation and helpful suggestions given by Dr.

Albert c. Groschkel

of the Department of Poultry Husb-
andry are deeply appreciated.

The writer is deeply grateful to Merck and Company
for providing the cortisone acetate used in the investi-

gation.

1Now with the Borden Co., New York, New York.

INTRODUCTIOfl

The compound adrenal glands of mammals have been
studied extensively since the discovery that the syn-
drome today known as Addison's disease involved these
specific endocrine organs. Subsequent investigations
have substantiated this pioneer study and further de-
monstrated that the adrenal cortical principles elabo-
rated by the outer shell of the adrenals, the cortex,
were concerned in the manifestation of this disease.
these essential adrenal cortical principles are illus-
trated by desoxycorticosterone, a cortical compound
which exerts its action predominantly upon water and
salt metabolism, and corticosterone which exerts a
strong effect upon carbohydrate metabolism. An influ-
ence upon growth has been demonstrated for desoxycorti-
costerone by Hartman and thorn (1930)-

Brcwn-Séquard (1856) was the first to demonstrate
the rapidly fatal outcome resulting from extirpation of
the adrenals. that the cortex of the adrenal is essen—
tial to life was demonstrated when dwingle and Pfiffner
(1930a, 1930b, 1933) prepared an extract from the adrenal
cortex and found that this extract was capable of

maintaining life in adrenalectomized cats. studies by
Uintersteiner and Pfiffner (1936), Reichstein (1936) and
Kendall (1936) revealed that several hormonal compounds
were present in cortical extracts. Intensive investi-
gations by these researchers and others resulted in the
isolation of 28 separate compounds from the adrenal cor-
tex of which cortisone is generally considered as being
the most active and critical compound of the group.

The isolation of cortisone, principal hormone of
the adrenal cortex, by Edward G. Kendall (1938) has pro-
duced highly significant advances in medical science.
The structural formula for cortisone is given in Figure l.

A large number of clinical experiments have been con—
ducted with cortisone on human patients for the treatment
of various diseases. Most of the emphasis in the inves-
tigations has been directed toward the therapeutic value
of cortisone but little, if any, research'work has been
done to determine the effects of cortisone on healthy
normal animals. Research work with normal animals re-
ceiving cortisone indicated the possibility of delete-
rious effects occurring. This is the first attempt known
to investigate the effects of cortisone with normal

chickens. Further information is herewith presented
for an additional understanding of the problem.

The Pituitary - Adrenal Relationship

The present concept is the adrenocorticotrOpic hor-
mone designated hereinafter as ACTH stimulates the adre-
nal cortex to secrete cortisone and other cortical ster-
oid hormones. This hormone is elaborated by the ante-
rior pituitary and reaches the adrenals via the systemic
blood circulation. It is believed that ACTH has the
specific function of regulating the activity of the
adrenal cortex.

The function of the anterior pituitary is presum-
ably controlled to some degree by the hypothalamms'which,
in turn, can be influenced by the higher brain centers.
The adrenal medulla which, in response to stress, re-
leases epinephrine is another regulator mechanism. Epi-
nephrine, reaching the anterior pituitary via the cir- .
culatory system, stimulates the anterior pituitary to pro-
duce ACTH. It is known that an increased titer of cir-
culating adrenal cortical steroids has an inhibitory ef-
fect on ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary.

Since cortisone suppresses the activity of the an-
terior lobe of the pituitary, it is evident that a balance
exists between the pituitary, the adrenal cortex and the
adrenal medulla which is maintained by the respective hor-
mones of these glands.

Effect on the Pituitary - Adrenal Mechanism
Produced by the Administration Of Cortisone
or ACTH

Under normal conditions, the sensitive regulatory
mechanisms that have been described Operate within a re-
latively narrow range. These delicate mechanisms are tem-
porarily thrown out of balance if exogenous cortisone or
ACTH is administered.

The systemic administration of cortisone causes a
depression of anterior pituitary production of ACTH and
depresses adrenal cortical secretion. Prolonged admin-
istration of cortisone in large doses has been shown to
cause atr0phy of the adrenal cortex.

Exogenously administered ACTH depresses endogenous
pituitary secretion of ACTH and stimulates the secretion
of adrenocortical hormones. It has been shown that when

under the influence of larger than normal amounts of ACTH,

hypertrophy results. A transient period of relative
adrenal cortical insufficiency occurs when the adminis-
tration of sxOgenous ACTH is discontinued.

Auto-regulation Of ACTH secretion by the normal var-
iations of titer of circulating adrenal cortical ster-
oids is by administration of exogenous cortisone or ACTH.

Principal Effects of Cortisone

Cortisone is a potent hormone capable of affecting
many body functions and many tissues. It has produced
profoundly beneficial and often dramatic effects in the
treatment of various diseases.

The predominant physiologic prOperties of cortisone
are its strong effect on the metabolism of carbohydrates
and proteins, and its rather mild influence on the mo-
tabolism of water and electrolytes. Gluconeogensis is in-
creased partly at the expense of protein. Since alter-
ations of the metabolism of two of the chief sources of
energy, proteins and carbohydrates, are almost certain
to modify that of the third source of energy, the fate,
it is not surprising to find fat metabolism altered.

The absorption and storage of fat may be increased.

There is also a tendency to produce a negative ni-

trogen balance either as a result of increased protein

catabolism, decreased protein anabolism, or possibly
both. The excretion of potassium, phosphate, calcium,
and chloride may likewise be increased.

A highly desirable biochemical effect is produced
frequently with increases in hemoglobin values and eryth-
rocyte counts and a return toward the normal ratio of
serum proteins. Increases of as many as 1,000,000 red
cells per ml. of blood have been observed in anemic pa-
tients during clinical trials for two weeks or longer.

The favorable nutritional effect with increased ap-
petite, strength and weight gains has been reported fre-
quently.

Another important effect is the increase of resist-
ance of the organism to certain forms of stress such as:
exposure to cold, starvation, and physical exertions.

Undesirable effects such as the retention of so-
dium and water may deve10p when using cortisone. These
’undesirable effects are to be respected but not feared
as the undesirable effects are reversible and may be
minimized or eliminated by reduction or discontinuance

of cortisone administration.

LITERATURE REVIEW

It has been reported that the route of adminis-
tration of cortisone has an influence on the effects
produced by this hormone. Mushett, Porter and Bilber
(1951) found that when dogs were administered 10 mg/kg.
of cortisone subcutaneously over a three week period of
time, polyuria and polydipsia resulted. Each animal
also develOped a slight anemia. AutOpsies revealed an
enlargement of the livers and atrophy of the thymus,
lymph nodes and adrenal glands. However, when the dogs
were given daily oral doses of 10 mg/kg. of cortisone
these conditions were not observed.

Molomut, Spain and Haber (1950) demonstrated that
the spleen size of mice was significantly decreased at
the end of two days upon the injection of 1 mg. of cor-
tisone intraperitoneally twice a day. Continued treat-
ment beyond the second day did not further decrease the
size of the spleen, indicating that this effect of cor-
tisone is rapid and maximal.

Spain, Molomut-and Haber (1950) experimenting with

mice, suggested that the effect of cortisone on the heal-

ing of wounds was in many respects similar to that seen

in vitamin C depletion.

An increase in the susceptibility of mice receiving
cortisone to experimental tuberculosis was reported by
Bart and Rees (1950). A high mortality prevailed dur-
ing the stable period of this chronic pulmonary infec-
tion and the lungs contained large numbers of tubercle
bacilli.

w. w. Smith, F. Smith and Thompson (1950) found
that the survival time of normal mice which had been
irradiated was not increased by treatment with corti-
sone and that the mortality rate was not reduced.

Further research work with pregnant mice conducted
by Glaubach, Antopol and Graff (1951) substantiated the
growth inhibition effects of cortisone on develOping em-
bryos. Mammary glands of the pregnant mice were greatly
affected 2h to 1&8 hours after cortisone injections.
white masses were seen through the skin in the mammary
region. These white masses became most extensive within
two days nearly encircling the mouse and extended from
the skull region to beyond the pubic region. Histological
studies of this tissue showed that the mass was breast
tissue with the distended glands being filled with milk.

An experiment to determine the effect of cortisone
on protein metabolism in the rat was conducted by Clark

(1950). He found that cortisone markedly increased uri—
nary nitrogen excretion and that a decrease in protein
synthesis Occured in rats receiving cortisone.

Daily doses of #0 or 50 mg/kg. of cortisone admin-
istered subcutaneously to young rats by Follis (1951)
resulted in a plateauing of the growth curve after an
initial gain for one or two days. Greater amounts of
cortisone led to a prompt plateauing of the growth curve
followed by a gradual loss of weight. A dense zone com—
posed of meddle-shaped bodies of calcified cartilage-
nous matrix encased in bone was found in the growing
ends of the bones. This area of increased density was
attributed to disturbances in normal bone resorption
activity.

The retardation of wound healing by cortisone has
been observed by Howes, Plotz, Blunt and Hogan (1950)
with rabbits and rats. Cortisone prevented or delayed
the formation of granulations and retards epitheliza-
tion. It was hypothesized that cortisone retards gran-
ulation of wounds either by changing vessel permeabil-
ity, interfering with some enzyme system or by having a
direct effect on the sprouting of blood vessels and the
proliferation and differentiation of fibroblasts.

10

In a study of the effects Of cortisone on rabbit
gestation, Courrier and Collonge (1951) reported that
cortisone has a deleterious effect on the gestation
period. Daily injections Of 25 mg. of cortisone given
four to seven days between the tenth and twenty—third
days of gestation resulted in abortions in several ani-
mals and hemorrhages in other animals. Injections given
between the tenth and fourteenth days of pregnancy re-
sulted in living fetuses being reduced in size from 2h
to 20 mm., the placentas were pale and evidence of re-
absorbed fetuses were Observed. All fetuses were found
to be macerated and 15 to 38 mm. in size instead of the
normal 54 mm. size when injections were given between
the fifteenth and the twenty-first day of pregnancy.

Witschi and Chang (1950) found that the dosage of
cortisone required to produce sex reversal was high in
comparison with the other steroids tested in larval
frOgs.

Landauer (1947) injected an adrenal cortex extract
into the yolk sac of early developing chick embryos and
observed growth retardation. Karnofsky, Patterson and
Ridgway (1949) and Karnofsky, Ridgway and Patterson (1951)

found that cortisone acetate produced the characteristic

ll

growth—inhibition upon injection into the yolk sac of
four day Old 8. C. White Leghorn embryos. Greatest
cortisone activity was found when the injection of cor-
tisone was given via the chorioallantoic membrane route.
Karnofsky, Ridgway and Patterson (1951) observed a se-
lective inhibition of feather follicle formation in de-
ve10ping chick embryos when the eggs were injected with
cortisone. These researchers suggested that the effect
on feather formation may be due to a local action of
cortisone on a highly sensitive tissue, the dermal pa-
pillae, and that cortisone may possibly function in
altering embryonic metabolism.

12

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Three experiments designated herein as Experiment
I, II and III were conducted to determine the effects
of subcutaneous injections of various dosage levels of
cortisone acetate1 on yearling male and female chickens.
The New Hampshire males and females used in this study
were supplied by the Department of Poultry Husbandry.
During the experimental period the females were housed
in individual cages in laying batteries equipped with
raised wire bottoms. The males were housed in special
male cages in the same building. Both the experimental
and control birds received the basal ration ad libitum
as shown in Table l, and fresh water was constantly
available. All females were inseminated at weekly inter-
vals, the method being essentially that described by
Burrows and Quinn (1937).

Prior to the start of the experimental period, all
individuals were observed daily for a five-week interval
to obtain a Inormal picture' on body weights, egg pro-
duction, egg size, fertility and hatchability.

Experiments were initiated on November 12, 1951 and
continued through May 1, 1952. Data were continually

1Provided through the courtesy of Merck & Co., Inc.
Rahway, N. J.

13

collected during the entire experimental period to de-
termine the effects of cortisone on adult body weights,
growth, egg production, egg size, feather develOpment,
fertility and hatchability. Individual body weights to
the nearest ten gram unit were obtained for all birds
three times a week. The weighing procedure was per—
formed at a set time each day. All eggs were numbered
with the hen number and weighed to the nearest gram
each day. The eggs were collected and held at a de-
sirable holding temperature for seven days prior to in—
cubation. Settingsof eggs were made each week in a
forced-draft incubator operated according to the manufac—
turer‘s instructions. At the conclusion of each hatch,
all incubated eggs which did not hatch were broken and
examined in an attempt to determine the approximate time
of embryo mortality and any abnormalities which the em.
bryos may have exhibited were recorded. All chicks were
wing banded and weighed to the nearest gram at hatching
time and individual chick weights at two weeks of age
were taken. The chicks were fed the station starting
ration as shown in Table 2. Weekly measurements and ob-
servations were made on all feathers removed (pectoral,
cushion, primary) from the date of removal until the

feathers reached full develOpment. The volume of semen

14

was measured after collection and inseminations were
made immediately. Any modifications of these proce-
dures are indicated in the apprOpriate experiment.

In Experiment 1, three males comprised the exper—
imental group and three males made up the control group.
The males in the experimental group were injected sub-
cutaneously with l mg/lb. of cortisone acetate for four
consecutive days, followed by a lag period of three
days and then injections were resumed for four udition-
01 consecutive days. To eliminate the possibility of
any effects which could be attributed to the carrier of
the cortisone, the control males were administered a
.1! saline solution in proportions based on 1 mg/lb. of
body weight. Primaries I and II were removed from the
wings of the males three days prior to the start of in-
jections to determine the effects of cortisone on feather
growth.

In Experiment II, twenty-four selected females and
six selected males were divided into two groups, an
experimental and a control group. The experimental and
control groups were further subdivided into three lots
each, with each lot consisting of one male and four fe-

males. The experimental and control groups were com-

15

parable with respect to body weight and egg production.
In this experiment only the females received the sub-
cutaneous injections of cortisone at the l mg/lb. level
for four consecutive days followed by a lag period of
three days, and then injections were resumed for four
additional consecutive days. The standard saline solu-
tion was administered to the control females based on
body weights. The anterior pectoral tract feathers were
removed from the females when the injections were started
and weekly observations on feather growth were made until
feathers reached full develOpment.

In Experiment III, the twelve hens comprising each
of the two groups in Experiment II were reduced to six
birds per group. The females were selected for uniformity
of body'weight, egg production and egg size. The experi-
mental females received 3 mg/lb. of cortisone acetate
injected subcutaneously on four consecutive days. .A
three day lag period followed the initial injections and
then injections‘were resumed for four additional consecu-
tive days. The standard saline solution in prOpertions
based on 3 mg/lb. of body weight was administered to the
control females during the injection period of the exper-

imental females. Primaries I and II were removed from

16

each wing of every female and an area of four square
inches of cushion feathers were removed about one inch
from the urOpygial gland.

The data were analyzed by means of analysis of
variance and covariance according to the procedure of
Fisher (192s) as presented by Bnedeccr (1914-6). Covar-
iance was used to correct the final body weights by
adjusting for differences between individual birds in
initial weights. Further, all data were analyzed for
the pro-injection, injection and post-injection periods.

17

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
BODY WEIGHT

There were no significant differences in initial
body weights Of individual birds (Experiments I, II
and III) three days prior to the injection period, four
days after the last injection and twenty-eight days
after the last injection, as analyzed by analysis of
variance (Tables 3 and ll). However, an analysis by co-
variance showed that the loss of body weight by the
males receiving cortisone in Experiment I during th in—
jection period was highly significant (P<(0.01). Also,
a highly significant difference (P (0.01) was found for
the gain in body weight by the females receiving cor-
tisone in Experiment III for the period during and
after injections as shown in Figure 2.

As shown in Table 5, the experimental males lost
an average of 2h0 grams in body weight during the injec-
tion period while the control males lost an average of
10 grams per male. Further analysis of the data re-
vealed that the weight loss was statistically signifi-
cant for the injection period only». The loss in weight
was not significant twenty-eight days after the last in-

jection of cortisone. The male experimental birds be-

18

gan to recover their body weight moderately when in-
jections were discontinued but their original body
weight was never attained. It is postulated that the
highly significant loss in weight resulted from.pro-
tein catabolism, alterations of carbohydrate metabolism,
or both.

The average weight loss of 90 grams for the ex-
perimental females in Experiment II during the injec-
tion period was not statistically significant. The
corresponding average loss for the control females was
50 grams per female, however, the control females re-
covered their original body weight twenty-eight days
after the last injection of saline solution. The ex-
perimental females made an average gain of ten grams
per female over and above their original weight but this
gain was not significant. Egg production of the experi-
mental females was reduced during and post-injection
but the reduction in egg numbers was not significant.

In Experiment III, the females receiving 3 mg/lb.
of cortisone acetate lost an average of 20 grams in body
weight during the injection period. This loss was not
significant. Four weeks after injections ceased, the

experimental females had gained an average of 100 grams

19

in body'weight. This gain in body‘weight over and
above the initial body weight was highly significant,
(P < 0.01, Table k). The average body weight lost by
the control females during the same period of time was
70 grams and final body weights approximated original
body‘weights. Among the six females receiving corti-
sone only one female continued egg production. It is
suggested that the gain in body weight by the experi-
mental females over and above their initial body weight
'was due to the cessation of egg production and conse-

quently an increased deposition of body fat.

FEATHER.GROWTH

An analysis of the data on primary feather growth
of the males in Experiment I, which received cortisone
at the 1 mg/lb. level, revealed that a highly signifi-
cant retsrdaticn in primary growth occurred, (P< 0.01,
Table 6). This retardation was observed only during the
first week after the initiation of subcutaneous injec-
tions, the differences in primary growth.rate being non-
significant thereafter. Differences in primary feather
growth rate between the control females and the experi-

20

mental females that received cortisone at the increased
dosage rate (3 mg/lb., Experiment III) was not found,
however. Likewise, no significant differences in pec-
toral feather growth were Observed (Table 8). An an-
alysis of the data on the growth rate of the more sen-
sitive cushion feathers showed that cortisone administered
at the 3 mg/lb. level inhibited feather develOpment to
a highly significant degree (P<0.01) for the first three
weeks after injections started. Cushion feather growth
was inhibited to a significant degree (P: 0.05) during
the fourth week of develOpment, whereas differences in
feather growth for the fifth and sixth week were non-
significant. These results may be seen in Table 9.

The observations of Karnofsky, Patterson and Ridg-
way (1949) and Karnofsky, Ridgway and Patterson (1951):
in chick embryos, that cortisone retarded feather for-
mation is hereby confirmed and extended to mature chick-
ens. It is suggested that tissues vary greatly in their
susceptibility to the action of cortisone, the physio-
logical mode of action being complicated. The effects
observed may be the product of a chain Of events in

which metabolism is shifted.

 

 

H

21

EGG PRODUCTIOR

Reduced egg production was observed (Table 17) for
the experimental females receiving cortisone at the 1
Ila/lb. level in Experiment II but this reduction in egg
numbers was not significant. The increased dosage of 3
mg/lb. cf cortisone (Experiment III) for the experimental
females resulted in a highly significant difference (P{
0.01) for reduced egg production during the injection
period. An analysis of the data (Table 15) on egg pro-
duction for the pro-injection period for the experimental
females and control females showed no significant differ-
ences. However, as may be seen in Table 16, a significant
difference was found .during the post-injection period
for the increased egg production of the females which
received cortisone. Further analysis of these data re-
vealed that the significant difference for increased egg
production at the post-injection period was temporary.
Over a three week period of time egg production declined
gradually from the higher level to the normal egg produc-
tion level as the effects of cortisone diminished for
the females in Experiment III.

Using two week intervals, the experimental females
(Experiment III) during the pro-injection, injection and
post-injection periods laid the following average number

22

of eggs: 4.2, 1.5 and 4.4 respectively. The corres—
ponding average egg production for the control females
during the same time was 3.3, 3.9 and 3.3, respectively.

The increased dosage of cortisone (3 mg/lb.) caused
egg production to cease completely within four days
after injections were started for five of the females
out of the six females comprising the experimental group.
These five females were out of egg production for seven—
teen days.

From the observed results, it is suggested that cor-
tisone administered in large doses has an inhibitory
effect (directly or indirectly) on the secretion of leu-
teinizing hormone by the anterior pituitary.

EGG WEIGHTS

An analysis of the mean egg weights in Experiments
II and III for the pro-injection and post-injection per-
iods by both analysis of variance and covariance showed
that no significant differences existed. The mean egg
weights for the injection period.were not analyzed since
egg numbers were greatly reduced for the experimental
females in Experiment III. The slight variations for egg

weights are shown in Table 19.

23

FERTILITY

A significant decrease (P= 0.05, Table 21) in fer-
tility was observed only during the injection period
when the males received cortisone at the l mg/lb. level
in Experiment I. This difference was not observed for
the post-injection period. Also, a significant dif-
ference (P= 0.05) for reduced fertility was observed
at the post-injection period when the females were re-
ceiving cortisone at the l mg/lb. level in Experiment
II as may be seen in Table 22. The individual and av-
erage variations in fertility are given in Table 23.

It was observed that a small amount of cortisone
reduced fertility but larger amounts did not signi—
ficantly affect fertility.

HATCHABILITY
No significant differences were found for hatch-
ability in Experiment I, II and III for the pro-injec-
tion, injection and the post-injection periods (Tables
24, 25 and 26). The individual and average variations
in hatchability are given in Table 27.

24

CHICK WEIGHTS
He significant differences were found using ana-
lysis of variance and covariance for mean chick hatch-
ing weights and mean chick weights at two weeks of age
in Experiment II or III for both the pro-injection and

. pest-injection periods. The hatching weight averages

for the control and experimental chicks as shown in
Table 30, closely approximate. The variations for
chick weights at two weeks of age are shown in Table 31.
It was concluded that the growth of the experimental
chicks was not significantly different from the growth
of the control chicks.

25

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

1. subcutaneous injections of cortisone acetate
exhibited a strong effect on the body weights Of ma-
ture chickens. Males receiving cortisone at the 1 mg/
lb. level demonstrated a highly significant body weight
loss during the injection period. However, the male
birds recovered most of their body weight lost three
months after injections were discontinued but their
original body weight was never attained. It is pos-
tulated that the highly significant loss in body weight
resulted from alterations of carbohydrate and protein
metabolism.

2. Females receiving 1 mg/lb. of cortisone acetate
showed a non-significant body weight loss during the
injection period and made slight average gains over and
above their original body weights when injections were
discontinued. Reduced egg production of these females
was non-significant for the injection and post-injec-
tion period.

3. The body weight loss of the females receiving
cortisone at the 3 mg/lb. level was not significant
during the injection period but a highly significant body
weight gain over and above the initial body weight was

26

present four weeks after the injections ceased. Re-
duced egg production of these females was highly signi~
ficant during the injection period. It is suggested
that this gain in body weight aver and above their in-
itial body weight was due to the cessation of egg
production and consequently an increased deposition of
body fat.

4. The reduced egg production of the females
receiving 1 mg/lb. of cortisone acetate was not sign-
ificant for the injection and post-injection period.
The increased dosage of 3 mg/lb. of cortisone acetate
for the females resulted in a highly significant re-
duction of egg production during the injection period
and a temporary highly significant difference for in-
creased egg production was observed for the post-
injection period. After a three week period of time,
egg production declined gradually from the higher level
to the normal egg production level for the experimental
females as the effects of cortisone diminished. The
increased dosage of cortisone acetate (3 mg/lb.) caused
egg production to cease completely within four days
after the start of injections for five females among the

six females receiving cortisone. These five females were

27

out of egg production for seventeen days. From these
data it is suggested that cortisone administered in large
doses has an inhibitory effect (directly or indirectly)
on the secretion of leuteinizing hormone by the anterior
pituitary.

5. A significant decrease in fertility was ob-
served only during the injection period.when the males
received cortisone at the 1 mg/lb. level. Also, a sign-
ificant decrease in fertility was observed during the
post-injection period.when the females were receiving
cortisone at the l mg/lb. level. It was observed that
a small amount of cortisone temporarily reduced fer-
tility'but larger amounts of cortisone did not sign-
ificantly affect fertility.

6. A highly significant retardation of primary
feather growth was observed for the first week when the
males were administered cortisone at the l mg/lb. level.
Differences in rate of primary feather growth were not
Observed after the first week.

7. An analysis of the data on the rate of growth
of the cushion feathers of the females receiving cor-
tisone at the 3 mg/lb. level showed that cushion feather

develOpment was inhibited to a highly significant degree

28

for the first three weeks after injections started. A
significant difference between the growth rate of the
cushion feathers of the experimental and control females
existed for the fourth.week of feather develOpment.
Feather growth differences for the fifth and sixth week
were not significant. It is suggested that tissues vary
greatly in their susceptibility to the action of cor-
tisone, the physiological mode of action being compli-
cated. It may be possible that the effects Observed
are the product of a chain of events in which metab—
olism is shifted.

8. NO significant differences were found for
hatchability, egg weights, day-old or two week chick
weights when the sires or dams were receiving cortisone

injections at the various levels.

29

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 1. Structural formula of cortisone.

1 menses m 1, ,, mxemmezmzerr woem_amHomam ,, won
iwrzm H H ..1. .ug. . uo._:...m ..WW.m._.

umog . . . _ .
uwoo.

uooo

None

 

Nmoo

mooornwm.xx

 

Neon.
mmon

macaw

 

Nqu

fl . _ . .
.JDEWOOOOIJDemeeeIIOIDm.oemoe:semeeemes-seeseeeeeeoeo

o codename Hmuooapom weapon _m W .. _g W ; radon Hoaooduon weapon W .

cram mxm up we we so no N» we no no u\o a a so on we we so

 

F.

 

. .
LIV

 

 

oozawor moea amHmmem (up

 

 

 

 

 

)

'.....'II.I‘U.C.II'..'IIOCOe0".0"III...I..OII.....O.C.O..

whens Huguenpob menace

 

 

w
m M. noudpmcmo Housedpoo moored

(r (l (I bl) ) t )(b In... L ) »" sale (I?! I I'll. I .1' .Pl’l 'l’t u I‘ll. ‘71 not“.

cram m\m we pm pm pm no mm mm as no u\u m a we on we we we

32

Table l. The ration that was fed to all birds in
laying batteries during these tests.

Pounds
Ground yellow corn 350
Ground oats 254
Wheat bran 300
Wheat middlings 300
Alfalfa meal (17% dehydrated) 150
Soybean oil meal 250
Meat scraps (55%) 100
Fish meal 100
Dried milk 60
Ground oyster shell flour 40
Steamed bonemeal 60
Salt (iodized) 20
Fish oil (400D, 3000A) 16
Manganese sulfate 8 ozs. per ton
2000#

 

Table 2. The ration that was fed to all chicks
during these tests.

Pounds
Ground yellow corn 54.0
Pulverized oats
Wheat Middlings
Dehydrated alfalfa leaf meal
Soybean oil meal 2
Meat scraps
Fish meal
Steamed bonemeal
Oyster shell flour
or round limestone
Salt Iodized)
Fish oil (800D, 3000A) Nopco XXX
Lederle's Fortefeed (249-0)
*Lederle's Aurofac
Manganese sulfate 8 ozs. per ten

0 O O O O O O

NI—‘F'Utkn OU‘MOUtOO

U‘

U\

OOOOO NNNU‘NMU’I

lO0.0#

*Vitamin B12 and antibiotic (aureomycin)
feed supplement

 

Table 3 e

33

The results of an analysis of covariance of init-
ial (x) and final (y) body weights (10 gram units)
for experimental and control males and females dur-
ing the injection period. Initial body weights
observed three days prior to injections, final
weights four days post-injection.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Source of Sums of Squares and Products Errors of Estimate
Lariation d/f Sx 2 m Syz SS de MS
Experiment I. Males, 1 mg/lb.

Total 5 2312 1706 20 59

Between 1 ll -83 640 771 l 771**

Within 1+ 230; 1789 1319 29 3 _9.7
Experiment II. Females, l mg/lb.

Total 23 20912 20128 21108

Between 1 1769 2094 2481 97 l 97

Within 22 12143 18034 l8622__ 1638 21 ?8
Experiment III. Females, 3 mg/lb.

Total 11 8240 7740 8132

Between 1 1102 785 561 68 l 68

Within 10 7138 6955 9571: 4224 9 88.2

 

* Significant
** Highly Significant

34

Table 4. The results of an analysis of covariance of init-
ial (x) and final (y) body weights (10 gram units)
for experimental and control males and females
during and post-injection. Initial body weights
observed three days prior to injections and final
body weights 28 days post-injection.

—:_._ i
I 3

Source of Sums of Squares and Products Errors of Estimate
Variation 4 I 8x2 Sxy Sy‘ SS o4; MS

Experiment I. Males, 1 mg/lb.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total 5 2312 1318 1289

Between 1 ll -64 384 12 1 12

Within 4 2301 1372 .905 82. _3 29
Experiment 11. Females, l mg/ib.

Total 23 20912 19433 22815

Between 1 1769 1553 1365 2 1 2

Within 22 19143 12880 ggujo 4250 21 226
Experiment III. Females, 3 mg/lb.

Total 11 8240 8347 9536 '

Between 1 1102 355 114 607 l 607**

Within 10 2138 #1122 9422 474 _9 .53

 

* Significant
** Highly Significant

Table 5.

Body weights (10 gram units).

35

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bird Injection Period Bird Injection Period
Dur Po t o Pr Dur 0
Experiment I. Males, l tag/1b.

7 416 88 98 42 406 405 40
i5 80 $31 366 :2 428 420 413
40 3; 6 399 3
Total 1228 1155 1163 1220 1217 1211
LL‘ 409 38 8 406 4

Experiment II. Females, l mg/lb.

3 270 264 290 1 255 256 270

5 280 266 281 2 245 232 239

7 319 308 306 6 286 291 293

8 255 269 292 10 286 277 285

9 223 232 235 11 294 296 291
14 2 0 220 237 12 286 278 276
15 279 2 8 292 13 212 216 224
16 233 229 249 25 286 288 296
17 230 222 222 28 253 250 247
18 250 229 243 30 300 282 295
29 284 280 285 35 332 318 315
ii_____2_ii____2<iz____191 6 4 64
Total 3103 3004 3125 3309 3248 3306

0 6 6 6
Experiment III. Females, 3 mg/lb.

3 301 308 12 1 276 28 269

5 286 287 303 2 249 24.32 244

7 300 302 322 12 293 296 298

9 251 239 261 25 321 306 32
16 270 zz4 274 30 304 2 30

0 .35 33a 3; 333
Total 1660 1652 1722 1775 1734 1762
v 2 2 6 28

 

36

Table 6. The results of an analy is of variance of
primary feather growth mm.).

Experiment I. Hales, 1 mg/lb.

 

 

 

 

 

" Significant
N Highly significant

Table 3. The results of ananalysis of variance of
primary feather growth (mm).

Experiment III. Females, 3 mg/lb.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Weeks

Source of “T 2 3 5
Variation a]: as us as as as MS as mg
Total 11 5.5 - 10.5 13 12
39 “DOB 1 e 7 e 7 e 7 e7 2 2 1 1

O #0 O O
Source of 5 5 7
Variation d/ f as Hg 53 HS fig 35
Betwe en 1 4. 8 4.8 3 3 1 1

0 6 0 6

 

37

Table 8. The results of an analge s of variance of
pectoral feather grout mm).

Experiment II. Females, l ng/lb.

 

 

 

 

 

Table 9. The results of an analysis of variance of
. - cushion feather growth (1:11.).

kperinent III. Females. 3 lug/lb.

 

Ielr. '
Source of M T

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total 11 3 6 1.“
Between , l 1.1} 1.1!. l l .02 .02
gm; 1.0 1,6 .16 5 .5 1.3g AL

 

 

* Significant
" Highly Significant

Table 10. Primary feather growth (um.).

Experiment I.

Males. l Ig/lb.

38

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Experimental
insnLlhmflnu; "‘?{* :IQEKII ii' 11::
a? 3.3 7.6 10.8 13.0
5 3.1 6.8 9.6 11.5
1&0 ghgi _5.5 Jédi. :lQifi
Total 8.8 19.9 28.2 34.8
.Axaanss 18.2 éng 9.0 __11&§,
Control
JflafiLJhnflnn:
:2 :42 3.. m 13‘;
O 02 O O
“3 41Z__ _§g§ 111:3. Jfiial
Total 1 01 2".2 32eh’ #0.?
m 1L 8.1 112.01 131.6.

 

Table lle

Experiment III.

_'__._— - _- _.

 
 

 

Primary feather growth.(ln.).

Females. 3 Ig/lb.

..—.__

  
  
 

39

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Experimental 199;. _
Bird number 1 2 _;1 0 _;i t; 7
3 .3 0.0 8.6 10.8 12.8 l#.l lb.9
5 2.6 5.6 9.0 11.3 11.3 12.0 15.0
7 .0 2.2, 5.8 7.9 9.8 11.8 12.8
9 1.2 5. 9.2 11.6 10.0 15.0 10.9
16 .h 6.5 7.6 10.0 12.3 13.8 111.2
___J&! i2___Aa2___Zii____2iz__;lLfiL__JE1dL__Jtida
Total 5.0 26.2 08.1 61.3 72.0 79.3 8 .0
- h b : 0 ' - , . -
control
W
1 1.3 0.8 8.6 10.3 12.8 12.6 10.1
2 1.6 5.9 10.0 12.0 10.6 1 .6 15.1
12 lea 3e? 8e° 10.3 12e6 13e6 iidl
25 1.8 {.2 Be? 11.0 Bet lie? e“
30 1.1 . 8.5 11.0 13.5 1 .0 15.1
.35 1,2 0,5 8,5 10,2 13.1 15.1 . 15.2
Total 8. 28.8 52.3 65.3 80.0 8z.2 89.2
Amman: Wk

 

Table 12. Pectoral feather growth.(mm.).

Experiment II. Females, 1 ng/lb.

 

 

 

 

0+ 1%

 

Experimental
Iflifiifinahflt, #3
3 2.8 .6 4.3 4.7
5 3.3 2.2 .3 5..
7 3.1 0.1 4.8 5.2
8 30? “e0 502 503
9 2e? “.0 5.2 503
10 3.2 3.2 0.7 5.0
1.5 3.2 01 ‘.‘e8 5.3
17 3.1 Ikl 0.8 5.2
18 2.8 3.0 0.2 0.6
29 3.2 3.9 ‘02 “.9
__233 3,2 4312. 0,? 32¢;

 

 

 

lflafiLJhuflnn‘
1 3.3 0.2 0.9 0.9
2 3e3 14.2 I’e9 503
6 2.9 3.8 0.8 £.£
10 2.1 2.7 3.8 .
12 3.6 0.2 5.2 5.3
25 3.7 0.6 5.0 5.2
28 3.0 0.3 5.3 5.0

___321_ 0,3

 

 

E:
0:520;
an:
0":

 

#1

Cushion feather growth.(mn.).

Tablo 13 e

Females. 1 mg/lb.

Experiment III.

 

 

 

 

 

Experimental

W '1_____2.,1

 

 

57968
a; .11+

30.1 41.1 08.3

16.8 20.3
0

5d

Total

control

be

 

 

12 50
23

 

 

 

Total

#2

Table 10. The results of an analysis of variance of
egg production during the injection period.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Source of
W 11A; J1 In
hperinent II. Females. 1 Ig/lb.
Total 21 77
BCWOCD 1 e“ e“
m L0 17,116 6 M
Experiment III. Females. 3 ng/lb.
Total
Between self-evid ent “
m
* Significant
** Highly Significant
Table 15. The results of an analysis of variance of
egg production for the pro-injection period.
Source of . -
12181122 AA: 11 fi
Experiment II. Females, l ng/lb.
Total 21 710
Between 1 .5 .5
m _ 3.0 as; ‘3-7
Experiment III. Females, 3 m/lb.
Total 11 112
Betveen 1 2 20
m 491 82 Li

 

43

Table 16. The results of an analysis of variance of egg
production for the post-injection period.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Source of
41:1 *Jfll__ .25
lxperiment II. Fanales, 1 mg/lb.
Total 5 1.16
Between Treatmnnts 1 .06 .06
Between flecks 2 1.08 .50’
.Iniazaaiian ‘41 4122 :121_
Experiment III. . Females, 3 lg/lb.
Total 23 39e3
Between Treatments 1 8.0 8.0 *
Between leeks 1 8.0 8.0 *
Interaction 1 .3 .3
not: L0 M # Jul——

 

 

 

’ Significant
** Highly Significant

a o
s .
.i- c

Table 1'7. The egg production for the two week period prior
to injections, the two week period during injec-
tions and the two week period after injections.

W

 

 

W , m1...
Bird Injection Period Bird Injection Period
0 t Dur n Po

Experiment II. Females, l lag/1b.

 

 

 

 

 

3 10 7 9 1 0 9 7

5 7 z 9 2 5 9 3

7 9 6 6 6 2 2

8 O O 0 10 1 .1 7

9 6 8 8 11 7 8 5

l0 7 0 6 12 h 7 6

15 9 3 7 13 6 6 8

16 9 8 9 25 11 10 8

17 7 6 7 28 ’4' 7 7

18 9 8 7 30 8 7 7

29 7 5 2 35 8 3 7

_33 0 O O 36 6 2 6

Total 80 58 7O 7O 76 78
AL_ 64_§_ 0.8 5.8 LL 6.3 6.5

Experiment III. Females , 3 mg/lb.

3 10 2 10 1 8 8 8

5 10 2 9 2 9 7 6

7 5 1 7 12 7 7 7

9 9 2 10 25 6 7 9

16 8 7 9 8 3O 2 10 3
.11..___§____2 9 .1 35 L__§________6

Total 50 18 53 00 07 39
AL_ ‘1; 2 1. 5 J" 3 .3 3, 9 3 .3

 

 

45

Table 18. The results of an analysis of covariance of
mean egg weights for x) pre-injection and
(y) post-injection.

 

 

Source of Sun of Squares a Prod cts Errors of Estimate
W 4:3 W

Experiment II. Females, l ng/lb.

Total 20 203 108 160 70
Between 1

8 1
nm...._12___:203 .113 1:6 L103 3

 

 

 

,Experiment III. Females, 3 Ig/lb.

A_4.__.

Total 11 138 157 188 10
Betnen 1 10 9 6 -l 1 -1

11thln 10 128 108 183 3_11; 9 1

 

Table 19. The mean egg weights for the two week period
prior to injections and the two week period

after injections.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. men 9.9m...
Bird Injection Period Bird Injection Period
M W t M
Experiment II. Females, l ng/lb.
3 51 52 1 7 62
5 55 50 2 60 60
s :2 :3 1: 2: 2;
10 65 60 ll 59 57
:3 23 23 i2 2% ‘3
18 61 6o 2; 55 g;
29 59 58 28 59 61
30 56 57
35 61 6o
36 6o _52
Total 527 522 711
1, 158,0 59,2 ‘59‘2
Experiment III. Females, 3 ng/lb.
3 56 55 1 66 6
5 58 57 v 2 60 a;
7 66 67 12 67 67
9 61 61 25 58 56
16 62 60 30 59 6o
_1§_____§1 jl 35 9L 51..
Total 360 365 375 2

 

07

Table 20. The results of an analysis of variance of
fertility for the pre-injection period.

 

 

Source of

12111193 AMI; 8L

8 If

 

 

 

lxperinent I and II. Males and females, 1 Ig/lb.

 

Total 18 19088
Between 1 1290 1290
mm 47; 17790 3,002

 

lxperiment III. Females, 3 mg/lb.

 

Total 11 2151

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Betwun 1 37 370

M iii 29139 3919-

Table 21. The results of an analysis of variance of

fertility during the injection period.
Source of
m 41A; 01 2%!
Experiment I. Hales, 1 mg/lb.

Total 21 29291

Between 1 728 7287'

11.1811“ L $2.92 $99.
Experiment II. F's-ales. l ing/lb.

Total 21 19721

Between 1 501 5‘1

11min 2L m 959

 

 

* Significant
“ Highly Significant

08

Table 22. The results of an analysis of variance of fer-

tility for the post-injection period.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Source of
m at: J: :1:
Experiment I. Hales. 1 mg/l .

Total 21 19721

Between 1 501 501

111011 49: 1915.0 959
Experiment II. Females, 1 lag/1b.

Total 5 1727 ‘

Between Treatments 1 1105 ‘ 1105'

Between weeks 2 060 2 0

W 3: halal J.—
hperinent III. Females, 3 mg/lb.

Total 11 9973

Between 1 2002 2002

11m 1.9: 7921 797

 

* Significant -
0* Highly Significant

Table 23 e

09

The fertility of the females in percent (S)‘with

the number of eggs set (x) for the pro-injection,
injection and post-injection period in two week
intervals.

 

Experiment I.

Hales, 1 mg/lb.

 

 

1
r

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

riment Control
Injection Period Injection Period
Bird Pro During Post Bird Pre During Post
Jae 5 I 1
3 100 9 0 12 71 7 1 100 0 100 a
50 6 89 9 80 i 2 83 6 100
7 71 7 50 ll 50 6 100 6 100 7 100 2
8 10 0 2 100 l 0 l
9 78 9 O 8 38 8 ll 33 3 00 9 62 8
10 75 0 100 7 75 0 12 100 5 86 7
15 100 2 0 10 0 2 13 100 2 100 8 83 6
16 86 7 0 10 100 8 25 100 3 100 3 100 10
17 100 l 70 10 100 6 28 0 l 80 5 86 7
18 86 7 91 11 88 8 30 67 3 100 9 100 7
29 86 7 78 9 80 5 35 100 7 60 10 38 8
33 185 13881.31 18’ £1._JEL_JE
Total 832 082 682 600 1017 938
AI, 83,; 08,2 68.2 66. 80,8 22,6
ExperimentII. Females, 1 mg/lb.
3 100 9 71 7 15 13 1 100 9 100 12
5 50 6 80 i 71 7 2 100 0 67 12
7 71 7 50 02 12 6 100 6 100 2 89 9
3 78 9 38 8 21 0 10 0 2 6o 8 5° 5
1 11 33 3 2 7 7
10 75 0 75 0 100 8 - '12 86 7 80 10
15 100 2 0 2 0 2 13 100 2 83 6 100 10
16 86 7 100 8 38 13 25 100 3 100 10 100 15
17 100 l 100 6 90 10 28 0 l 86 7 100 12
18 86 7 88 8 83 12 3O 67 3 100 7 100 13
29 86 7 80 5 80 5 35 100 7 38 8 a: 12
433 36 100 g 83 6 9
Total 832 682 500 600 938 927
‘1. 83,2 68,2 50,9 66
Experiment III. Females, 3 mg/lb.
3 0 10 90 10 1 100 8 100 8
5 100 10 89 9 2 05 9 100 6
7 60 5 50 6 12 0 7 100 7
9 0 9 80 10 25 83 6 89 9
16 13 8 75 8 30 100 2 100 3
.Jul__J!!1_Jia 0 .9 .35 :12__§ «50 :2
Total 273 380 300 539
.Ale, 05.5_ 60.0 .5612

 

50

Table 24. The results or an analysis of variance of hatchp
ability for the pro-injection period.

 

Source of

JDHEUHEUEL _£hfi[ _4flfl .Jfli

 

Experiment I and II. Males and females, 1 Ig/Ib.

 

 

 

Total 18 27880

Between 1 Zhh 2#h

.111212 ajJL. eZZélé: TJEEEE
Experiment III. Females, 3 Ig/lb.

Total 11 22292

Between 1 209 209

:liihia; -12_ _JEEHEL‘ :ififlfli

 

 

 

Table 25. The results or an analysis of variance of hatch»
ability during the injection period.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

source at
.1821321231, :16: alfli .1455
Experiment I. Hales, 1 Ig/Ib.

Total 21 31828

Between . 1 4793 9793
.lllhln#_ :32» éflflxfli -1122

Experiment II. Females, 1 mg/Ib.
Total 21 19305
Between 1 110 110

m 20 1219L 2‘19.

51

Table 26. The results or an analysis of variance of hatchp

ability for the post-injection period.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Source or
.IIZIBILQB; £U5LA jut all
Experiment I. Hales, 1 ng/lb.

Total 21 19305

Between 1 110 110

11m 2.9 42195 Jéi).
Experiment II. Females, 1 ng/lb.

Total 21 9890

Between __ l 198 198

.liibisaa. 1&0 jfififii @fli
Experiment III. Females, 3 lg/lb.

Total 11 9177

Between 1 822 332

.liihin .112 _Ji1 1§1_

 

 

. . e a - s .7 , a e . - . - . . 7 v . 4 . , , ,o .
. . . t . . - . . i . . t - e . p .
v
o p - . . . a 4 n — . a- « o .7 . , o , . n . . e u -

 

 

   

, . e - - a < . - y . - .. n . .2 . o— . , e A o - v A - - ~ - . -
p
u
,. u l . u u c e . - -7 H 5 e e r ‘7 s 1‘ . p . n - . o
.
. v e . . ,
.

a n ”A ‘ , o 9 . v . - a w n - .Qc-e - . n . , . - . 0 ~ - e a

52

Table 27. The hatchability or the females in percent (1)
' with the number of fertile eggs set (x) for the
pro-injection, injection and post-injection
period in two week intervals.

 

 

 

_jhnnnhnnmunu. °°n§£21____.__
Injection Period Injection Period
Bird Pre During Post Bird he During Post

0e
Experiment I. Hales, 1 mg/lb.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3 80 5 1 100 u 100 9
5 67 3 100 8 100 2 100 5 100 8
7 100 5 100 6 100 2 6 83 6 100 7 50 2
8 10 100 1
9 71 7 100 3 11 75 h 80 5
18 33 3 100 7 100 3 12 100 5_ 100 6
15 100 2 13 100 2 100 8 100 5
16 83 6 100 8 25 100 3 93 13 100 10
17 100 1 71 7 100 6 28 100 83 6
18 67 6 100 10 100 7 30 100 2 100 9 100 7
29 83 6 100 7 100 n 35 86 7 100 6 100 3
33 436 a192__£L_JK!L__£L_5881__1
Total 706 571 880 569 1167 1013
W3 970i “99 97
Experiment II. Females, l mg/lb.
3 80 5 100 2 1 100 9 100 12
5 67 3 100 h 100 5 2 100 u 100 8
7 100 5 100 2 100 5 6 83 6 50 2 88 8
8 10 100 2
z 71 7 100 3 100 3 11 8o 5 75 #
1~ 33 3 100 3 88 8 12 100 6 100 8
15 100 2 13 160 2 160 5 100 10
16 83 6 100 8 100 5 25 100 3 100 10 100 15
17 100 1 100 6 100 9 28 83 6 92 12
18 67 6 100 7 100 10 30 100 2 100 7 100 13
29 83 6 100 4 100 b 35 86 7 100 3 83
33 3 .36 oo oo 00 8
Total 70# 880‘ 888 , 569 1013 1138
2 8 .7 it} 2 it 8
Experiment III. Females. 3 mg/lb.
3 100 9 1 100 8 100 8
5 100 10 100 8 2 5o 2 100 6
7 100 3 100 3 12 100 7
9 100 8 25 100 5 100 8
16 100 1 , 100 6 ‘30 100 2 100 3
18 100 § 35 109 J. 10..0._1
Total 400 500 #50 600

A1. 100 100 90 100

53

Table 28. The results or an analysis of covariance
of mean chick weights at hatching time.

 

 

Source of Sun of squares a Prod cts Errors of Estimate
Manon d[; g V m jug 5: dz: n

Experiment II. Females, 1 ng/lb.

 

 

Total 16 7h 57 ' 93 49
Between 1 11» 2 9 1 9

13.1212 15 70 63 2]. U i

 

Experiment III. Females, 3 ng/lb.

.4 A

 

 

 

 

 

Total 6 27 36 62 12
Between 1 ”1 0 1+ it 1 It
m 5 26 36 5}: 38: b 2
Table 29. The results or an analysis of covariance of
~ the mean two week chiel: weights.
Source or Sum of Squares 8 Products Errors of Estimate
0 d 112 5: dz: HE

 

Experiment II. females, 1 x/lb.

A

Total 16 1563 1308 2862 176 7

2 7
“$13 15 “62,8 130]. 3522 112.2 11!» 1.2:

Experiment III. Females, 3 mg/lb.

 

 

Total 6 769 #97 #06 77
Between 1 241 -20 10 -.h 1 -.‘I
m 5 52L 5 7 32L 71'1" ‘* w111213..

 

 

. ' O
.- . . . 7 - , . . . - - . . .. ..- ..
‘e
-
C e C
-. . . . < e - - v ‘ ' ' '
. . . A A e . .I— o , - v o - -
._ .
. .
. _ ‘ -._, . . . . .. .
.
.
. a .
_ A . . . . _ . . a. ..
o e O
. , . . - - . . , . .. a . - . . .. .. .

5“

Table 30. Means of chick. weight (guns) at hatching time.

 

 

Experimental Control
Bird Injection Period Bird Injection Period
No. Pre Pogt No. Pre Post

 

 

Emeriment II. Females, 1 mg/1b.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

. 5 7 a: 1 28 1+0
I 5 2 1 #0
l #3 M 6 92 #2
17 1&1 #2 11 171 #0
18 1&1 A70 12 #2 #3
29 #1 38 13 37 38
25 £8 7
28 1 2
3o #0 9
3 5 #2 1
311—13: EL...
Total 2‘18 238 m #183
.‘lg_____JELé1‘ «2+ 3922— “on“ 2921
hperiment III. Females, 3 mg/lb.
5 M 9 1 #3 ‘72
7 #5 39 2 to w
18 ‘11 #2 25 M - 9
39 52 3
Total 126 130 168 16 8
m 2L 3 .31 1 42 12...

 

55

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 31. Chick‘weight means (grams) at two‘weeks or age.
Experimental Control
Bird .Injeotion Period Bird Injection Period
30, gr; Post «No. .3 Pre Post
Experiment II. Females, 1.mg/1b.
5 103 70 1 118 109
Z 126 108 2 123 100
1 125 107 6 119 112
17 107 107 11 121 119
18 136 118 12 123 116
29 116 89 13 113 112
25 112 109
28 115 113
30 128 118-
35 _ 138 118
36 , 101 86
Total 713 595 1309 1207
v 8 8 .9951: A‘QEEi 122:1
Experiment III. Females, 3 mg/lb.
5 102 106 l 122 109
7 120 116 2 132 126
18 128 123 25 122 106
M 4.19...
Total 350 385 518 #51
W 11,5 12.645 14.2.1.9.

 

 

 

56

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7., 1|? rillrirl .Irll.

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