KEY FOR THE 'DENT'FICATION for- THE‘] f 1 S}. T 7’9,
mom; IMPORTANT FRUIT msEcTs  .-_

OF THE NORTHERN AND EASTERN
UNITED STATES

THESIS FOB THE DEGREE OF M S

Fredcrlck A Kuhn ff...“ -‘ J - !

1933 ‘

 

 

0
(E4 LL45 T I," _, 0652?}? .

1]

 

T I T L E

Key for The Identification
of The More Important
Fruit Insects of The

Northern and Eastern United States

T H E S I S

 

Submitted To The faculty of
Michigan State College
In Partial fulfillment of The
Requirements for The Degree
of Master of Science
n

Frederick AISKnhn
June 1933 f“

(TH 8318;

ACKNOWIEDGMENT

I hereby extend credit where credit is due:

It is with an air of indebtedness that I mention

, the name of Professor Ray Hutson. At first he gave me
but a bare peep of the task before me but gradually he
broadened the scope and piloted me to the culmination
of this volume. During my collecting and compiling his
patient generosity was ever present.

I too acknowledge herein that Doctor E. A. Bessey
extended to me full directions as to the procedure of
reference citations and terminology as applied to bush
fruits, vine fruits, and small fruits.

Introduction.

This theses, if it fulfills its intended purpose, is
a tool which when placed in the hands of an amateur enables
him.to diagnose many of his own fruit injuries in relation
to the insects doing the injury. With the knowledge at hand,
he can turn to the other sources forcnntrol measures.

The key is graduated on the basis of convenience in-
stead of importance and seven principal indications are used
to that end as -

III. Foliage (Buds, Leaves, and Flowers)
B. Loaf Injury
7. Foliage Eaters
a. Single Defoliators
(5). Giant Caterpillars
(A). Cocoon Spinners
(I). Cecrcpia Mbth

Where an insect is referred to more than once, the first
reference is in detail plus references to literature at the
end of the key. The second, third, or fourth reference to the
same insect is referred to by page number to the first reference
cited. The first time an insect is mentioned references are
added, as follows (82, p. 85). The 32 indicates note 32 at the
end of the key under the heading "Literature Cited". Then p.
83 indicated the page number.

At the end of the key is a complete list of literature
cited; for ordinary references the key is sufficient.

Common and scientific insect names have been checked with
the nomenclature of the American Association of Economin Entom-
ologists of December 1931.

1.

3.

4e

5.

6.
7.

8.

Table of Contents.

Introduction.
Key to The Ebro Important Tree Fruit Insects.
a. Apple pp. 1-34
b. Pear " 55-60
0. Cherry " 61-80
do Plum 1! 81-97
a. Peach " 98-118
f. Quince " 119-128

Key to The
a.
Key to The

as
b.

Key to The
3.

Literature

More Important Vine Fruit Insects.
Grape pp. 129-137
More Important Bush Fruit Insects.

Raspberry and Blackberry DP. 158-146
Currants and Gooseberry " 147-154

More Important Small Fruit Insects.
Strawberry pp. 155-160
Cited In this key pp. 161-66

List of Insects Used in This Key which check with the
American Association of Economic Entomology of Dec.

1931.

pp. 167-69

List of Additional Insects Used in This Key. pp. 170

‘ WWW-T“ 173*fo T ~7‘Af3'r1 'TT 71 I“ "(j-ffi ’Vu'j {1"1
.LJSJI TO $11.33 .L.-UIL..14 II._LJU-\.L.LMJ. .‘LLAJAI‘A Iixugu;

I. TR’EK, ERAHCH AFB TWIGS.
A. TWISK.
1. nature trees.

a. "Shotholes" in bark the size of a pencil lead.
Holes extending into sapwood join sawdust-
filled lateral galleries and runways; both in
trunk and branches they follow the grain. Adult
and larval beetles are in the burrows, adults
are 1/8" long. (39, p. baO)*, (b6, p. 530),
(5, pp. 5-8). 0000000000000000000000000.0000

Shot—hole borer Scolytus rugulosus.

 

b. Just under the bark and in sapwood 1 to 1;"
deep, are irregular shallow burrows in trunk and
larger branches of old and young trees. Above
the burrows the bark turns a dark and dead color.
Inside the burrows there is fine sawdust packed
tightly; in the entrance is a packing of excel—
sior-like wood fibres. Large killed bark areas
tend to girdle the tree. Kore often the sunny
side of tree is the center of attack. Full
grown grubs are 1%" long, yellow or yellow-White,
having a flattened and rounded body piece just
behind the head. (4, pp. 1-12), (27, p. 27),

 

(47’ p. 85). 00.00.000.000...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
Flataheaded apple tree borer Chrysobothris
femorata.

 

c. In crotches, cracked or wounded areas, are found
borers just in the under bark and sometimes in
the sapwood. Their presence causes deadened
bark areas. The grubs are 3/5" long, yellowish-
white in color, and have brown heads. (47, p. 87).

Apple crotch borer Aegeria pyr .

d. In trunks and larger branches are paired borers;
the eggs from which they hatch are laid a half
inch apart, laterally; as they hatch each grub
begins its burrow just under the bark and travels
around the limb or trunk in the Opposite direction.
Later the burrows extend more deeply into the
hardwood. ZExit holes are %" in diameter. The

 

*Figures in parenthesis refer to literature cited;
see list of references at end of key.

90

grubs are about an inch long, whitish, having
a brownish head and black Jaws. (e2, p. 85),
(55, p. 193). 0.00..OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.

Spotted apple tree borer Saperda cretata.

 

Near the ground line or underground.

(1).

(2).

Burrows from one to three inches below
ground to one foot or over above ground.
T16 burrovs are within the inner bark and
sapwood but extend right into the heart-
wood. Near the base of the tree the bark
darkens, dies and cracks. Coils and red-
dish sawdust-like particles on the bark
or ground below, reveal the grub's presence.
If the grubs are anywhere, they are from
one to three inches below ground, though
they may be above. Eight to ten inches
above ground are exit holes as large in
diameter as a pencil. (41& p. 80), (35,p.
527), (55, P0 185). 00.000000000000000
Round-headed apple tree borer Saperda
candida.

Large grubs bore in crown and roots. They
are 2 to 5" long, white with a brown and
black.head and a lateral body row of oval
spots. (32, p. 322), (58, p. 252).

Giant grape root-worm Pricnis laticollis.

2.- Nursery stock or younger trees.

a.

b.

Borers.

(l). Branches and trunk full of "shotholes".
..................Sh0t-hole borer, page 1.

(2). Borers in crotcnes and cracked or wounded
places. The grubs bore in inner bark,
occasionally in sapwood.................
eoQOOQooooeeoeooApple CTOtCh borer, Page 1.

(5). Burrows are in inner bark and sapwood from

between one to three inches below ground to

one foot or over above ground. 'Exit holes

are eight to ten inches above ground and

are the diameter of a lead pencil.......
...........Round—headed apple tree borer, page“

‘ r
j 0‘!-

Bark scales or coverings.

(1).

Trunk, branches, and twigs covered with
small brownish scales 1/16 to 1/8" long
curved and resemblong an oyster shell;
underneath are many minute eggs. Bark
cracks and whole tree weakens or dies.
(47b, p. l), 23, p. 124), (47, p, 75),

Oyster shell scale Lepidosaphes ulmi

4.51.4. .

.1.

O
O

iIrun;1;, braipjzes, in".i;s, grid (misaSTcnial
frrics are coc‘3n "1th ninute grayish

Specks, bar 91" visible to the eye. Lroun d
the thiulos, <u1 boiii fruit amid borflg, tie

area turns red. Inier magnification 31e
Specks are lisks having a raised centre .1
Txip,l3—like blackish s;mfi; . gree vigor de—
crease , foliage becomes yellowish and

scant. (25, p. 1E5), (57, L. 70),

(20, To 26). 0.0000000000000000....ooooooo

San dos- scale 122: 10 “s w“”fll“lOS s.

 

Trunk, braiehes, an' twigs are often coa tea.
with dirty-white scales 1/1?" long. In
the winter t";, if the scales are flipped
ver, with tze none. e one can discern
.

red;isl—our‘
7-11), (57,
Scurry scale ohion53‘is fur ura.

l
1
file effse (999 P. 41), (479 39.
D

O 7:1). .OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

 

-19).". its 0

(l).

Lranches.

UCRUdB in tr 2'; m1 uranohes are crow‘ed
over with cotton: Lesre" “ eltering purplish
aphids. 30 nds form gal ~like .noLs in en-
deavori ; to overcnre tflC -oxic stimulation.
Un‘erground trun and rLots are also sub-
ject to attack. L11 3stefi trees or 3:1 rov
sdventit ious ii brous roots. Roots die,

the t1ee is stunLed, or ma; even is Lilled

outright. (ll, pp. 5—12), (9, p. 21},
(45,130.30). 0.0.0....IOOOOIOOOOOOOIOOOOOO
Hoolry apple aphid 3rioso.a l"“l"°fu.

 

"Shothole s " in bark.

9..

Branches and trunk bark full of "shothcies" the
Size Of 8 EQNCil lead.........................

..................Shot-hole borer, page 1.

Borers in branches.

8..

b.

C.

L‘raiche
of a pencil—lead. no holes extend into tie sap—
wood where sawdust-filled lateral galleries and
runwags fCllOW the grain........................

and trunk full of "shotholes" the size

......................Shot—holo borer, page 1.

Dead bark areas on sunny side of tree, under which
are shallow, broad, irregular burrows under the
ba rii and «fit'-in the Bil-IJ‘W'OOdOOO OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

................Flat-headed apple tree borer, ,agel,

above

Burrows in inner bark and sapwood from one to

thrge inches below ground to one foot or over
ground. Right to ten inches above ground

are exit holes the dioneter of a pencil............
Round—headed apple tree borer, page 2.

5.

4.

do

Branches and twigs have paired borers,
apparently two eggs were laid close together,
when they hatch each starts to bore in the
opposite direction. They bore first in the sap—
wood then right into the heartwood. Exit holes
are in in diameter............................
.............Spotted apple tree borer, page 2.

In crotches or wounds in trunk or branches are
borers within the inner bark, rarely in the

sapwood. The grubs are 3/5" long, yellowish-
white having brownish heads...................
..................Apple crotch borer, page 1.

Tree injuries having cottony coverings.

5.

Injuries in trunk or branches are coated over
with cottony masses sheltering purplish aphids.
...................Woolly apple aphid, page 3.

Bark scales or coverings on branches.

a.

3081350
(1). Branches, twigs, and leaves have large brown
soft—bodied half-pea-shaped scales 1/8-3/16"
long. They cluster together on one side
of’the twig or branch. They winter over on
small branches as flat spindle-shaped brown
scales 1/25" long and immature. Infestations
causes leaves to yellow, all growth ceases,
fellowed by premature shedding of fruit
and foliage. (55, p. 261), (52, p. 129),
(23, P. 148), (2, P. 125). 0.000000000000000
European fruit lecanium Lecanium corni.

 

(2). Branches and twigs from May through July
have undersurfaces covered with cottony
appearing masses beneath which soft scales
live. Heavily infested trees have entire
foliage turn a sickly yellow and die.

(55, p. 676), (25, p. 295), (2, p. 153).
000000090000eeoeeooeoeeoeeooeeoooeoeooooeeo

Cottony maple scale Pulvinaria vitis.

 

(5). During wdnter the bark on undersides of
branches and twigs is nearly covered with
shiny convex-shaped brownish scales 1/12"
in diameter. In the summer the fruit is
coated with honeydew masses growing sooty-
bleck fungi which renders the fruit un-
salable. (52, p. 129), (2, p. 155),

(36, p. 603). .eoeeeeeeeeeeoeoeoeeeeeococo
Terrapin scale Lecanium nigrofanciatum.

 

4.

(4). Branches and twigs have dark gray to
nearly blacn almost circular scales 1/12"
in diameter. The raised orange tip is off
center. (55, p. 179), (25, p. 285),

(32, p. 179). OCCOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOCOOO
Putnam's scale Aspidiotus ancylus.

 

(5). Minute grayish thin scales are messed to—
gether upon branches and twigs. Under mag—
nification the specks appear to have a
raised reddish area in the center; thus they
are distinguished frOm the San Jose scale;
otherwise, they are similar. (52, p. 128),
(56, p. 617). eeoeoeeoeeeoeoeeeeeeeoeo

Cherry scale Aspidiotus jprbesi.

 

(6). Branches and twigs similar to Putnam's
and Cherry Scales (gray to nearly black
scales with orange or reddish nipples, which
are off—center) which in reality are dis—
tinguished only by micrOSCOpic characters.
The individual scales are 1/12" in diameter.
The central elevation is orange and off-
center. (55, p. 260), (45, p. 58). 0000000
EurOpean fruit scale Aspiotus ostreaeforuis.

(7). Branches and twigs are coated with 1/8"
reddish-orange scales; the central Spot
of off-center. (55, p. 560), (25, p. 285).

Walnut scale' ASpiodiotus juglans-regiae.

C. Small branches, twigs, and shoots.
1. Twig borers.

‘8.

b.

Pinhish or creamy—white larvae l/2" long burrow
in twigs causing the foliage to wilt and the
shoot to die back. Earlier broods attack the
shoots while later broods prefer the ripening
fruits. Apples in close proximity to peaches
are most severely attacked after the peaches are
harvested. The internal worminess shows up as
burrows and excrement as found in the pulp, in
the core, or may even be EXPO°BG to the outside.
(2, p. 152), (56, p. 608), (415 p. 10).

Ooeeeeoooooeoeoeoeeoeeeo.00.000000000000000coo

Oriental fruit moth Grapholitha molesta.

 

Twig tips and their foliage die back because

of small burrowing beetles 1/8" long, cylin-
drical in shape. Twigs are attacked just be—

low a leaf scar, from there the burrows lead

into the sapwood in one main longitudinal burrow
and numerous lateral ones, called brood chambers.

a.

(15, p. 65), (55, p. 252), (5, p. 15).

Bear blight beetle Anisandrus nyri.

 

Burrows from shoots to base of small branches

widening out at base of shoots cause the twigs

to wilt and drop off. lee injury is most notice—

aole in th as winter or early spring, indicating,

the killed new growth. The whole tree is weak—

ened, if injured in repeated years will die.

The borings are lengthwise with the twig and

contain g" brown beetles. (50, p. 515),

(15, p. 67), (51, P0 449). 00000000000000...
Apple wig borer Amohicerus bicaudatus.

 

Twigs die -back.

Ternzinal growths die—back as if afi acted by borers,
nursery stock is sepecially' susceptible. The in—
sect is A" long, coppery- -brown, and ovular—shaped.
(Z’p.109), (59, p. A5), (56, p. 611). 000.0000.
Tarnished plant bug Lygus ppatensis.

 

5. Severed twigs.

a.

b.

Twigs from 2-5" long up to 2-5 feet long litter
the ground beneath the tree. The twigs are
smoothly cut off; the severed end has a hollow
center plugged with fine shavings and sawdust.
The tunnel may be 10-15" long enclosing a %"
white grub. (55, p. 200), (25, p. 527),

(25, P. 664). .0...OOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOCOO0.0.0..

Twig pruner Elgphidion villosum.

 

Twigs or sr call branches of -3—" diameter are often

cleverly girdled by having a complete ring gnawed

out of the bark into the sapwood; consequently

the twig dries up and is broken off when a high

wind blows. Cviposition occurs in the severed

parts, the egg hatches and the grub eats out all

but the bark, as the twig lies on tlie ground.

(55’ p. 202), (57,1). 282). OOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOO
Twig girdler Oncideres cinm mlatus.

4. Gnawed twigs.

8.

Twigs badly gnawed so they drOOp, buds entirely

eaten off. Injuries occur early in the season.

Young trees set out in freshly cleared lands in

close proximity to hickory or oak woodlots are

seriously affected. (56 p. 78), (56, p. 552),

(47f, PO 37), (45, P9 8 e cease-000.000.000.000...
New York weevil Ithycerus noveboracensis.

lllllrll

5.

6.

Feeding punctures in twigs.

a.

b.

00

Young trees and nursery stock have snoots and
fruit stems punctured and sap withdrawn, as

the insects do so they cause the twig or shoot
to warp and curl, at time producing a complete
loop. Curling up of leaves leads to premature
defoliation. Also the leaves are coated with
honeydew. The fruit likewise is punctured, when
injured thus it takes on a dimpled and speckled
appearance. (11, pp. 25—8), (47s, pp. 5-7),
(45, p. 32). 0.0.0.0000.0000000000000000000.

Apple plant lice Aphis pomi, sorbi, and fitchi.

 

Shoots and stems are punctured early in the
season, before and after buds burst; warpings
and twistings disrupt the shoots. Opening buds
are punctured by insects until they have access
to succulent leaves. They suck sap from leaf
and fruit stems; the leaves curl up and wilt,
while the fruit stems droop, thus dwarfing or
killing the fruit. Fruit spurs and inner tree-
t0p portions are more subject to attack than
terminal parts. (476, p. 5), (45, p. 52),
(47f, PO 25). .00..00.0000000000000000.0.000
Rosy apple aphid Anuraphis roseus.

Twigs are sapped of their needed fluids during

May by large bugs 5/8” long. Such punctures

and robbed sap causes the twigs to warp, droop,

and dry up, together with all foliage thereon.

When growth is most adtive the injury becomes

most severe. (55, p. 208). .................
Ring-legged tree bug Brochygena annulata.

 

Oviposition punctures in twigs.

a.

b.

Ugly roughened and ragged wounds in twigs with
splinters reaching in the air; the injuries are
in a row extending anywhere from one to fbur
inches. Beyond the injury the twig dies, and
the foliage turns brown. The scars are.holes
made so the female can oviposit. (56, p. 555),
(23, P. 105), (47f, D. 78). ecooeooocoeoooeoooo
Periodical cicada Cicada sgptendecim.

Twigs, small and larger branches have series

of cuts or incisions through the bark into the
wood. The incisions are in rows, each single
injury is a pair of convex-shaped incisions

with the concave surfaces facing each other. In
the center of each cuttings into the wood eggs
are deposited, as many as twelve to each in-
cision. Oviposition occurs usually in lower

7.

0.

branches. The tip part, beyond the injury,
dries up and breaks off. If it does not break
off its bark becomes rugged and the wood causes
swellings in an irregular manner. The injury
is done by a 5/8" hump-backed green insect.
(47f, p. 77), (45, p. 57), (9, p. 25).

Buffalo tree hopper Ceresa bubalus.

 

In the bark or sapwood rows of pinholes are punc-
tured in one side of the twigs. There may be
twenty—five to an inch, or fifty to seventy-five
in a row, in each an egg 1/8" long is inserted.
Each incision is not straight down but rather '
curved in. The infested twigs or branches break
off beyond the injury or die back. (58, pp. 1-20),
(59, P. 56), (45, P‘ 56). oeoeoeeoeoeeoeeoeeooo
Tree cricket Oecanthus £2.

 

Bark coatings on twigs.

a.

b.

0.

d.

f.

h.

Grayish specks on bark and fruit, individually
invisible to the eye, surrounded by a reddish
area.....................San Jose 80816, Page 3.

Bark scales 1/16 to 1/8" long, resembling an
oyster shell.................0yster shell scale,
page 2-

Bark covered with grayish scales 1/10" long,
In winter, if flipped over, they reveal very
Small reddish-purple 98830000000000.0000.00000.
..........................Scurfy scale, page 5.

Large brown soft-bodied scales half-pea-shaped
1/8 to 5/16" long clustered together. Winter
forms are flat, spindle-shaped, and immature.
............European fruit lecanium, page 4.

The under-bark of twigs is covered with cottony
masses from May through July..................
...................Cottony maple scale, page 4.

Bark on undersides of twigs is coated with
shiny convex-shaped brownish scales 1/12" in
diameter................Terrapin scale, pate 4.

Twigs and branches have dark gray to nearly
black almost circular scales 1/12" in diameter.
Thh.raisedorange.tip is off-center...........
.OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOIPutnam'B scale, Page 5.

Minute grayish specks massed together upon
twigs and branches. Under magnification a
raised reddish nipple is in the center of each.
(Similar to San Jose scale, page 5)...........
OooeeeeeeeoooeooQOOQQOOChBrry 50516, page 5. ‘

II.

III.

T'?T

Ui.

A.

D.

A.

i. Bark coated with l/12" dark aehy-gray scales.
..................3uropeen fruit scale, page 5.

3. Ba h coated with 1/8" reddish—orange scales.
....................‘..'aILnut scale, page 5.

DERGLLOUIID (Roots and trunh).

Knob-like rweiling and cracks in roots ailling them,
eventually culminating in death of entire tree. Th
knob-like swellings contain bluish-white or reddish-
brown aphids l/lO" lo g. ...........................
.........................Woolly appie aphid, page 5.

Larg: w ite grubs feeding on roots of nursery stock and
young trees. (25, p. 256), (52, p. 502), (56, p. 506).
o000000000000000000000000.000000.00000.000000000000000

White grubs lac_noete9na pp,

 

Large, long white grubc, 2—5" long; having a brown and

black head and a lateral row of oval Spots along the

body. They bore around in roots. 62, p. 522),

57, p. 252). .......................................
Giant grape root—worm ggionis laticollis.

Roots from two inches below ground to a foot or so above

ground have shallow burrows from the bark into the heart-

wood. Eight to ten inches above ground are exit holes

the Size Of a penCil..................................

................Rcund-headed apple tree borer, page 2.

EOLIAGE (Buds, leaves, and Flowers).

Bud injury.
1. Buds eaten off.
a. Caterpillar injury.
'(l). Buds are entirely eaten off as they be-
gin to swell early in the spring; later
the fruit, leaves and shoots become seared
and pitted, by caterpillars which travel
about in twisted horn-like tubes or cases
nearly an inch long. Leaves are also rolled
together and tied by silken strands, in
which the creature and his house seeks
shelter. Hursery stocn is seriously attached.
(52, p. 68), (52, p. 215), (56, p. 560),
(4%; P0 54). .000000000000000.000000000000
Leaf crumpler linecla indigenella.

 

(2). At the time buds burst small caterpillars
begin feeding on them. During a six weeks
period they eat developing buds, injure un-
folding leaves by rolling and binding then
with silken strands, and by injuring the
setting fruits which come amongst the leaf

rollings. The larvre

about the first of Jun
(31. PD- 1—6). (45. p.
Fruit tree leaf roller ca

(Df)

02, pp. 1—41),

.8-

oeCia argerSpila.

O0

 

(5). Leaves are rolled up and tied together by
leaf-eating larvae, which peel off the un—
der leaf surfaces. :hey also eat off buds,
flowers, and puncture fruit shin , then
eat out their pulp. The first larval stage
is as a leaf-miner; in the mature stage
they devour the buds; there are two broods,
lay—June, and July—August. They winter
over as eggs on the bark. (60, p. 65),
(52, p. 250), (56, p. 716), (55, p. 75).
0000000000000000000000000000000000.0000.
Oblique-banded leaf roller Oacoecia
rosaceana.

 

 

(4). Tiny gregarious caterpillars hatch out in
time to lay waste eXp'nding leaves; at
first they eat out holes, later they con-
sune the entire leaf except for the main
veins. Complete defoliation is not un-
common. hature caterpillars are two inches
long, having ten pairs of dorsal blue tuber-
cules and six reddish, separated by a yellow
median line; otherwise the body is clothed
with long black hairs. (5, pp. 1—25),
(25, p. 273), (52, p. 200)0 0000000000000000

Gypsy moth Porthetria dispar.

 

(5). Buds, flowers, and leaves are_often stripped
overnight by an unseen visitor. Or, certain
branches may be the center of attach, more
often nursery stock or new trees. (55, p.
158), (2, p. 150), (45, p. 11). ...........
00000000000000000000000000000000000000.0000.

climbing cutworms Noctuidae so.

 

b. Beetles injury.

(1). Buds, leaves, and flowers are stripped or
badly ruined early in the season, during
a one—month period. Buds, flowers, and
leaves are eaten off or are eaten ragged
and tattered; newly set fruits become badly
disfigured by having holes eaten into them.
adults are 1/5" long, yellowish—brown, and
have long Sprawling legs. They prefer porous
sandy areas. ( 9, pp. l—é), (59, p. 28),
(9, p. 51), (45, P0 29)0 0000000000000000000

dose chafer lacrodactylus subspinosus.

 

lO.

--(:
er 0
~1de

(8).

(Dd
HQ)
:3

* ;:

Buds are eaten off, tti
drooping. Early Spring
trees in close proximity to hichory or
can woodlots are especially seriou ..

.0.
" W ork 'Y'nravil DD’ro 6
0.00000000000000000.-e-- .1. »~b-‘e-v J¢tv .

)

,
\—

Du

‘.

in LL: the early
ties 1/10 to
09 3ning buds.
eta ll ic Holor 3 an
leaves rese: sling
stage is s_,ent as i
duce 1.ine s from near
to the taQ in te rri
08118. (45, p. 8),

0......OOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOCOO

Apple flea weevil Orchestes -al1icor llS.

A

O C
"J
p.)

‘~ to
(Ii f“
r.

1",

F.
L I

r
e
t

-' )

“0t?
017

C1" {‘3
|-—I

0
else”. ;he larval
*ers, uhich pro-
ne enter of the lea ;’1‘.’

13

«4 (D (.-
m

,3 -.
Uc+rtHflDfi)®)413

p.93

0
(W.
o
O

 

 

Sane as dreceding, except the larvae are
not lea miners; they too perforate the

.L
leaves s(1othole—lihe.fhe larvae are l/b"
long lL ht— brown with blacks Spots. Adults
are greenish-blue jumping beetles.
(51, p. 451) , (55, p. 40b), (38, p. 364).
000000000000000000.000000000000000000.000000

drap e flea beetle haltica chapybea.

 

into.

illar injury.
Opening buds are eaten into thus destroying
all flowers and leaves. Inside the buds are
1‘-” .- (‘4. ' - ‘1," . ,-,. .,' ‘ 0‘ -l_,
blown caterpillars 5 long ‘.ltfl a LlaUn
head and shield eating and tun elin“ about.
fl;e frzit has its 8‘1L ermis sco0ped out in

place, causing ble mis es in natured fruits.
Lhegra 1.80 feed uion ezzxviding foliage.

Nursery stOCh is often destructively attacied.
(51, p. 514:9), (45, p. 23 ), (4-7}, p. 251).
00000000000000-00.000000000000000000000000000

Bud moth Listocera ocellana.

 

Opening buds are eaten into and tunnelled

around in by shall apple—green ca “r illars

which attain i” in length w~en full grou'n;

on the lateral surfaces are three narrow

yellowish-White stripes. fhe measuring

worm feed for four or five WGGLS, pre-

ferring to f as on flower buds. (53, p. 35),

(23, p. 108), (32, p.
bruce's spa3-AOim

tat/7). 0000000000000000

l’accela bruceata.

 

ll.

b.

(a). Unfolding buds have their scales eaten off
and the flowers eaten into. She de-
vastating insects are very sxnall cater—
pillars residing in sheltered c-ses. The
cases are pistol-shaped having a curl or
bend in it; in all they are 5;” long and
may be qufld attached to leaves, twigs,
branches, or fruit, depending upon the
season of year. (56, p. 501), (42% p. 58),
45, p. 10). 00000000ooooooooooooooooooooo
Bistol-case bearer .ccleophora nelivorella.

(4). Save as preced'ng except the t the case-
bea1er has a ciga1-shaped case v.hich is
triangular at the tip. (LL, p. 2L4),

(51, p. 547), (57, p. 56). oooooooooooooooo
Cigar-case bearer Uoleophora fletcherella.

 

(5). Lud scales are eaten o;f by yellowish,
greenish, or blacl Leasuring uorns an inch
long. levelooing leaves are eaten tattered
and sheletonized. The t0) half and center

f tree is priuarily the source of injury.
The ueesuriig‘ worms are Spinners, eyinning
threads Vieiover tle y trs yel, from too of
tree to ’1cuu1d 01OSu.ise enui sideways; in
fact completely entangling the tree suf-
ficiently to cause the foliage to die and
drop prematurely. fhe fruit becomes badly
dwarfed. (44, p. 20), (46f, p. be),
(30, p. 36). 0000.000000000000000.0000...
Spring cannersorm Paleacrita vernata.

(45, p. 20), (47f, p. 417, (60, p. 567]

000.00.000.00...0.0.0.0000...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

Fall canherworm Alsophila pometaria.

(6). Buds are fed upon by fl" light—green cater-
pillars with head, legs, and thoracic shield
varying from brown to black.. At first they
feed on buds, then roll and tie leaves to—
gether to feed on the foliage or fruit with—
in the tangle...............................

..........;1uit tree leaf roller, page 10.

(7). Buds a1 e fed upon by caterpillars which roll

and tie leaves together, then, vithin twisted
horn-line tubes or cases nearly an inch long,
they reside in the enclosure................
................Leaf crumpler, page 9.

Beetles injury.

(1). Buds, blossoms, and new foliage in new or-
chards in close proximity to locust trees
become badly devasted by small jumping
beetles l/lO" long as tizey voraciously feed.

53, p. 20 5), (47f, p. 58). ooooooooooooooo
Red—legged flea beetle orepidodera gufipes.

3.

4.

(2). Opening buds are eaten into, leaf and
fruit stems severed by gnawings. Injuries
occur from May through June. (53, p. 371),
(36, P0 533), (38, P0 167). 00000000000000
Imbricated snout beetle Epicaerus
imbricatus.

 

(3). Buds are eaten off, twigs gnawed and
dropping. Ybung trees early in the spring,
in close proximity to oak or hickory wood-
lots, are sepecially hard hit.............
..................New York weevil, page 6.

(4). Jumping beetles 1/10 to 1/5" long puncture
and eat out opening buds. Adults are shiny-
metallic colored and at first eat out buds,
later eating out perforations in leaves
similar to "shotholes". The larvae are
leaf miners.......Apple flea weevil, page 11.

Buds rasped.

80

Early in the season buds shrivel up and turn brown,
on close examination the browned surfaces reveal
raspings caused by feedings. Oviposition in stems
of young fruit produces a wilting effect followed
by premature fruit shedding. Heavy infestations
appear as injuries caused by fire. (39, pp. 1-7),
(32, P0 119), (36, P0 692)0 00000000000000000000
Pear thrips Taeniothrips inconsequens.

Buds punctured.

b.

Swelling and eXpanding buds are punctured and

sap withdrawn, resulting in slight injuries to
buds. Their presence need not cause alarm,

even though 15-20 may be upon a bud or flower;

they are waiting for newly deve10ped succulent
leaves on which they feed a short time, to end

of May, then migrate from the tree. Some of

the leaves curl up and drOp due to aphis feeding
upon them. (47s, p. 8), (47f, p. 27), (45, p. 31).

......OO..OOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOO...OO......OOOOO..O.

Apple grain aphid Rhopalosiphum prunifoliae.

Opening buds are punctured by aphid nymphs un-
til they have access to succulent leaves. They
draw the sap from leaf and fruit stems; the
leaves curl up and wilt, while the fruit stems
curl and droop, thus dwarfing or killing the
fruit. Fruit spurs and inner tree~top portions
are more subject to attack than terminal parts.
.000000000000000000000R08y apple aphid, page 70

Opening buds are punctured by green aphids, so
also are flowers and fruit stems. The punctures
cause warpings which tend at tines to wilting
and killing of the terminal part beyond the in-
cision. Infestations occur Lnly early in the
Spring and in the fall. (55, p. 151),

c.
(1.12, 13.1934). 00000000000000000.000000000000000
I‘m-V. ‘ A ‘1.“ q 4-...-;.:1 V ’-
hpple bud aphid e1 we or ‘:1e axenae.

 

B. Le af injury.
1. Leaf miners.

8-.

b.

00

d.

Durinr June leaf miners Q" long mine &UOUt in

the leaves, then pupate tml rein, after ca—using

the leaf to curl up and then ty in g it fa st. 1116

caterpillars are ;—” lon , olive or brovmish-

green, having a lieht brov.n head and t."o lateral

and two dorsal ..n te stripes. Iore of ten found

in unsirayed o1claids. 1hey sheletoniz :3 leaves

and eat out sma ll cavities in apples. (55, p. 52),

(25, p0 115), (36, p0 525)0 0.0000000000000000...
lalner worm Diciomeris ligulella.

 

Leaf mines less than one in h long which the
miner deserts to build a Ilinpsy cocoon on the
leaf m1rfe ce clos -e to the mine. From the cocoon
the caterpillar come 8 forth to feed on the leaf
surface, thus sheletonizing it. The cocoons say
be found on twigs, leaves, or fruit. Attacl ed
leaves brov .*n and shrivel up; the injury occurs
early in the year, just as the first leaves un-
fold. The larvae are 5" long, greenish-yellow
with a reddish tinge on anterior segments.

(47, p. 62), (55, p. 56), (25, p. 115). '
.OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00.000.00.00...00000....

Apple bucculatrix Bucculatrix pomofoliella.

The first leaves in the spring are likely to

be infested with leaf miners which mine about

for about three weehs, then pupate within the
mines for another three weehs. The second brood
pupates in the leaf until it dro ops then he olds

over until spring. The second brood larvae

lines its mine with silhen threads, v.hereas,

the first brood does not. (25, p. 117),

(50, p. 616), (52, p. 255). .....................
Apple leaf trumpet miner Ii 1sch eria mali: oliella.

 

Irregular darh blotch mines i" in dim seter har
boring a 1/8" long, legless, light yellow-brown
caterpillar with a dark head. When fully
matured the larva cuts off a piece of the mine

14.

f.

h.

With which it forms an oval seed-like yellowish
shield which it attaches to the bark. (55, p.
75), (52, pa 232), (50, P0 116). oooeeooooooee
Resplendent shield bearer Coptodisca splendor-
iferella.

 

Leaf miners which in the earliest stage mine
about then bind the leaf in a roll and skeleton-
126 ita surfaces................................
..........Oblique-banded leaf roller, page 10.

Leaf mines from near the leaf center to the mar-
gin terminating in blister-like cells.. Adults
are l/lO“ long beetles which eat out round holes
in foliage, giving it a "bird-shot" perforation.
....................Apple flea weevil, page 11.

Leaf miners in earliest stage, later they con-
struct brownish-gray, tough, silken cases %"

long, bent at the top to resemble a pistol, stand-
ing upright at right angles to whatever it is
attached. Inside the cases are 1/8" caterpillars.
...................PiBtOl-C&BG bearer, page 12.

Same as preceding except the case is cigar-
shaped, having its tip triangular............
..................Cigar~case bearer, page 12.

Leaves rolled and webbed together.

b.

Late in June as greenish-yellow caterpillars

fold over a portion of a leaf then sew it fast,
within the enclosure the larva feeds on the

upper epidermis. Its head is yellow, the cor-
vical shield has a black spot near the outer

hind corner. They are found only in neglected
orchards. (47f, p. 56), (53, p. 61), (52, p.218).

000000000000000000000osees...0.000000000000000...

Apple Leaf sewer Ancylis nebeculana.

Edges of leaves are drawn and tied together, than
within the fold the caterpillars eat off the un-
der epidermal layer; from a distance the injury
appears as fire blight. Nursery stock is more
often subject to attack. The caterpillars are

a" long, pale yellowish-green, with a yellow head
and thoracic shield. (53, p. 59), (52, p. 251).

Oeooeeoeoeooooeeooooooo-ooeooeooeooooooooeoooooe

Yellow-headed fireworm Alceris minute.

15.

5.

(D
0

n

I.

(a.

5.

Leaf

8..

1

Do

Sin5le leaves or reee leaves are draWw to-
5ether by silken s ‘iufis, wrurein esterpillars
a' Ioliage, Lx.nstrre frui‘ sxins, and eat tFe
‘vlo. Ea‘lies; larval st95e is as a lerf miner.
Che catergillirs are u” 103;, 115;: yellOWish
brown to nw~7ie-,51‘een, 26"1135 a lirC'"1i.-'37 l-lze;
}:e ad and tlel aeie shiela; tie sierreie s ield
is oordered with TFufe or bleess..............
...........OLliq1e—1ended leai roller, :flAQ 1“.
Leaves Es" .E"t 011° q“L‘s ere s‘wfr11xmajuu.r and
boss Wit; Sil,?n corss. risiu Ci: 1: tie tangle
lras cavities ,esen out. Lie l"r'ae are Z" lcrp,
"rose with seas and t. reel“ C ield darn oro

01"olesic...

tree leaH roller 4a5e 1L3

At 1Cliation tlHC leaves are rolled ani tier to-
gether l; tLregis; and, .iunin the eQJlosure re-
side several tiit‘efi *sil—lihe tubes or cases
nearly an inch len u33fi s” ctergillsrs as
Lt“;elte::‘sn..........T.eaf;' Cl‘uVMr, gage 0.

Buds and leaves ar Webbed 1
threads Wherever 348 W . feefling. Ike
killers are %" lcné brCWn, havin;
Bud Moth,

(l-‘f":

_’_;JJL

5:9 1 o

'9 a
10' CS

Single l3dve° are rolls? so cLe nger and lover
surras s are tiefl to at e“ b; sil. an i resfis.
Ege etrliest larval geriod is sgent as a leaf
L.:i“er, {he litter __,~::"i‘. is sent as C semi—leaf
Li er partially uuried and Lartially exgosed.
............?es;lendent shield bearer, page 15.

N

s curl up, then are tied b
rolled leaves are those first burrOWed about
leafr11rersnl-en iniaoiting the en—
closure timer s;eletonise leaves and eat cavities
in the 3oun5 e.poles. The caternillars are 5"
long, olive or bIOWni 1-51 en, aqug e li5ht-
heed nd tWo lateral and tWo -orsal Wh ite
stripes...............Palmer Worn, -age 14.

; 511; threads.

broWn

protuberanees.
E stol—shaped protuberanoes on the underleef
a 1"

uUJ‘iECG iii 81011300000000.00000900000.0000000...

ol—Ga se bearer, page 12.

.IOOOOOO-—
ranees on the unéerleaf
having a triangular tie.

.L

bearer, 1a5e ls.

L

Ci5er-s2aped protube
sur aces ;" long,

0.0.0.000OOOOOOOOOOCiI’”r

\D

Llr ”03.88

Q.

0. files er, slacnish, t is3ed lorn—lihe tubes or
case nearly an inch lon5 n tWi5s and leaves,
W1th n Which reside reddisTE—brOWn caterpillars.
00000000000000.0000.00090018 L‘I Cl‘fill: 81“, 11959 V.

d. Leav s which Iave been infis‘ed by leaf—Winers
have a Wine less than an inch long; at uAe end
is a flimpsy cocoon l; to 2;" €25 on the lOWer
leaf surface..........;,tle tuceulatrix, page 14.

6. acts or ba5s ; to 1;" lcn5} an5: in5 from under-
leaf surfaces, twigs, branches, or on the urr;.

Inside the ba5s are dark-broWn shiny-bodied cater—
pillars. (26, do. l—ll), (£5, p. 315), (51, p.

A..-
?03) (CC, P. 07‘). 000000000000000.00.00.000000
~ an n -" '.~- 4 ' - - ‘77- .~. a r.~ \ -“« n'
3L5. :orL 1“ r1c051eggx eLLeneraelbrnis.

 

Sge chle d le ave s .
a. Kites or Spiders.

(1).

[O

(

(5).

(4).

)._

Yellowish spots are on the folia5e. Around
the Spots on under leaf surface are nzmer—
ous verv fine sil; threads. Inside the
Spots are tiny red suiders 1/50" long.

(5b, 5. 315), (32, p. 007), (b8, 5. 207).

.L
00.0.0...0.00.00.00.00.00000000000000000..

Rel skider Ietrachbus birs.culatus.

 

Reddoned, mottled leaves turn rusty, then
blacn and fall. Ar und sgots on lOWer

leaf surface are silken threads and red
Spiders 1/1e" long. (415 p. 66),

(25, p. 508), (23, p. 59’).
.00000.0.0.00000.000000.00000000000000.0000.

Greenhouse red Spider Ietranjcrus telarius.

 

Brownian blisters 1/8" across or else in

masses on under surface of leaves. Ilisters

have fine threa.d entanglements around them.
Muit cracLs Open. (Bl, pp. 1-6),

(4701 PD. 1" 6), (9, I). 42.

0000.00.00.00...000000000000OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

Pear-leaf blister mite Erioghjes pyri.

 

Reddish or greenish galls or blisters 5"
across on the under leaf surface. eaves
and fruit dr0p prematurely. Silhen

threads wra 9 about the blisters. Fruit

of poor size, quality, and texture.

(10, pp. 1-125), (2, p. 140), (47f, p. 67).
.OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOCOCOOOOOCO‘OOO

Euroyean red mite Iaratetragychus pilosus.

17.

b. Leafhoppers.

(1).

(2).

(3).

During midsummer and early fall foliage
becomes mottled with white; injured leaves
fade and drop. Underleaf surfaces have
numerous shy insects which walk sideways
when startled or fly off in clouds.

Adults are yellowish green and l/8" long.
(47f, p. 29), (52, p. 156), (46, p. 7).
.IOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.00.0.0...

Rose leafhopper gzphlocyba rosae.

Pale greenish yellow leaves with white spots
surrounding leaf punctures. Leaves drop
prematurely. Adults insects are 1/8" long,
yellowish, with irregular dark markings

and black or red stripes. Similar to pre-
ceding. (23, P0 117). (51, P0 456),

(38, p. 311). 000.000.000000000000000000.

Grape leafhopper Erythroneura comes.

Edges of leaves turn white and curl up, or
the surface is mottled with white spots.
flips of some leaves have a browned tri-
angular surface; also tips of lateral veins
have browned triangular areas. Adult
insects are 1/8" long, pale yellowish-
green having six or eight white spots on
the front pronotum margin. Similar to
freceding. (47f, p. 30), (23, p. 231),

45, P. 7). 0000.00.00.0000000000000coo

Apple leafhopper Empoascaigp.

5. Leaves skeletonized.
a. Caterpillars.

(1).

(2).

Late August or September trees are apt

to be bereft of foliage due to complete
skeletonization. The injury is done by
worms spinning a single thread wherever
they go. When one tree is stripped, in
searching for food the caterpillars twins
and entwine the base of trunk until it is
one huge web. Mature caterpillars are i”
yellowish-green, with prominent numerous
black spots. -(46, pp. 247-64), (2, p. 126).

Apple and thorn skeletonizer HemerOphila
pariana.

Leaves which have leaf-mines within are
later completely skeletonized on the out-
side. The larvae inhabit flimpsy cocoons
attached to the leaves. Larvae are

18.

(5).

(4).

(5).

(6).

greenish-yellow with a reddish tinge on
the anterior segments; in all they are

‘n

a long........3pple bucculatrix, page 14.

Late in June ;" greenish—yellow caterpillars
fold over and tie leaves together then
sleletonize the upper epidermis. She head

is yellow, the cervical shield has a black
Spot near the outer posterior corner.
...................Apple leaf sewer, page 15.

During June larvae that mined inside of
leaves roll and tie them together than
sheletonize the rolled leaf. The cater-
pillars are a" long, olive or brownish
green, having a light brown head and two
lateral and two dorsal white stripes.
......................Ealmer worm, page 1e.

Leaves having %" pistol-shaped protuberances
on under leaf surfaces of leaves which are
sgeletonized ......Eistol—case bearer, page
12.

Leaves having %" cigar-shaped protuberances
on under leaf surfaces of leaves which are
sheletonized.....Uigar-aase bearer, page 12.

Beetles.

(l).

(2).

Leaves are badly sheletonized, during a

three months period, b; metallic-green or
greenish-bronze beetles slightly larger

than potato beetles, having two distinct

white Spots near the tip of abdomen. They

swarm together in great numbers. The

fruit is either gouged or partly peeled

in irregular shallow patches. (2, p. 12?),
(ed, p. 605), (48, pp. 1-51).
000.000.00.0000.000.000.0000.00000000000000.

Japanese beetle Popillia japonica.

Leaves are sheletonized early in the

season by beetles 1/5" long, yellowisl-

brown, possessing long sprawling legs.
They eat leaves ragged and tattered, de-
vour buds and flowers; newly set rruit
is badly injured by having holes eaten
out............Rose chafer, page 10.

Leaves are sheletonized by jumping beetles
l/lO" long, New orchards in close proximity
to locust trees are most seriously injured.

.............Red-legged flea beetle, page 12.

19.

Leaves turn pale, dry up, curl, and drOp prematurely.

a.

b.

00

d.

f.

Leaves curl shortly after unfolding then dry
up and drop. Inside curling leaves are mul-
titudes of aphids sucking sap from leaves,
stems, and newly forming fruit. Petioles and
fruit stems warp out of shape.................
.....................Roay apple aphid, page 7.

From spring to fall aphids puncture leaves and
leaf stems causing them to wilt, dry up, and

drop prematurely. The stems warp badly.......
o.........................Apple aphid, Page 7.

Speckled leaves become browned and curled; from

a distance they appear dust-laden. Leaves drop
prematurely. Fruit is undersized, of poor
quality and color......European red mite, page 17.

Under leaf surfaces have brownish blisters %" in
diameter, or masses of them; the blisters swarm
with tiny mites. Leaves drop prematurely.

Fruit Skins craCk Openoeeoeeeeeeeeooeoso...coo
.................Pear leaf blister mite, page 17.

Leaves turn pale yellow, curl up, and drop.
Lower leaves are attacked first, then higher
ones etc. Fruit is stunted. The injuries be-
come most severe in dry seasons and in arid
areas. Twigs and trunk;have numerous pinkish
or red eggs upon the bark sufficient to pro-
duce a reddish hue, during the dormant stage.
Small six or eight - legged creatures inhabit
the under leaf surfaces. (62, p. 11), (47f, p.66),
(45, P. 56). oeeooeoeeoeoeoooooeoooooe0000000...

Clover mite Bryobia praetiosa.

Reddened mottled leaves turn rusty, then turn
black and drop. Around the spots are wrapped
silken threads encasing red spiders 1/16" long.
................Gresnhouse red spider, page 17.

Yellowish spots on undersides of leaves sur-'
rounded by silken webs encasing red spiders 1/50"
long....................Red spider, page 17.

During midsummer and early fall leaves become
mottled with white, injured leaves fade and

then drop. Under leaf surfaces have 1/8" long,
Bhy'Bide-Walking creatures....................
........................Rose leafhopper, page 18.

20.

7.

i. Pale greenish yellow leaves which have wnite
Spots surrounding leaf punctures. Leaves drop
prematurely. Similar togreceding Species.
....................urape lealhopper, page 18.

j. Edges of leaves turn white and curl up, or else
the surface is mottled with white. Some leaf
tips have a triangular brown Spot, linewise at
the end of lateral veins. similar to preceding
SpecieS............Apple leafnopper, page 18.

Feeders on expanding foliage.
a. Caterpillars.

(l). Kany tiny gregarious caterpillars hatch
out in time to lay waste expanding leaves;
at firSt they eat out holes, later they
consume the entire leai except for the
largest veins. complete defoliation is
not uncommon. nature caterpillars are two
inches long having ten pairs of dorsal
blue tubercles and six reddish, separated
by a yellow median line; Otherwise the
bony is clothed with long blach hairs.
(2d, p. 275), (5, pp. 1-23), (47f, p. ed).
seco-00....coco-cocooooooooooooooonee-coo.

Gypsy moth Porthetria disear.

 

(2). Webs are Spun at terminal points where
many caterpillars centralize. The August
brood sheletonizes leaves, but the chief
injury occurs when the over—wintering
larvae revive in the Spring to devour un-
folding leaves as fast as they make their
appearance. (5, pp. 24-52), (47f, p. 49),
(25, p. 277). oeoeeeoooeeoeeoeooooeoooeoe

Brown—tail moth Nzgmia phaeorrhoea.

(3). From the time of bud opening to three weeks
after petal-fall small caterpillars tie
leaves and fruit clusters, then devour
the leaves. Leaf parts which are not eaten
dry up........Fruit tree leaf roller, page 10.

(4). When leaves begin to unroll they are eaten
off by caterpillars, providing the buds
were not eaten off by them. Later they
scoop out holes in newly setting fruits.
ooeooeooooooooooooooooBUd mOth, page 11.

(5). Early in the spring leaf clusters are
chosen by caterpillars which proceed to
tie them fast to a twig for a shelter.
Inside the shelter are tough, horn-like
shaped cases enclosing caterpillars eating
the leaves.........Leaf crumpler, page 9.

21.

(6).

Complete or part'al defoliation of

leaves, buds, and flowers may occur over-
night by an unseen predator. The injury
occurs very early in the spring. Nursery
stock or young trees are more subject to
attach..........Climbing cutworms, page 10.

be Beatles.

(1).

(2).

(3).

(4).

Leaves, buds, and flowers are eaten off by
beetles early in the spring; some leaves
are eaten ragged and tattered. The beetles
are 1/5" long, yellowish-brown, possessing
long sprawling legs.......................
...............Rose chafer, page 10.

New leaves, buds, and blossoms are eaten
off, eSpecially when in close proximity to
locust trees. The beetles are l/lO" long,
and are high-jumpers.......................
.........Red-legged flea beetle, page 12.

Unfolding leaves are eaten ragged and
tattered. The beetle is 1/5" long, shining
steel-blue and can jump freely.............
............Grape flea-beetle, page 11.

Hewly Opened leaves are perforated as if
shot full of tiny "shotholes". The beetle
is l/lO" long, dull—black colored, and it
is a jumping beetle........................

o..............Apple flea WBGVll, page 110

8. Foliage eaters.
- a. Single defoliators.

(1).
(

BeethSO

A). Leaves, during the period of a month

or 6 weeks, are badly eaten by beetles
which appear in swarms. The beetles
are 1/5” long, yellow—brown, possessing
long sprawling 18850000000009.000000000
.................Rose chafer, page 10.

(B). Leaves have the epidermis eaten off

by congregating metallic—green beetles
slightly larger than potato beetles.
They are present during two or three
months of the summer and cling to-
gether in swarms.......................
.............Japanese beetle, page 19.

'\

(2).

Caterpillars.

(A).

(B).

fetal defoliation of branches or en-
tire tree may occur overnight by an
unseen destroyer. Iursery stock or
young trees are eSpecially sus—
captible t0 Cefoliation...............
...........Climbing cutworms, page 10.

Giant caterpillars, over two inches
long. iuey feed for a month or so
without seriously injuring the tree,
due to chair rarity. When through
feeding they spin cocoons, then hib—
ernate in then for the winter.

(I). Cococn inside a rolled leaf.
2 Promethea moth (18, pp. 265—
71).

(II). Cocoon 7/8" by 2; or s", partly
wrapped in a leaf. 2 Luna
moth (57, p. 252).

(III). Cocoon 7/8" in diameter,
slightly longer than round,
sort of ovular-shaped. =
Polyphemus moth (57, p. 94).

(IV). Cocoon 15 or 2" by 3 or 4"
fastened to branches encasing
leaves. =—Cecropia moth
(57, p. 91).

b. Colonial defoliators.
Heb Spinners.

(1).

(A).

Thick webs are Spun in forks or

crotches and used as a shelter only,

all feeding is done outside the web.
Within the web leaves dry up and die;
outside the web they are stripped.

As the caterpillars grow they enlarge
the web to accommodate the colony.

Webs are Spun early in the season,

when buds and leaves are in development.
The caterpillars are br wn having a
white dorsal line; sides are blue, and
Sparsely haired. (1, pp. 1-18),

(2, p. 125), (45, p. 14).
.OOOOOOOOOOO‘OOO0.00.0000...0.0.0.0000...
Eastern tent caterpillar halacosoma
americana.

 

 

Dirty-white loosely woven webs, con—
taining excrement everywhere, enclose
branch tips late in the summer or early
fall. The chief differences between
this and the preceding Species is that

this species feeds within the web,
while the former does not; this

species spins its web late in the

sum er, the former Spins early in

the spring. (45, p. 18), (25, p. 215),

.1- /.I
(£371,130 ‘18:). 00000000000000.0000...coo
" " "V 7.. ‘I‘vq'x J. . WV

fall Leb orm hyphantria ‘un a.

 

Webs are spun at terminal points where
many caterpillars centralize. During
the winter the webs are conspicuous,

at which time the larvae are in hib-
ernation. The Au"ust brood sheletonizes
the leaves, but the principal injury
occurs when the over-wintering cater-
pillars revive in the spring to devour
unfolding leaves as fast as they de—
velop........Erown-tail moth, page 21.

web-Spinners.

In midsummer colonies of caterpillars
appear and completely defoliate branches
or the whole tree. Iursery stoch or
young trees are most subject to attach.
When not feeding they congregate on the
trunh or branches. then at rest the
caterpillars either have the rear and
elevated or the fore and rear ends;
when startled they elevate both ends
suddenly and renain so. fhe cater-
pillars are two inches long, blac;

and yellow striped, having a yellow
ring around the neon. (52, p. 125),
(58, p. 270), (25, p. 118).
.OIOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOIOOOOOOOOOO
Yellow-necked caterpillar Datana
ministra.

Same as preceding species exceet the
caterpillars are black and yellow
striped with a coral-red hump just be-
hind the head and a row of spines pro-
jecting from it. (53, p. 125),

(38, p. 271), (25, p. 118).
00.000000000000000...00000.000.000000...

Red—humped caterpillar Schizura coneinna

 

In the spring youig caterpillars eat
off the epidermal layer; later they
eat off the entire leaf save for the
drib; some also gnaw small holes in
he fruit. The l?” larvae have three

)
lv

24,

pencil-like tufts of long blach.hairs,

one at each side of the head and one

at the dorsal posterior end. (30, p. 41),
(57, p. 269), (56, p. 687).
.eeOeeoeoeeeoeeeeOeeeoeoeeooeeeeeoeeeooo
White-marked tussock Hemerocampa
leucostigma. __i

 

 

(D). This insect resembles the preceding.
It has a black head and the first two
tussocks are blach in young caterpillars,
later turning white. Later an additional
pencil of long black plume-tipped hairs
project laterally from the second ab-
dominal segment. (52, p. 203),
(63, P0 105). oeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.
Rusty tussock moth Notolophus antique.

(E). Neglected orchards have leaf epidermis
peeled off in midsummer, followed by
consumption of all save the midrib.

The caterpillar is 1%" long, covered
with dense spreading tufts of White
hairs, a row of eight black:tufts on

the back.and two long slender black
pencils on the fourth and tenth seg-
ments. Head, feet, and under body parts
are black; upper body surface is white
spotted with black. (47f, p. 55),

‘82, P. 185). egoooeeeeeeooeooooeee.
Hickory tussock moth galisidota caryae.

(F). Caterpillars which spin one thread as
a "gi—line" wherever they travel; when
not feeding they congregate on trunk
or branches. If food is scarce they
go out after it in form like marching
army worms. The caterpillars are 1%
long, having a median row of white
"lozenge-shaped" dots along the back.
(25, p. 241), (50, p. 55), (45, p. 16).
Forest tent caterpillar malacosoma
disstria.

(G). Early in the spring colonial cater-
pillars hatch out in time to consume
opening buds and devour foliage as fast
as it unfolds; at first holes are eaten
in the leaves then all but the midrib
is eaten away. The insect is two or
three inches long; along the back are
two rows of blue spots with a dim.
yellow stripe between; the body is
clothed with long black;hairs.
..............Gypsy moth, page 21.

buds and flowers are

1-
.4
&-~ .

eaves, i ,

'. - ,_ -1 ‘ ., - - .- -_ 4. ,

ir11 ed Iert all, or totally over—
. m A v n - ”‘7 771:. '

l at b1 an Lnseen encn -ne 1n—

ury occurs early in the Spring‘and
s n re line y to befall nursery
JCOC“ Ol‘ :Cilli’ treesoooooocooooooo-ooo

q I. II n J- . __ .1 1
-. '. ~ '11 "n . a - ' ‘ -‘I Y (‘4 -, r~ . 1 ~ ]
0-00ooooooooO‘J4Lw-l/lu; ti-OJ-LA‘J. L—fiiLe \«0

‘. . 4 ‘ 4.. ' J—‘ ~
Irenecura GGiOllfltlflflo
a. w-ai- oppers.
- -.- , _.- 1—.._ 1,. -, -- 4: 1 _.- ' F.
(1). During LlDLhL.eT and earl, fall .0113 e
‘ n
\

I

cccnx es 'Ltlcd tfith ri;ite; 'hijrr eél.l3eves

fade, tlen drop.......£ose leaincpper, page 18.
(2 . Ifilge s of 1e2ves turn white, curl “p, and

C109. cone leaves are vnite mottled.

:ivs of some here a browned triangular

‘vot ; tips of lateral veins me? also have

bro: {led triangular Spots. "flopper-burn”

is caused by l/o” pale yellowish—g“een

eaLlopgere. Cn t1 :ore part of pro—

notum are six or ight white Spots on

Itlle .N‘jL-‘flé‘il’1000000000OOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOO...

0000000000000...o..'.;_ai;le 1951121103138 Lars, 38:0 180

(1). Leaves turn pale, url no, 'ry L2, and
dro; gun? aturely; .Lgonzst the (33; curled
leaVns are Lnltitzdes of aphids seer eting
tierzclvas. Ice; (elioles are .t tires

warped way out of line..
0.0.0.00000000003035' 0.4.3: 1, l‘aLe 7.

c ng Species, except the

i j. d ithez‘:hi the

, whereas this s ecies con-

“ ‘r " n‘ -‘+ through
d, page 7.

0
Spring or f:
tinues its in
to late fall

on
(.1. 1—3 1
H
:3
(

&
I“, -
Cacaooooo-ki}l;1e Q.

~ C o Cain 331'7301 (1.3.
(l) o 911er 5' the Spl‘li $A‘E; I‘
blacL

’1 avv —: 1

-1 Dry 3711311 01"
~
1

e s ,

Acanlrin; worms about one i101 long
3 in t21reads irom which they dangle and
so tangle up the tree that the leaves curl
up, die and droc or atr'ely. Upper half
of tree, eSLccially the central portion,
is tiie center of attach.....................
.......3;ring and Ball canherTO'ms, :age 12,

d. bpid ers and mites.
(1). He 10“isc shots on foliage surrounded b“

silnen Labs on undcr surface C"!""311““ red

U

-1" J” . .- .\

SQlQOrS ly’o‘ long. legnwvs TC: ;QxNjature y}
a ,.";,- r. r

ono00000000000000.0000....v'1 Sglfigf’ («LO 1].

1’)

310
l.

5.

(S). Heddened mottled leaves turn rusty, t
41H Llacl :11 drop. Lround the sect
on 10 er leaf surfece, are silnen i
encasin; red SLiCers 1,1e" leng.
...........Greenlouse 13rd s ire“, -2,

‘1 A, ‘ fl ' .‘CO ‘ ‘ - -
secone CSCMXGQ and 013185
. . ‘ — L ‘4" '
_e; e 1ear dust lafie

rfnC’nH-W"
u... 'L‘_-11;_000000000000....-oooooooooo

...........I.urepean red mite, page 1?

1

n,

(4). Under lea; surfaces hat e bio unisu blisters
an -. “'ph _ M .r~ _ _ m
y in dierete., or 1:.ss s 01 tLer.1i}:e
‘ t rs c it

1 tiny mites.

(
94v

,
T u
3 awv'e S

_ 2- -1- .. .14.- -s. _
(11:01) 0810138 IMLLU’gxr‘l‘JZI......OOOOOOOOOOOOOO

' .'.‘ ‘_* - 2,4- -., .144. ,~ ..
... 00......LGV‘EI‘ ltJa-L )JllIJU'gl‘ 1...].08’ L31:

(5). leaves tuin pale yellow then curl up

dr P. loner leaves are attacled 111r*
then tLe hi-Eer ones etc. Injury is

K.—
8

during dry

9115 or in arid are

as.

e 17.

'\ _‘.4_ 2, «7-H A
00000000000oooooooooooblotrern.1Ue’ ‘33:.8 15'.

:"e r in ju ry.

E107 .er.3 mad 1“; err ezfen aTay by leaf rollers
51*_en they are a 3u11dan t the e1qtire tree may beco
strin ed of lcuds , flowers, a1d leaves. Larvae
i” long, "e1 l.oaish-;reen,l need and th01 acic shix
being br0"nish— blach; feed from lav to nugust.
............Oblique—bx1ded leaf roller, page 10

Flowers, buds C . 1rv1ches or
stripped overnigh t b? an invisible 3 st.
J. ‘1- VA. .1...

SDOCL orzfling'trees

(30‘s

‘7 (‘v
1t 0 ms 3+
uh

Flower stems are punctured by yellowi sh
while in the process of feeding, the stems
and the flowers 512.......ipple cud a.;nid,

Flowers are e:te21into ancl destroyed by ju

beetles l/lU" long. Blowers and new leave
eaten ' sued. frees in close prox'xm ty to

itire

g.-

QL Her

e 10.

?

N-SW
1114*? Ab

CY --\
o.) 91

iCCIS

tree

«:7

18 to De attaCJ-odo

(,4.
u

1‘:
4-fi1 1‘ - ‘ V - -- v A-
ble-€913 9.1811051; L 0.1.1053]; flrheCJLIedaoooooooooooooooooo

LJKJ
'?
000.00.00.00...-

ed-legfi d ilea beetle, pa

:8 lb...

Blossoms, buds, and 1e ves a.re nearly entirely eaten
oft” by larre numbers of gel loeiz3h—brown beetles

l/e” long, I sees sing long sirazling legs.

1 a .‘V, .J'.‘
oouooooooooooooooooooooocoo. -1059 (51-30181‘,

pate

l\1.

o C
c
.- h r
\ o u
n .
I ..
1 I
I .
y .
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I
. I
I.
. I
o
h. I!
a
;
I 1
(

flLIuvri. {4.3. mlfl... .flJIil
...

_

‘

 

 

6.

IV. FRUIT.

Petals are eaten and blossoms riddled by shiny
bronze-green beetles the size of a potato beetle.
The beetles congregate in great swarms.
........................Japanese beetle, page 190

A. Fruit blemishes (outside).

1.

2.

’-5.

Fruit is covered with honeydew masses growing sooty-
black fungi which renders the fruit unsalable. Dur-
ing the winter bark on the undersides of branches

and twigs is nearly covered with shiny convex-shaped
scale 1/12" in diameter.........Terrapin scale, page 4.

Minute grayish specks on fruit and leaves surrounded
by a reddish area.............San Jose scale, page 3.

Distorted fruits having honeydew masses over them
and on leaves, the honeydew has sooty-black fungi
0n it.........................App16 aphid, Page 7.

B. Fruit blemishes (through the epidermis).

1.

3.

Crescent-shaped scars.

a. Convex-shaped crescent scars sometimes having
a hole in the convex side. The incisions deve10p
into swellings or knots protruding from the fruit
surface. At times the scars develop depressions
instead of humps. Fruit becomes hard, knotty,
and misshapen, usually dropping during May or
June. Inside the fruit resides a grayish—white
curved larva. (6. PP. 469-513), (53, p. 245),
(63, Pp. 1'51). 000coo-00000000coo-0000009000

Plum curculio Conotrachelus nenuphar.

b. Misshapen, knotty, and undersized fruit. Small
holes are eaten in ends or sides of fruit; When
crescent-shaped hqles are close together the
skin between dries up and cracks. Infested
fruit may or may not drop. The female oviposits,
after digging out a hole in the fruit, then

lugs the hole with excrement. (6, pp. 514-57),
€25, P0 116), (47f, Pl 21). oooooooooooooo...
Apple curculio Tachypterellu§_quadrigibbus.

Bound holes or round scars in fruit.
a. Round holes 1/8" deep eaten into apples.
....................Apple curculio, page 28.

Shallow holes gouged, scOOped, or eaten out of fruit.
a. Small holes scooped out of fruit.

D.

(1), ;Fallow cavities scented ut of inna—

.' L 1 ‘_

ture :r its. lround the fruit are rolled
Leaves and silien entanglchcnts.
................;al£er '0“' page It.

(2). Fruit shins are gna'cc aid LOG)“Q also
small holes eaten ifllO the fruit. “icind
the injured fruit are singLe and ~rouped
leaves rolled together by leai rollers.
.........tblique—b:hded lea; "oller, page 16.

"I
N-

(3). Soon alter setting, new fruit c usters and
leaves are drawn tdgether by lea: rollers,
then tied together; in the meantime the
fruit has small cavities eaten through the

snin into the pulp. Lature fruits shOW'
deep, usseted, elongated scars.
...........Eruit tree leaf roller, page 10.

(4). Srall holes are eaten thsough the shin
into the On the fruit are tiny,

I
’" long, pi

* —shaped protuberances in—
habited by minute caterpillars.

13-104- 1 c. b -,. -,. ~ .3 '10
......Ooo-*.JUO "Caue 884.84., L‘QQV .leo

(5). Same as preceding, zcept the protuberances
on the fruit are cigar—shaped and have a
triangular tip.....digar-case bearer, page 12

vities eaten into the fruit.

). Holes are eaten through the shin and pits
hollowed out in the pulp. The injury
occurs during the latter part of Lay or
June. Because the octerpillars cannot
travel far they injure many fruits on a
given branch. (45, p. 26), (47f, p. 22),

(56’ p. 57%). .....OOOOOIOOOOOOOOOOOO0...
Green fruit worm Graftolitha sn.

 

(2). Fruit is scored and pitted early in the
Spring. Injured fruits are rolled in
leaves enclosing caterpillars in twisted
horn—line tubes or cases nearly an inch
long, one caterpillar to each individual
shelter...........Leaf crumpler, page?

(3). Deep pits eaten into fruit.

(A). Sew fruits have deep pits scooped out
of the pulp. The injurious pests are
caterpillars 1;" long, yellowish-
blach, hairy, and striped. Each has
three pencil-like tufts of long black
hairs which project, one on each side
of the head, and one from the dorsal

(B).

posterior. Shere are two bri ght red
Spots on th posterior d01 sal sur—
face............1te—*1"ri- d tus soc}: moth,
page 25.

Beetles 1/ic" long eat through fru.it
Shins, then hollow out or vities '50 7 con-
tinued eatings. Within the cavities
oviposition occurs and grubs then in—
fest the fruit. (55, p. 68),

(be, P. 558)‘ ...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

Apple weevil Pseudenthonorts crataegi.

 

Le'.' ly set fruits are badl;’ injured by
havin7 the Shins cheued off and deep
holes scoored out of the pulp. Beetles
l/o” long, yellowish-brown, po css ssing
long, Spranling legs, did the injury.
...................ROSG Chafer, page 10.

Injurys mxe as preceding but much worse
is perfor zed by beetles about the size
of a potato beetle. Ehe head and
thorax are shining bronze seen, W1 iile
the wing covers are tinged with green

at the edges. Ihe tip of abdomen with
tufts o:d1ite.....Japanese beetle, page
19.

(4). Cracked fruit shins.

(A).

Elie ter- lihe pea qtches on fruit causing
Shins t0 CTaCL Open...................o.
.....Pear leaf blister mite, page 20.

(5). Round e: cit holes in 5fruit.

(A).

int holes are /16" in diameter hav-
ing a sort of ring around them.

Apples have burrows and heaps of ex-
crement in the pulp, around and within
the core. Often excrement and core
parts are th ust out of tile fruit via
burrovs in the calyx end. Seeds are
often eaten out.T11e worm is 2"

long, pinhish—white, has legs, and has
a brown head. ihey enter usually via '
the calyx Opening into the pulp to the
core. (9, p. 49), (45, pp. 40-44),

(47f’ D. 1). 0....OOOOOOIOOOOOOOOOOOOO
codling moth Uarpocaspa pomonella.

 

r; '3
U .

”(6).

Internal

norminess.

(A). Hormy apples.

(I).

(II).

(IV).

Apples have burrows and heaps

of excrement in the pulp, around
and within the core. 7ften ex-
crenent and core part are thrust
out of the fruit via burrow in
the calyx end. Seeds are often
eaten out. ihe worm is ;" long,
pinhish—white, has 1853, and has

a brown head. Ihey enter usually
via the calyx opening into the pulp
to the core.......................

. . . . . . . . oodling moth , page 50.

Burrows and excrement are in the_
pulp and core, even excrement is
forced out upon the outside. Late
apples in close proxinity to peaches
are most seriously attached after
peaches are harvested. fhe worms

are pinkish or erecting-white, 2-"
long.....0riental iruit moth, page 5.

Burrowing worms under the shin,
traveling about in a winding cir-
cuit first just under the shin,
then next to the core; sonetines
they infest the core. The worms
are %" long, lcgless, headless,
and White in color. (25, p. 55),
(45, p. on), (47f, p. 15).
.0000000......OOOOOOOOOIOIOOOOOOOOOO.

Apple maggot Rhagoletis ppmonella.

 

Burrows are under the shin of

apples which entirely under-mine

the calyx end. The mines are

shallow but broad, seldom entering

the core. The worm is 5/8" long,

pinnish or nearly white. (55, p. 25),
2:3", p. U5), (45, p. 44:).
0.00.0000...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00.00.

Lesser apple worm Laspeyresia

prunivora.

 

 

(B). Grubby apples.

(I).

Grubs 1/5” long, milhy—white,
legless, with a brown head, and
strongly curved reside in the
DUlp 0r COIB....................
......Plum curculio, page 28.

a
ul.

5.9:, ”new

 

(II). Grubs nearly 5" long, brown or
light—brown with four distinct
humps on the back;have no legs
and are strongly curved bore
about mthe fmitOOOODOOOOOOOOOO

........Apple curculio, page 28.

(0). Fruit seeds eaten out.

(I). Seeds have 1/5", spindle-shaped
curved maggots which hollow out
seeds, then hibernate therein for
the Winter. (32, p. 555).

Apple seed chalcid Syntomaspis
druparum.

(7). Misshapen fruits.
(A). Dwarfed fruits.

(I). Fruit is undersized, of poor color
and quality. The foliage is
speckled, then drops permaturely.
.......Buropean red mite, page 17.

 

(II). Dwarfed fruit with a rough, un-
even, more or less pitted and warty
surface......Rosy apple aphid, page 7
or Apple aphid, page 7.

(B). Fruit surfaces irregular.
(I). Fruit is normal on one side, on
the other side there are skinless
areas over which the fruit tries to
grow new skin but by so doing the
apple becomes warped out of shape.
....Fruit tree leaf roller, page 10.

(II). Same injury as aboverut several
apples on a given limb are so in-
Jured; sometimes half of the pulp
is eaten out and the hole never is
grown over........................
Green fruit worm, page 29.

(III). Dimpled and pitted fruit, causing
a gnarled surface. (45, p. 47),
(47f, p. 12), (53, p. 28).

Apple red-bug Lygidea mendax.

(IV). Lumpy or knotty fruit somewhat
dwarfed.....Rosy apple aphid, page 7
or Apple aphid, page 7.

(V). Depressions in fruit having numerous
sting-like holes or healed soars.
Between the stings the surface humps

52.

(B).

V“ rerOJ-‘-"~‘°
U“ ...,

It). Al‘ee

1e tgan in the p

g _ Ies. fhe surface is
badly warped, humped, and pitted.
......llun curculio, 1age 28.

Sihilar to preceding, but the
depressions have crescent—sha1ted
scars inst d of rou- 1ding scars.
Ehe irregu ity of the Surface
to
,e

frrit shedding.
v.ea;:%ass causing premature f11it

shedding.

(I).

A

II).

(III).

(I).

(III).

Iniested leaves turn yellow, all
growtii ceases. Branches and twigs
have coverings of b10; :n soft-
bodied scales l,/8 '—5/ 16” long,
sort of hali- -pea—sh
...BurOpean fruit lecanizm, page 4.

ai‘edoooooo-ooooo

S1,echled Ioliagc , from a distance
appear n; dust laden, falls pre-

I3-1181,]‘000000000...0000.00.00.00

....Zuropean red mite, page 20.

During dry spells or in arid
areas the foliage drOps, followed
by fruit dropping. Foliage turns
yellow and curls before drOpping.
......UlOVCI mite, page 200

Horny apples dropping prenaturely.

Apples have winding circuit
burrows between the shin and core,
in 1:.1’1ich is much excrrent. 'I‘h
norm are shite, legless, head-
1888, l/é” longoooooooQOooooooo
.....Apple maggot, page 51.

Apples have burrows and heap

of excrement in them, in the gmdgn
around the core, and in the core;
If the worm made its escape there
is an exit hole 3/16" round with
a ring around it.
..........Oodling moth, page 60.
Gnarled, knotty fruit which has
crescent-shaped incisions or scars
on the outside and grubs within.
They are 1/5" long, milky—white,

having a brown he ad, they are

strongly curved and legless.
.......ilum curculio, page 28.

(0). Fruit stems eaten, causing fruit to drop.

(I).

(II).

Early in the spring fruit stems
are gnawed and severed.
....Imbrioated snout beetle, page 15.

Apples leaves and fruit stems are
severed, causing leaves and fruit
to drop early in the summer or
late sprin . (59, p. 67),

(54’ p. 96%, (55, P. 589).

Fullers' rose beetle Asynopychus
50611181110

54-

KEY TO T?” KORE IKPORTAHT PEAR INSECTS.

I. TRUNK, BRAHCIES, AIID TWIGS.
1L. Trunk.
l. mature trees.

a. Burrows from 1-2" below the ground line to a
foot or more above, they are within the inner
bark and sapwood, extending into the heartwcod.
Darkened, dead, bark areas near the base of
the tree or coils and piles of reddish sawdust-
like particles on the bark and ground reveal the
insects' presence. If present, they can be de-
tected if the ground is scraped away from the
tree at the ground line. Exit holes made by
adults are ordinarily 8—10" above ground, the
diameter of a pencil. Deadened bark areas cause
a general tree weakness; a complete girdling
kills the tree. (51, p.-185)1, (25, p. 87),
(47f. D. 80). .....IOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO000......
Roundqheaded apple tree borer Saperda candida.

b. Shallow, broad, irregular burrows just under
the bark and in the sapwood of trunk and large
branches. Above the burrows the bark areas darken
and take on a deadened appearance. Inside the
burrows are fine sawdust and excelsior-like
fibres. The injury is due to deadened bark
areas girdling the tree. The sunny side of the
tree is the principal center of attack.
(44, p. 52), (4, pp. 1-12), (32, p. 500),
(27, PP. 27'50)o .000000000000000000.0000...
Flat-headed apple borer Chrysobothris femorata.

 

c._ Grubs bore in sapwood just under the bark caus-
ing the bark to swell and crack, thus killing
the tree outright. They attack any tree from
nursery stock to old trees, either the trunk or
branches. (25, p. 153), (61, p. 230), (55, p. 588)

Sinuate pear tree borer égrilus sinuatus.

d. Wounds on trunks and branches covered with
eottony masses sheltering purplish aphids.
Underground trunk and roots are knotted. many
adventitious fibrous roots make their appearance.
The tree is likely to be stunted, seriously
retarded, or entirely killed. Nursery stock is

*IET“---
citgure' in parenthesis refer to literature
9‘1; see list of references at end of key.

35.

often seriously affected. Wherever the in-
sects feed galls are grown by the tree to
overcome them; they kill branches; roots

crack and die. Fruits become dwarfed and
smeared with excretions from the insects,
doubly causin the crop to be unsightly.

(11, pp. 5- 25 (25, p. 101). (2, p, 155),
(47f, P. 88)., Cece00000000000000.0000...00000

Woolly apple aphid Eriosoma lanigera.

"Shotholes" in bark the size of a pencil lead.
Holes extending into sapwood join sawdust—filled
lateral galleries and runways; both in trunk and
branches they follow the grain. Adult and larval
beetles in burrows, adults are 1/8" lon .

(32, p. 340), (5, pp. 5—8), (56, p. 550 .
.....OOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOIOOOOOOOOIOOO

Shot-hole borer Scolytus rugulosus.

2. Nursery stock or young trees.

b.

d.

Trunk, branches, twigs, and occasional fruits

are coated with minute grayish specks, barely
visible to the eye. Around the scales, on both
fruit and bark, the area turns red. Under mag-
nification the specks are disks having a central
raised nipple-like blackish spot. Tree vigor
decreases, foliage becomes scant. (470, pp. 1-15),
(21, p. 165). (59, p. 70), (25, p. 126).
0000000000000...ooeoooeoeoo00000000000000.0000

San Jose scale Aspidiotus pgrniciousus.

Trunk, branches and twigs are covered with small

brownish scales 1/16 to 1/8" long, curved and

resembling an oyster shell; underneath individual

scales are many minute eggs. Bark cracks and

the whole tree weakens or dies. (47b, p. l),

(23, P0 124), (478, P0 63). 00.000000000009000.
Oyster shell scale Lepidosaphes ulmi.

Branches and twigs from May through July have
undersurfaces covered with cottony appearing
masses beneath which soft scales live. Heavily
infested trees have entire foliage turn a sickly
yellow and die. (56, p. 676), (85, p. 295),

(2, P. 155). oeoeoooooooooooooooo...ooooeooo.

Cottony maple scale Pulvinaria vitis.

Branches, twigs, and even the trunk may be

coated with dirty-white scales l/lO" long. In

the winter time if the scales are flipped over,
with the naked eye one can discern reddish-purple

eggs. (51, P. 176), (47b, pp. 6'11), (52, P0 125),
(56, P. 675). 0.0.0....OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

Sourfy scale Chionaspis furfure.

56

6. During the winter bark on undersides of

biarches and twigs is nearly covered over with
shiny convex—shaped brownish scales l/lB" in
dia eter. In the summer the fruit is coated
with honeydew masses growing socty-blacn fungi
which renders the fruit unsalable. (52, p. 129),
(2, p. 55), (56, p. 665

:errapin scale lecanium nigrc11n01sium.

V

 

f.1renc;es, twigs, and leaves h ave la11e brown
SO1t— bodied Lalf-yea—sLaped scales l/d to 5/16"
long. rhey cluster together on one side of the
twig or brancn. ihey vinter over on smaller
branches as 1'lat 531ndle—Sna ed brown scales 1/25"
long and immature. In stations cause leaves to
yellow, all growth ceases, ioliowed by prenature
Shedding oikbliage and fruit. (51, p. 261),
(52' 9.12“), (23, P. 1&8). ......oo........o.....

Burcpean 1'ruit lec anium lecanium ccrni.

 

g. Wounds in branches and trunk are crowded over
with cottony ma sses sheltering purplish aphids.
wounds 1orm gall—like Lnobs in endeavoring to
overcome the toxic stimulation. Underground
trunk and roots are also subject to at tack. In-
fested trees ci‘ten grow nurerous adventitious
fibrous roots. Roots die, the tree is stunted,
or may even be killed overnight. ...............
.................Ucolly apple aphid,1nage 56.

13- Branches.

1.

Dead barL areas on sunny side of tree.
a. Exit holes through bark reaching into sapwood.
..........Elat—headed apple tree borer, page 55.

Borers in branches.

a. Narrow winding burrows from beneath the bark way
into the heartwood. Barh areas above burrows
dal‘4181186 01‘ dead. ..........o..........o...o.o..
........Sinuate pear tree borer, page 55.

b. "Shotholes" in branches just above bud scars.
.....................Shot—hole borer, page 56.

c. Shallow, broad, irregular burrows under bark
and in sapwood on the sunny side of tree.
........1lat-headed apple tree borer, page 55.

Iree injuries having cottony coverings.
a. Cottony masses over injuries, under wizich reside
lJuI‘i)lis:r1 8:):1ids. .00.0.0.0....00.000.000.000...

................Woolly apple aphid, page 56.

Bark scales or coverings of branches.

a.

b.

00

d.

h.

i.

Ihere are 1/18" dark ashy- “ray scales on

brancl es and t i 8. lie ceitral elevation is
orange in color and of: center. Branc es and
twig scales similar to Putnai's Scale (pa; e 5)
and cherry Scale (gage 5) dis tin; uis ed only

by niscroscoyic Characters. (51, p. 201),

(45, p0 56)0 00000000000000000000000000000000000

Euroyean fruit scale ASpiLiotus ostieaefornns.

Kinute thin Lrayish scales nassed together upon
branches and twigs. Under nagnification the
egechs atpear to have a raised reddish aiea in
the center or eacn; thus they are dis tin uisled
from tne San Jose Scale 6page 5); otherv.ise they
are similar. (32, p. 125), (36, p. 617).

cherry scale Anuidiotus iorbesi.

 

Branches and twigs have dark gray to nearly

black almost circular scaies, l/lZ" in diameter.

rhe raised orange tip is orf center. (51, p.172),

(25.1). 26:13), (32,130 179). 00.00.00.0000000000000
Putnam's scale Asgidiotus anqylus.

Branches and twigs are coated with 1/8" reddish-
orange scales; the central shot is off center.

(51, p0 fiéU), (25, p0 285)0 00000000000000000000
Walnut scale AspiLiotus ju? lans—rcgiae.

 

drayish suechs on fruit and barks, individually
invisible to the eye, surrounded by a reddish
area. ..............San Jose scale, page 36.

O; ster—shell- fiaped scales l/16 to 1/8" long.
0000000000000000000C'ysuer SLell sca1e,page 56.

The under-bark of twigs is covered with cottony
rasses rrom Lay throuch July. ................
I00000000000000000tt0ny maple Beale, page 560

Large brown soft—bodied scales, half-pea-shaped
1/8 to 5/16” long. Winter iorms are flat,
Spindle—Shaped, and immature0 000000000000000000
...............European fruit lecanium, page 57.

Bark on undersides of branches and twigs is
coated with shiny convex-shaped brownish scales
1/12” in diameter. .....Terrapin scale, page 57.

Bars covered with grayish scales l/lO" long.
in winter, if iliiped over, they will reveal
very Baal; reddiSh-purple BEES. 0000000000000
.....................SCurfy scale, page 00.

C. Small branches, twi5s, and shoots.
l. Twig borers.

a.

b.

C.

d.

Twig tips and their foliage die each because

of shall burrowin5 beetles 1/8“:;on5, cylindrical
in shape. Twigs are attached just below a leaf
scar; from there the blrrow leads into the sap-
wood in one main lc*"1.adinal bur'r w and numer—

ous lateral one called orood chambers. (15, p.165)
(51, p0 252), (5, p. 15). OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

1‘ear bli5ht Leetles Anisahdrus pyri.

 

Shoots die-back and wilt because of small boring
larvae. Pinhish or or eany- white larvae ;” long
in twi5s causin5 the folia5e to wilt and the
whole shoot die. Early and late varieties of
pears are attacaed by the larvae, earlier broods
attack the shoots, later broodS'attaCh the
fruit. Bears in close proximity to peach or—
chards are most severely injured after the
peaches are harvested. The internal rrniness
shows up as burrows and excrement in the pulp,
in the core, or nay even be exposed to the out-
side. (2,p.13 ), (56, p. 608) ,(425 p. 10).
......OOOOOOOOOOOOO000.000.00.00...0000000000.

Oriental fruit moth Gra ohcli ha molesta.

 

Burrows iron hoots to base of main stem widen-
ing out at base of shoots causin5 the twigs to
wilt and drop off. Elie borin5s are lengthwise
with the grain and contain 5" brown beetlcs.
The injury is mos st noticeable in winter or
early spring indicating the killed new growth.
The whole tree, if injured in repeated years,
will die; otherwise it is badly weahened.

(50, p. 513), (15, p. 67), (51, p. 4&9).
.00......00.0.0.0...00.00.00.000...000.000....

Apple twig borer imnhicerus bicaudatus.

Twi5s from two to three inches long to two to
three feet long litter the ground beneath the
tree. The twi5s are smoothly out off; the
severed part has a hollow center plu5 """ 5.ed with
fine shavin5s and sawdust. The tunnel may be
10-15" long enclosing a 5" white 5rub.

(51, p. 250), (25, p. 527), (56, p. 664).
....OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.00.0

Twig pruner Elaphidion villosum.

 

lwig s to BL all branches as in diameter are

often cleverly girdled by having a complete

ring gnawed out f the bark to the sapwood;
consequently the twig dries up and is brohen

off when a hi5 h wind blow Oviposition occurred
in the severed part, the e55 hatches and the

grub eats out all but the barn, as it lies on

the 5round. (51, fi. 202), (55, p. 382).

7.».
3

15.1.le
in4fl1.i

Jwilfi v.5 J,

00000000000.000.000.00.00000.00000000000000000

Twig girdler On cideres oingulatus.

 

2. Gnawed twigs.

3.

4.

a. Twigs badly gnawed so they droop, buds en-
tirely gnawed off. Injury occurs early in
season. loung trees set out in freshly cleared
lands in close proximity to hickory or oak wood-
lots are seriously affected. The insect is a
%" snout beetle grayish and black mottled.

(55, p. 78), (56, p. 552), (471, p. 37).

New York weevil Ithycerus noveboraoensis.

Twigs die-back.

a. Twigs and shoots, especially on nursery stock,
die back as if infested with borers. The in-
sect is 1" long, ovular-shaped, and coppery-
brown. ?35, p. 611), (32, p. 163), (2, p. 159).

Tarnished plant bug Lyggs pretensis.

 

Severed twigs.

a. Twigs hollowed out, causing adjoining shoots to
Wilt and break Off. 0000000000000000000000000
..................Apple twig borer, page 39.

b. Hallowed twigs from 2-3" long to 2-5 feet long
litter ground under the tree. ...............
.........................Twig pruner, page 39.

c. Twigs or branches, less than i” in diameter,
litter the ground under the tree. The severed
6nd BhOWB it wafl gnawed Off. 0000000000000...
.......................Twig girdler, page 39.

Bark coatings on twigs.
30 303168.

(1). Grayish specks on fruit and bark, in-
dividually invisible to the eye, sur-
rounded by reddish areas. 0.0.0.0000.
o.........o.¢..San Jose scale, page 36.

(2). The bark on the lower side of twigs is
covered with cottony masses sheltering
purplish aphids, from May through July.
............Cottony maple scale, page 36.

(5). Female scales are dirty-gray in color, ir-
‘ regularly pear-shaped. male scales are
much smaller, elongate, snowy-white, having
three distinct keels extending longitudinally
along the back. .....Scurfy scale, page 56.

(4). Oyster-shell-shaped scales l/16 or 1/8" long.
’ff°'."""""0y8ter shell scale, pagd 36.

v s I
1 r
I
x
I
v
or
r
I
v . n
5 v
t
I
I n. F
O I
.
O .
l
I
.
n I
a 1
0
I \
5 I
r . a. u a
n
. | v
:\ a
b
. i
a . . p
, . .
( . 1
Q s
.4. Q 4.. I u \ ||.Iir. .I

II. [ET
A.

B.

III.
A.

(C). Earn on undersides of t i
shiny, con'ex, bro Tnish r

diameter. ......Ierrs i: _ 3e 57.

13-13;:LL1.D (trunk and roots).

Roots have galls, eL1clo sing dark-blue a;hids axsing the
roots to crack Open and die, th us Icaling to ultirate
eath of the tree. .........J.o oIll ;* apple aphid, page 5c.

M

Irunk from l—S below {lound to one foot or rore above
ground have shallow urrows iron ~he bark to th heart-
wood. Dead bark areas overlie the tterws. 8-107‘ above

ground are exit 1oles t1-e size of a 1 sad lencil ha: ov
‘the adult beetlnus . ......-L1nd-h~'ded an, be reler, pa

FOLIAGB (Buds, Leaves, and Flowers).

Bud injur".
l. Buds eaten off.

80 {Lucia 5 badly :1’18.
gnan'ed off. In
trees set out in freshly cleared lands incl
proximity to hickory or can wood lots a re se
iously arfected. .......Iew York weevil, a

1 so they droog, b11ds enti rel
Ir? occurs early in seas

b. Corg1lete or pa ti
and flovers mc1y o
n

1'!

l defoliation of buds, leaves,
.cur overnight by an unseen
predator. Ihe i ury occurs in the scring very
early. IurseryL och or young trees are most
subject to attaci. (55, p. 158), (5o, p. 483),
(45, pp. ll-lé). ............................

Climbing cutrorms Yoctuidae so.
V *

(1.1. (D Q)

b

 

c. Buds are entirely as eten off, as they begin to
swell in t1 e s:ring; later t}1_e 1r m1it, leaves,
and shoots bee core seared and pitted by cater—
pillars whice travel about in twisted horn-like

tubes or case 3 nearly an inch long. Leaves are

 

 

rolled together and tied by silken str rands, in
which the creature and his house seehs shelter.
(32, p. Eld), (36, p. 560), (47f, p. 54),
(51, Do 63). .00....00.000000000000000.0000000000
Leaf crumpler Lineola indigenella.

d. Buds, leaves, and iloners are striized or
badly ruined early in the seas HO]; b1ds and leaves
are eaten 01f or eaten ragged and tattered;

oloseon1s are nearly eaten oif; newly set f1uits
are badly disii; ured by having: pits eaten into
them. All the injury occurs during a one nonth
or six week ins iod. Adu alts beetles are 1/5"
long, ye110t1-n—orovn and have long syrawling
legs. (51, p. 454), (19, pp. 1—4), (45 p. 29).

9
0000000000000.oo000000oooooooooooooooooooooooo
1‘ _ I, _ _
7 It'- " ‘I ._ ‘ \‘w‘.’ qfi
.nose (LIaIeI‘ 1.a31dsz.luu S1icL i12,813.

 

 

A"-

v. Winn-ti ..x'kwAwL. {U15
.

IV)

0]

 

e. Lntolsin; DH‘S are eat rely eaten 115; n—
ioldinv lesves eaten tattered and ragged.
(51, a. eCc), (28, p. 294), (51, p. 45 ).
.0000...0........OOOOOOOCIJ...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

Lra e 11::a beetle T21 1ca clalgtea.

Suds eaten into.

a. Cbe1ing buds are eaten into and beetroy 1 n—
s queztly tie thu3e crop is injrned or r11ned.
Lbs eyifernis of Iruit i; SQOCLOu out in Llaces,
1 tick, 01 conrse, aids 1:1le:.:s?.e3 to t7: ri enod
crop. (E , p. 542), (15, p. 71), (i’f, p. bl).
0.00.0000...0.0000000000000000IO00000000000...

Tu: rota Snatceera ocellsna.

 

b. Buds, L1Iolzing leoves, and develogidr iruits
are injured from tLe time buds oyen to three
weeks alter :etal—iall. Several le ves and
fruit clusters are tied togetler With sillen
strands; "1th1n the enta:;lerents cavities are
e;ten into the frtit a1d ‘le lerves a'e Iartiallv
or extirely Lillei. La““red *r1its have ’eep
rrssetmni, elongxrwad 3 e13 INV“1" Leicr*. L tleiu

 

c. Buds, blossoms, and new foli L in new orclards
' e Troxisity to locust trees become badly

mall beetle 81/ .as they

d. (51, p. 2C5 (47f, p. 38).

.0no...00.000000000000000...00.0 0000000000.
A

.0
Red- legged ilea beetle ;Cre;id Hera rufines.

 

d. Cgening buds are eaten into, leaf and fruit
stems severed by gnaw

.hings. The injury oe:urs
from late Icy tnrO‘s1 June. She ac‘ults are

v 1-tronn snout beetles. She
vring covers are crossed by two irreQL le r liglit
lines. (51, g. 3 l), (36, p. 533).

'2' L.
" {V a m .. ‘
/8- ' lent greenis

TV

'I f" 1 h _.'- H .K_ _.'_‘_
Im.r-c; eo s1m1t beetle n3 3 r1s i Ufi cats.

6. In the sgring buds a'e eaten off by cater1illars
Thicil travel about i .i t d horn —she;; ed tubes
or cases nesrly an inch 1 ...............

O

0
.................1e f erum; er, page 41.

“"1 fl -.
rues reaged.

1? ‘ T “ ‘I. ' ‘1 ." ' ., ‘1‘ ‘ ‘ 'x ‘3 ‘. ‘ * r.‘ '1 ‘ - -" -.-\ '7
a. naily In se-son tn 3 S1r1vel to and turn bionI
e

d
on close examinat’on the b1 owned surfs as re-
al rassi1§s caused by feedings of tiny blscx
i111 sects l/Z U" long. Ioavy ’nrestetions appear
as injuries ceu=el by fire. Ovi ositioL in

d if) L o

1
‘

1161?

q

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cc

it

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catergillers are two in has long, Raving ten

geirs or dLrsal blue tubercles and Six reltish,

segereted h; a LGJJIWIIVNTiE; line; 0: er ice

the body is clot es With lCL; black hairs.

(95, u. 2 a), (5, 31. 1—2c), (4T; 3. 29).

00000000000000.0000.000000000000000000000.0000
6:32; moth Iortletrie digger.

 

e
vv“ fl» -‘-‘ -‘va- - HV~ ‘qq- .'.' v -. .\
LLlCJi LCLL; 8. Il()u.-.€ Ouu 0-; :88... 1
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ll] "J‘nlC"-A tLAed t a: Va 5;- L-k sLhJ -.L

09.80.53 are 11853121.” an l!,C‘-.~1 1071 ;- . ......o.........
-!—‘ - 1n W’sn -. r. 1'

00000000000000.0000.coco.01.851. CLailmfilbiJL‘, ..C'Le [.21.

Undevelo ed foliage is badly eaten irt
ured. Sew rc eras 11101 . *

unity to locust trees ueccx e injuie C the nmst.

ed flee ueetle rage 1°

, 1. 4:54 .

Eoung trees and nurs r; stoc? are especi ui 1"

subject to earl: defoliation es the lee.res first
befin to unroll. Lhe enL ermis Cf :3uits is

’L.

—- - —Hfi t“
3300:5381 Gilt. cocooooooooooooofiud IMO I11, ago [326.
hifcl diNI lea a are eaten into so tie; eggeer

l‘at'ed {Lila titvez‘eao 0000000000000...000000000
................Grayc Ilee beet le, rage e2.

From the time o: bud cpeuirg to three weeLs

after Petal—1311 smell citergille“s tie leaves
e:~d frrit clusters to; et er, tLeL eat tre leaves.
Ike lean. certs much ace n01; eaten dry up.
.................3ruit tree leai— oller, page 4L.

Hebe ere sgun at trnrwtnel ycirts wnere rec;
cetern11191s co ntielize. The webs ere zon-
spicucus duri ing: the winter, while the larvae
are in liberuetion. fLe August brood tends to
sleletonize leev s, but the nr11011 l iniur"
occurs when the overwinterin: cete rgi
vive in the egrirg to devour unfoldinr leave
as fast as they neLe their agreerance. Lhere
is one generation each year; in the first stage
the injury is by sLeletonizaticn; in the second
stage it is b devouring leaves in the surine

4- L:
as FalidlY as “Key arrear. (5. Pp. 54—32).
2.; ‘0 1:12). 00000000000.0000000000000000...
' ‘- ...

O
brown -tail Lotn gygmie gheecrrhoea.

 

#5
:43
o

 

5.

lo niiners.

a. Leaves 2re rolle = up and tied togetL r by leaf-
eating l2rv:e which eat 01f the Under leaf Shr—
faces. Te  ea1liest C2te1gillar :t'ge is s;ent
as a 122” ner; tlen it rolls and ties l3gves

together and “Vent“res flUit shins, eats out

fruit £17.13, CELS 0+1“ fLC‘. erS 1DEC-is 61300

(38, P0 65), (21, p. Lug), (22, p. 763).
......COOOOO......OCCCCOOOOOOOO......O....OOO....

Lblique—banded leaf roller “cOOCJ' rovuupawa

 

 

b. Earh on trunk and br2nohes have l/lO" seed-
liae protuberances titiin which reside s 'l
destructive Lu atin oateryillars. 1n the lar-
val stage tLey a17e iobile lea: miners, maaing a
mine l/e" in diameter. (Cl, 9. 75), (52, p. 232).
000.000.000.00000000000000000..0.00000.000.000.000
-33'lo dent shield bearer Legidisca selendor-
i:erella

 

 

 

Spe 01.18 J le ave s .

8. Leaves become speckled, browned, and agpear dust
laden from a dist2nee; tie leaves dro_p ureaaturely.
“3eding Lun ctures in the leaves roo them of
aileronr;ll ed c1”at the same time poisoning the

ssrroa di: g tis . Ver" light slider vebs on
lea f 3nters1r1.ces Ert.it is undeisized, of

poor qvaliW and color. (10, pp. l-125),
(2, p.140'), (47f, D. 67). 00000000000000.0000000
Eurorea11 re d mite Faratetran"e~ns Bile sue.

b. Leaves have sz7all reddish or greenish galls or
0115 ster j" across on the underside wliien terns
brown, spotting the leaves with dead areas;
leaves are quite likely to droP when affected
thus. (473, pp. 1-6), (22, pp. 1-12),

(2, Q0 140/0 00.00.000.00...............000.0..0

, r

_r leaf blister-mite Brio }"es evri.

‘—

 

Leaves sleletonized.
a. Leaves are badly sleletonized, 'uring a three
month 3 geriod, by Letallic-green or greenish-
p

DTOHZ 3 beetles slig7htly larger tlan potato
beetles, having t-wo distinct wi7.it e sg ots near
me 1:17) of the abdomen. 1‘11ey swarm toge drier in
great nimbers. ihe fruit is eit11er gouged or
partly peeled in ir17e;uler shallo; patches.
(48, pp. 1—24), (2, p. 127), (as, p. 105).
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOI0.00

Jaganese beetle forillia lagonica.

 

0. Le: wve are sleletonized, or buds, le2.ve and
ilome1s badly ruined arly in the season. Suds
and leaves are just about eaten up, new fruit

ha" 3 lloles e “tel out. .......Rose chafer, page él.

45

5.

6.

d.

f.

8.

Buds and blossoms are eaten, foliage skele-
tonized in new orchards in close proximity

to locust trees. ............................
...............Red-legged flea beetle, page 42.

Unsprayed or neglected orchards are likely to
become defoliated in late August or September
because of severe leaf skeletonization. As

the caterpillars go hither and yon they spin a
single thread; whenever complete defoliation be-
sets a tree the caterpillars twine their threads
While in search of food until they have the whole
base of trunk wrapped in one huge web. (2, p.126).

Apple and thorn skeletonizer Hemerophila pariana.

 

Leaves in August become skeletonized by cater-
pillars inhabiting webs at branch tips.
..................Brown-tail moth, page 44.

Leaves show nothing more than a mere frame-

work of veins. The pest is a dark-green slimy

Slug. (51, P0 240), (36, P0 616). 00000000..
Pear slug Briooampoides limacina.

Identical in all respects to the preceding ex-

cept the pest is blackish with a dark brown

head. (51, p. 569). 00.000000000000000000000
Pear slug Caliroa cerasi.

 

Leaf protuberances.

b.

Cone-like protuberances growing on undersides

of leaves within which are hanging caterpillars.

She growths are natural leaf resistances to the

feeding larvae. (26, pp. 1-7), (26, p. 215),

‘51. p. 503). .....OOOOOOOIOO0.00.00.000.000.
Bagworm Thyridopteryg'ephemeraeformis.

Caterpillars which travel about in a twisted
horn-shaped tube or case, nearly an inch long,
roll together and tie leaves to form a shelter.
When feeding they may be upon the twig, a leaf,

or on fruit. ..............Leaf crumpler, page 41.

Leaves webbed together.

Edges of leaves are drawn and tied together,
than within the fold the caterpillars eat off
the under epidermal laver; from a distance the
injury appears like fire blight. Nursery stock
is more often subject to attack. (51, p. 59),
(32, P. 231), (58, P1 506). 000.000.00.000...
Yellow-headed fireworm Alceris minuta.

46.

b.

d.

Early in Spring ear clusters are bound to-
gethe er as a cluster. If the Shelter is torn
apart it will be found to contain tough, hornf
Shaped cases inhabited by caterpillars.
......................leaf crumpler, page 41.

Early in season ran; leaf and fruit clusters are

bound tOgether; the carats occur s bet" een Du d
opening and three v.eehs alter petal-fall.
..............Eruit tree leaf-roller, page 42.

Either single or grouped leaves are wound to—
gether by caterpillars Which eat the under
leaf surfaces. fhe earliest larval state is
spent as a leaf miner. .....................
..........Oblique-banded leaf roller, page en.

Single leaves are rolled so the lower and upper
surfaces are tied torether by silhen strands.
The larval period is nearly all Spent as a leaf
miner; during the latter part the caterpillar
eats through one surface and after that re-
mains as a semi-leai-miner partially buried

and partly exposed. ..........................
.........ReSplendent shield bearer, page as.

7. Leaves curl up, turn pale, dry, and drop pre-

maturely.
a. Early in season leaves turn brownish or blach,

b.

dryu up, and during midsun.rer fall prematurely.
lhe fruit remains s all and it too falls pre-
maturely. Leaves and fruit on infested trees
are more or less covered with unpleasant se—
cretions which acquire a black sooty fungus
growing thereon. The honeydew is usually the
first indication of their presence. The in-
sects are l/lO" long have sucking probosces,
and hover on the undersides of leaves.

(51, p. 218), (9, p. e1), (36, p. 586).
..OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00.000000000000000.000000..

Pear psylla Ps "llia nvricola.

 

Leaves turn pale yellow, curl up, and drop.
lower leaves are attached first, then the
higher ones, etc. ihe fruit is stunted. The
injuries oecome Lost severe in dry seasons and
in arid areas. iwigs and stems have numerous
red or pinkish eggs upon the bark sufficient

to produce a reddish hue, curing the dormant
stage. Small six or eight legged creatures in-

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—-——-—.

(2).

(B).

Leaves may be either badly eaten
ragged or may be sheletonized in
spots by beetles slightly larger than
a potato beetle; their size enables
each to do a great amount of damage.
They are metallic-green or greenish-
bronze beetles having two distinct
white spots near the tip of abdomen.
oo...ooo..ooJapan686 beetle, Page 45.

Caterpillars.

(B).

Complete or partial defoliation may
occur overnight without leaving the
least trace of the predator. .......
............Climbing cutworms, page 41.

Giant caterpillars, over two inches
long. They feed for a month or so
without seriously injuring the tree,
due to the rarity of them. They spin
ooooonswhen through feeding, then
hibernate over winter.
Promethea moth (25, p. 268).
Cecropia moth (25, p. 266), (57, p. Qll
Polyphemus moth (25, p. 267), (57, p.95),

Luna moth (25, p. 268).

b. Colonial defoliators.
Web spinners.

(l).

(A).

(B).

Thick webs are spun in forks or crotches
and used as a shelter only; all feed—
ing is done outside of the web. With-
in the web the leaves dry up and die;
outside the web they are stripped. As
the caterpillars grow they enlarge the
web to accommodate the colony. The
caterpillars are brown having a white
dorsal line with blue sides and are
sparsely haired. Early in the season,
when buds and leaves are in develop-
ment, the webs are spun. (46 ppl 1-9)
(45, p. 14), (473, p. 70), (17:, p. 42 .
...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00.00.000.000.0..
Eastern tent caterpillar Malacosoma
americana.

Dirty-white loosely woven webs, con-
taining excrement everywhere, enclose
branch tips late in the summer or early
fall. The chief difference between
this and the preceding species are

that this species feeds within its

web while the former does not, and

49.

(2).

(0).

Non
(A).

(B).

(0).

this species spins its web late in

the summer, while the former spins
early in the spring. The caterpillars
are pale-yellow spotted with black

and are ver hairy; (45, p. 18),
(47f, p. 44¥, (55, p. 265).

Fall webworm Hyphantria cunea.

Webs are spun at terminal points where
many caterpillars centralize. The
August brood skeletonizes the leaves
quite badly but the greatest injury
takes place in the spring when the
hibernating caterpillars revive to de-
vour new leaves as fast as they unfold.
..........Br0wn-tail 11101311, Page 44.

web spinners.

During the spring greenish, brownish,

or black measuring worms one inch long
spin long threads from Which they dangle
and so tangle up the tree that the
leaves curl up, dry, and may drop pre-
maturely. The leaves are nigh complete
destruction, the fruit is badly dwarfed.
The defoliation is more common in the
upper half of the tree especially the
center, (45, p. 20), (25, p. 222),

(55, P. 87). ooeoeeoeodoooooooooooe
Spring cankerworm Pale acrita vernata.
(45, p. 20), (25, p. 222I7'(55, p. 8§T.
0000.00.000.0000000000000000...coco.

Fall cankerworm AlBOphila pometaria.

In midsummer colonies of caterpillars
appear and completely defoliate branches
or the whole tree; nursery stock or
young trees are most likely to be
attached. When not feeding they con-
gregate on the trunk or branches. When
at rest the caterpillars either have

the rear end elevated or the fore and
rear ends elevated; when startled they
raise both ends suddenly and remain so.
The caterpillars are two inches long,
black and yellow striped, having a
yellow ring around the neck. (55, p. 901
(25, p. 118), (38, p. 270).
Coooofiooooooooooooooooco000000000000
Yellow-necked caterpillar Dantana
ministra.

Same as the preceding species except
the caterpillars are black and yellow
striped with a coral-red hump just be-
hind the head with a.row of spines pro-

Fifi

k.

jecting from it. (55, p. 90), (25, p.118),

(as, p. 271). .........................
Red-humped caterpillar Schizura
concinna.

(D). In the spring young caterpillars eat
off the leaf epidermis but later the
entire leaf save for the midrib; some
also gnaw holes in the fruit. The 1%"
larvae have three pencil-like tufts of
long black:hairs, one on each side of
the head and one at the dorsal posterior
end; also two bright-red spots on back
of rear end. (58 p. 295), (55, p. 269),
(2, Pp. 207-13), (32, P. 202). 00.0.0000
White—marked tussock Hemerocampa
leucostigma. ""

 

(E). This insect resembles the preceding. It
has a black.head and the first two tus-
socks are black, in young caterpillars,.
but turn white later. Later an additional

pencil of long black plume-tipped hairs
project laterally from the second ab-
dominal segment. (58, p. 295), (52, p.203

Rusty tussock moth Notolophus antiqga.

 

(F). Neglected orchards have leaves stripped
of the epidermis in midsummer, followed
by consumption of all save the midrib.
The injury is done by caterpillars 1%"
long, covered with dense and spreading
tufts of white hairs, a row of eight
black tufts on the back and two long
slender black pencil on the fourth and
tenth segments. The head, feet, and
under body surfaces are black; upper
body surface is white spotted with black.
(32’ P0 183), (2’ p. 246). 00000000...
Hickory tussock moth Halisidota caryae.

(G). Caterpillars Which spin one thread as a
"gi-line" wherever they travel; When
not feeding they congregate on trunk or
branches. If food is scarce they go out
after it in form like marching army
worms. The caterpillars are 1%" long,
having a median row of white "lozenge
shaped" dots along the back. (52, p.204),
(55, P. 80), (32, p. 204). 0009000000000
Forest tent-caterpillar Malacosoma
disatria.

 

51.

*3
L a
1.1

8..

C.

d.

Go

pin

Early in th Spring colonial cater—
pillars “3*flc; out in tire to censure
Opening huh” and devour the fclicg e as
fast as it unfolds e; as firsc hole arr
eaten in she leer, then all but the
'dri1o is eaten 5.133. The insect is

to three incles long; along the

b1ck are two rows of with a

din yellow stripe 's

clothed with long slack}
p

H].
~-~c~_fl ‘
00¢ooooooooooooooonrlJuo-Yr . t.Il:

I!) 113.9 5 ”501:2;
between; the bod*

we 21

l .
‘- --.

flov .ers re" be stripped
ll; overni;ht by an un-
injury takes place
is DOTS lil:e *'
ter in n rsery c‘ocm or young

trees. ..........Ql:;Dllg cutworms, page

u-v

01‘

U
-. , 1
E1113
J
L.

iture deioliatiOL.

Early in season l3e*es t1r1 br0“nisi or b1331,
dry up, and fall drrii milsurimer.13cves, as
well as fruit, are covered with rnwleesant se-
cretions which acguire a black sooty fungus 3r,w-

ing thereon. .............lear psylla, page 47.
E: ly in season leaves become curled up and drop;

in

Shoots and
to early
21 o t m rig-"rat

‘
a H
IA 0113

ality they drOp befo

re ette inintr maturity

1? -r. ~- - , , ,;
......o..-;OS,f apple 811.3116, 119.39 (kw.

leaves dry up, any time from Spring
fall, becarse of plant lice which do
3 but remain on the h st the year round.
' n :e ed by the lice

ydewm accumulati
-0 .
lti s .1 ant

33
attract Lu 1. 30 h and
’1‘ .... ' ’ ‘ ~~ ' ‘ ..C‘ ,- ' r '- Ow '- F»
111111; bearlna I "Yleu '31! UlaCJ: SO ty $117191 LI‘ 221:1;

‘ 4.3 , “1‘ . _. W . ,7
all Ovel Ll er “1 A. .. .... ......-.~i:n 9 82/110, 18:9 lit).
Green, yellowiSri, or black reasuricg worrs one
inch long, Wien aLundant, Spi: so rang sin:. 13
tireads, from which they dangle, that the tree
becomes entwined; t 3 leaves (ry up and drop pre-
.‘\ 4" "1 V, ' rsq L. 'y r - r~
natureld...........31ring a d 1311 norms, page 50.

Lowe r
leaves,etc
dry se ason
eig ct— leg;
faces.....

turn 3
leave

1 on, curl up and drop.
tacled first; then the higher
0 e e

C
injury occurs

’3 "."
pale ye
J-
3 are EiU
. test s wiring

s and in arid areas. final six or
3d creatures inhaeit under leaf sur-
oooooooooooooo‘ulu for rap—.408, '1‘fi‘7’3 (5:31 0

‘-__~ * __... m' ———-—- ‘fl‘m<
‘

f.

8.

Speckled leaves become browned and drop pre-
maturely. From a distance they appear dust—
laden.............European red mite, page 45.

Brownish blisters one-sights of an inch in
diameter on the under leaf surfaces swarming
with tiny mites, visible only if a magnifier is
used..............Leaf blister mite, page 45.

Ce Flower injury.
1. Flowers injured by punctures.

a.

b.

00

Buds, stems of new leaves and flower stems are
tapped by small sap-sucking insects. The flowers
dry up and die. The injuring insect is a green
aphid. (51, p. 151), (47g, p. a), (32, p. 142).

000000090000.000000000000000000000000000000000

Apple grain aphid §iphocoryne agenae.

Young nymphs puncture stems of flowers and leaves
from which they rob sap; consequently the stems
wilt and the flowers and leaves die. The in-
juring insect is i” long, light brown in color.
..............False tarnished plant bug, page 43.

Unopened flower buds are punctured by mosquito-
like insects 1/10" long. At the time of punc-
turing the female deposits 12—45 eggs; the egg:
hatch and the larvae work into the developing
ovary to destroy its entire central portion.
The partly developed fruit drops shortly before
or after setting. (37, pp. 1—7), (23, p. 152),
(51, PO 225). 000000000000.000000000000000...

Pear midge Taeniothrips inconsequang.

 

Blossom stems are punctured by sap-sucking bugs
which cause them to shrivel up. Before pears
are 3" in diameter they are punctured by bugs &"
long which cause them to drop or be dwarfed. At
punctured places sap oozes out and lingers, later
the spot turns black. As growth occurs the skin
becomes ruptured exposing on inner layer of
light yellow. As growth continues the punctured
areas becomes depressed, while the surrounding
areas hump up. (40, pp. 1-8), (51, p. 221),
(32, P. 164). oeoeooeoooooeeoooe0000000000...

False tarnished plant bug gygus invitus.

 

2. Flowers eaten into or entirely eaten off.

Blossom clusters and clusters of new fruits are
eaten into or entirely eaten off or later gnawed
and gouged out.........Rose chafer, page 41.

55.

 

 

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-~ ~-_- . ‘ _‘ . _' 13? 3."
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M

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In large trees a cert-in liHb or limbs are e:tee ed

‘ 'Mi‘ T1”. i'b“""‘7"‘ ‘2 n “»"'O ['1
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I'lV’o EiUII .

A. Lecly set or a t*irg fruit in: 13d.

1. AS nevly s t fruit clustered 193133 to segfirafe
LJJLN; lice in {frw179.ee lngdj*:fimeding on fix? frfiit
stens rohling tle frtit of i e nee’ed nutribent.
£3 a resul‘ cf the feeii“; the *rwit sfems very and
ladie or the £11111: 39: is SO «3hc4ed off that “t1“

rait does mt commll" mature later,

3+;1111t @(AOOOOOOOOOOOOOIOOO:-OS;‘ (”4'19 {1511161

I\‘)
o
.1:

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143Hl3 seu ruit 019 is eue tLen cr033 Lre._

a. ,
Uwon exam11351013 the 1iside reveals the whole core
fi INVY v‘ V‘ *7 4‘ .3 --.- an ”“"‘AJ"’
eat ‘3'}: Oth |.v.'4:8-11,'. '11-13; IMQVLLLSQ cocoa-0.0.0.000...

.00o09¢0000-00-0000.00000000000000EEear miagi‘ 11£.;OEBQ

5. Lewly set fr1'ts are eeclcsed y 8111en strends and
rolled leaves and they Fave the 8 ins scored and “R3
fruit pitted. within the tangled mess of.l eves end
Irrit reside nany tozgh Torn—u L.ed cases in—
};a‘uited b3*‘fima desfiro3fijx3 09t0331llju‘. ..............
00.000.000.00oooooooooooocoI.eCif 01‘1“”;11‘11‘ 133:0 451.

4. Cree n worms Swim t reeds and tie together leaves
and 1ruit clusters, t?e leaves are consumed but ‘Pe
(3C0

-‘ '- I J’ - '\ ‘_V - Q 1- V a . «A ~‘
iru1us are r 3 ed and dee~l3839110d 1“ 1993

J‘ a ‘3 .l 7 - 1 ’ ‘ ’W ' h
SuleeLs.............;ruit tree lee: roller, make 43,

C}

5. leaves :19 C£-'u leveole: : 1L:? Hiw-lg or in
{rev 3 and tiei f;:*. Ile lu“"93 sirw lesf mi ers
ii1festin the'. J:ter;illnrs are ;" lcng and have
hrcwzjsh—blse? leads and tierseie shields. firaits
within the edtsrrlexent nave gnewed holes “gurough
401.8 8-11:1}:‘12-180 000......OOOOOOIOOOOOOOOOOI0.0....
............ .Oblio Hue-P nced lee: roller, lege 43..

E. Fru't in 31 stars leeone badly e GTOG u} b; beetles
1/3" 103;, yellowish-Ere? , 31d g.sre:sin; lon;
egrewlinv legs. .............Xc:e efififer, ;?*e 41.

fruit blefiisfies (outside)

1. Srrif: live 3 "e”; :s of C‘ "claw bearing a sooty—
bleol ffinrns. Lido? lerves and on tie firui are
tiny red‘isE—lrc n cidsia-li}e insects 1flfi” long.
coo.oooooooooooooooooooooojes. 98:10., :T:Q [.17.

2. Icneyie” covered fruit herborir; e sooty—black ffnfus.

, . , _ , _ .. fl - .,
In tue W1H.e~ unoe-51ces c1 tW1gs and brenc: es are
nearly covered wi'h shiny convex—she ed nromrnish
809.103 1/12" in (1131.184591‘. 00 OOOOOOOLgi‘i‘nI’j-11 805118,
fege 5 .

5. L‘nute frejish “-3313 on the bark and fruit surrounds
by a rerdiS: area. ........an Jose scale, page 36.

Cres
a.

b.

. ‘ L“ ‘ "‘ ’- 1" '1."\ e . » " 1'” .

..-3;.€S (URNCQL-LVLL «11-9 0; 1.5., ‘...lS ) o
sent—aha

CC‘EVBI-S

ole in f‘e -onve: si.e. -‘e *3; 5 one develOp
irfo srellings or “nets protrnaL“: from the
fruit snrfsoe. ;t times ‘oe scars develob de-
pressions is ‘esd If TlflLS. ‘Le 1ru1t becames

“ L
‘ ,-~ - ‘ y- ' \ . \ - . j ,,
nerd, Lnott', &; “lssnsgeL, usaell»
dhli :o; may o“ den 1n51de

a rfival 8“
gr

. O . . C I C . O I O . . O . O . O O . C C C . . O 0 . . . C C O O O C O I O . O 0
l‘ .‘N- 7-3 .-‘~— Myfin l . 'A\n -- .'

, , ... ‘ A?‘

—'_ ...»‘—4 A ‘J .L-- 'J ~L 1C n T1 .' .1 9.1. .

4--s .
vL...C in!) n'lw- r~

'-.~. .1. 4k...

 

Lissna en, knotty, and undersized fruit ho.ve
swal1flo es eaten in ends or sides; nten th
creseezteslsxed or Pound holes are close to-
getxer tLe s in letueen dries up. She ferele
ovipo'its , after dlg_in; out a hole in the :ruit
t7 en glugstsehole with excrement. infested
frait Lin; or may'nr+ C“%“* (6, .h.- 515—56),
(47 f, p. 21), 25, y. 116), (9, f. 50).
Ooooooooooooooooooooooococoooooooo00.00.000.000.
L501? 32331110 -Lcfl:;fsrsllus ousdri;i“an.

 

’—

up.

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- 5 -57 53-. , n - n 77,."
.......°.'."."..“*“"L"‘L'LD -‘_‘V_ LI.
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J ‘- ‘-
ether t e 31in heu"ood «rv s U . in. fenele
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OV15031ts, e te: 01551r5 de a re e in 5e :r“_t,
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tie: u_u5s tze hOle “1t5 ele-e.eno. inlected
~_’-‘- - . -- . ~. . .’~- 1‘ .- ..
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17 .. I '1 _ ‘ 5 ‘ ‘5‘ . _ 55], .. _ ' .- .i H
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lofiE rave e Greer" Rid-dorsal str'ie ‘3“5 e
c _ o 0‘ '0 _’ 45A: '- L .: 5. .t 5 J‘
Sllllur tut uider lau2381 str15e; a 1‘0 letter
'9 ~ _- - .1... .- - 0- ~ .o - .
5art c1 “:5 or 05; tge eat loles -1 the ,ruit.
r". -, - 4... 5 -- .- - - L. r. - 1. 1,-
-1405! 115-1139 r.-,€r._- £111; 8 (n a 51*:e11 err—3110.1 he—
- V r? ‘I *‘ —‘-\ ww-
can se t;;e; can 't travel 18.; . is cause t: e; are
ler5e b" txe tire codlirg motns oreuerds ire
<~- V" J.“ ~v . 4“ - ' .-.~
85:: ed QLBJ ere etle to reels tue LCJSUflS
1‘” 5." n '5 1‘.- ""1 ' 9 v _ 0 5 “v? 0 " .
an ~5111e. luej injire c; BELlN’ lolie5e and
I f‘ '1 a ' «‘5 .13., , ' o ~
3 seeo:_n5 cut : oles 1n tre 11%JJsz2d eet1n5
' .L. -1 . o 4.1 .. r‘ _5\ r.“ r‘ n
lnuO L118 l‘lb‘flo (4A:’ 5:. {—6}, (u‘), 1). 54'4)’
(51 '1 '50
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’ .A.
» " . Viv ' 1“ .'\"‘.l‘ 1 .+‘.‘ ' 4‘ ‘ ‘ ‘é‘ A
b3e3n lruit worms 5:2«10115 a artennete aLd ,

_.L.

 

others.

b. wl" set fruits are badly injured by having
the skins chewed off a-d deep holes scooged in—
to the pith. Beetles of a grellowisl.-bromn
color, Levin5 s5: ewli1n5 end lon5 le5s, and be—
ir5 1/6" long. ..........Rose chafer, ye5e 41.

c. Injury same as yrecedin5 performed by e beetle
the size of a 50te.to beetle. nlhe head and
tlcreF is shinin5 bron e-.re while the wing
covers are tin5ed .-.ith 5reen et the edges. The
protrudin5 abdoren hes the tie and sides s5otted
with white. ..........Je5enese beetle, 1 e5e 45.

d. New fruits have deep holes seooyed out of tEe
pith. Lhe injury was done by caterpillars 1}"
long, yellowish-black, hairy, end striyed.

They lave three yencil-like tufts of lCN5 o eok
heirs tiet project, one on each side of the head
and on from the rear end. She yesterior dorsal

rfece hes two hri51t-red 55ots.

o 0 o o o o o o 0 o I o o ”31138-533038 a t1; 5 800.1: 1.1.0131] WEISG 51.

‘
r-

U0.

e. Katured fruit shows deep russeted elongated
soars through the fruit shins into the pith.
The injury takes place early in the season
and is done by tiny caterpillars which are
green with black heads, at first; later they
become green entirely. ......................
................Fruit tree leaf roller, page 42.

f. Caterpillars puncture the fruit skins and eat
away the pulp. The injury happens early and
to young fruits. Caterpillars %" long, with,
brownish-black head and thoracic shield do the
damage.....Oblique-banded leaf roller, page 45.

s. New fruits are scOOped into by feeding cater-
pillars. The feeders are-%" long, cinnamon-
brown with a black.head, thoracic shield, and
16850 00000000000000.0000oooBud mOth, page 42.

h. Fruit skins blister, crack open, and the fruit
is dwarfed or drops prematurely. Such is an
extreme case of infestation. ................
............Pear leaf blister,mite, page 45.

D. Premature fruit shedding.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Leaves of infested trees turn yellow, tree and fruit
growth ceases, fruit falls prematurely. Branches
have half-pea-shaped brown scales l/B"-5/16" long
Which are BOft-bOdiedo 0000000000000...cocoons...
................European fruit lecanium, page 57.

Young- fruits crack and drop prematurely. Upon close
examination of stems they will be found to contain
nympths of insects 1/20" long or their eggs.......
000000000000000000000scooteooPear thripfi, Page 54.

Young fruit drop prematurely. Upon close examination
12-45 maggots will be found which have eaten out the
coreoo..........................Pear midge, page 55.

Before pears are one-half inch in diameter they

are tapped by bugs 1/4" long which cause them to
drop, or else dwarfs the ones that do not drop. At
places where punctures occurred sap oozes out and
lingers; later the punctured place turns black. As
growth occurs, the skin becomes ruptured exposing

an inner layer of light yellow. As growth continues
the punctured area becomes depressed while the other
areas become humpedoooooooo.......................
00000000000000.0Falae tarnished plant bug, page 43.

57.

t1}

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Fruit has ere scent—shaped incisions in the shins
and an irrefular1" humped and depressioned sur—
face. l‘ruits d op before nati 2.:griI'I during lay and
June...................Sl;m cgrculio , page 55.

A.

Fruit having crescent—slaiec incisions nay drop or

else have gro.,n Lu "tial 1" arrested. (very sir iler

to Ireceding s ecies exoe t larvae within are 1:1il1:'~*-
white in stead of Lrayisu—v'i1te) 'The larva is u"

long, 1ootles and hump— Laered.....1‘.L pie CerilO 0,3a5e 55.

Lany nears drOp before ripening Iithin the pear

is a Z" larva, whitisl1 01 p1 'nhish, having a brown
head. The fruit nay have a 5/8" round erit hole.

The entrance is through the calyx end into the core,
which it eats out, thezi raies its escape. (2, p. 49),
(25, p. 85), (56, p. 508). 00.000000000000000000000

Codling moth Cerpoca31a or1orella.

 

roliag e 511echled and sichly loohing, appearing dust
laden at a distance. During dry Spells leaves and

fruit dr0p prenauu1el ............................

.....................3uropenn red mite, page 45.

During dry Spells foliage turns yellowish and both
leaves and fruit drop.............Clover mite, page 48.

Internal worminess.

1.

4.

Fruit is misshapen, undersized, turns a natural ripe
color ahead of its time. One side is shrivelled

and shrunxen fast to the core, while the other side

is no1mal. The injury tales place after mid July.
Inside the fruit resides a %“ maggot which is pointed
at the head end. The burrows turn brown.

(13, pp. l-lO), (9, p. 49), (36, p. 615), (51, p.504),
bb’ I). 57'5). 00......OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.000...

Fruit fly Rhaioletis cingulata and fauste.

 

Uorms enter by the calyx end, sometimes burrowing
around the entire calyx just beneath the shin. The
mines are broad but shallow, seldom entering the
core. (44, p. 44), (51, p. 23), (25, p. 110).
.0000...0.0..O000.0000000000000000000000000000000000.

Lesser apple worm Laspeyresia prunivora.

 

Burrows and excrement found in the fruit pulp, core,
and even coming forth to the surface, revealing a
badly ruined 1ruit.......0riental iiuit moth, page 59.

Lilky-white grubs having a reddish tinge beneath,
boring about in the core and pulp. ...............
.....................1lrm curculio, page 55.

’11

5.

6.

7.

Grayish-White curved Lrubs boring about in fruit
during hay and June, either on the tree or on the
ground. 1he {rubs lack the reddish ventral tinge
which is found in the llum curculio.
.........................Ilum gouger, page 54.

She fruit has an entrance by Way of the calyx end,
inside, the Whole core is badly eaten out and mixed
with excrement. If the larva is out of the fruit,
there is a 5/8" round exit hole. The caterpillar
is pinkish but has a brown head and is i" long.
..........................Uodling mOth, page 58.

Snall fruits having the entire core eaten out by
12-45 tiny maggots, before dropping..............
00000000000000.ooooooooQQOOOoiear13.1656, page 52).

hisshapen fruits.

l.

3.

Dwarfed fruits.
a. Fruit undersized, of poor quality m1d color.
0|000000000000oooE‘terPean red H1158, Pagoe 45.

b. Fruit growth stunted by being robbed of sap by
plant lice...........Rosy apple aphid, page 45.

Fruits normal on one side.

a. Early scars on one side of the fruit producing
bare shin-less areas that are partly grown over
by humped or fenced shin from the normal part
of fruit......E‘uit tree leaf roller, page 42.

b. Cne side of the fruit is wrinhled and depressed,
nearly dried fast to the core, the other side
is normal and attains a color of maturity in ad—
vance of the season...........................
.............Uherry fruit fly, page 58.

Fruit surface has humps and depressions.

a. Feeding punctures retard growth in the place
pierced; surrounding it the tissues become
gritty and hard. As growth is retarded it
causes a depression where the adjoining tissue
continues to grow.............................
..........Ealse tarnished plant bug, page 45.

b. Dwarfed fruit which has dimpled or pitted
appearance, sometimes also russeted side Spots
are the result of the insect's sucking mouth
parts. The fruit itself is hard and the texture
is woody. (45, p. 47), (25, p. 102), (56, p.582),
(51’ PO 28). OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOI...0.00000

Apple red bugs Lygidea nendax and others.

A

59.

d.

Round holes are eaten into the fruit for
feeding and oviposition; tne gunotured portion
becomes a degression as tne undistzrbed part
grows into nunps. Lhe larvoe inside are Lilly-
wnite and have brown jaws; in shape tneg are

strongly curved............Plum gouger, gage 54.

Crescent—shayei incisions in fruit.

(1). Fruit falls shortly after oviposition
witnin it. Grayish-‘:.'1'1ite {gurus ini'est
tne core.........Elum curculio, page 55.

A
to

). Fruit retains on the tree. vTUb inside
nearly g" long, strongly curved.
Ooooooooooooooofipple curculio, Page 55.

CO.

4.4..
.

1131' ":0 11:11 1.11:: 31.12.11:- 3:113:11: 13:31:13.
1. 1111121, 13:1.11'3s,.1::31‘.7135.

A. Trunk.
l. Lature trees.

a. "shotholes" in bark the size of a pencil lead.
Holes extending into sanwood join sawdust-
filled lateral galleries and runways; both in
trunn.and branches they follow the grain. Adult
and larval beetles in b11rrozs, adults are 1/8"
long. 32, p. 540), (36, p. 530), (51, p. 291).
0.00.0.0........OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.

Shot-hole borer Scclytusr rugtlosis.

 

b. Galleries terminate in a "Y” shaped forking in
trunk and branches; otherwise same as preceding
species. (15, p. 5), (32, p. b40), 25, p. 145).

Beach bark beetle Lhthorophloeu s limin .aris.

 

c. Gummy er Ldations at base of tree from 2—5" below
the surface to one foot above. Exudations are
mixed with frass, a sawdust-like materal, and
excreme ent. Dying or dead bark areas indicate
burrowing larvae in inner bark. Leaves yellow,
tree vigor decreases, and trees may die. When
borers are over abundant nursery stock becomes
seriously affected. (32, p. 216), (25, p. 126),
(36’ p. 595). ......OOOOIOOOOOOOOO...OOOOOOOOOOO

Peach borer Aegeria exitiosa.

 

d. sznmv exudations where injuries have occurred in
trunk and branches such as bark wounds or splittings
betvreen trunk and lie bs. Injuries usually are
up high. Gummy ooze is mixed with excreta and
sawdust. Dark bark areas, dead or dying bark,
are caused by larvae boring in inner bark.

(27, pp. 599-448), (50, p. 217), (21, p. 141).
OOOOIOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00.0.0.0...000.00.00.00...

Lesser peach borer Aeferia Eictine .

e. In crotches, cracAed or wounded areas are found
borers just in the under bark and sometimes in
the sapwood. Their presence causes deadened
bark areas. Tile gruos are 5/5" long yellowish-
white in color, and have brown heads.

(47f, D. 87). 00000.0000000000000000.000.0000...
Adple crotch borer Aegeria nyri.

 

*N—gjz

n

Cit ‘Ies in parenthesis refer to literatum
861; see list of references at end of Les-

f. Large grabs bore in or wn and roots; the ey are

2—3” long, white, with a m0"n and blec I: head

and a lateral bcdy row of oval s; ots.

(32, p. 5:2 , (58, P0 252). 000.00.00.000000000
G1 ace root-5.0rm irinnis laticollis.

 

2. Kursery stock or young trees.
a. Borers.

(l). Gunny exudations at case of t as from 2—5"
below the surface to a foot above. Ex-
udation 3 ar mire ' ‘ sawdust-
liAe naterial, an _
dead barA areas indica‘e DUTTCWlng
in inner bark. When they
nursery stock is seriously affected.

3 (,1 H m - x L .
......OOIOOOIOO......OO—eadLI [JO—e ’ :Iace 61.

(2). Areas on branches and trunk lull of gummy
ooze, mixed with frass issuing from in-
jured places.. Undern ath are burrows with
or without borers. ....................
.................Lesser peach borer, page 61.

A
(H
O

In crotches, cracked or wounded areas are
found borers just in t} :e under bark and
sometimes in the sacwood. They cause
deadened bark areas. fhe grubs are 3/5"
long, yellowisA-white, and have brown
heads. ..........Aygle crotch borer, page 61.
(4). "Shotholes" in bark the size of a oencil
lead. holes e rtending into sa.;wood join
sawdust-filled lateral galleries and run-
ways; both in trunk and branches they follow
the grain. .........310t-hole borer page 61

(5). Galleries terniina e in "Y" Shane d forkin.s

in trunA and brenC1es ; otherwise same as

preceflifla 8990185. .oooooooooooooooooooooo
00.000.000.113va “-5.331: beetle, Page 61.

b. Bark scales.

(1). Trrnhs, branches, twigs, and occasional
fruits are coated with minute grayish
shacks, barely vi3i‘o le to the eye. Around
the scales, on both bruit and bark, the

area turns red. Under magnification he
Spechs are disls having a central raised
nipgle- like blackish snot. iree vigor de—
1‘ a as, foliage becomes scant. (253., p. 165),
55, P. 70), (25, So 126). oooooooooooooooo
San Jose scale Aspidiotu~ germiciosus.

 

JO
(0

niches.

(2). 111nk, branczes, and ‘wigs are covered
with -nall crcv.rish scales l/lo"to l/B"
lORC, curved and reseLb111; an 03steL311;
underneath the disks a: Very Inmate 91.5.5.

0
BarL cr-cLs and the whole tree wealens or
ies. (470 p. l), (25, p. 121),
(471, p. 73). ........... ..
Cyster shell scale LekidosaAies Llni.

 

(3). During the winter bark on the undersides
of branches and twigs is nearly covers
over with shin3 convex—s a ed bro .sish

h" ’ -: n ‘a ~1W1v‘
scales 1/12 in d1 areter. In tn su ..... 1er
fruit is coated with honeydew rasses gr Wing
v .1 ' 7C! 1 f", c I:
sooty—blach fungi. a~, p. la9), (~, 1. e3),

(36, p

 

 

’40

1.3
cht’) H0 1.1
1 g

O

{.1

O (
.3 :3

a

l scales are larger,

or 3 nariow shingTe hav—
3.1 surface at its .arrcw-
.2,m1. 128), (25, p. 157).
....OOOOOOOOOIOOIOOOOOOOOOO000000000000...

vnfl c , "_ A .. 1- .. . a -~\ .
.ulltfl geaxbi scale .Jilacasiufialxmfitagoca.

O 000000000000000000000000...
1errr111in scale lecanium nirrcfasciatum.

(4). IrrnL, branches, and twi 15% may be coated
with dirty— whit e scales l/lO" long. In the
winter time, if the scales are flipped over,
with the naLed eye one ca11 discern tiny red-
dish—purcle eggs. (59, g. 41), (4.b, 3;.
7-11). (55’ I1. 73). 00000000000000.00000000

Scarf; scale Chionas>i s 11riura.

(5). Dru L, branches, an- wigs 8“C°"” white-
washed. Urcn close e1ar1n tion mall scales
a311ear.3enale sca1es are circular, con—

'- /‘,‘€'L'" ' \ -- *- —~.m‘a
veL atmo t l/ ~b 1n 1 1eter, and Lra,1sL—
Ia
1

fl
in ct
()0
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I o
o
H

o

H

O

(D
(J:

 

n 4n, n , . 1
0"‘0 ”1‘01‘3 3 in LIA. 1 J-..

at Ermicmes and‘*v1-
the size of a cane

(,4
.L
,I J.
CocooooooooooooQ;lOU"

C):
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C
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SD
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b. Similar to brace
1- v a

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.(D)

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rated witn"shotholes"
e g 6. She holes ezztand
t the sagwood where cmdu st-filled lateral
ies d r1 ana3s iollcw the grain.
...............Shot-hole borer, are 61.

box)“

 

 

 

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- . . -
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Osoooooooooooooo‘.:.11«g «Nil-f ..- 9 (A, ..l.("g.fi‘ é“.
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1. .0“ - 4. “ .. 1 ' - . -'- ~, ‘ I-J-r‘,.~" T~- 4- w-
tue 11-1C *eb OlEGEle lo ,.Cc31efl. lnLe 331
.0 -."‘" iv ¢ - ~~ ‘ .-. - ~~ f ”r - - ,_ ., 1 w -M ~
1 11C .«rnfi'eee “CC 5 C! 93 lu-rc.3 23c exkle ert
' 1- _‘.‘ ‘_\ c ,- 7 -’. _.
1n tze Lul; 1n the core, or R9: even 1e e'weeed
t +~. n ‘l‘+s.i d -.““p 1Crxyr‘m nwo 'j_." ln-a‘ A. (17...). Yfixv
O y.-\.o Ctnv‘ .v. e . ....-- J .r. ’xJ CA”. .1 -- VOiL,’ \J L,
w . . - rrn -r\n
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\
4’ in
(47L, p. U). 00.000.000.000...0000000000000...

. ... J— ..’-'— q . A- 1" ~f‘f““} 4611 A A '3‘—

Orwenual -rhl 10th w 0118 m-1 Ca.

tw 5 Ti
b 11‘s 0
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the Cert
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Burrows
out at h
droy Off
twig and
(15, 3.
1111318

 

I,

STT 11 brgenre es f" in Biejeter ere often
:1leed by Lavieg a car 19 e rim: grewed
”.8 5:.fir'rr30c’1; :Cnseymgtly the

es Uy and is brelen off rLen a high wind
Cvigoei‘icn ccezrred in tke severed par?
hate‘ee 3rd tLe grub e be out all but

, as it lies on ‘he e-a»ud (55, n. 202),
2823). 00000-00.coco-OOOOooooo-ooooooooo
uig girdle? Cneifleree cingtletts.

 

 

3 aid their fC i :e @133 back b888139
burrowing beetl 3 1/8" 1053,031indr1081
. Lwigs eve att 3ked just below a leaf
1

om tleere
ne mein

into the 53
burrow

I.)—

t ené -"erCus

ones called bro (15, p. 65),
5

(5’70 ,
’ (0.), Po 00000000000000.0090...

(LGJL)
blight beetle Anisandrus_gyri.

3‘11

from shoots to base of m '

ese of s jwocts camls the
. The borlngs a1e leprtwwjee with

hr

contain ;" 1r wn heetles. (50, p. a),
67), (Cl, p. 449). QOOOooooooooooooooooo
twig borer Amjkieerus hieeuflefius.

 

65.

Cvi CSlthl uncttses in *T"g.

a. In tlc Teri or SQLWO cod rows of girrolcs are
_antured i1 cue s:me of t‘e tTigs. QIcre ray
ls t~er tr-five to an lrcg, or flit: to seventy-
:fi"e igi a IT”"' in :ich.‘iit rid e;,; l;7”' lon: is

i ' o: "

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,r: ... )‘H (To , ) (w- i L \
\\ l». ..."l . 71 . 4.1} 1‘,
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00.......000000000000000000000000000000.00000000
,'.‘- ' .-If‘ -2
lies CITCiet fe“:; tLQ s.

- '3.
*

 

r“ I
I ‘r‘ fihrn d 4" 0-91 m n:
UL‘LI I! v“ Ulu.o'-1"‘d .

A. ITigs badly r",v1.t'r."ed to tley croe entirely
i .n the

s
C a i
is freshly cleared
i :0 r
7

L
5neTed off. I; . 1
season. Yuan; trees set 0 t
ls: ds in close gratimit: to lf. clr
lots are seriously aifected. (5
(3e, y. sci), (47f, p. s ), (l5, p. a).

o

"I :1|”“"T O A. '.

oak Teod-

 

Tfe'rl' ‘l'oz‘;: ...:QQVJ. 1 14"." \7TCDC :PT 8 'lV" 07',’\ ‘1‘ €16: oer p. .; _s .
I) " 0'1. ...,
severe tTiLc.
r: . p 3 ‘ O I. o -
e. 517;; s lollowed cut, cans in; ad joinin5 snoots to
Q. I‘— - -- - .0-..) . a\~\1 two . "1 fi‘ - “ ‘ -.r:
v.11 L‘ 5.51% LEE) 1.. C;-Lo o o o . 0‘1‘3‘2‘48 +5.15?" U0 “91", 51858 Cft’.

f: :0: A “r a, '3 A I, . fl . , J-
b. ' 53 or b‘encges, less hen U in :lSKOtCT,
4- 4-1,... .. " .1-‘ , v-
li ter u e ru.nd LPGS 5 tree, ire se"ered

C
C.
end s CTs it ves gnaTe

I‘" 9"1. [N—

e
Off. OOOOOIIOOOOOOOOOO
Cooooooooooooooooo—ud‘L-‘J Lira-.1

er, page 65.

on tTigs.

we ks on friit and berk, indiv
to the eye, surrounded r3 3 r
. Sm Jose scale, 55
. 1/16 to 1/8" long.

b. C"ster-s ell-sv(i ed 3
s lme 1 scale,

so H1
or s

t

......O...OOO...0;¥

c. Berk covered Tith 5i regish scales l/lO" lon5. In
winter, if fli;yed over, tley will reveal very
small reddish—purple e553 . .....Scurf;* scale,
page i5.

d. Thole tree or parts appearing white-Te sled.
................;uite peach scale, pa5e 63.

'1"

e. linute thin 5rey scales
branch es and tTi5s. L90 lli livdual s eh has a
raised reddi ml area in t e center. ...........

.......................Uherrys cale, pe5e 64.

me ed to5etne er s on
h me
i

f. Brezi miss and tTi5s have d-r
blec 1: almost circular sec e

--x
1“ .r
0000000cocoon-ooooiutll...“

5 5r; to neerlJ
l/l2" in diam ter.
e

g. There are 1/12" dark ashy-gray scales on branches
and twigs. The central elevation is orange and

Off center. 0000.... “0.000.000.0000...00.00000
European fruit scale, page be.

h. Branches and twigs are coated with 1/8" reddish-
orange scales ; they central spot is off center.
......................Walnut scale, page 64.

i. bark on undersides of twigs and branches is coated
with shiny convex-shaped brownish scales 1/12" in
diameter. ..............Terrapin scale, page 65.

II. UNDERGROUND (trunk and roots).
A. Large grubs bore in crown and roots. They are 2-3" long,
white, with a brown and white head, and a lateral body
row of oval Spots.........Giant grape rootworms, page 62.

B. Gummy exudations at base of tree from 2—5" below the sur-
face to one foot above. The exudations are mixed with
frass and excrement. Dying or dead bark areas indicate
the presence of burrowing larvae in the inner bark.
..............................Peach borer, page 61.

III. FOLIAGE (buds, leaves, and flowers).
A. Bud injury.
1. Buds eaten off.

a. Buds are entirely eaten off as they begin to swell
in the spring; later the leaves, shoots, and
fruits become seared and pitted by caterpillar:
Which travel about in twisted horn-like tubes
or cases nearly an inch long. Leaves are rolled
together and tied by silken strands, in which
the creature and his house seeks shelter. (53, p. 68L
(52, P. 213), (56,1). 560), (47f, P0 54). ooooofloooo

Leaf crumpler Mineola indigenellg

b. Leaves are rolled up and tied together by leaf-
rolling larvae which eat off the under leaf sur-
face. The earliest caterpillar stage is spent
as a leaf miner, after that it eats off buds,
flowers, and after peeling off epidermis of new
fruits and pulp is eaten into. The caterpillar
is %" long, yellowish-green, head and thoracic
shield brownish- black. Two broods carry on from
May-June and Jul y-Angust, reapectively. (60, p. 65),
(52, P. 250), (36, p. 716), (55,1). 15). 0.00.000...
Oblique-banded leaf roller Cacoecia rosaceana.

0. Complete or partial defoliation of buds, leaves,
and flowers may occur overnight by an unseen pre-
dator. The injury occurs in the spring, very
early. Nursery stock or young trees ore most sub-
ject to attack. Often when mature trees are
attacked the pests concentrate on certain limbs,
which they strip. (53, p. 138), (2, p. 130),

(45, P0 11). 00000000000000.0000...000000000000.

Climbing cutworms Noctuidae gp.

 

{U7

d. Twigs badly gnawed so they drOOp, buds entirely
eaten off. All injury occurs early in the
season. Young trees set out in freshly cleared
lands in close proxinity to hickory or oak
woodlots are seriously affected. The insect
is a Z" snout beetle, grayish and black mottled.
...................Hew York weevil, page 66.

e. Buds, leaves, and flowers are stripped or ruined
early in the season; buds and leaves are eaten
off or eaten ragged and tattered; newly set
fruit are badly disfigured by having pits eaten
into them. All the injury occurs during a month
or six weeks. Adults are 1/5" long, yellowish-
brown, and have long Sprawling legs. They pre-
fer porous sandy areas. (19, pp. 1-4),

(19, p. 28), (9, p. 51), (45, p. 29),
0.0.0.000000000000000000000000000000000000.0.0..

Rose chafer Kacrodacty us subspinosus.

 

2. Buds eaten into.
a. Caterpillars eating into buds.

(l). Unfolding buds are eaten into, thus des-
troying Openiig flowers and leaves. Inside
the bud is a %" long brown caterpillar with
a black head tunnelling about. The fruit
has its epidermis sCOOped out in places,
causing blemishes on matured fruits.

(51, p. 549), (45, p. 21), (47f, p. 51).
.....0.00000000000000000...OOOOOOOOOOOO...

Bud moth Tmetooera ocellana.

(2). Buds, unfolding leaves, and developing
fruits are injured from bud Opening to three
weeks after petal-fall. Several leaves and
fruit clusters are tied together with silken
strands; within the entanglement cavities
are eaten into the fruit, and the leaves
are killed. Kature fruits have deep russeted
elongated scars,badly deforming them.
(12, pp. 1-40), (21, pp. 1—6), (45, p. 25).
.....OOOOOOOOOOOOOOIOOOOOOOOOOIOOOOOOOOOOOOO

Fruit tree leaf—roller Cacoecia argyrospila.

 

(5). Buds are entirely eaten off as they begin
to swell in the spring; later the fruit,
leaves, and shoots become scored and pitted
by caterpillars which travel about in
twisted horn-like tubes or cases nearly an
inch long. The leaves are rolled and tied
together, inside the enclosure reside the
creatures in their shelters. ..........
...............Leaf crumpler, page 67.

68.

b.

(4). Unfolding buds have their scales eaten
off and flowers eaten into. The devastating
insects are very small caterpillars re-
siding in sheltered cases. The case is
pistol—shaped having a curl or bend in it;
in all it is %" long and may be found
attacned to leaves, twigs, branches, or
fruit, depending upon the season of year.
(56, p. 561), (47f, p. 58), (45, p. 10).

......COOOOO0.00.00.00.0000.000.000.000...
'1

ristol-case bearer pplec;nora nalivcrellg.

 

(5). Same as preceding except that the case-
bearer has a cigar—shaped case which is tri-
angular at the tip. (52 p. 254),

(51, p. 547), (57, p. as). .................
cigar-case bearer Colecphora fletcherellg.

 

Beetles eating buds.

(1). During the early spring small jumping
beetles 1/10 to 1/5" long puncture and
eat out Opening buds. The adults are shiny
metallic beetles which eat out holes in
leaves resembling shotholes. The larval
stage is spent as leaf miners, which pro-
duce mines from near the center of the leaf
to the margin terminating in blister—like
cells. (45, p. 8), (36, p. 558).

......0.00.00.00.00.........OOOOOCOOOOOOOO.

Apple flea weevil Orchestes pallicornis.

(2). Cpening buds are eaten into, leaf and fruit
stems severed by gnawings. The injury
occurs from hay through June. The insects
are 5/8-1/2" long, greenish-brown snout
beetles. The wing covers are crossed by
two irregular light bands. (55, p. 571),
(56, p. 555), (58, p. 167).

Imbricated snout beetle Epicaerus imbricatus

(5). Buds are eaten into or eaten ragged and
tattered as they unfold. The insects are
1/5" long, yellowish—brown and have long
sprawling legs........Rose chafer, page 68.

5. Buds rasped.

3.

Early in the season buds shrivel up and turn

brown. On close examination the browned sur—

faces reveal raspings caused by feedings. Ovi-
positions in stems of young fruit produces a
wilting affect followed by premature fruit shedding
Heavy infestations appear as injuries caused by
fire. (59, pp. l-7), (52, p. 119), (56, p. 592).
0.000000000000000...00000000000000000000000.00.00

Pear thrips Taeniothrips inconsequens.

4.

Buds punctured.

8..

b.

Tale greenish aphids puncture buds, shoots,
leaves, and newly setting fruits; the shoots
and leaves curl up and warp, the leaves turn
yellow then drop, but the buds just brown and
die. The injury is Spring injury. (11, p. 52),
(51, p. 587), (55, p. 610). ....................
Green peach aphid l;zus gprsicac.

 

Opening buds are punctured and killed by shiny

black aphids. Leaves and sheets are curled so

badly that they die, the leaves dropping. The

young fruit is stunted and sometimes rendered

worthless. (16, p. 155), (11, pp. 42-44),

(476, p. 16). .................................
Black cherry aphid hyzus cerasi.

 

Opening buds are punctured and the insides eaten
out. The adults are l/lO to 1/5" metallic jump-
ing beetles; besides injuring buds they eat

holes in leaves resembling shotholes. The larval
stage is as a leaf miner. ...................
....................ipple flea weevil, page 69.

B. Leaf injury.
Leaf miners.

l.

a.

b.

C.

d.

In the earliest larval state the Caterpillars
are leaf miners. They draw together single or
grouped leaves, then tie them fast; inside the
enclosure the caterpillars eat foliage, puncture
fruit skins, and eat the pulp. ..............
.............Oblique—banded leaf roller, page 67.

The larvae spend their earliest period in the
leaf as a miner. Buds and blossoms are injured
by very small caterpillars in twisted pistol—
shaped protuberance %" long on twigs, branches,
leaves, or fruit. As the bud begin to swell

the caterpillars travel with their cases to buds
and new leaves whereon they feed. Later in the
year the protuberances are on leaves and fruit.
.............Tistol-base bearer, page 69.

Same as preceding except the protuberances are
cigar—shaped, at the tip and the case is tri-
angular. .........Cigar-case bearer, page 69.

Leaf mines from near the leaf center to the mar-
gin terminating in blister-like cells. The in—
sects are beetles l/lO" long, which eat out
round holes in the foliage, giving it a "bird—
shot" perforation. ..........................
o............Apple flea weeVil, page 69.

70.

2. Speckled leaves.

80

b.

Leaves become echled, browned, and appear
dust laden from a distance; the leaves drop

prena.turely On the un der leaf 5 urfaees are
reddi321 or 5reenish galls or bli ters i" across,
enwrapped in fine silhw webs. Th fruit is of

poor duality, size, and texture. (10, pp. l-125),
(2,1)0140)’ (56,1)080 )0 00.000000000000000...
European red mite laratetrauvc‘us Lil SIS.

 

Leaves turn pale yellow, url up, and drop.

Lower leaves are act a ched first, th n hi5her
etc. Fruit is stunted. In jury most severe in
dry seasons or in arid are as. Under leaf sur-
faces are inhabited by 6 or 8 legged Spiders.
Twigs and stems have nunerous red or pinkish
3558 upon the bark sufficient to 5ive the whole
a reddish hue, during the dormant stage.

(52, p. 1), (471, p. 55), (45, p. 55).
000.00.00.00000.0000000000000000.000.000.000....

Clover mite Bryobia practices.

 

5. Leaves sheletonized.

a.

C.

d.

Sebs are spun at terninal points where many
caterpillars central ze. fhe webs are conspicuous
during the winter, while the larvae are in hib—
ernation. The Au; ust orood tends to sheletonize
leaves, but the 11rincipal injury occurs when the
overwintee rin5 caterpillars revive in the s13rin5

to devour unfoldin5 leaves as fast as they re} e
their appearance. (5, p1. 24-52), (47f, p. 49).
(17, P. 277). 00000000000000.0000.0000000000000

17- ., ' T .~ ' -~ . , .1.
drown-tail moth hy5nia phaeorihoea.

 

Leaves show nothing more than a mere frame-
work of veins. The pest is a dark green slimy
slug. (50, p. 642), (52, p. 548), 56, p. 616).
0.0.0.000....OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.

Pear slug riocamcoides limecina.

 

Identical in all respects to the precedin5, ex—

cept the pest is blackish with a dark br vn head.

(51, p. 559), (25, p. 145). .....................
Lear slug daliroa cerasi.

 

Leaves are badly sheletonized by metallic green—
ish—bronze beetles sli5htly larger than potato
beetles, having two distinct white Spots near
the tip of abdomen. The fruit is either 5ouged
or partly peeled in irregular shallow patches.
(2, p. 127), (55, p. 555), (47f, p. 55).
.000...0.0...OOOOOOOOIOOOOOOOOOOOOO0000000....

Japanese beetles Peri llia japonica.

 

71.

5.

leaves full of "snotnoles".

a. ILe leave. are riedled as if full of "snot-
holes". fie Lost is e beetle 1*5" long, dull-
red, and 4erS1sts £10m L33 through July and
August. (21, y. 165), (19, 4;. 752— 17),

(44, P. 68). ooooooooooooooo00000000000...a...
sherry leaf beetle Gelerucelle cevicollis.

 

Leaf protubere 21085.
a. Cat erpillers wxic
('0

rent in twisted horn—
shegei tunes '

o =<lv an inch long, roll
together and t caves to form slelter. When
feeding tley r e upon t};e th , e 1e e.f, or

on frUito o.........189f CTU.m} lgr, W889 67.

Y
.L

9.3

D ('2';

b. Under leaf surfaces ;ed fruit he v11_1: ent pistol—
sleged protuberances. ..........................

fi' 1 , w m CC
coco-......o..113t01-6859 bfiare. , 3-9.;8 (4.).

0. Under lee.f e“.rfe3e s and ffitit hQV1n; cigar-
shei,ed irotnLercnces w: 1ch are tiree cornered at
the tip .........Uigar—Cese learer, gage 69.

d. Cone—liLe protueersnces giowin or un lersides

L:
of leaves m;thin ni'c1 are hanging cateri'illers.
The growth s are no! turel 1 esistances to the feed-
ing.lsrvee. (26, pp. l-ll), (25, 3. 215 ),

(51, P. 503), (36, P. 679). .ooooooooooooooooooo
?s:".orm Ehfrid,§+er:z g4ce"3roe1orn1

 

Legves wcbte d tQ

a. Eerly in the scring leaf clusters are be 3.:1d to-
gather as a snelter. If the shelter is torn
age.rt it aill he feind to contsin tough, horn—
she we d cas es in}: aoited by caterpille 18.
...............Leef crumpler, gage 67.

b. Buds and leaves are webbed tog etler bv silken
threads vlerever the worm Lie feeding. The c
p11121s are i" long, brown,11sving black 2-ee

000000ooooooooooooo:oooooo:ad ILL qth’ DEL-E3 68.

ter—
5

OJ {‘3

0. Leaves and fruit clr sters are drawn tcge ther and
boun with silken cords. Fruit w ithin tne tangle
has cavities eaten out. Tue larvae are 4" long,

green, with head and thoracic snield brown or
black. ..........Fruit rec leaf r017 . race 68.

d. Single leaves or grouped lee ves are drawn to—
gether by silken strands, therein caterpillars
eat foliage, puncture fruit 545N8, end eat th
pulp. The earliest larval stage is as e leaf
miner. She nature cater1111931 ere %” long,
light ye_lcr131—oromn to apple- -green, heV1n5 a

bro"misq black iced an d t1101ecic chi He
°"°'°---Cblique- bmide: leaf roller.

h}

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L

 

 

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S 4?:7‘91‘5.

in 2e s_:ing fornj eatergillers est

off the egilernrl la;3:; lster tfie:

est off too enti 9 leaf 3’"e for t"e

ridrih; sore {new small lloles in the

frfiit. 3‘3 larvae are l-y" long, revs

tnree yeqcil—like Jutts of long blank

hairs, on on eeeh e; do of tLe need,
r

.e -

" ‘1 ‘ '3 '5‘: I‘ ' a -
nrd one at u.e else: greleiior end.

r: - new r .'.‘_!"7 “CC )0
(vb, 1.. Up; J, (u‘J, l). 41), (L .' , i o J
.0000......OOOOOOOOOOOO00.000.00.000...

vv¢~ 0* 1_ a _~_ 1' .7- _ _‘
unite-nerneo Lesson- -emeroefig7q

-A gmuug «J

leuoosti;nn.

 

Ikis insect resenhles the ‘reced1n3.

It has a bleak Reed and toe first Two
tussoels are black in yours as terjillerq
in later eatergillers they are finite.
Still lite" an additional feneil of

long hlren gyme-tigfed heirs project
laterally from the second abd minel
segment. (3?, n. SuZ).

4- ‘a " 4— "l . . ' ..
Lusty uussocl mot“ oeo-n-.n. entig-s.

I.-.

 

Legleoted orchards 7“eve leaf en1derr3.s
peeled off followed “f oensnmption of
all save for the nid“ib. lie irjr r"
occurs in midSummer. TLe insect nest
is e eaterLillor 17” long, cov01 ed W7 th
dense Spreading tufts of white hairs,

a row of eight bleak tufts on the back
e.nd t .0 long slender pencils on tke
fourth and tenth segnents. Heed, feet,
and undei bod; parts -re black; uancr

bodv surfee e is wiite sliotted with bleak.
(4.,7f, 0. 5U4, (Lib-’3, I). 185 )0

d

C '\

"V . T’ ' ’ ‘ J“~‘ . ru \ ww-
rlcuory J;SS 007 moon :81181 (tn e r ae
‘L—‘LLI.

 

Leny tiny {regericgs eetervillers tetch
out in tire to lay Waste ekpending
leaves; at first t‘ev eat out 1010 ,
later they eonsure tne entire 1 af e
cart for tie largest veins. oorrlete

A" "a

.nuflu‘.

cIClrfoio is met
7er~i77r"s are 2
- L

r

 

:9 b A: t LL be

812 reddis., sege ated bv e yellow

nedisn line; ct ervise t.e bed" is

clothed 'itd lon? 51e3; heirs.

(2?, n. “75) (5, LP- —25), (47f, p.

48). 0.0000000000000000...nooooooaooo
Gfrs" rctd Tert“etrie diseer.

.1 . 11

In ridS‘r er colonies of ceteroillars

.Ljeer and congletely defoliete t1cseles

or t.e "tole tree; nursery stock or

youn: tree s are most likely to “A

at cl-ed. ULen not feeding tfie" eon—

{refete upon the trunk or orencltes.
BLen at rest the larvae eitLer leve-
the rear end elevated or the fore and
re er ends elevated; ."‘en startled tzey
raise both ends srdde nly and remain so.
The cstergills.rs s e 2"1c:15, black

and yellow striped, he*in5 a gellow
ring around the neck. (55, p. 125),
(58, p. 270), 25, p. 118).
00.000000000000000..0000..0.00000000...
Yellow-necked caterpillar Fetcne

Same as

110% cid ‘" svecies except the
catergillers er
t

e blaci; 73d vel.low.
striped, .Ii n a core l-red hump just
behind t-m end and a row of s in es
project in: from it. (55, p. 1:0)
:8, g. 271), (25, p. 118).

0.000000000000000000000000.00.000.000.
L “~ 0 " -.

Red- um ed caterylller JCIllZv rs

CO?AO_‘Ln-Ifiltfi.

Caterpillars which spin one thread as
a "gi- line " wherever the y travel, when
not feedingkthey' Hon rerste on trunk
or branches. If i'ood is as tree tney
go out after it in £01m like marching
army norms. The caterpillars are lfi"
long, having a median row of white
"lozenge—s heyed" dots along tie bsclz.
(25, p. 241), (45, p. 16), (2:, p. 1C9)
..OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOI0.0.00.0.0......
L‘orest tent- ceteroillsr Leleeesore
ngfi+rlao

 

leaves, buds, and 7lcve ers rev be strinned
overnight by an unseen lest. file in-
jury takes place in the Spring and is
more lixely to center on nursery stock

or young trees. '

oo-oaoooobli N} l; CUtWOTmS, paie by.

V

C.

‘ u- . :H ‘ v
Lloxer lnudfl.

1.

Fru.it bl

l.

1
Fruit blemishes
1

Flowers res ed.
8. Flowers er
.3031 53 1‘13"
vit garts.
trait stars, 0
flower to die

c+w
E

M
or
e'm

04"0 A

“losers e1.,1 into or
a. Beds and flo"ers a
catercillars. A.t
miners, then lest
£1073er, -nd e3fe
skins.

oo oo ..C'),l-0

J

eaten
a 1‘0‘;

b. £1C’mne £1
tze 51
green

-H
L773 (0
{31D

y.
L
01

Flo. era are badlv
3e110v.is:—brow1,
legs.

0.

E1 0"7819 on br rinel e
on srall trees to:
be stri
67.

d.

(outside)

Linute grayish sLecLs

by a reddish area. ...
Keneydew covered fr.it

In the inter u7oder51d
nearly covered with sh
scales 1/12" in diarzeuer.

{“

urescent—
a. U UV

air—Brit:

‘4‘-

hole in the convex

into sme llings or

. Q. ,-
L.J ‘ )

quLJw

1Q7de- -1nn1ded lean:
and have tie

and 1092- 831115

med overni;

aes (tLrougL t“
3.

ed cresoet.1t so

A

d H
*‘a' :5

t

m

r u
s

cur-n -r

0 Cf
..:

11701731, time in se
and eats ..1, its

rs in f‘lotsr and
wilt and the
it to drop.

69.

H.
Li (0 rt (.7?- H) C.)
.I H. IL——J

(D
tJ
s.)
W“ (D
cf 0

OLD
SQ

F3 (4-
ct:
H

H

~c
.)

.. (4-10

entirely eaten off.

re eaten cff b" lest-rolling

Iiist tL. larvae are lea.f

roll-ers, then deeuructive bud,

eaters besides paneturing fruit
" roller, Legs 67.

about
netallie
of abdonen.
£78.38 71 0

off b" la. ge eetles,
eto beetle. Tl.ev are
white BJCtS on tie
....J1Ler 2e beetle,

eaten 1y beetles 1/3" long,,
long agrawling
....lose ch refer, page b8.

5 of large trees or all flowers
etLer "nth buds and leaves nay
11- U 0 o o o a 0 311311? 712.1 Q7 C‘Cl‘t'fforrris 9 173:9

on bark :-nd fruit surro inded

....aan Jose scale, rage 69.

hart orin: a sooty-bls.ck fungns.
e of tr igs and bre.ncnes are
inv cor vex—s}.aIed brownisn

.. ‘r'Z
scale, late bu.

are sorfleti es having a
side. [we i1eisions divelop
1n.ots lrotr‘nduhq the

1TCU

fruit s rfeee. At times 3e sco.rs develop ne-
iressiC’s instead of'Lmi rps. F7uit becores herd,
1notty, and missLag7en. Inside tie :r-it resides
a g"3"191—»“1te c rved larva. (6, EQo 469— 512)

:2, 10 ~10), (6.3, Do 151). 0000.00.00.9000000000
Plum curculio oinoira37el s nann7o3"

 

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a. Ingloe he buog goo L+¢Cfl 11‘; .CH;, 11 hd-nulto,
O _. " 4—- I
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vv -‘ " m )1- 4m 1' '- r“ 7
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atta

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4—". ‘. . .. ,.

bs.-1'3 3-- q 191‘! 'm

norral
til it touches the fit.
ins its ripened color ahead
..................Cherry fruit f.y

.. h

-—

eaten off

C)

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9 lel ~31/!!!
'1 7y-
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on C118

on one
fie no
in

‘17“. "Y?
.I xx
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‘ruit

 

 

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side but

51158 0 :1].
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injured
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r 'v' Q-0 J? ‘\ . J— 9 J 7, fl ‘
o. Emoryad.Jflqfl O; 00? q aeL :. aid color.

C
................:1:11‘O‘_€€:;1 1‘8”} T111159 £49.33 71.

’
Ere attre frvit sledding.
1. free w 915 as carain; fruit sheddirg.

a. LrevrtLre flefoliavion 1e ad' to grexature ?ruit
shefldifig. Doliore is ggeohlefi and siePly look—
ing, aHIecrizig {11134:- 11313:: ‘5 a disi‘avr‘o.
...............Z‘iro 31m red rtite, *3‘9 ’71-.

F":

b. re"ature defoliation leafis to grenoture fruit

Sgeéding. 378 leaves turn yellow 9nd dr03. I?

' ~w -7 ' - -" ~: "1 e 1 w" v

1“ £4- 18 1UITCJI'E‘J‘E (3-3:...2'; (are: sea‘qjl‘:‘lts. 00.0.0.0...
'\ 1"}- - .

0.0.0000.000.000.000owl—Cilia?r.) we, rage 710

' . .0- 1'1 . J.- v
ion in iriiu ste s.
c i

[I

’lose ex«amina t 0:1 fruit "tom? will be found
Lain nymgns of insects l/XO" long or their
eggs. ...............2ear thrive page 69.
wit stems se fired.

1
a. "arly in th sorirr are severed so

4.: V IL t 7‘3
the I'ruit drops beicre ratu ing. .............
...............Imh:oioeted snout heo“1e OP’e 69.

£310-

'Pfi‘r ‘ A w‘ ~ < ‘ y T] . .. ”LL. 7
.44.- .5v .5...“ A4-b-‘H Ann—s ~-s-&4b- ‘- .5 .L- .5; ~1_JV.-U.

_' V'YYTT 7" \‘7.1‘ Q """rzfi'j
r71
A. *1‘1;1n1;.
T ' .1. .. -
l. Assure trees.

a. "slotholes" in bark the size of a snail lead.
Ln3les extendinr into 9313001 join sa;§1_st— filled
33ers gal r s and rnnvays; bot1 in trunk
tier follow fi1e grain. Ad: lt and
s 1urrors, adults are 1’8" long.
) (o6, p. 530).

and br.3131e
larval beet
(15’ p. O)*
.000...0.0.0.0....00.000.000.00...000......0.0

Slot-hole borer 3371'”:;s r1.1.=““1_los:;s.

 

- - "nu ,
1e 1n a 1 sba1ed forlzin 5
es; other:i_se same as pre-
.7 '1 C’-\ ”a n "AF

._9 ’ O U I , uh: ’ J-J . U .5? ’

l
)0 .0000.0.0000000000000000...a...

ark beetles

.,

'5‘ -"- ha "‘fi Q . -. - R .
1:;tqoioArloeus lnrwndaiis.

 

'1

e. Cummye erdda.t ions at base of tree from 2-5" we-
low tae surface to one foot above. Era ations
are mixed with frass, a sawdust-like material,
and excrere nt. Dying or dead bark areas in—
flica.te b"“ror1n“ larvae in inner barI. Leaves
yellow, tree vi gor decreases, and trees may die.
Alan borers are abundant nursery stoc; is

seriously ez'fected. 52, p. 216), (25, p. 126),
(7“- not?)
UH, P. uud o 0.0000000000000000000000.000coo

h borer ‘3Leria exitiosa

 

d. Gumm" exudations where injuries have 00 t.rred
in trunk and branches such as bark wounds or
splittings between trunl:and limbs. Injuries
usually are high up. Gummy ooze is mixed "1th
excreta and siwdust. Dark bark arear, dead or
dying bars, are caused by larvae boring in
inner bark. (29, pp. 599—448), (32, p. 217),
(11, p. lél). ...............................

Lesser peach borer Aegeria biotiges

 

2. Nu ser; stoc: or 3101ng trees.
a. Be.M scales.
(1). Trunk, branches, and tr igs coves W.ith

small or ownish scales 1/8 to l/lF" long,
curved and resembling an oyster shell;
unoernea 1th are man:/ min11te eggs. Bark

*FT““‘~——-
ciiulhes in rware tnesis refer to literature
ed; see list of references at end of Ewe

81.

B.

cracks and whole tree weakens or dies.
(47b, p. 1), (:5, g. 1::4), (47f, p. 73).
0.0000000000000000...to...00000000000000

Cyster shell scale 1e51oosa;”cs ulri.

 

'runks, branches, twigs, and occasional
fruits are coated witn minute grayish
specks, barely visible to the eye. Around
the ace as, on both frrit and bark, the
area turns red. Under magnification the
sgecks are disas having a central raised
nigple-liae blackish spot._ Tree vigor
decreases, foliage becones vellOW1sn and
scant. (25 p. 165), (57, p. 7U),

(2;, p. 12650 000.00000.0000000000000000

San Jose scale L...:idiotus Lerniciosus.

P‘
P3

x.’
O

 

(3). Trunk, branches, and twigs apgear white-
vzasied, uyon close examination Small
scale s a fear. b‘en ale scales are circular,
convex, about l/“5” in di meter and gray—
isn-rnite in color. Kale scales are
larger, being snajed line long narrow
sn1n;los laving. an oblong dorsal surfed
at its narrate.-t end. (52, p. 128),

(23, Do 128). 00000000000000.0000000.00

White beach scale ulscaspis gentagona.

 

Branches.

1.

2.

5.

4.

orancnes and trunk full of "shotholes". ........
.................Shot-bole borer, page 81.

Branches an d trunk full of "pinlioles" terminating
in a "Y" susped ourrow. ...........................
...............Peacb barn beetle, page 94.

Areas on branches and trunk full of gummy ooze
mixed nitb :rass, issuing from injured olaces. Un-
derneath the burrows with or wiaiout borers.......
.................Lesser peach borer, pa5e 81.

Outer oars coverin58.

a. Li nute thin gray scales massed together upon
wrenches and twigs. Under magnification the
Specks appear to have a raised reddish area in
the center of each; thus they are distinguished
from the San Jose scale; otherwise they are
similar. (32, p. 125), (30, p. 617).
OOOO_OOOOOO00.000.000.000.IOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

berry scale lepidiotus forbesi.

 

82.

C.

d.

e.

f.

g.

Branches and tvig s are coated 1th 1/8" reddish—

oran5e scales; t1e cent;al egot is off center.

(5~,p .360), (25, Do 23'0 o ooooooooooooooooooooo
Jalnu t scale .‘s iliotus ju51ans—rc5iae.

 

Branches and twigs 'ave dark gray to nearly black
almost circular scales _l/12" in di a: .eter. The

raised orange tip is of‘f center (55, p. 50 ,
(25,1). 2J5), (32,1). l}9). ...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOO

Putnam' 8 scale lagidiotus gncjlus.

 

BranCEes an .d t wi similar to Putnam's and cherry
seal 5, distingui s ed on 13 by micrOSCOpic

Characters, covered nith 1/1'" dark easy—gray
scales. The central elevation is off center
and orange in color. (55, p. 261), (45, p. 58).

European fruit scale Asgidiotus ostreaeicrmis.

 

Branches and twigs from Kay through July have
undersurfaces covered with cottony agpearing
masses beneath which soft scales live. Heavily
infested trees have entire foliage turn a
sicl:1y vellow and die. (56, p. 676), (25, p. 295),
(2, p. 153). oooooooooooooooooooooooooo.oo.ooooo

Uottony maple scale Eulvinaria vitis.

 

Branches, twigs and leaves have large brown
soft-bodied izal f—pea-shared scales 1/8 to 5/16"
long. 1hey cluster tog ether on one side of the
twig or branch. Thev winter 0 er on sma1ler
branches as flat 3 indle—sha sped brown scales
1/26" long and 1:2;ature. Infestations cause
leaves to gellow; all growth ceases, followed
by premature shedding of foliage and fruit.

52, p. 261), (52, p. 129), (25, p. 148),

(2,, p. 120). 0000......oooooooooooooooooooooo

European fruit lecanium Lecanium oorni.

 

During the winter bark. n undersides of branches
and twigs is nearly covered with shiny conver-
sha;ed brownish scales 1/12" in diameter. In
the summer the fruit is covered with honeydew
masses growing sooty—black fungi which renders
the fruit unsalahle. (52, p. 129), (2, p. 155),
( b, P. 605). cocooooooooooooooooo.ooooooooooo

Terrapin scale Lecanium nigrofasciatum.

Scales 1/16 to 1/8" lon resembling an oyster.
...............O; ster siell scale, page 81.

85.

1.

j.

Grayish Spechs on barn and fruit, in-
dividually invisible to the eye, surrounded
by a redoish area. .....San Jose scale, page 83.

Whole tree or parts appearing white-washed.
................White peach scale, page 83.

C. Small branches, twigs, and snoots.
l. Twig borers.

8.

b.

00

d.

Pinkish or creamy—white larvae 5 long burrow

in twigs causing the foliage to wilt and the

Whole snoot to die back. Early and late plum

varieties are attacked by the larvae; earlier

broods attacn the shoots, later broods attacx

the fruit. Orchards in close proximity to

peaches are most severely attached after the

peaches are harvested. The worminess shows up

as burrows and excrement in the pulp, the pit,

or even eXposed to the exterior. (2, p. 132),

(36, p. 608), (47f, p0 lU)0 000000000000000000
Oriental fruit moth Grapholitha molesta.

Twigs tips and their foliage dies back because

of small burrowing beetles 1/8" long, cylindrical

in a1 pe. Twigs are attacked just below a leaf

scar; from there the burrow leads into the sap—

wood in one main longitudinal burrow and numerous

lateral ones, called brood chambers. (12, p. 65),

(53’ p. 252), (a, P0 15). ..OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
Pear blight beetle Anisandrus pyri.

Burrows from shoots to base of small branches
widening out at base of shoots cause the twigs

to wilt and drOp off. The injury is most
noticeable in the winter or early spring, in-
dicating the killed new growth. The whole tree,
if injured in repeated years, will die; other—
wise it is badly weakened. The borings are
lengthwise with the twig and contain e" brown
beetles. (50, p. 513), (15, p. 67), (51, p. 449).
O00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000.000

Apple twig borer Amphicerus bicaudatus.

 

During the Spring borers work into terminal
shoots causing them to wilt or die-back; the
larvae winter.over within the shoots. The
larvae, during the early spring, also bore into
buds. The larvae are 1/16-5/8" long, brown,
blackéheaded, and pupate in inconSpicuous
cocoons on the tree. The first brood tunnels
in buds and shoots; the second brood tunnels

in wioots and fruit; the third brood infests
only the fruit. (50, p. 580), (23, p. 130),

84.

2.

CD (0

b.

(52, p. 215), (5:, p. 610). ..
“each t3'3 501 er inersia 11:1 €;atells.

 

evered txi3 s.

n W"

EWigs £10m s—c lon3 up to 2—5 feet long litter
tEm 3round teneeth the tree. lhe tv .133 are
smoothlv out off, the severed end has a hollow
center g1133ed With fine shevin; s azzd serust
The tunnel may be 10—15" 1013 enclosin3 a 2"
White grub. (55, r. £00), (£5, p. 52 ),
(36, p. 604)

‘ ”r

" “51* ' H . ,‘fi . ' ' rr
3 yruner ilJLL151m1‘H11C s11 .

O
o
1

 

From twigs to smell brenahes of 1" diameter are
01 t

en cleverlv girdled by havin3 a complete

ing gnawed out of the bar k into the ss.owood;
conseouer tly the tWi3 dries up m1d is oroken

off uh en a hi 3‘h Wind blows. C11; osition occurred
in th severed put, the e33 hat cites and the
grub eats out ell but the herc, es t11e tWi3

lies on tLe 3ro1nd. (55, 3. 202), (57, p. 282).
......OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.0.0.0000...0000000000..

EWig girdler Cnc idcrcs cin3u1etus.

H

 

5. Gnewed twi3s.

a.

Twigs badl3 3213Wed so they d1 opp, buds en-

tirely 3 e".' ed off. Injur3 occurs early in

season. 1oun3 trees set out in freshly cleared

lands in close pro: :imity to hickory or oak

wood lots er e eeriou sly affected. (57, p. 78),

(b6, p. 532:), (47f, D. 37). OOOOooooooooooooo
leW Ho; weevil Ithjcerus noveborecensis.

 

4. Rows of t*i3s pu anctures.

8.

ROWs of inholes throu3h uter bark into the
came ium r sex L‘WOOd. Ihe punctures are in a
rOW with the 3rein, each row me" have 50- 75
holes miich are 25 to tr 9 inch. The punctul es
are holes made d1rin3 oviposition and con—
tains e3 33 1/8" long. Perforated twigs be—
cone diseased or dry up and break off.

(55, pp. 1—20), (56, p. 657), (54, p. 1).
00.000000000000000.0.00.0000...00000000000000.

Tree cricket Oecenthus niveus and others.

 

5. Feeding punctures on twigs.

a.

IWigs are se1ped of their needed Ml ids dur—
in3 Lay by ler3e bugs 5/8" long. Such punc-
tures and robbed sap cause the Wigs to warp,
drOOp, and dry up to3ether with all foliege

thereon. When 3rowth is Izost active the in-

C)
O!
o

Co

ury becomes m

on,

‘4
3).

est severe. (50, 3. ad.

the end of
the host

from
(57,

T

1.} '
., -
D
A.

il- '4‘: i C B
being

.04-
Eguer

are 1‘8 31‘9" u

0

ll

{11er 1).]

‘ .. "fl 4, ‘\ 771/3 '1 ..
re: 0 33.:na

.-

1.“ +
axnwlaua.

 

4—1 SS,
'ured b3
lawiisl—m11.e
n unde rsides of leaves

eaves to turn 3ellow
they l;ave all mi“1

plant. (11, p.

getioles,
lig ht green 8

73-3‘“;

an

d 111"} *3

U0
1).}

e).

um i3hid tor“
L

I 'Hn" C;
A;

.‘5
i

8.1.

N:

LL'JO'CQI‘ 011

93131..

Act

3

(D (fl?
UHDCLH.’H-m
s4gnfi<0wsm

5Q2)

n

u o
(1141‘ ".'\
C—‘--— »&4.d:‘n1g.

 

J
J
_J
J

*‘S (‘4; H :—

4’3
:3
.4
i J

H-
061‘

Hi CJ. F3)

H513 S

'h'v

ififiired .4
Hr shortly
generations

ost :ui late

Spring. (5
......OOOOOOOO......IOCOOOOOOOOOOCOOOO

n , .
eieen Lease s :_

v-4.

.LJ.

‘ wvnjw

agnid ;y A

 

she ll—shafe
.....Ofi’SLG’r-S'lell 508.10
rk and fruit, in—

to the eye

0'"
ooooodan

. Cragish Steels on ‘r,
dividually invisible
b" reddish areas.

U

”:ole tree

u
..‘O......I‘-~

U

page 82.

‘l
.J

Grayish
rounded
nifice tion ea eh

center.

to the
Under

ere,

U

mag—

(31

Dark gray to nearly black
oooooooooooooP-U .tflaff's 338.133,

with
O I 0 93.4.1.0:

covered
303.193 0

""‘.- '1..-
Jag-1‘11

1/12" dark

0
V
een fruit scale

7. rk covered with cotton3 m

7 a3 through July *

Iwig under—ha
from

in3-vhite-weshe

612!) .

d bromiis: scales 1/16 to
9 raLO 820

, su1r;u:1ded

Jose scale, page 532.

5.

sur—

raised reddish

3889

...........Cetton3 re :.19 scale, pe.ge 83.

8. Large bro.vn soft— oodied scales half- gea-
slaged /e_s/16" long. :12 B31ndle—51V“ed
immature ._niwer fern is l./EXT' long
0 O o o o o o .EQTOL‘GEU frlsit 180.2111 1‘ IT. 13816-8 85.

 

 

9. Bark on underSides oi twigs eoete with
him; convex tiomnisk scales l/lE" in di-
ameter. ......._erre in scale, page 85.
lO. :3: .1, outed wit-1- 1/8" reddish—or .L'zje scales.
....................u:.ln1t scale, 133e 85.
II. 51333330333 (Roots and trint).
A. Irunk irom 2—3 iie es lelew f? and t3 0t. :eot above.
1. Cum:;7 exuemti' 3 Fixed wit h irt.se, sewdt”t, and ex-
cre:.ent on Qt er terl. ......Leaeh borer, gage 81.
III. FOLILJZ Buds, leaves, and Blowers).
2.. End injury.
1. Side eaten ff.

a. Buds ale entirely eaten off as they Begin to
srell in the eLring; liter the fruit, Jeeves,
and shoots bevome seerec aid titted by eater-
;illers finish resel about in twister born-
lire tuoes or cases nearly an iLeh long. Leaves
are also re ll ed eid tied torether t3 threads in
whieh the creature 33d hi:3ixmxse seek'shelter.

:5, 3. 68) E2, p. 213), 25, p. 560),
(4 f, :0 5450 00000000000000.0000000000000000
Leef ‘r Wfil“ Lineele indigenelle.

b. Yn:,ldin§ uds e.re entire 3 eaten off; ud-
foldirg lee.ves :re eaten,uettered and r;g;ed.
(51, L0 451), (55, Do 05 , (58, Pb 26-).
00000000000000.0000000000000.00000000000000...

Craze a be t T’ltie' “tel“tee

c. Buds eaten cff end twigs gnawed. ............

0.000.000.0000: G", 1701‘}: YIOGVil’ ITnCB 85.

inwo fnts destroying
ves; consequently the
is injUI ed or ruined. Inside t?
lon: brown eaternille; with
, tinteljzu; abet? . 3h ifinlit has
is eooged out n glaees, causirg
n matured fruits. (51, o. 549)
(47f, p. 31)

i

0000000000000000000

Bud moth Lgetogerg ocellene.

Edda, unfolding leaveS, and develooing fruits
are injured from bnl ogening to three weeks
after petel-fell. Several leaves and fruit

cluster are tied together wito
e ds esvities are eaten into

silken s
Withlll t1 9 ti
fruit, and tre leaves are partially or en-
Ilature iruits keve deem eted,

ere eote:
lowers and les

8.

i

b.

'L Wflr‘

ti;;'(ld5;

Cl
...

"-1
.1-

ttie
tirely killed.

J'Llszo

d.

f.

g.

8..

 

elorfcted soars, badly deform I: t7em.

(12 =3. 1—41), (El, 5;. l-G), (4C, 9. 2;).
00000000000000...-00.00000000000000000000coco.
Fruit tree leaf-roller 3:3C774a :r;;ro3;ilc.
lads, blCSPCKS, and new foliage, in new or—
clasds in close urcxixit; to locust trees To-
cone L 617 r1114ed. (55, 3. 905), (4Vf, p. 3?).

‘~,.. 1 .. .. 'i -.-"I ‘-- .L.' \. .z , '4 - ...-D'
“ct-10¢:CC iiea LCQLLG ore--deoere r111 es.

 

adjest geriod in the

are iarvce sgefid tyeir 8’
no. buds and blossonfi 9T9 4“-

leaf as le f rni re 1

jured 0; very small cater;illars in t isted
ViEtOl—ShaLBd yrotuhcrcnccs on twi“s and brrnohee
ea rlv in the s rinj. As the c..ds hef4c to swell

..11
o cater illars travel wii:h their cases to
buds and no leaves Wiereon t 0; food. Later
in the gear the frotuoerances are found on
leaves and fruit. (56, p. 561), (47f, p. 58),
(45, U A), 000000000.ooooooooooooooooooooooo
_ a

.se bearer Colegrhora relivcrella.

 

S:ne as precedine , except the orotuberrnces
are C4‘ar—o“a ed, at t e tie end the case is
triilllf'.‘ 4.1241“. (32:: ll. r<' E'HAI) (51, P. 5437),

'—
7"

(v7, p. 6). ooooooooooooooooooooooocoooooooo

Cigar— C see bearer ”4104* or“ fletcterella.

 

Buds, leaves, and flOWGlS are stripped or

badly uine d ear y in the He son; buds and

leaves are eaten off or are ragged and tattered;

bloss be are nearly eaten off; newly set fruits

are badly disfigured by having holes eaten in-

to them. All the injury occurs in about one

month or six weeks. (55, pp. 397-402),

(2, Do 128), (36, P. 625). 000.000.000.000...
Rose chafor Iaorcdactylus BuijanEES.

‘4

Ogening buds and bark a.re gaa"ed into leaf
nd fruit stems severed. (53, p. 5713,
(36, I). 50.)). 00000000000000.0000...-oooooooo

Lubricated snout beetle 3 ice.erus 1*or1.1tis.

 

Buds ragged .

Early in season buds shrivel up and turn brown,
on close examination the browned surfaces re—
veal reaping 8 caused from feedings. Ovioos ition
in st- ems cdf4rnunl.i"‘rt causes them to tilt

and its fruit dr0p pr raturelv. Heavy in-
festations appear as injuries caused by fire.
(39, pp. 1-7), (52, p. 119), (35, p. 592).
000.00.00.00.oooooooooooooo00.000000000000000.

Pear thrips Eaeniothrios inconsequens.

4.

Suds

a.

'ounctured.

SWelling and 8X}: :ndin5r suds are gunctured

and sap is withd Wn, esultin5 in Slight in—
juries to buds. I"1‘1eirrgresence need not cause
alarm, even thou5h 15—20 may be ugon a flower;
they are Waitin5 for newly dovelOQed succulent
leaves on which t1ev feed a very short time,

to end of hay, then migrate from the tree. Some
of the leaves oecoxe curled up and drOp due to

‘Wids feeding tiereon. (47e. p. 8). (47f, p.37).

(:0, PO 51). Cocoooooo‘fiwoo0000000000000
Apple grain aghid o7slos11171n crunifoliae.

 

3. Leaf injury.
Leaves rolled and weboed t05ether.

l.

a.

b.

C.

Le ves are tan5led t05 et1er by? silLen strands
enclosin5 numerous leaves 1.10. become eaten
away. T1e larvae Sgend one month within the
sil1en shelter, eating all the time. Severly
infested trees appear as one huge web. The
injury occurs in late Spring. (53, p. 254),

32, pl 548), (36, p. 612). 000.000.00.009...-
Plum web-Spinning sanly Heurotoma inconspicua.

 

Sin5le leaves or grouped leaves are drawn to-
gether by sil1en Cstrands, wherein caterpillars
eat folia5e,o7:11re fruit s1ins,nd eat the
pulp. In the earliest sta5e larva e are leaf
miners. (60, p. 63), (32, p. EbO), (b6, p. 716).

......OOOOOOOOOOOOO......OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.0...

Oblique—banded leaf—roller Cacoecia rosacesna

 

Early in season ran? leaves and fruit clusters
are sound to5ether; the dam 5e occurs cetween
bud openin5 and three weeks after petal-isll.
............Fruit tree leaf—roller, page 88.

Leaves sheletonized.

8-.

Leaves show nothing Kore than a frame--ork
of veins. The gest is a d ark green slirv slug.
(39, p. 642), (52, p. 348), (36, p. 616).

Fear slug Eriocampoddes'limacina.

Identical in all resyects to the preceding
except the pest is blackish wit h a da'k brown
head. (51, p. 569), (25, p. 148).

Fear slu5 “aliroa cerasi.

 

89.

Lb

... 6.

3.

4.

6.

C0

Leaves are badly skeletonized b; metallic-
green or greenish—bronze beetles slightly
larger than potato beetles, having two dis—
tinct white Spots near the tip of abdomen.
Also the fruit is either gouged or partly
peeled in irregular SJRllOW patches.
(2, p. 127), (56, p. 605), (48, pp. 1-51).
0.0.0....OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
Japanese beetle 2931111

......OOOOOOOOOOOC
r

i panonica.

Speckled leaves.

8-.

Leaves become spechled, browned, and appear
dust laden, from a distance; the leaves drop
prematurely. Feeding punctures in leaves rob
them of chlorOphyll and at the same time
poison the surrounding tissue. Very light
spider webs on leaf under surface. Fruit is
undersized, of poor quality and color.

(10, pp. 1-125), (2, p. 140), (47f, p. 67).
000.000.000.00...000000.0000000000000000.0000.

European red mite garatetranycuus pilosus.

Leaf miners.

8-.

00

Leaf miner in early larval period. Pistol
shaped protuberances é" long on leaf.
0000000000fiiStOl-Case bearer, page 880

Leaf miner in early larval period. cigar
shaped protuberances ;" long on leaf.

.............Cigar—case bearer, page 88.

Leaf miner in early larval period. ..........
........Cblique-banded leaf—roller, page 89.

Leaf protuberances.

a.

b.

Under—leaf surfaces and fruits having bent
pistol-aiaped protuberances. .................
............Pistol—case bearer, page 88.

under leaf surfaces and fruits having cigar—
shaped protuberances which are three cornered
at the tip. .......uigar-case bearer, page 88.

Cone-like protuberances growing on the under
sides of leaves in which are hanging cater-
pillars. The growths are natural leaf re-
sistances to the feeding larvae. (26, pp. l—ll),
(25, p. 215), (51, P0 503)0 00000000000000000000
Bagworm fhyridopteryx gphemeraeformis.

Leaves curl, turn pale—yellow, dry up, and
drop prematurely..

90.

7.

a. Leaves turn pale—yellow, curl up, and drop.
Lover leaves are attacled first, then higher,
etc. nruit is stunted. Injury most severe
in dry seasons and in arid areas. The 6 or 8
legged creatures are inhabitants of under leaf
surfaces. lnigs and stems have numerous red
or pinkish e55s upon the bark sufficient to
give th 9 whole a reddish hue, during the dor—
mflnt tree Stage0 (62, F0 1), (47f, p. 66),
(-—5, I). 56)0 0000000000000000000000000000000.

Clover mite :ryobia traetiosa.

 

b. Tips of branches have leaves crrl up and drcp
prematurely, thus checking proper bud—making
and fruiting. Ihe bra2ches are the center of
attack. Chief injuries occur in spring and
fall. (50, p. 662), (51, p. 592), (23, p. 159).
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

H1 m ai:hid dphis prunifolia.

 

0. ans injury as above performed by oluish—uhite
mealy wdered aphids l/lO" long: and marLed
with three longitudinal green stripes.
0000000000000000000.}-88-13r plum aLuid, Page 860

d. Lo.r5e nurac.ers of aphis on swelling buds, 15-20

per bud or flower, apparently do n5 no harm.
...............Lpple—5rain aphid, pa 5e 89.

e. Speckl ed leaves dropgin5 Lrercturely.
......o......3ur0pe:1fl 185 Live, p8g8 90.

E?Olio£'3 (Batters.
a. din5le defoliators.
(1). Complete or partial defoliation, as if

it occurred overni5ht. Injr ry early in
season, durin5 Kay and June Large
beetles lying on the ground or flying
noisly about li5hts nith a loud buzz.
(25, p. 256), (52, p. 503), (36, p. 506).

June beetles Lachnosu11ns an d others.

 

(2). belia 5e eaten and sheletonized by metallic-
5re een or 5reeni521- bronze beetles sli5htly
larger than a potato beetle. Lear the
abdominal tip are 330 distinct white Spots.
Fruit is badly ruined by havin5 the
epidermis peeled off and ho es eaten out
of the pulp. .....Japanese beetle, ya5e 9o.

91.

y or entirely

are stripped l
he -month or six
e

as i
etonized durin5 a
s Leried early 1

..
L

'Zrln e...) O
ooooooooooooooooé-uu'v

S

(4). Eursery st oh and youn5 trees are often
stri ped overni5hto of bu uds, leaves and
flowers by an uiseen p‘edatc:, a nocturnal
pest. (55 p. le), (C, p. 130),

(455,130 1130 Coo0.000000000000000.-oooooo
Ulinbinv cutw rns Kectui1ae so.
V *

 

(5). Giant caterpillars (over ”" lou‘).
(A). cocoon sp1nners.
(I). Cocoon in31de a rolled leaf.
Eronetbea 50th (25, p. 268),
(11). Cocoon 7/1" diameter n 2;.

or 5 inche lon5, u

in a leaf. u 1
(III). Cocoon 7/8" dianet

lon5er than round, sort f vula

sha ed. Eolyshenus moth

(25, p. 267), (57, p. 95).
(IV). Uoc con l;-‘

.14 ‘
l-—-”:’ 9:)
o
[\D
0‘:

CD
0

'-2" thick and 3”4" long,
fastened to bra1mles engaging
l ves. Leeropia moth (25, pp, 255-
71) (35. p. sea), (57, p. 91).

b. Colonial defoliators.
(l). Jeb spinners.

(A). 1hick "Jabs in forks or crotche
used as a shelter mien not fe eedin n5;
the caterpillar inhab itaits do their
feedin5 outside the ssh. Jithin the

webs th leaves dry up and die; o1t
side the web theyaare tripped. “s
the caterpillars grow they enlar5e
the tab. fhe tabs are sprn ea rly i-
the season, mhile buds and leaves are
unfo lding (1, pp. l—lB), (2, p. 125),

 

(45’ p. 14). ......OOOOOOOOOOOOIOOO
Eastern tent caterpillar Falseesora
ar-ricona.

 

(B). Leaves tangled t05ether by silken
strands enclosin5 numerous leaves
"filieh become the feedin5 center.
C‘ ' - a \
severely infested trees appeai as
one web. ....?1Ufi web—Spinnin5 ea..fly,
race 89.

92.

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97.

KEY TO THE KORE IKPORTART PEACH INSECTS.

I. TRUNK, BRANCHES, AND TWIGS.
A0 Trunk0
1. Mature trees.

a. Holes in bark size of pencil lead. Holes ex—
tending into sapwood Join sawdust-filled lateral
galleries and runways; both in trunk and branches
they fellow the grain. Adult and larval beetles
in burrows, adults are l/8" long. (32, p. 340)*,
(36’ P0 550), (51, P0 475). .0000000000000000000

Shot—hole borer Scolytus rugulosus.

 

b. Galleries terminate in a "Y" shaped forking in
trunk and branches; otherwise same as preceding
species. (15, p. 3), (32, p. 340), (23, p. 143).

Peach bark beetle Phthorophloeus liminaris.

 

c. Gummy exudations at base of tree from 2 to 3"
below surface to one foot above. Exudations are
mixed with frass, a sawdust-like material, and
excrement. Dying or dead bark areas indicate
burrowing larvae in inner bark. Leaves yellow,
tree Vigor decreases, and trees may die. When
they are abundant, nursery stock are seriously
affected. (52, p. 216), (as, p. 126), (56, p.595).

0000000000000.0000000000000000000000000000000000.

Peach borer Aegeria exitiosa.

 

d. Gummy exudations where injuries have occurred
in trunk and branches such as bark wounds or
splittings between trunk and limbs. Injuries
usually are high up. Gummy ooze is mixed with
excreta and sawdust. Dark bark areas, dead or
dying bark, are caused by larvae boring in inner
bark. (29, pp. 399-448), (32, p. 217), (23, p.14ll
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

Lesser peach borer Aegeria pictipes.

0. Just under bark and in sapwood l-&" deep, are
irregular shallow burrows in trunk and larger
branches. Above the burrows the bark turns a
dark and dead color. Inside the burrows is
fine sawdust packed tightly; in the entrance is
a packing of excelsior-like wood fibres. Large

IFIgures in parenthesis refer to literature
°ited; see list of references at end of key.

killed bark areas tend to girdle the tree, more
often the sunnyside is the center of attack.

In the burrows are grubs 1%" long, yellow or
yellowish white, having a flattened and rounded
body piece just behind the head. (4, pp. l-lB),
(45, P0 27), (47f, P0 83)0 00000000000000.000
Flateheaded apple tree borer Chrysobothris
femorata.

2. Nursery stock or young trees.
a. Bark scales.

(1). Trunk, branches and twigs covered with
small brownish scales 1/16 to 1/8" long,
curved and resembling an oyster shell;
underneath are many minute eggs. Bark
cracks and whole tree weakens or dies.
(47b, p. l), (23, p. 124), (47f, p. 73).

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000

Oyster shell scale Lepidosaphes ulmi.

(2). Trunk, branches, twigs and occasional fruits
are coated with minute grayish specks,
barely visible to the eye. Around the
scales on both fruit and bark, the area
turns red. Under magnification the specks
are disks having a central raised nipple-
like blackish spot. Tree vigor decreased,
foliage becomes yellowish and scant.

(25, P0 165), (57, P0 126). 00000000000000
San Jose scale Aspidiotus perniciosus.

(3). Trunk, branches, and twigs appear white-
washed, upon close examination small scales
show up. Female scales are circular, con-
vex, about 1/25" in diameter and grayish
white in color. Male scales are larger,
being shaped like long narrow shingles
having an oblong dorsal surface at its
narrowest end. (23, p. 137), (52, p. 128).

......OOOOOCOOO00............OOOOOOOOOO.

White peach scale Aulacaspis pentagona.

(4). During the winter, bark on under sides

of trunk, branches and twigs is nearly

covered with shiny convex-shaped brownish

scales 1/12" in diameter. In the summer

the fruit is covered with honeydew masses

growing sooty-black fungi which renders

the fruit unsalable. (2, p. 153),

(56. P. 603), (32, P. 129)0 0000000000000o00
Terrapin scale Lecanium uigrofasciatum.

99.

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Whole sh
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arr W:

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MC];

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and drag

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to cii‘i V" trown be
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causing the i‘ol
oot to die beck;

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luviziclc to one 9,9, Cw; (,uic a rd rc;315. crecz
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Wltg L‘:,181 or air d—Mul'e scares l/lh Jcng.
T 4-.‘ 9“ - 4-: , '4? fl ‘1 . ,'~\ :1 ‘_
rn Lae winter tLrC lL U e 8;?elee ere iii,gen over
“- Vv :1. z- *‘ ‘ Ff“
aged reve 1 “ine;1 reddic} -;gr;le epis.
’2' I- >c~7 I 1 \ ~\ I, |
000000.000.0.0000000000000513 41.0-: SE‘E'n 19:9 IDC'.

O
o

d.

90

5 "re eaten into t*0 end 0f BROOtB,

Cavitie v.11

causir: tlem to Wilt an die back. Larvae of
the first brood winter over in snoots, thrs l:e-
3innin3 their injvrv nzen the" revive eaIly in
f ~3rin3. Ihe first trood rrro"s in tni3s;

noond brood tn 1nnels in tni3s and fmiit;

9,
'rd b1ccd t”: els or lv in tne fidit. $19
ea are l/l:- /3" long havin 3 a UTOTD chr

I

and b1aak Lead. "zen t e larva veriod is con—
oletcd, tLe" Bjin ineons v cuou s cocoons wherever
~. 1_ ' {"77 . rsN .‘ (:3 ~\
tney Laiyen to e. (~o, p. 157), (JN, }. ~.5,,
4"",1‘ ‘ _
(UL/,1}. 601). .....Ooo.ooooono00.000.000.000...
reach tni3 Lorer Lnarsia linestelle.

 

twigs to small branches 3“ in diameter are often
cleve1l" girdled t; having a comglete ring 3nawed
at of t}:e bar: to the sagnood; consequently the

twig dries up and is brolen off vxen a hi3h w'n
blows. Cvigos ition oe surrei in the severed grat,
the e3; hatches and the rub eats out all but

the bar-:, as it lies on the gmroard (55, p. 202),
(57, E. bfii’). ...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOO00.0000.

Brig girdler Ln-1deies oingilrtzs

1:133 from two to tiree inches long to two to
three feet long litter the 3round bene th the
tree. The twigs a.re smooth V out off; the
severed end has a iiollow center plu33ed with

fine shavings and sawdust The tunnel may be
10-15" long enclosing a Z” unite grub.

I" ‘\*

(55, p. 200), (25, p. 0b ), (55, p. 664).
00.0000000000000000000.00000000000000000.00000

Twi3 pruner EJQLhidion villosnm.

 

8.

2v.i3s b: dly gnawed so tTey drOOp, bros entirely
3nared 01f. Injury occurs early in the season.
Young trees set out in freshly cleared lands in
close yroximity to hickory or oak woodlots are
seriously affected. (57, p. 78), (56, p. 555),
(47f, D. 07), (25, p. 8). .....OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
flew York weevil ltngcerns noveboraoensis.

 

5. Severed twigs.

8.

b.

C.

Inigs hollowed out, causing adjoining Snoots
to ‘5']..11; aTid breaih OIil-O ......OOOOOOOOOIIOOOO
................Apple twig borer, pa3e 101.

1011 ov.ed ts i3s :rom t o to ti ree incies lon3
to tvo to three feet lon3 litter the ground
under the tree. .........1v :i3 pruner page 102.

13 s or broncies less than 3" in diameter
litter tl:e 3r 01nd under the tree. The severed
end shows it was gnawed off. ................
..1‘133irdler, li~a3e 1023,

7 fl?

d.

4. Feeding

8.

b.

C.

d.

Twigs
droog

and snoots irze; ulC riy :na ved so t ey
or hang; 2&1 :r" occurs during s~ringg

V ' 14' - ' x - f‘r‘ 0
....................LeJ 1crh reeV1l, Lave lOu.

In tlze

and roots are 10 ulated
they are fouid u on ssoo

Winct1we in twigs.
1W.

1mr'o r Shoots, leaves,
1th nlach agnids, if
s and leaves it is

€.nd esrlv

(0

S

a
1-

x
x

d

evident t1mer are also on tn e roots. T119 7 clus
on ten1er scoot s eh ut crotch es and l 7.e tree
1he shoots heccre worred and wilt ed due

parts.

to being fed ugon, so also do the leav s, thou:

they are more linel; to curl u; and drop. 1W01

dew is
a sooty

freely secreted over the leaves, rend er
black sass upon them. During t1m sun”

t1 1e a hids lrimrrilv linger about the roots.

Porous

sandy soils are most suscextir 113 to in-

festation. Nursery stoch and youfig trees are
se.erely attaehed, they then ts ans on a yellowi

51011;?

fOliCEBO (53,130 585). 00000000000000.

l

Black peach aphid AHUTEIIIiS her sicae nieer

581‘

rh

l
42/ —
135

('3

\l

sh

 

Pale greenish fTflidS puncture buds, shoots,

leaves
shoots

and newly setting fruit; the leaves and
curl up and warp, the leaves turning

yellow before drOpging. The injury occurs in
the spring. (11, p. as), (51, p. 587),

(36, p

Shoots
warped
curled
Leave

0 610). 0.00000000.00000000000000000000

Green peach aphid Eyzus gersicae.

 

covered with lie ht green aphids causing
and stunted growth, leaves become badly
and some fruit shriveled and misshapen.
sdrop prematurely. (50, p. 662),

(51, p. 592), (25, p. 12). 00000000000000.0000

Lealy

plum aphid gyalopterus arundinis.

 

Terminal growth and some lateral grou n dies
baca arter distortion has occurred. Blaca Spots
indicate urere teeming took place. Hurs ery
stock and young trees are severely injured. The

buds and developing fruits are pitted and dwarfed.

The insect is

%" long, brassy colored, black

and yellow marked, possessing a red thorax.

(55, p.

sss), (59, p. 44), (56, p. 446),

(tJZ’ 1). 16,19). ......OOOOOOCOIOOOOOOOOIo00.0..

rarnished plant bug Lygus Eratensis.

5. Oviposition ounctures in t7igs.

8o

IWiCB,

'l

SUW¢l alu large t1anaies have series

of cuts or incisions throug :h the bark into the
sapwood. The incisions are in rows and each

single

injury is a pair of convex-Shaped in-

cisions with the concave surfaces facing each
other. In the center of each cuttin5 in the
wood e553 are deposited, as rany as t. .elve to
each yuncture. Oviposition occurs more often
in lower branches. The tip portion, beyond
the injurv dries up and breaks off. If it

‘u’
does not break off it becomes ru55ed and the
wood causes s.7elli:15s in an irre5uler manner.

The injiring insect is a 3/8" lon5 rcHg—baoxed
green cre ature. From a dorsal view it is tri-
an5ular havin5 the pointed end at the rear.
(47f, p. 77), (23, p. 57), (9, p. 25).
.00.0.00I000.000.....OOOOOOOOIOOOOO00.0.0.0...

:uffalo tree hOpper Cerese bubalas

 

b. In the bark or sapwood rows of pinholes are
punctured in one side of the twigs. Shere may
be tn nty—five to an incy or fifty to seventy-
five in a row, in each an e55 1/8" long is in—
serted. Bach incision is not straight down but
rather curved in. The infested twigs or branches
break off beyond the injurv or die back.
(55, pp. 1—20), (59, p. 361, (44, p. 56).
O.CO0.0000.00.00.0009000000000.000.000.0000...

Tree cricket Cecanthus seecios.
1L1

 

6. Bark coatings on twigs
a. Scales.
(1). '03st er— shell shaped scales on the bark
1/16-1/8" lon5. .....................
............Oy ster shell scale, pa5e 99.

(2). Grayish SLCCkS on fruit and bark, indi—
vidually invisible to the eye, s11rrounded
by a reddish area. ...San Jose scale, ‘eee 93.

1“”1,"
(5). uncle tree or gar ts LBearing white—.ashed.
......o........o"rluital/538.011 Scale, p.-.{:9 99.
(4).' Bar: on undersides of branclles and t. .155
is coated "1th :in;r convex—shaced 11~row11 .sh

q

scaies 1/12" in die; eter. ..............
...............Ierra§in scale, pc5e 99.

(5). Bark covered with grayish scales l/lO"
10115. Ii W'ntcr, if flipged over, they
will reveal very Sfiall reddish— gurple 0553.

tags 100.

000000.00oooooooSUlLTer 800.13, _L

(6). 1“" rs and orsnc} es be we dark 51‘s." to

U

n 1y clack aln st circular scales 1/12”
in diareter. lhe raised orange ti; is off
center. ........Entnam's scale, pa5e 100.

104

L. 1/mn

(7). Bark coated WibL 1,; reddisz-ciau;
scales. .......uelsut scale, rage 100.

(8). Large brown soft—ho Odie s3
gee-shaged, l/B to 5/8" lonhu 1.o
faves are flat, Spindle—sha'L‘ed, 91:61 in:—
re 1

r
A.
4- v. r\ o _ '
:_ 7V! " “none ":2'} '7 '-“~‘ ‘1 t 1.3(‘:l,.- .1‘ ?‘
..ut“. oooooogpt- j,‘ «.11 .L. -L... 44%-;1ezi..’
I.
a

.-1 ... : ..-. I. .0 ...' ' n “- ML"
(9). 119 laser larn c1 twigs is COVereo 31th
“I“ ' ~v - ‘ V 'v .a- ., «1‘ Tw“ 19-
cotton. Lasses from “ad tLroz5; eaiv.
' ‘- Q‘ ~ -~ 1 \ ."
..........ccttonu 12L13 se'le «a-e lql.

II. 111.1'ZJ11uZZCLLD (trunk and r07ts).
A. Borers in roots.
1. C—umry err ati ens 31:111x3 of tree from 2—4" below'
the 311305238 to one foot atovs. 22.9 01:). ations are
and e:—

(I

mixed with frees, a 3:33;.» ust- like hate rial

erement. D"ih5 or dead bar;.areas ijdicate Lurrowin;
larvae in the inner tarra Lfiwa'torers are yellowish

worms 1" long, with bro*m1 tlloraeic legs and five
pairs of 0340113: Lrole5s. Rhea Lorers are abun.aht

nursery SJOCL is seriously affected. Leaves "allow,

tree vi5or decreases, and trees nay die. .........
Cocoon...coo-000000.000...0.13830}: hOl‘Gr, *ale 98.

23. Aphids on roots.
1. Roots es) cially durin; 1 ts summer
ini‘ee i
is LOS+ l

, have a eat

K - 15GB. Dana; pOrouS SO
tract tile a kids. Leaves
1* d are covered with t1
tile ering and e r13

3k 1: ach aL:.hid, gate 10

.1

Hwo
P48

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se -. . . 11¢? a .
fangi, e25031511d dgr

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01

‘11:. FOLIAGZ (Buds, Leaves and M‘lO"ei‘ .
i1. Bud injury'

1. Buds eaten off.
a. Cater rrillars eating eff buds.

(l). Buds are entirely eaten off as tley be—
gin to swell in the spring; later the
fruit, leaves and shoots become seared
and pitted hyL catergi lars which travel
sheet in t? 18 ed Zorn-like ubes or
cases nearly an inch long. Leaves ar
also rolled to: th r and ‘ ed bv silken

(+0
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(‘1‘ H‘
:3

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0
CD

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1.1.

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rCLHds, iji'dwich
house seeks shelter. The catcrp.illar
are 5,5" lon5, 5reenish—brom., head
ed horacic shield dark hrow..

r" . CQ “9 t 9 " QC . -cn
”77—9 - 5"
$11, 9. J“ 000000..0.000000000000000

Leaf cram; ler liheola indigenelle.

 

('). From the ti~c of tri ogening to three
W e15 after fetal-fall buds are eaten
off, =wf3ldin5 leaves and settin5 fru1ts
are ladl; injured. Several leaves and
fruit clusters are tied to5ether with
sillen tir reads; Vithin the entau5l3 ents
cavities ase eaten into to fruit and
the leaves are gerrially or totally ruined.
Iatured fruits have deep ru sseted, elon5ated
sea rs tadl; def-rming ti 3. (1L, 53.1-41),
(~1, I:- 116), (45, Do 213(3). 00.000.00.00...
“ruit tree leaf roller Gacoecia
argyrosji‘a.

 

then 9511+: he 111115113 first 1511‘
stare is as a le.f-riner; the nature a

-en buds are eaten of . lhere are
so hroods, one from Key throu5h June,
t er from Julv thrcu5h iu5ust. Ihey
winter 0 er as e55s on the bark.

5 , p. 63), (30, p. 230), (56, p. 716).
.....OOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.0.0.000.00.00.00.00
CtliLue-banded leaf roller Cacoeeia

TOSQCQiFQ.

(3). Leaves are rolled uy and tied together by
leaf—cat1n5 larvae, which ;eel off 133
u1‘er leaf sur”aees. Eloy also eat off
tuds, flowers, and guns ure frrit slins

6* ”- V3
st

'4'

 

b. Seetles eatingo off :uds

(l). Tri5s wadlv 5uan1d so they droor, buds
are en tiielv 5nawed oif. *ujuries occur
early in he season. Youeg trees set out
in ireshly cleared lauds in close p oximity
to hicizcry or e.k voodlots are seriously
affected. he ssou t beet le is 2" 1015..
.............Lem 1ork meevil, pa5e 102.

(2). Euds, leaves, 315 flamers are be.dly ruired
ear 3 in the season; buds and leaves are
eaten off or ra55ed ard tettered; tlossoms
are nearlv eaten off; newly set fruits are
badly d1s11.1red by having pits eaten into
them. All the i.jury occurs curing a
reriod of a non h or six weeks. ihe
pests are teetl es l/S" lon5, yellowish—
brown ard have long egrawlino legs.
(59, p. 21), (9, 5. El), (45, g. 29).

 

Rsse chafer Iaerodactylus su355jicsus.
2. Buds eaten 'nto.
a. Caterpil”ars eating into buds.
ll). 031L138 buds are ca.en into tsus des—
trodi15 flowers eEL leaves. Inside the
budS'sre brown c:terpillars 71th a black

to-
M

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‘e {31"
1-...“
Il“

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bro

‘CY‘VT'
fll &-|l.'—‘

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ceuersticu 331” "ecr- tEe first TCZFG is as
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a s‘eietouisiu~ levve, fige second is the nih—
erustiu; stefe fro“ whiel tie Bestructive new
folio e stri -ers 5 gear in tte e ripe;

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(;, 1p. Ué—Cb), (Grf, I. 49}, (2;, p. W7).

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Orefierdo, eerl7 in file Sgrinf, if file; are new
or: erés i-n -close Irolhirlity to locust recs are
set to heve i eLr folzie :e sgeletonized t7 swell
jumgiug oeetles l/ 10" long. .................
oo...............:leCI-1°;:ed fie? 19131318, £3,361 1r”?

Loaves ere bedl7 skeletonized b7 metallic—9r en

or greenish-bronze beetles sljv%tlg larger than

potato teetles,‘?t.ving so d:Lstiuct wiite egots

neer the tip of ebdcren. Ihe7 ep;,er in greet
SYSTfiS eufl ltst for two or three months of the
suryer. Iley 5 use out toe fruit or gertlg peel
ff fruit sgins in irregular watches.

2, c. 127), (:7, p. 605), (so up. l-bl).
00000000000000.0000...no.

....
Jonnese beetle To illie

Leaves are skeletonized, or buds, leaves, and
flowers badly ruined earl" in the season by
sting beetles. scds and leaves are :1st e.bc ut

eaten up, net" fr: it has holes eaten out. The
injuries occur atring a gelled of a month or

six weeks. 'ucrst ineries occur in oorous

seno7 erees. fie insects are eeoles 1/5" long,

yellowish—brown and have long Spr .tling legs.
.....................11088 Chafel",1ta:e 106.

Leaves full of "stetholes"

a.

Leo

Leaves ezre riddled full of holes quite early
in tPe season in early June. The pest is a
beetle 1/5" long, dull red and has black
antennae. (18, pg. 755—817), (23, p. 165),
($1,170 1"?)0 ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo.o
Cherry leaf beetle uelerucelll cavicollis.

 

7 J- .. ... " .. -.. .
Jes curl, turn is e, or; u), and drop

premeturel7.

a.

A; aid injury.

1). lips of breanite have leaves curl up and
drop ore‘otureld, thus checking or per bud
making and lruiting. Injuries occur either
in the spring or 1311. ................
....... eel7 plum arhid, rag 103.

(2). About crotches and love tree parts leaves
curl up then flroll rre: Leglhre The leaves
which crop have cost n:8 of Booty—slack
_fungi; gmuzrwg trees ale I(”&t severe1_rr;uq+rred.
Porous sandy soils most susceotiole to tree

lJLrles...El m1 peach aohid were 105.

b.

(5).

Isle green a7hids 1ncf1re shoots and
leaves cousin; the szoot to were and
errl Up, conscovortlv t1 leaves turn
yellow,c curl and drop. fhe injur7 occurs
in the string. ..

{-‘_ “ 1 ‘7‘ .0 ‘ ‘ - If].
ereen geaca alflld, gage lOa.

(Dy;

3; lder or mite injllrj.
(l ). Yellorisl egots on undersides of leaves

(3).

surrounded v silken nebs encasing red
soiders 1,50"
CocooooooooLzed Spider, Page 1390

..k

loljg‘. ......OOOOOOOIOOOOO.

3 ec1-led leaves become brovned and 01;;rled
from a distan nee time apoear dust laden.
Leaves drop pr nature . Fruit is under—
sized, of poor Qizau it7 end color.

I 0 o o o o o o o .3111‘0118 811 red 1.11133 , 38.: e 109

:7th
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1

Blacn SgeCiled leev «eel ed With
dronpinjs,1ndcrroo -'e: are many six
or ei;' nt—l.eg ged mites, the size of a nin—
head. Lower leaves a‘ 2-3 Led * irst ,then
higher 188.V€S, etc. lne injury is at

its leaL during dry seasons or in arid
areas. ............Clovcr mite, rage 109.

8. Foliage eat rs.
Single defoliators.

8..

b.

(l).

(2).

Rfiet 19 S o
(A). Leaves, buds and Iloaers are eaten

off b7 beetles early in the Spring;
some "is ave s are eaten rang‘E'e d an d
attered. Injuries eour over a one

month or six weeks neried. Ehe beetles

are 1/6" long, "ellomlsh—brovn gossess—
ing long Sprawling less. ...........
.............Rose chafer, page 106.

(B). Leaves have the epidermis eaten off
b7 voracious metallic-green beetles
Sllcutif larger than potato beetles.
They are present Ior tvro or thre
months of the summer and cling to—
gether in svarms. ................
.....Jajanese beetle, page 110.

Cater oillars.

(A). Complete or nartiel defoliation may
000 ur over nigl t without leaving the
least trace oI the predator, or else
a few hairless cutworms may be found
on the ground. .....................
.......ulinbing cutworms, page 92.

Colonial defoliators.

(l).

Heb Spinners.

(

n
‘u

).

(C).

Thiclr“xirs are a TUlihl fnchs or
crotches and used as a s t

all feeding is done outside the web.
Within the web leaves dry up and die;
outside the web they are stripped.

As the caterpillars grow they enlarge
the web to accommodate the colony.

The reds are spun early in the season,
when buds and leaves are develOping.
The caterpillars are brown having a
white dorsal line and blue sides,

being sparsely haired. (1, pp. l-18),
(2, p. 125), (45, p. 14). .............
Eastern tent caterpillar halaeosoma
americana.

 

 

Caterpillars which Spin one thread as

a "gi-line" wherever they travel; when
not feeding they congregate on trunk or
branches. If food is scarce they go

at after it in fonn like marching army
worms. The caterpillars are 12" long,
having a median row of fizite "Lozeng
snaped" dots along the bach.

(25, p. 241), (55, p. 16), (52, p. Eve).
......OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO....0.0.0.0000...
Forest tent caterpillar halacosona
diSStriao

 

 

Loose woven nests, enclosing several
caterpillars, are Spun around several
leaves. Within the web the larvae feed
upon and shred leaves. The larvae are
5/8" long, dirty yellowish—White marked
on the hack and sides by six long-
itudinal reddish—brown stripes.
.....Striped peach worm, page.108.

Hon-web spinners.

(A).

Caterpillars Which Spin a single thread
as a "gi-line" wherever they travel;
when not feeding they congregate on
trunk or branches. ................
...Eorest tent caterpillar, page 112.

In the Spring ground caterpillars eat
off the epidermal layer; later they
eat off the entire leaf save for the
midrib. The larvae are 1%" long 01d
have three pencil—like tufts of long
black hairs, one on each side of the
head and one at the dorsal posterior
end. In young caterpillars tussochs
are.black but turn white later on;
the head is black. (32, p. 203).
000000000000000...0.000000000000-coo.

Rusty tussock moth Notolcphus antinua.

—_a—'-r .-‘-

: ion 3 caterpillars

e to lay taste 3-

a fi st the ey est out
ley co nsame the entire
leaf except for the lar5est veins.
Comp slate defoliati on is not uncorron.
Adult caterpillars are 2— 5" lon5; tw
rows cf red spot 3 and t. .0 rows of blue
spots along the back with a dim yellow
stripe between; the body is clothed
with long black.hairs. (5, pp. 1—33),
(47f, P. 49). (25, P0 275). 0000000000.
fypsy moth lort1etria diaper.

(G). hany tiny 5re ar
hat ch out in “ii:
nandirs leav~3 ;
holes, late 1

CfMC*P’

 

(D). Overni5ht a tree is stripped of its
flowers , buds, leaves by an unseen
pest. Young trees and nursery stock
are most liable to se w:reyed u on than

3;E

.- ’
very early in the season. In large
trees a certain limb or linbs are
attae ed. .....olimbin5 cutworms, lags 9:.

(E). Belly in the season leaves are eaten
off or ate: ragged and tattered. £1
injury ecurs for abort a month or Six
weeks. The insects are beetles l/f"
long, yellowish—brown and have long
Sprawling le5s. They gather to5ether
in swarms. ....Rose chafer, pa5e 106.

9. Prenatu ure defoliation.
a. S iders or vites.
(l ). Dried lo ves under the tree :avin5 3 110"

85 us on them ar un v.hic1 are very fine
3111 en rashes. Amon5st the Spots are tiny
red 514159.. ”8 1/50" in le'l€.th. 000000.000.

oooooooooooooooaed SLJader, Ira-:8 109.

(2). Reddish or 5 een ia1 5alls or blisters %"
across on the under sides of fallen leaves.
Silhen threads enn1e31 the blisters.
.....Zuro3ean red mite, s a5e 109.

J.

(5). Leaves turn pale yellon, cur up and drOp
duri115 dry sel s Lnder leaf urface
have six or ei.: ht-le55ed creatures en—
mes11ed by sill: threads. T..i5s and trunk

have many tiny red e555 sufficie gntly
numerous to extend a reddish hu .....
00.00.000.00...ooooOoUlOWJrer 21112::178ge 109.

b. it fl1ids.

(l ). Tips of ore micLes have leav s curl up and
drOp prematurely. B anches a1 e the Canto
of attack. ine inju ies occur either in
n '.M
tile 5-171.150}? fall. 00000000000000.0000
.........1.saly plum aphis, pa5e 105.

l}-

13

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ulster

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7.

(2). leeves t‘lt 11vx3110Ley13w nine ni1=n
‘ black 31n5i 5rcws curl n: 551 d"e;,

nest Cf tne injury occurirg ’n the
S3rin5. Iorous sandy soils .re most
suscegtible to iniee'etion. The yes
138131301“; {1"};515. 000.000.000.000...
0.000000003101317 139---(3‘1'1 81:12:16, 138:9 105.

(Z). Eresh sloots end leaves in the srin5
curl u; enr "erg, the leaves droe in5 prq
returely. Ike injurers a1c 3ale 5reen
aghide. .......Ureen teach e5hid, Lwee-5's 105.

c. Leetles.

(1). gr n lets Lay tLrou5h June leaf and fruit
st as are 5nered so t*ey drco; or drop off
entirely. ...l brieeted nort beetle, 1&5 1:1

j.r1d111 r.

Yellowisn—5reen a hide that

J.1

and bli5lt u- em.....‘$reen ye
1‘l we r are res3ed, shrivel
Elrss n stems have e55 inse
insertion so W931-2‘OLS the ste
Beech skins are blasted by t
as t is r_Leck E; 15 l/iu' 10L

Eloss ms are ecten off
long. 1‘1-e injuries are
is a new rcherd in clol
ovoooooooooooo-.3.l. J0

Flowers are
roll and t

is leaves t05ether.
15.. was revive in the s3rin5
fold, then they commence 1eo
.......Cblieue bended le

Flowers are strigg

o --_ 4-1 ...
ei t.;er on ULG .3- ol

—-' A'- -~ ‘ . .1:
Cf. (“23,9 13.199230 ooood-'..i.

Vg- \
V

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messent

.1.
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‘a‘
l

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ee 01:

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fl 0 1. _ ,1
.3315, ‘;a5e JJ“C

and turn brown.

d

.
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I.- ‘g‘

V1 n
*

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tens‘ fl
nrox'ri
J.

.n-a 1
1103 C99
».84? ‘--.
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by?

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14.5.03 t‘r‘

and leaves.

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dp

rid/8U (1

...—f ‘-
".8.

13118

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asgin5s. The in-

......OOOOOOOOOO
pa“e lO

unyin5 beetles l/l?"
ed if the orchard
ty to locust ‘rees.
tie, 1’59 107.

I.
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er-M‘neer11

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L/
i A 1.!“
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-‘-.
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edations.
pa5e 106.

an ezseen VlSltOT,
- - '1-
r o certein limes
O
worm, pa5e 9w.

3 with
stri5

l 0115'

+C) v.1.-et... Of

....................Rose chafer, 5e5e CC.

I:j”rie3 very similar to grecedin5 slecies yerformed

by beetles sli51tly lar5er than go :to beetles,
etellic—greer: or 5re nis —b onze, Lavin5 two dis—

tinct white slots neer the tip of ebdonen.
..................Je;enese teetle es“e 110.

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2. Grubbj f'uit.
a. o:nrcx s aged crescent score sorefimes Isvios a
hole in t‘e convey. side. Ike 1120 s 0118 develop
u1to s."ell1n s or Lnors frc+rudin rem tIe

i
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‘re”sions instead Cf tum 5. 3rd lee xes he.r
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.1.

D. K sewagen frxits.
l. D .er'ed fruits.
a. l‘ruits p es arly in the syring te-
dzvrrf the I‘ruiI 6 give it a very irre
su face, sgctted ne*e rd there by ti1 13 round
syecfi , inc1icatin¢ "here Lanctu1.es occurred.
...............738 y Flam aphid, {age 105

l.
(:2
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b. Injury very similar to PT909"
P r‘

5“. 1
......o........UIeen 30o

2. Irregular Iruit s12rfaces.

a. Lne side of the II it is quite normal, the
other side 1 as Lstcnes of brown skinless areas
0% er whic t} :e s1;in from the no rrel side is
naming a desie ere.i:e effort to graft over. The

scarred side is sor:e2i1st gna- rled and co rod in.
.........3ruit tree les I roller, page 106.

10- Very aeen pits 9111-1 very

1 5h humes scattered
over IIH= .r nit s‘ri-l, g ' =- er

led

. Over the sur are cent—
fitareo scars. Eruit droc mstn
n 1

E. Brensture I'ruit so 6.
l. Ent -ire tree aI'Ieo
5. Leaves of inI'es ted trees turn "ello ., tree
and Iruit growth ceases, Iruit falls “reastsrel”.
Brancles lave half—‘ee—SKooed bro? n scales 1/8
to 5/16" lon; and they are soI‘t oodi ed.
..........Buroyean Iruit lecanium, pe:e 100.

b. Prem-ture foliage shedding and fruiting go h.nd
in hand. She les_ve- have yellowish Spots on
the undersides surrounded by silken webs en-

ssing red spiders l/SO" long. .............

0000.00.00.00...cocoooooned 5:11:60“, {Elie 109.

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-est 13 a red s;1cer 1;4 uge SLCB c: a Linseed.

"‘- . 1p '1 "C

o.................«10¥€r Lite, 1858 1b).

d. Similar to tr yreceiing sneeies. Tie leaves

J
beoowe aweellefl before drapging; from a dis-
canoe t:ey aggee due st eien. ............

*1 - m 4. 4— 0- m n .
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woite with brown heads. . .

0.000....

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a e 116

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b. ‘eaehes fiui n r03 é lily X3” or June have
a“

i e 9

cross “t—34e3ed soars 021 the outside with greg—
ish-Wlite Iflwao laivee tithin. ..............
....................ZW1J curculio, page 115.

Fruit stems causing fruit to Grey.

3. loufig fruits creek Open and drop prematurely,
upon close exasinetion of t e stems t}e/ will
be found to contain nymyhs of insects 1/20"
1011;: or tileire; also ooooooooooooooooooooooooo

T: 4-1,... -.~ .
.......o.oo.........1881“ burlL-S, Late 107.

b. Young fruits have stems gnawed, bus severing
the fruit from the tree. The injury ocotrs
through 3232:; or June . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.............lmbrioeted snout beetle, cage 10?.

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foot or sore e.bovc, fliey are Tithin the iirer
rerk aid sapwood extending into the h:ert:ood.
arlened, deed, berL areas E91? tTe base of the
tree and coils end yiles o? redd'nh 53Wdust lile
yezticles (VJ‘UUJ h37k and {fiIYTl' reveal the irh-
sects ;re:cnee. If gresoit, t; 3 0:3 le Eetected
if the 1”v1;d is sereLed :Wt;'.fircl the tree {is
tie ”r 336 line. Exit holes 1359 o7 adults 3re
orditcrilv 8—19” c‘o?3 tie grcrnd an tre di—~
ereter of a le3 hencil. Deedcned her; eroas
cause a general tree Wealness; a conglcte gird-
Jing kills the tree. (47f, 3. so)*, (so p 527),

1""?
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b. Jrst rider the bark mithin u“; S3taeod l-i"
deep, are irregular shel oW cur 373 in the trunk
and larger branches of old as ycuzig es.
Above the b1r‘01s the bark trrns a derk end on
color. nsidc the buz'roWs tcere is fine sew—
dust lacked tightly; in the entrance is a pecka
ing of excelsior like Wood fibres. Lsrfe
1cillcd bar}: areas tend to girdle the ree. Kore
often the sunny side of tre tree is tie center
of attack. Full grow; gruw‘ are 1%" lorg,
yellow Ir yellOW—White, having a flattened and

03nde body piece just belied the Feed.
(4, pg. 1- 2), (£7, 5. 2;), (47f, 0. 83).

Slat-nea‘ei eggle tre ee oorer
femor3*3.

c. "Shotholes" in the berk;the

lecd. Holes eLtending into
fill ed lateral galleries end
WW3H£ aid breec;es the; fell.

and larval beetles are in t

are 1/8" long. (32, p. 240

(5‘

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:GlOW ground to one foot .r or
gro: d. Exit holes sre 8—10”
and the diameter of 3 es gen
...Koind—hea ded 9;;le tree 1

in forenthesis "efer to litercture

e list 0 references at end of k *

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), (36, p. 530),

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Cherry scale Aspidiotus forbesi.

Small branches, twigs, and shoots.
1. Twig borers.

8..

Pinkish or creamy white larvae %" long burrow

in twigs causing the foliage to wilt and the
shoot to die back. Earlier broods attack the
shoots while later broods prefer the ripening
fruits. The internal worminess shows up as
burrows and excrement as found in the pulp, in
the core, or may even be exposed on the outside.
(2, p. 152), (56, p. 608), (47f, p. 10).

............OCOOOOOCOOO......OOCOOCOCOOOOOOOOOO

Oriental fruit moth Grapholitha molesta.

2. Twigs severed.

80

b.

Twigs from 2-3" Long to Z-Bfeet long litter

the ground beneath the tree. The twigs are
smoothly cut off; the severed end has a hollow
center plugged with fine shavings and sawdust.
The tunnel may be 10-15" long enclosing a %"
white grub. (53, p. 202), (25, p. 527),

(36, P0 664)0 000000000000000000000000000000000

Twig pruner Elaphidion villosum.

Twigs or small branches of %" diameter are

often cleverly girdled by having a complete
ring gnawed out of the bark into the sapwood;
consequently the twig dries up and is broken
off when a high wind blows. Oviposition occurs
in the severed part, the egg hatches and the
grub eats out all but the bark, as the twig

lies on the ground. (53, pl 202), (57, p. 282).

Twig girdler Oncideres cingulatus.

3. Feeding punctures in twigs.

a.

Young trees and nursery stock, especially, have
shoots and fruit stems punctured and sap with-
drawn, as the insects do so they cause the twig

or shoot to warp and curl, at times producing

a complete loop. Curling up of leaves leads to
premature defoliation. Before the leaves drop
they become heavily coated with honey-dew.

The fruit likewise is punctured, when injured

thus it takes on a dimpled and speckled appearance.
(49. pp. 130-56). (11, pp. 25-8), (479, pp. 5-7).

Apple plant lice Aphis pomi, sorbi, agd fitchi.

 

Terminal growth and some lateral growth dies

back after distortion has occurred. Black spots
indicate where feeding took place. Nursery stock
and young trees are severly injured. Buds,

leaves, and deve10ping fruit are pitted and dwarfed.

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b. Leff r4ner in Perl? larval yeriod. Ewetol-

s eyed frofuhorrnees a” 102: on Lnfler leaf sur—
faces. ........;istol—cese hefrel, "9:8 122.

0. Leaf Lire: i? eaxl" arval period. Cffsr-fitn ?
prctttertnces 1" 10“: an uhder leaf enrfaee..
...................VL~”r-ce"e bearer, yefe 1T5.

leaf grot be: vices.

a. In tle SLrin: buds are eaten off by caterpillar
wxieh travel about in twisted h vn—dia;ed t1be
or cases nearly an irch long, st of ohe ti m
tnvy are attached to quer leaf surfaces in
11:;r1€;].G!ES ()1? HTC)].‘ 6361 j.<?€i‘?f?£3 Q Q o o o a o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
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5.

6.

Leaves rolled on

b. Cone-line protuberunées grcrin; on unfierside.
of leaves tithin c; ore 313 inc cuter-
:illnrs. Lie Lrovths use naturrl leaf Lesis— _
ten-es aCCllCt the reedir; larvae. (36 {9.1—11),
(35, p. 215), (El, 3. 535), (56, 3. 679).
.0...OOOOOOIOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO...00.000.000.00...

 

Fintorm figrifioterfr eghexerfeformis.
-- 4- ‘ . ~ - ‘-A-. —. , 7." " a .. - - f?
c. histol—slu~ec JIOLHUUKCAOQS 3 long on uncer-
_.r.‘ ..., -3 ‘ , .- "f ‘ .L. ... '1. , , -, V ,__, 0
leg. .1— S ‘lLJ-‘45-‘JUS o o o o o 0.1.. 1.3 uCl-Jese UK? {3.13 l." Lia-Ce 1‘32.

d. Cigar—513336 grotuberences k” long on uncer—
o“ r‘

leaf surfaces. ....Uiger—cese bearer, gage loo.

ié webbed together.

a. Buds are eaten off by cetergil‘nrs which travel
about in twisted horn—sheged tubes or 03368.
When at rest they reside in a fiaelter made of
leaves rolled and tied together. ...........
..................Lea£ crumgler, 3830 122.

too: have leaves rolled

ea

b. Young trees and nursery 1
ten and fruit skins

and tied, then leaves are
scooged out. T1e out rgillers ere gs long with
a black heed and s:ield. .....Bufl moth, yage 123.

[D

D

-.

Sleletonized leaves.
a. Leaves show nothing more than a mere frame-
work of veins. The east is e dork-green slimy
slug ;" long. (50, p. 642), (52, 9. 548),
(56, p. 616). .
Beer slug

0 .00
Eriocegjoides linecine.

 

h rop prematurely.
a. As new leaves unfold they combence to curl,
dry up, and drop. Ins Ge he leaf curl ere
multitudes of (1,-hiss sucking sap from remaining
eaves, stem, and immature fruit. They remain
on the tree the year round. .....L...........
..............Agple Qlunt lice, page 121.

b. Pale-greenish eghids puncture buds, shoots,
leaves, and setting fruit. The leaves curl up
and we p, turn yellow then drog. mhe injury
gccurs in the s,rin5. ...Green peach a hid, gage

db.

Foliuge esters.
a. Colonial defoliatcrs.
(l). Non-web 53inuers.

(A). In midsummer colonies of catergillers
aggeer and comjletely defoliete
branches or the fiiole tree; nursery
stock or youzg trees are most likelv
to be attached. When not feefling d

they congregate on trunk or branches.
When at rest the caterpillars either
have the rear end elevated or the fore
and rear ends elevated; When startled
they raise both ends suddenly and re-
main so. The caterpillars are two
inches long, black and yellow striped,
having a yellow ring around the neck.
(55, p. 123), (38, p. 270), (25, p.118).
Yellow-necked caterpillar Datana
ministra.

(B). Same as the preceding species except
the caterpillars are black and yellow
striped with a coral red hump just
behind the head and a row of spines

rejecting from it. (55, p. 125),
€38, P0 271), (23, P0 118). 000000..
Red-humped caterpillar Schizure
concinna.

 

 

(C). In the spring young caterpillars eat
off the leaf epidermis but later the
entire leaf, save for the midrib; some
also gnaw holes in the fruit. The '
larvae are 1%" long and have three
pencil-like tufts of long black hairs,
one on each side of the head, and one
at the dorsal posterior end. On the
back of the rear end are two bright
red spots. (30, p. 41), (57, p. 269),
(36, P. 687). eeooeeeeoeeoooooooeoo
White marked tussock moth Bemerocampe
leucostigma. '—

 

 

(D). Neglected orchards have leaves stripped
of the epidermis in midsummer, followed
by the consumption of all save the mid-
rib. The injury is done by cater-
pillars 1%“ long, covered with dense
and spreading tufts of white hairs, a
row of eight black tufts on the back
and two long slender black pencils on
the fourth and tenth segments. The
head, feet, and under body surfaces
are black; upper body surface is white
Spotted with black. (47f, p. 53),

(32, P0 183). 00000000000000.0000...
Hickory tussock moth Helisidota

carflaee

7. Premature defcliation.
3. Leaves curl up and drop during the spring.
Amongst the drOpped and curled leaves are mul-
titudes of aphids....Apple plant lice, page 121.

 

125.

IV.

C}
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into

A.

E.

b. Leaves turn yellox, curl up, warp mid drop.
The injury occurs in the Spridg. (11, p. 52),
(51, 13.587), (5C3, 3. C10). 0.0000000000000000

'reen peach aphid Lynne possisse.

 

illower injury.

1.

“3
o

If
1.

Fruit bl m shes (cuts
C!

Flower stems are pune etured by yel lowis11—green aphids
while in the process of f‘eedi:g; th stems wilt and
the flowers die. (55, p. 151), (oz, 1. 142).

00000000000000.000000000o0.00000000000000000000000
Ap Jle bud aphid Sighc cor; -ven:e.

Small insects l/EC" long raSp way the fl ower parts

and work into the ovary. Tl'ieir asping is injurious

but th -eir ovipositicn in flower and fruit stems is

worse; it oe.use s the stems to lodge and the flower

or fruit to die, then drop pre;natu rely. .........

00.000000000000000coo-0000053951. shilL-S, 1:8”9 123'.

Q 0 “a
Minute gra.

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Lit blemishes (through the epiderrfs).
crescent-sheued sears.

a. Ucnver—shaped creseert sears sometimes having
a Lei: in the convex side. The incisions de—
velop into suellings or lnots lrotruding from
the ~:‘ruit sr‘f‘ice. At times scars develop de—
fiessions i stead of humps. The fu‘it becomes
hard knottv and mikshepen, 1sually lrogping
during 1:: or June. Inside the fruit resides
a grayish-white curved grvb. (5, pp. >59—515),
(55, E. 24;), (6?,'Epo 1‘51). Coco-000000.000

Llum etrerlio denotrschelus nenuphar.

 

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.‘<_ . ' : . -p -: . _ ’. ‘!_ w— ‘I o _’.‘ o 4_ V?
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"11- .0 , , - - _‘J. - .-,,, - , ...; *1
1.315331 1e 0*..1' Geits, air-er digging out {1 1-013

' 1 .0“ - 12 ., .. . ...o4._ ,, .. . .
1n +3 e suit , 1;. n plues t1: 9 hole .111; e_-ere.-.ent.

In ested i‘ruit may dr 5 at msielly it does not.
(6, ID. 514—57), :5, I'. ]-l:-), (47f, D. 21).

“pple Ctr culio ”sehroiersllrs ouedritihhva
J...‘ A .L.

b. Jflouniis1‘holes are aten through the slin end
Lulp is eétes out beneath. There are two row
of deep punctures wh'ch izdicute oviposition.
The fLuit grors gnarled and knotty, having a
woody texture. Inside the fruit is a 2;" grub,
waite, and legless. (25, p. 16g), 55, p, 255)

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v... 1.4 u -3 --.;A- .v . .

 

 

S. Lgo 124% stem, lg; :31 Games ond glee?” aae co:.ted
over With s;;§. Lonnisi guiuas 1/15 14(3’ long,
curved 8.31 resembling or ogsbor Shel ; u o33veou“
i"r1‘-V.LC11TL€‘.1 scales are any; minute of s. 3;";

r~ous and tLe wLole vine mecLenB or dies. (éVb, pg.
1‘6), (20, L). l 3), (92, "j. 1.2/1). 0.0000000000000000.
Oyster s all scale legiflosggkes 1121.

 

E. Literol cores.
1. Canoe sovored.

.. czfios 875 5*octs from tfio to +‘T?3 in,.m s lono
to three foot 1035 lie uron fiTe oICVhd cowoofi?
fiFe 3rfiwo. lie LXVKTC;S CfiV? sfioot31;"mzt off;
”he “evored hart T55 a FolTow cofifor 31t“53d
tfiifiz'ffiiq M;-n7n3"s and FMTWhlSt. 1‘0 ffinmvrl

- " A n r~u 1‘. / Y ”.,‘ . - Pol! ~
may ho 10—15 lax; enclosing a 5/4' 53110 From.
r: ‘1 r‘ ." t‘ 5' _ \ .'.-f h T \ I]. If .« (f ‘-
‘_‘r/, . . .400) , \D‘HI’ l'. 14'34 ), (l/L’, ‘1‘. BU/L) .

L

.0000.00.000000000000000.000.000.000.000000000
'V‘ o _ ______ *1 _- 3 o . O
. "'1 " I 7" ’3." " .1 r .I‘ | .1 1 A"? 7"] 1 1 CG‘.“‘
*I. _ . n \L;_\’.L. 4.4_ . 'A ...K'. o V .‘.-4 —- 'J‘i‘A...
v ‘1

 

_ .-, ._ '1 .9
Mt.ooy mnsoes on 1 dors H33 4 0-

u C d .
a. QEKOS Ema scoots from 4:; pr"ouna utlf Tova
undor"n?£“;es covered wito n ' o

\

(a.

info3 Jod v on ““V3 on

-.A-_-.¢ A

heath w 13h soft-bodied s
J-
U

8 011,7 7911-017 81.3 (1.13. ('36, be :76), :90 1:50 :33?

i
I.
(1, Do

fin
,~.\‘
lull). QOOOOOOOOOOIOOOIOO......OOOOOOOI
.‘A‘ A ,‘q a. -.c.
vu t ny m3>19 s~ol-? -¢7“3:"“33 3111".

 

" O
1. -o: era in shoots.
a. furrows from shoots to rose of trim star
widenin“ out at shoot base 0
to wilt and dr0p off. 369 t
wise with *he arcin and cart ; o
s.- In
beetleS. (DO, 3. 510), (la, p. 67), (-1, 9.440).

.....OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0000000....0.0.-

" ~1 4-..~.~ * -‘.°n 3". '1 +-
. ‘ ‘ .- N . v . w ) w r‘ 1
“3:41.313 U..'1-U LOT-:3 . .uJAK ..z- jr-S I 1'1‘31".r.q 1‘9.

 

w- .n . J---\ a . 4“ A—:- u '1 -
b. Durln: p;a 3551?: Vern n31 borer; work ifito
w" J" I- . ‘ ~. .0 J‘ ‘x ‘L C. . ~ .
531.00ij C-;'-"l.'.: ”fro. uo Alt or :19 back; the
fiflwv‘ .'.-'I'. - ‘9 n . 0‘4 -\( - f“. 7*.
lglvco :3 1 ‘ ‘or n 4.:u1 o;oots . ;.e “-mwnz

dtri*é tie

ha.
v

O
orly ”grin5, ale 0 bore into buds.

C~~a+1jlae

fires in ma erthes's refer to
; s 3 0 Of 118”}
L,

1
r910 emcee at .n

Dad-

'1 s“) :"\

1 ,3“ ”..-u! j ',,.._. , ‘1‘.” (""71“ I!
- . ...‘n :i« ‘- y '- ‘ a ’ ’
\1/1 8 —; x-p'louq (3/ (7).; 3 _ .-
0 ~ I1- .
n19121fl wads and

A-.-
\

' 1' .. ri'“. \
( {J L. , 1‘; o LJ(./:1. ) o 01 o o o o o o o .1 o o o o o o 0 <0

torcr “narcis lineatells.

,.
K
4
Fun
_)
O
Q
1
(+H ,1
"1|
'l'\/
0

 

iJ

- ' . - +7

0. owoctg are seV1red 335 113 on L.
t*c 171: IFQ Pflyvggefl r n

l"vI L") '1 .v I. . 4'—

- a L a * . bay. 1 g e

'7 figs ace said:

.,_.
......ooooooooooooOOLH

.3 L2)
.'.-I (“W

o
1.

'
\J
I
I

A O
ab and is 1l1Mi

‘

'1‘)

('2 (1.) 13' *7,-
d‘ A

3
-O
‘3

(D ('f‘
a) .
FJ
L)

(a y; (D
‘3 o

h.-
xw~~1~oa It.“ ‘1"\
4-1....(1r’ ;.\,.Le ..hl.).

A.

r"

2. Rows of shoe 1
a. 3273 of in

n

:cles tlro1x outer bark into the
coxbium or sagwccd. £l1 Lunctures are is a row
with tie grain. Eco} r03 may hr7e 50—75 20113
tfiridt are $5 to the inch. Iii pioctures are
roles rode Cori“: cvivositicn a1d contain eggs
1/8" 10025. iarioratefi t'igs becore fliseased or
dry re and treak off. (5:, pd. l-?O),
( is E) , T Cb '1’63 ) , ( ‘33E3 1, }) 11 55 (3 ) o o o o 1. o o o o o o o o 0 C1 0 o o o 0
Tree criclet C3?fihf“fis riveus and ctfiers.

 

rt

0. Cottor 7 nus sses on under shoot surfaces.
a. Esrk is coated 011 under Shoot m1r aces with
cot t n7 7777es sie altering aghics, fiom 1C7
throng}. July. ...uottcngr IztaL s
11. '" szsnftz: (roots).
I!

.n. Large, long waits grabs 2 5" lone° having a brow; an

Q 9

black head and a lateral roe'of oval agots along the

body. Iley DOTS around in the roots. (32, p. 522)
(10, p. 252)
v1,

graLe root worm lrionis 1n«.n011_8.

 

IS. alls or nodules of soft tissue form on roots then decay
sets in and giroles t-e roots. Leaves have Sgherieal
galls on the under leaf surfaces, in fillCh are rany small
ayhid—liue insects. Five to seven aLli'd generations rise
as leaf gall makers, all afte er th third generation mi—
grate to the roots to 1roduce galls. finen the roots re—
gan to rot t11e leaves 7ellow ,growte ceases, ans tie vine
dies (25,119. 171-5), (51, p. 452), (3e, p. 629).

Grape yh7lloxera Ihjllcrera vitifolioe.

 

'\ (I

x.. Snell roots ans rootlets are red on b7 tin7 silks, some
of'wnioh even eat her off of large r roots. Tie grubs
are 2/5” long, white, 7cllow sh—orown lme d and thoracic
shield. The afinlt beetles eat out ehain—lise holes in
lea7es or else ectirely 6517011111715 them. The a€1lts are
A“ long, redaish-oro n covered 7it~ alert gray hairs.
Adults aggear curing June and $113. Larvae are on the

‘7’

150.

IIIL-

roots

(Pr! ...\
" d I
9" , -

ID. insets
brown

3“: LA.--J.;

-1. P d i
1. '3d
a

C.

II‘CXI

. - w 3p~ L “ “a u r (p H 4,-\
p? f- “ JD, ’1. fibl 1 b O J'sth. r? . ( 'P-I {:1 ’ i. . 1 / 1" ) ’ L/ 1 ’ J- . It ‘1 l J ’
. 1' \
(L‘ILSJO 00000000000000.00000.000000.000-0000....

3- I - m fi:"' ' = '
usage root norm 1131a Vlt1?laa.

 

‘ - " ‘ '5'. -“ .. ' ”I .1 ‘ "1 1'? (N 1.1
13—h331 lecaase 01 snail ocrers E -‘3;, tuc 3,3
‘ - - .- V" fi . 'a- .r- ‘1 v0 ' u ‘ - ‘ . 7
its 11331-333. ..._v;fil tJig Borer, lave 191.

...Q. ~ ’L ' "
.1ds, leaves, and rlcnere).

“'7‘ ‘iw'f-

-t l u o

s eaten off or eaten into.

Bids are 09 ten off and new foliafe is eaten r3; ed

 

and attered. it first t"3v feed noon the igjer

egidermis, later t 3:7 eat out irregular holes in

4‘3 leave.. Iie larr'e are l/b" loaf, Fart

trov.m, later 3ellofjsb—L:O"n, and *Cried wits

regul3r rows of Ilse :3 trlcrcles. een“ Ioarirt

a small haj_r. The .330, anal, and 3rc4voratic

313tes, 3nd 1e53 are black. (5 , p. 451),

(53, I. 40v), (39, Po 264). 000.000.00.000...
Grape fl ea teetle Haltica 33313333.

Buds, D3avos, aid flexers may be partially or

totally striged overiiglt by an unse3n 3rcd3tcr.

Ike in: r: occurs very early in the season.

(53, P. 108), (2, fig 150), ( 5, P0 11). 0000-00000

Climbing cutworms Hcctnidae‘_2.

 

Early in the season buds shrivel up and turn
brown. Cn close examination the browned surfaces
reveal rasgings cat.sed d1rinn5 feedin5. I avv in-
festations appear as in juries caused by fire.
(viposition in stems of new wi‘ruit lzroduces a
wiltine affect followed by remature fruit shedd-
ing. 752, p. 119), (36, p. 3592). 00000000000000.

Pear thrips Iae.iothri§s inconsequens.

B. Leaf inju
l. Sgeckled leaves.

8.

b.

Very small whitish Spots appear on 5ra 009 leaves,
turning them to a pale greenisn-vellow; the
leaves dry up and f3 ll. The white Spots ard due
to feedina punctures from anion the onloroanll
was extracted. The injurv occurs soon after the
first folia5e unfolds. he insects are l/d’"
long, light—yellowish, with green markings on
the Inngs. They have strong jumping legs and
inhabit under leaf surfaces. (25, p. 177),
(51, p. 356), (57, p. 511). ..................
Grape leathpper Erythroneura comes.

During midsummer or early fall grape leaves be—
cone etippled or settled wit; white. fhe leaves
do not or rl but Iney fade and drop prematurelV.
The insects habits are identical to preceding
species. The insect is 1/8" long, yellow.-5 een
in color. (47f, p. 29), (32, p. 156), (45, p.7),
(31, P. 13). cocooooooooo-o..ooooooooooocoo...

Rose leathpper g3srlocyba rose

+“* e _.

-19.;11 rage
4..»
me 10 3V3 S

'V

A

81

ed.

161

1
¢

‘1

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V-

eletC‘

1

[El
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L‘-C"T

t~‘<

Leaves

2.

 

 

 

’ O C
DU 3 Fl. 1...
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e . 3 e _ C u D . .1 .1 3 f .... a T ....“ a .. .. f ...:1 e 3
981 ...-.. OLbDE . StCCrG+ Bfatid . a P. Te . n:
r b o a $1 r 3 .1 Va 0 o O O ..f a... +5 O... Q. o 3.. he ...... ".1 fly
a .1 ...) . 3 ...... .1 Ottl . . a e d n e O R. St. :0) . 1 e C .T. C. .... o S
S can,” . ...; . n t a S) . C. 3 n .30 t O ...u. ...... e n 3%.. C . t 8 n. 2 .1
S .1 n F. . a e a 8 e u 1 . .1 r a T. .1 9 C .32 a E e X 1 v . . r u 1-.. n :1: L
r 011. 51e+f;v.o:u. h .1 u..sw.e nwvn.nw1.n1 mgr n.31:1 r
a 1 o C r 0.3 H71 _ . O ..C 9 ..-. n. I ...... 1.... n T e .1 1.... o ...... «G .1 9 ..I C .1 9
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.1 .1... .t o S .1 .3 mm .... .1 S o . :1 O S .3 mu 8 .14... 1 Q... a...» a .3 "J 3 S .... C n... .01
31 C .1 o. 0.1 T O n... e .01 o . 31 e C 9 T 1.1.1 a «MM/xi _ q. o .1 e m... X mLLb .,.. e
r 01 m... .. o T u a...“ n r r n; 0 n1. ...1 h 3 EU 7” 9 ..,_ ."h u n... 7.” ...unp 9 V ....“ o. 0 .fl ......w
3 S Cu 0 u; «G n...» e O 0.1 9+... .... Law: .1 5.1 ...n1pw o t mil .1 .rnC a. r
L... null. o n... e 3 ...!“ ’ O .‘.. 1....“ r «.1 t Wru m“ .H... .ru .1 h a; .....w(\ 0 fly ..I. ww“ .1.” .1
S k 9 . ...... 98 rt t t C .1 t u S ....U m C v. .Y. .3 .1 ..1 .1. 9 nu d I ...Lt o 8
C C ..L D o a r C O 8 34 0.1 0.3 .3 8 Gt ..VJ 1 8.1 o S O "1...... e C V... O 3 .u
at) . 8 ...cikiCl. .1 £ch .1 .31 H 0.05 o O 2.1,. .1 .31 m 9.:
e .1 0 r0 . r 3 _ r S O o C C 3013 ....w u .1 10 .u «G G 3 ..n. o .1 S t mu. .1
LL11 . 9 .1 C 1. td a ..c. 8.1 I.# r ..J .1 C C 1).? 13 9 w... n... Va 3 "I
T. C A. . Z S .1 1 9 e) . +4 h f e p a u S C v. .1 a 9 3 1 1 ..-,1 d 1.1 .C C C
cl ..1 01 t T. 3...... . u t ....“ w" .G 9 T rt: 1 ".1 81: H1 01?. 1
08 . .n .1..1v.1.....hfl,. .9 0 8:0 .305. ......” 8..-. afl 83 r E 230 d
. .1 P . o e a a 0 6 .1 n L 1 S M-.. r 1 St 1 rd C h C t ..D f .1
d s o LU 11 t +U «ml. mu n...» o .... +u O m... f M... .1. T... no. .1 o n-.. 11 0 an. my 1...... O C
C W "J .. . e e e h S o . G. u o a. n C .1 n e 3 3 n; a e . O u 1 9 V
1.1 C .C no . 1 .... ...... Cot r P . 9.. C r n r ..-. 0. .. n 9.31.1 C 1. . .i .1 .1 f e
.C r O 5 . e S .1 n V. e . up. 8 o O 9 S r... .... m C . . n1 .0. G ......“ .1 .... . 2 ..S .w 5 d
a «D I\ o .1... Val n e ....“ 9 o 3 1.1. S S 1...... ..u .1. «1. T. .-....l r 3 VJ .45 .41 o n; S u... C
.L T . 5 "3C 5 .1 1.. t c; . 9 e t .3 p. 1-. 1 r 2 O O .1 u ... 5 O 3 e . . a... v.0... e
, r u e o .1 .1... m... .1 rd . 3 01 9 PM 8 a C .11....“ S 0 “L 0/\ mm ...o. «G o 1-1.0 0 B ..l
O O ...“ o . f d 93 S 61... . 9 a O C n... S ..c A... e an. _ .-.. . 1.1 n... . 3 8
. f f t S . n a d e .1 . A e h 0 C e n R. e a... 7+. k .t .. .... S S o B r ..L . ....
I .0 ..L015 .5 ...E 3 ......tet1n... ..“tbmur )r ....S 858 . £3
.. ...... ....l .1 .1 t n .1) . 2. ...u 3 S n a ... n. O. n... “0.... .... 0.1+U V L . o C e
1.5 8 a . _ 9 r a 0 e 7 . a & ... d pub T n r 01rd 3 r... e 7 C adt . S v.
.1 V n... . e ... C e W .r t 2 .J r 2 e n 9 En. S n... n. A 5. A. ...... 3 ...e e n e . r 3 a
S W O . C1 31.0.? 0 .11 o e ...... 1 9. n T a. ...u o 3 01 ...L S 5 .13 .... . 9.19
r b V. . a .d m . «D 1 ..L .1 ...; .... e e V.“ 1r: 1t .0 o e e n. O . .... .1 L
G d a 1 o ... 3 3 u FDIC o o 1 S O 1 9 ,L , p a, a; n. S ...1 .-.. 3 3 . an“ S t o 8. r
.1 u t .G e «.... C m... 831D.1 . ....u 3 T .1 "a 3.1 S .1 3 .1“... H a. 3 C E u e . 8 9
ad... m B . Vt n1 . O V S .I. ..t O S m” rpu a. 9.: Vf G C n. d . 1G o
1 .... 0.1 . a n C V 3 e .. . r ......d r rtt et 0 P... 9.01.... a .... a e . e .1)
C 2 r r o e C r a h ..u 2 . P e ...-“ V. E. 3 O 2 h u r c. & .... .fl 5 e u .1 S 0 .1 . .... .1
5:10. Lmbht:(. fL belaitcEtn€a( le alt. aw(
_ \l.‘ .1
0% a l
. e . . MI; . AL. .
..D L a ..D G a w... 8
O O 0
no 4 5

(A.

over CnrinL a three Contas eriod when
Lne esLs cons1‘egcte in sua1n1s. They
are Leetles slithl; la1Ler tnan 9otato
beetles, netallic—Lreen or Lreenisn-
trcnze, and have two tisoinct fiiite s9ots
1’1‘331‘ one ti1 of is e £71Co;..en. ..........
.OOOOOOOOOOOOJS- {Lille 87.169518, LICK/Te 1C2.
(3). DurinL le.Le 5 ring lee ves are sleletonized
' by colonial cater9illa1s ngch set off th
leaf surface as they eat in rows like
soldiers in formation. The cater1illars
ale L" lonL, sulghur-yellow; L£.rLed with
four 10 .s of black sgots, visiole Irom
above; LLe ooQ“ is clothed with lonL LrisLled
1-8.11‘80 0.000.000.0‘000000000000000000000.
....Cra9e-leaf skeletonizer, Lage 132.
b. Ioles eaten into leaves.
(1). Colonial cater1illers e." .t Loles in leaves,
aLer consuminL all “11.1‘tl‘.e main veins.
rte larvae are L" long, sulghur-;ellow,
merhed with four rows of black s-cts,
visible from above. Tle body is covered
tdtn long bristled hairs. .............
......CraLe leaf sheletcnizer, page 132.

(3). IMrinL tie S9rin L small chain-like holes
819 eaten out 01 lea es by LraJisL-ta.
beetles %" long. ....Gra9e roo worm, 9aLepo

0. Single defolietors.

(1). C1‘& e leaves a1 ‘9 devoured by large eater—
Dillon 3" 101W" £.nd Lave a horn-liLe-tail
erected from Lne Corsal 9osterior enC. rhe
cuter9illars are Ll‘een cover1d with small
3ellow Cots. AlonL the DOC; c.re seven
oblique smfi.es morLirfi;e.1oC._Ln a
darLer Lieen. A ite stri s with a doe9
green marL in e ten ds f1 om eel; ind the lead
to the “cln; on either siCe of tne back,
and alonL the miCCle is a series of seven
390ts, varyinL irom red to sole-lilac and
set in a 9atch of 1ale-yellow. (56, p.161),
(25, p. 178), (58, p. 272), (50, p. 528).
0000000000000ooooooooooooooooooooooo0000

Crage vine he; sphinx Amueloj EC“C m1ron.

(3). During the summer leaves are Ce’oured o;
cateraillars ug to 3L” long. fine: ai‘e
variaole in color, Sine teinL gellowisn-
green with blackeeye 59ots along each side
of the back with faint blackish stripes,
while others are bla‘l; with 361 lowish
sets on the back. ’111e c: te1‘9illar Lave
a tail- like horn on tLe dorsal posterior end.

(37’ [.'. lbrv), (.11), .9. uwb), (N11), *3. 185).

‘- L

'I.ite lined egLin: S:Q1DI l1neata.

 

(S). From the first of June to tLe fore 1a1t
of luLust naLed cc 6‘1111533 l.’" long feed
ugon grage leaves. 1Le;71:ave a ul 15%1t
range head, an oran5e o n6 across as ch
segm ent, on each side of tge bod; its a
wavy white longitudinal sand W11cn is LOIS
grominent near the rear end. (52, p. 183),
(56, p. 420), (58, p. 275), (57, g. 167),
(2’ Do 157). 000000000.coco-000.000....

Ei-Lt-sg ctted 1‘oreste1A1v'ia c7trnrc“1*t1.

(4). Few or Ltny larLe golden-yellow be 1
inch long may be found on 5rage ie;
the 5rocess of devourinL them. Each win5
cover is marked W111; t111ee ble cl; dot and
two on the grothorax. (38, p. 202).
00000000000000.0000...oooooooooooooooooo
Ei5ht-Sgotted gelidnota Eelidnota
Egpctata.

 

 

(5). .Earl; in the season new foliage is eaten
ragLed and tattered. Tie injurv is dens
by adult jum1in5 beetles 1/5" long of a
daik metallic Lreenisn-blue color. 11m
larvae, which a1e 1/3" long and li5Lt-srown
having black egots, also feed on unfoldin5
leaves. ...Grape flea beetle, gage 131.

d. Colonial defoliators.

(l). Dirty-White loosely woven webs, ccmtaining
excrenent everywnere, enclose lateral cane
tigs late in the summer or early fall. The
colonial catergillars feed within the web.
The caterpillars are about 1" long, covered
with black and white hairs projecting from
numerous black tubercles. They are variable
in color varying from yellowisn with black
and yellow tubercles, while others Lav e a
dark strige down the back and are al1ost
black. (45 pl 18), 25, p. 210),

(47f, Do 4450 .OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00..

Ball Webworm ‘V‘L11ntfl1u cunea.

 

(2). Leaves may be stripged Overni5Lt and no
trace of the gradator be visible. .....
.......olimbin5 cutworms, Legs 131.

(3). During late summer leaves are eiti1e1“ con-
sumed save for the nain veins. TLe devouring
catergillars feed in a row line soldiers in

formation. 1h 3* are ;" lon5, sulphur-
;"ellO\*J, marked wi 1311 four rows of black 330155
V1sible from above. Ilze bodv is clot-ed ,

(3.

(4).

”H-111 10-15; ULLbU1U 1-1.1.1.;0 0000000000....

0000...:I;- e 1.31:1. 1181111331461, #1156 102.

.L

Burl; in the sgrin5 end far about a six

weeks Jeriod, leaves are strigged and

other are eaten full of holes, ragged or
tattered. The >est is a beetle about 1/3"
lon5, ;ellO"is1-orown, oossess115 lcn5
s11ewl1n5 16 (19,19. l-e), (59, p.28),
(9, j. .725, 90 EQSO 00000000000090...
Rose clafer Lac rodectglus subsjinosus.

e. 1re: atu1 e defoliation.

(l).

(2).

(3).

(4).

Flower injury.
1. Overni5nt

of the 11851; is at hand.

the stems

a. Flower stem

In Sgrin5 end 1311 the folie5e curls up,
browns, and faxlls 1r-1e1a1e1J. Underneoth
t1e leaf curls are nLLmerous li 5ht-g ;1een
a5nids covered with a11isn—v.:ite meal}
powder. Alon5 tne body eie three longitudind.
striges somewnat darker than the other body
color. (50, p. 662), (51, p. 532).
00.00.000.00.OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00.0...

heuly glum aghid Zyeloyterus erundinis.

Stems of newl3' develOped r developin5
leaves, flowe1s,and fruits are so injured
by sap-sucning ou5s that they wilt and drog
pre1aturely. Fruit Which has already set
is punctured in many glaces causing an
irre5ular surface on tie rigened fruit and
a tou5 hei.1ed, ta steles s pulp. The 5 11s are
agt to crack W1e1e gunctures occur. The
bu5s are %" long and light-brown.
(40, pp. 1—8), (9, p. as), (55, p. 221),
.....OOOOOOOOOOOOO.....OCOOOOOOCOOOOOOOC

False tarnished plant bug Lv5us invitus.

Pale 5reenish—3e110w leaves whicL Lave
very 1£ny small rnitisn SgCtS on tnem drog
shortly after leefin5 out. ............
coo-..........&rage leafhopger, gage 131,

Durin5 midsummer le uves fade, become
stipgled or mottled wit1 white, then drog.
..............Rose leefnogper, 3&5e 151.

flowers are e tirely strigped end no trace
00000.0..000000000000000o

......Climbin5 cutworm, gage 151.

ms wilt and dry up, ugon close examination
will reveal nymphs infestation as a result

of cvigosition. The s-me injury occurs to new fruit
causin5 are 1ture fruit sheddin5‘ Blov'er arts are

rusged as

.1-

u18 tin; l/EO" long, insect 1ee ds.
00.000000000P88.1 U11LiLJS, Lia-Le lul.

Iv. FRUIT.
A.

B.

O.

D.

5.

4.

During blossom time small nymphs inject their pro-
bosces into and feed on flowers, causing them to

dry and curl up; thus killing them. Most of the in-
Jury is done at the latter part of May on new fruits
as they puncture and produce an irregular surface on
the outside and dry up pulp on the inside.
..........False tarnished plant-bug, page 135.

Flowers are eaten off or eaten so they dry up with-
out fruiting. The injurer is a beetle 1/3" long,
yellowish brown, has long sprawling legs, and con-
gregate in swarms over a six weeks period. ......
........................Rflae Chafer, page 1350

webs entangling grapes.

1.

Individual grapes are fastened together by silken
threads; the entangled grapes are wormy,.having larvae
3/8" long, darkpgreen to light-brown head, and a black
thoracic shield. .....Grap0 berry moth, page 132.

Grape blemishes (outside).

1.

3.

Minute grayish specks on the bark and grapes sur-
rounded by a reddish area. 0000.0...00000009000000
.......................San Jose scale, page 120.

Grape skins are lacerated late in the summer by

adult moths with a 1i” wing span, they are olive-tan

and have three more or less prominent wavy trans-

verse bars on each fore wing. (23, p. 393),

‘56, P0 416). (45, P. 50)0 00000000000000.0000000
Cotton leaf-worm .Alabama argillacea.

Deformed grapes.

1.

Feeding punctures in young grapes cause a deformed
and Speckled, irregular Surface. 000000000000000.
000000033130 tlrniflhed Plant-bug, page 1550

Small holes eaten into grapes.

1.

Small holes are eaten into grapes by the female in
which she oviposits. The eggs hatch into white,
footless grubs, 1/3" long, the body tapers towards
both ends, and the body is clothes with fine short
hairs. The grubs can be easily distinguished from
the Grape Berry Moth because the Grape Berry moth
has well developed legs and is a dark color.

(50, p. 534), (23, p. 183), (32, p. 335). .......
..QOOOOOOOOO0.0.0000000000000000000CO00.00.000.00.

Grape curculio Craponius inaegualis.

Large holes eaten into the grapes.

1.

During a sixzweeks period in the early summer large
holes are eaten out of grapes or nearly the Whole
grape consumed. Swarms of beetles l/3" long, yellow-
ish-brown, and have long sprawling legs.
000000000000000000000000Roae Chafbr, Page 155.

136.

I.

G.

2.

During a three months period commencing early in
the season, large holes are eaten out of grapes

or else the entire grape is consumed. Swarms of
beetles slightly larger than a potato beetle do the
damage. They are metallic greenish-bronze and have
two distinct white spots at the abdominal end.
.....................Japaneae beetle, Page 152.

WOrmy grapes.

O

2.

3.

Worms infesting the fruit as larvae 1/16-3/8" long,
brOln, and black.headed. 000000900000000000000000
..................Peach twig borer, page 130.

Worms 3/8" long in the fruit which have well de-
veloPed feet and in color are dark-green to purplish-
0000000000000000000000Grqp3 berry mOth, page 132.

Grubby fruit with grubs 1/3“ long, white, footlels,
and the body which tapers towards both ends is
010th0‘.With fine short hairs. 0000.....e00090...
.................Grape curculio, page 136.

Premature fruit shedding.

1.

2.

3.

4.

main stem and lateral canes, on the undersides,
clothed with cottony appearing masses sheltering
Hort living 508L980 000000000000.00000o00..0..00
00.0000000000000000tt0ny maple 50816, Page 129.

Oviposition in stems of newly set fruit by tiny
insects which are black and 1/20" long produces a
wilting affect of‘the stem which caused early
shedding. 0000000000000P93r thripa, PQSO 1310

New fruit has the stem of the grape bunch punctured
by sap sucking bugs which cause the fruits to be
stunted or growth cease entirely and then drop.
..........False tarnished plant bug, page 135.

Fallen fruit Which has white grubs l/3" long, Leg-
less, and has a tapering body clothed in fine short
hairs. .............Grape curculio, page 136.

KEY TO THE MORE IKPORTAITT BLACKBERRY ALTD RASPBERRY IIISECTS.

I. MAIN 3m (cane 5c shoots).
.‘m Canefl.
l. Bark coverings on canes.

0. Undersides of canes and shoots have large soft-
bodied half-pea-shaped scales 1/8-3/16" long
which cluster together. they winter over as
flat spindle-shaped brown scales l/25' long and
immature. Infestations cause leaves to yellow,
all growth ceases, followed by premature sheddin
Of foliage and fTUIt0 (55, P0 261), (32, P0 129 ,
25, PO 148). (2. P0 125)0 00000000000000000000

Eur0pean fruit lecanium Lecanium corni.

b. Bushes are weakened by the presence of snowy-
white scales which from a distance make the bush
appear white-washed. Indiwidual scales are
nearly circular, thin and flat, and 1/12" in
diameter; at the margin are two light yellow
Oxuv1ae0 (52’ P0 128), (58, P0 260)0 000000000000

Rose scale Aulacaspis roses.

2. Cane galls.

0. d pithy swelling in the cane from one to three
inches long and nearly an.inch in diameter. It
is red or reddish-brown, with the surface divided
by deep longitudinal furrows forming four or
five ridges or parts. In the gall reside larvae
l/lO' long, having reddish mouth—parts and oval
spots of the same dolor along the lateral sur—
face. (51, P0 411), (58. p0 247)0 00000000000000

Blackberry gallemaksr ,Qiastrgphus turgidus.

3 . Cane punctures .
0. Through the bark into the pith rows of pinholes

are punctured in one side of'the cane. There
may be twenty-five to an inch, or fifty to
seventy-five in a row; in each pit an egg 1/8'
long is inserted. The incisions are not straight
down but rather curved in. the infested canes
or shoots break off beyond the injury or die back.
(55, pp. 1-20), (59, p. 36), (45, p. 56).

0000000..0000000..0....00000.000000000e000000000

Tree cricket Oecanthus £2,

4. Cane borers.

0. From April to.3arly June shoot tips wilt because
of small gall-like swellings. As soon as shoots
appear above ground they are attacked. Within
the swelling hatch maggots which began to burrow
downwards then completely girdles the inner bark
causing the cane to dry up and break off.

*N
Oitg'urea in parenthesis refer to literature
3d; see list of references at end of key.

b.

d.

B. Shoots.

The maggots continue to bore donnwards in the

pith to the ground level where they pupate for

the winter. The eggs are laid in exile of

young leaves at shoot tips, from.Which the

maggots bore downwards. (32, p. 277), (23, p.207),

(55' P0 329)0 0000000000000000000000000000000
Raspberry cane maggot Hylemyia rubivora.

Young shoots wither, die, and break off as the
canes below them girdled twice, an inch apart.
Between the girdles an egg is deposited, upon
hatching the grub bores down in the pith to

the ground line which it reaches in time to
hibernate for the winter. At intervals the
burrow makes an exit to the outside. The grubs
are 1" long, dull-yellow, small dark-brown

head. (28, p. 267), (23, p. 202), (32, p. 322).
...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.00000

Raspberry cane-borer Qberea bimaculata.

 

Swellings occur in the canes, as they continue

to grow they crack cpen longitudinally. The

swellings in raspberries cause the canes to die

but in blackberries they merely prevent fruiting.

Just under the bark the grubs make spiral tunnels

in the sapwood. Within the tunnels are pale-

yellow larvae 3/5” long, small brown head, black

jaws. The anterior segments are enlarged and

flattened; the tip of abdomen has two long

slender dark-brown horns, each with three blunt

teeth on the inner edge. (32, p. 30), (36, p.639),

(25, P0 205), (28, P0 267)0 000000000000000000000
Red-necked cane borer Agrilus ruficollig.

 

Borers tunnelling about in the lower portion of

the cane and in the upper root parts, sometimes

completely girdling the crown. The larvae are

1%' long, white, and have a brown head.

(25, P0 204), (52, P0 218)0 00000000000000000
Raspberry root borer Bembecia marginata.

1. Shoot borers.

b.

Shoot tips wilt because of gall-like swellings
near the shoot base. From the swelling down-
wards is a tunnel through the pith.

.............Raspberry cane maggot, page 139.

Shoots wilt and-dry up because of two girdles

below. one inCh apart. 0000000000000000000000
..............Raspberry cane borer, page 139.

139.

.I...‘

2. Shoots wilting (containing no borers).

a. Early in the seasons shoots are punctured and
sap withdrawn resulting in deformed shoots;
the same occurs to fruit and leaf stems, causing
fruit to die and leaves to curl up and drop.
Buds too are killed by being punctured. Later
the fruit is pitted, or dwarfed if it wasn't
previously to seriously hampered. The pests are
i” bugs, having a black:and.yellow marked thorax,
and a brassy color otherwise. (59, p. 43),
(2, p. 139), (36, p. 611), (35, p. 48).

' r

Tarnished plant bug Lyggs pretensis.

3. Shoots gnawed so they droop.

‘ a. Buds are eaten into and thus destroyed, others
are used by the female as a source for ovi-
position. In either case the shoot is partly

awed off and left hanging. (23, p. 194),
32, P. 332), (36, P0 643)0 000000.000000000.
Strawberry weevil Anthonomus signatus.

II. ‘UNDERGROUND (roots and crown).
A. Borers in roots.
1. Large grubs bore in crown and roots; they are 2-3"
long, white, with a brown and black head and a
lateral body row of oval spots. (32, p. 322),

(37’ P0 232). 0.00000000000000000000000000000000000
Giant grape root-worm Brionis laticollig.

2. Boring larvae in the crown and upper root portions,
sometimes completely girdling the crown. They are
1%" long, white, and have a brown head. .........
................Raspberry root borer, page 139.

III. FOLIAEE (buds and leaves).
.A0 Bud injury}
10 Wormy bUdfl.

0. ‘Unfblding buds are eaten into, thus destroying
Opening flowers and leaves. Inside the bud re-
sides a fi” long brown caterpillar with a black
head tunnelling about. The fruit is likewise
gnawed into thus causing blemishes. (51, p. 549),
45, pg 21), ‘47f, P0 31)0 0000.0000000000000

Bud moth Tmetocera ocellagg.

2. Buds eaten into.

a. Opening buds are punctured and the insides eaten
out by small jumping beetles 1/10 to l/5" long,
metallic in color. They also eat holes in '
leaves like “shot" p0rforations. The larvae
are leaf miners. (45, p. 8), (36, p. 558).

......OOOOCCCOQOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOQOO00.00.0000

Apple flea weevil grchestes pallicornis.

140.

 

5.

4.

Oviposition in buds.

a0

Buds are eaten into and thus destroyed, others

are used by the female as a source for oviposition.
In either case the shoot is partly gnawed off

and left hmging. 0.000.000.00000000000000000
............8trawberry weevil, page 140.

Buds eaten off. .—

b.

00

d.

Buds are eaten off and developing leaves
skeletonized by small beetles &" long, reddish-
yellow or reddish-brown, having a thick coat of
pale tawny hairs. Larvae are 9;“ long, plump,
cylindrical, white grubs; each segment is crossed
with a brood yellow band and has many short white
hairs, they appear in June and July to feed in-
to the fleshy head of the berries. Infested
berries are dwarfed and ripen prematurely.

(23, P0 201), ‘56, PP0 91-99), (14, Pp0 175-85).

Raspberry fruit worm Byturus unicolor.

Opening buds are eaten into, leaf and fruit

stems severed by gnawings. The injury occurs
from May through June. The injury is done by
snout beetles 3/8-%" long, greenish-brown; the
wing covers are crossed by two irregular light
bands. (53, p. 371), (36, p. 533), (38, p. 167).

00000000000000000000000000000000000-00000000000

Imbricated snout beetle Epicaerus imbricatus.

Buds, leaves, and flowers are stripped or
ruined early in the season; buds and leaves
are eaten off or eaten ragged and tattered;
berries are just about eaten off. All the
injury occurs during a month or six weeks.
Adult beetles are 1/3" long, yellowish-brown,
and have long sprawling legs. They prefer
porous sandy area. (59, p. 28), (9, p.(81),

‘ 45, P. 29)0 000000000000000000000000000.0000

Rose chafer Macrodactylus subspinosug.

Leaves are rolled up and tied together by leaf
rolling caterpillars which later eat off under
leaf surfaces. The earliest stage is spent as
a leaf miner, after that it eats off buds,
flowers, and eats into the fruit. The larvae
are %” long, yellowish-green, head and thoracic
shield are brownish black. Two broods carry

on hay-June and July-August respectively.

(35, p. 73), (36, p. 716), (32, p. 230),
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

Oblique-banded leaf roller Cacoecia_rosaceana.
Complete or partial defoliation of buds, leaves,

and flowers may occur overnight by an unseen
predator. The injury occurs in the spring, very

141.

 

 

early. Kursery stock is most susceptible to
attaCk0 (53. P0 138), (2' P0 130), (45. P0 11).

Climbing cutworms Noctuidae s .

B. Leaf injury.
Leaf miners.

'1.

2.

3.

b.

Leaves are rolled up and tied together by leaf
rolling larvae which eat off the under leaf
surfaces. The earliest daterpillar stage is
spent as a leaf miner, after that it eats off
buds, flowers, and sets into the fruit. The
caterpillar is 5” long, yellowish-green, head
and thoracic shield brownish-black. Two broods
carry on May-June and July-August respectively.
.......0blique-banded leaf roller, page 141.

Lower leaves have large brown blisters, near

edge of leaf, with mines in the center of them

and flattened, active larvae 1/3" long feeding

therein. (7, p . 3-37), (24, pp. 10-15),

(52, P0 69), (E , p0 l37)0 00.000000000000000
Blackberry leaf miner metallus rubi.

Leaf mines from near the leaf center to the
margin terminating in blister like cells.
Adults are beetles l/lO" long which eat out
ground holes in the foliage, giving it a "bird-
Shot” perforation. ..........................
.........Apple flea weevil, page 140.

Leaf rollers. ‘

b.

Leaves are rolled up and tied together by leaf
rolling caterpillars which later eat off the
under leaf surfaces. The earliest stage is
spent as a leaf miner, after that it sets off
buds, flowers, and eats into the fruit. The
larvae are %" long, yellowish-green, head and
thoracic shield are brownish-black.
......Oblique-banded leaf roller, page 141.

Leaves are rolled up by spinning caterpillars
after that the leaves turn brown and die; in-
fested bushes appear whitened or gra ish. The
caterpillars inside the rolls are 1 3—1/2"
long, light-brown, dark olive-green, or brown;
and they have a brown head. (8, pp. 1-8),
‘58, pP0 235-56), (23, p. 197)0 00000000000000
Strawberry leaf roller Ancylis comptana.

Spotted leaves.

Yellow spots on lower leaf surface which show
through the upper part of the leaf, if examined
turn out to be spots of oviposition or the
earliest larval period of a sawfly. Young larvae
are %" long, green covered with barbed spiny
tubercules, brown on the back and white on the

142.

 

4.

b.

6.

sides. At first, during early summer, the
larvae eat soft leaf parts later consuming
all but the veins. (32, p. 347), (23, p. 203).

......OOOOOOO0............OOOOOOIOOOOOO0......

Raspberry sawfly Mbnophadnoides rubi.

Large brown blisters near the edge of leaf with
mines in the center of them occupied by larvae

1/5' long. ...0............OOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOO

.......Blackberry Leaf miner, page 142.

Pale spots or blotches showing through the leaves

giving them a mottled appearance, after that

they brown, blacken, then drop prematurely.

Under leaf’surfaces have silk entanglements

sheltering red spiders 1/16" long. (47f, p. 66),

(25' P. 508), (23. P0 595)0 00000000000000000
Greenhouse red spider Tetranychus telarius.

Yellow spots on leaves, very similar to pre-
ceding species, cause premature defoliation.
Under leaf surfaces have silken entanglement
sheltering red spiders 1/50" long. (28 p.191),
(58, p. 207), (32, p. 367), (55, p. 315).
..000000000.....0.000000.00.00.00.000000000000

Red spider Tetranychus bimaculatus.

During midsummer and early fall foliage be-
comes stippled or mottled with white then drops.
0n the under leaf surfaces are numerous jumping

7insects 1/8" long and yellow—green in color.

Their habit of walking is laterally'and very
rapid. (47f, P0 29), (52, P0 156), (45, P0 7)!

(51, P0 15 0 00000000000000000000000000000000

Rose leafhopper szhlocyba rosae.

Leaves curl up.

b.

00

Leaves curl up and shoots are dwarfed. The
injury is due to the asence of reddish-brown
jumping plant lice l 8" long which have three
yellowish-brown wing bands. (32, p. 152),

‘25, P. 208)0 0000000000000000000000000000000

Blackberry Psyllid Triosga tripunctata.

Leaves curl up and deform because insects with
sucking mouth parts withdraw sap from leaf
petioles. Fruit stems are likewise attacked
causing the fruit to be dwarfed. The bugs are
i” long, brassy colored, black and yellow marked,
having a red thorax. ....Tarnished plant bug,
P389 1409

Leaves curl up and berries are pitted by short
oval black bugs 1/8" long, each side of the body
has a white strips. (32, p. 167), (36, p. 511).

Negrobug Corimelaena pulicaria.

143. _____

5.

7.

8.

d. Leaves curl up, dry, and drop prematurely. 1n-
fested leaves show'up as pale unhealthy foliage
covered with flowery dust. Under the leaves are
silken meshes sheltering red spiders 1/50" long.
..................Red spider, page 143.

holes eaten through leaves.

a. During early summer holes are eaten through the
leaves, later all is consumed except the veins.
.................Raspberry sawfly, page 143.

b. Holes are eaten in leaves or else the entire
leaf eaten off early in the season, during the
period of a month or six weeks. The injury
occurs due to swarming beetles 1/3" long, yellow-
ishybrown, having long Sprawling legs.
...................ROBB chafer, Page 1410

c. iEarly in the season holes are eaten into leaves
making them.appear like "shotholes". .......
............Apple flea weevil, page 140.

Skeletonized leaves.

a. During the summer leaves are entirely skeletonized,
leaving but the bare veination. Upon the leaves
are found 1/12" yellow-white or pale-green larvae,
covered with spiny white or brown tubercules.
.............Raspberry sawfly, page 143.

b. Unfolding leaves are skeletonized, flowers eaten
into, and berries have cavities eaten in them.
.............Raspberry fruit worm, page 141.

c. Leaves are skeletonized during a three months
period of the summer and fruit has large holes
eaten into them.ar else eaten right off. The in-
jury is due to beetles slightly larger than
potato beetles; they are metallic-green or
greenish-bronze with two distinct White spots
on the tip of the abdomen. They congregate in
great swarms. (2, p. 127), (36, p. 605),

48, pp0 1'31)0 0000000000000000.000000000000

Japanese beetle Popillia japonica.

Severed leaves.
0. Leaves and fruit stems are severed during May
1 and June by beetles gnawing at the stems. The
beetles are 3/8-1/2" long, greenish-brown snout
beetles; the wing covers are crossed by two ir-
regUlar light bands. 00000000000000.000..000
.........Imbricated snout beetle, page 141.

Premature leaf shedding.

a. During early summer leaves yellow in patches then
drop prematurely. Upon the leaves are found
slimy slugs %" long, green, covered with barbed

144.

 

spiny tubercules, brown on back and white on
the sides. .....Raspberry sawfly, page 143.

b. At dry summer periods lower leaves turn pale
and drop, followed by higher leaves until all
are shed. On the leaves are many black specks,
droppings. The pests are brown mites the size
of a pinhead. Shoots and canes have, during
the dormant period, numerous red or pinkish
eggs upon the bark sufficient to give the Whole
a reddish hue. (47f, p. 66), (45, p. 56).
Oeeeeeeoeoeeeeeeeoeeeeoooeeoooooeeoeeeeeeeeooo

Clover mite Bryobia practiosa.

c. Mottled appearing leaves brown then blacken and
shed prematurely. Under leaf surfaces have
silken entanglements sheltering red spiders
l/l6" long. .....Greenhouse red spider, page 145.

d. Yellow spots on leaves, very similar to preceding
species, cause premature shedding. Under leaf
surfaces have silk entanglements sheltering red
Spiderfl 1/50" longs eeeeoeRBd Epiderl, page 145.

0. Flower injury.

1.

2.

3.

4.

IV. FRUIT.

Flowers are eaten off or parts of them eaten off by
caterpillars %" long, having brownish-black heads
andthor801o Shields. .0000....‘....OOOOOOOOOOOOO
........0blique-banded leaf roller, page 141.

Early in the spring flowers are entirely stripped
from bushes, the stripping occurs overnight by an
invisible pest. .......Climbing cutworms, page 142.

Flower stems are eaten off or eaten so they lodge.
The injuring insect is a snout beetle 3/8-fi" long,
greenish-brown.....Imbricated snout beetle, page 141.

Small holes eaten into flowers by light brown beetles
l/B" long. ......Raspberry fruit worm, page 141.

A. Insects upon the berries.

1.

The outside of berries are often disfigured by small
black oval bugs l/8" long. They make feeding
punctures Which produce a drying upl They are of
the stink bug family and are too quickly recognized
When accidentally eaten. eeeeeeeooeooeoooeeooeee
......0.0.0.0..........NegrObug’ Page 1‘3.

B. Berries eaten into.

1.

The berries have the crown of their caps eaten into,
the berries consequently are dwarfed and ripen pre-
maturely. The troublesome larvae often burrow

145

 

C.

D.

2.

3.

4.

well into the berries, thus Spoiling them for

table use. They cling fast to the berry cap and
are not easily shaken off. The larvae are g"

long, plump, cylindrical, white grubs; each segment
is crossed with a broad yellow band and has many
white hairs.....Raspberry fruit worm, page 141.

From late May through June pits are eaten out of
the berries shortly after setting. The injuring
insect is a snout beetle s/s.g" long and grayish
brown in COlore ................................
........Imbricated snout beetle, page 141.

During a month or six weeks immature berries have
deep holes eaten into them and lots of them. The
insect pests are beetles which gather together in
swarms. They are 1/5" long, yellowish—brown, and
have long sprawling legs. ....Rose chafer, page 141.

Feeding habits similar to preceding species except
they are present for about a three months period.
Each is a metallic greenish-bronze beetle slightly
larger than a potato beetle, having two distinct
White BQOtS near the abdominal tip. eeeeeeeoooooe
................Japanese beetle, page 144.

Wormy berries.

Inside the berries are imbedded grubs, each being
%" long, plump, cylindrical, and white; every seg-
ment is crossed with a broad yellow band and has
many Short White hlirs. eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeoe
...............Baspberry fruit worm, page 141.

Premature fruit shedding.

1.

3.

The stems of newly set berries are punctured,
weakened, and lodge so the berries hang down and
soon drop. If the lodging is not complete they
become dwarfed and ripen prematurely. Other
berries are pitted by the insectb sucking tube.
.............Tarnished plant bug, page 140.

Shoot tips and berry stems are gnawed so they break
off, hang, or lodge resulting in premature shedding
of the berries. The injuring insects are snout
beetles l/lO" long, black to dull-red, with a dark
spot just behina the center of each wing cover.
..................Strawberry weevil, page 140.

Injury identical to preceding species except the
injuring insect is different. It is a greenish-
brown or gray snout beetle 3/8-%" long. .........
.............Imbricated snout beetle, page 141.

146.

KEY TO THE MORE IMEORTAET CURRANT AED GOOSEBERRY INSECTS.

1. MAIN STEM (canes and shoots).
A. Canes.
1. Bark coverings on canes.

a. Canes, shoots, and occasional fruits are coated
with minute grayish specks, barely visible to
the eye. Around the scales, on both fruit and
bark, the area turns red. Under magnification
the specks are disks having a raised central
nipple-like blackish spot. The tree vigor de-
creases, foliage becomes yellowish and scant.
(25, p. 165), (57, p. 70), (23, p. 186),

(470, PP. 1'11)e eeeeeeeeeeecocooeeeeeeeeeoee
San Jose scale Aspidiotugrperniciosus.

b. Canes and shoots from May through July have un-
dersurfaces covered with cottony appearing masses
beneath which soft scales live. Heavily infested
trees have entire foliage turn a sickly yellow
and die. (36, p. 676), (25, p. 295),

(2, P0 153). 00.0eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeooe

Cottony maple scale Pulvinaria vitis.

c. Trunk, branches, and twigs covered with small
brownish scales 1/16 to 1/8" long curved and re-
sembling an oyster shell; underneath are many
minute eggs. The bark cracks and the whole tree
weakens or dies. (47b, pp. 1—6), (25, p. 115),
‘52, p. 124). Oeeeeeeooeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeo

Oyster shell scale ggpidosaphes ulmi.

d. Trunk, branches, and twigs are often coated with
dirty-white scales l/lO" long. In the winter
time, if flipped over, with the naked eye one
can discern reddish-purple eggs. (59, p. 41),
(47b, PP. 7’11), (57, P0 73). OOeeoeeeeeeeeee

Scurfy scale Ghionaspis furfura.

e. Branches, twigs, and leaves have lar e soft-
bodied half—pea-shaped scales 1/8-5 16" long.
They cluster together on one side of the twig or
branch. They winter over on small branches as
flat spindle-shaped brown scales 1/25" long and
immature. Infestations cause leaves to yellow,
all growth ceases, followed by premature sheddin
of fruit and foliage. (52, p. 261), (52, p. 129 ,
‘25. p. 148). (2’ P. 125). .ooooeeeeeeeeeeeee

European fruit lecanium Lecanium corni.

f. Branches and twigs have dark:gray to nearly
black almost circular scales 1/12" in diameter.
The raised orange tip is off center. (53, p.179),
(25’ P. 283), (32. P9 179). eeeeeeeeeeeeeoeoe
Putnam's scale Aspidiotus ancylus.

*Pigures in parenthesis refer to literature
cited; see list of references at end of Key.

147.

 

B.

h.

1.

Minute thin grayish scales are massed together

on branches and twigs. Under magnification the

specks show a raised reddish central area; thus

they are distinguished from the San Jose scale,

otherwise they are similar. (32, p. 128),

(56, P. 617). ’00000.000000000000000000.00000
Cherry scale Aspidiotus forbegi.

 

Branches and twigs similar to Putnam's and

Cherry Scales (gray to nearly black scales with
orange or reddish nipples, which are off center)
which in reality are distinguished only by micro-
scopic characters. The individual scales are
1/12" in diameter. The central elevation is
orange and off center. (55, p. 260), (45, p. 58).

European fruit scale Aspidiotus ostreaeformis.

Branches and twigs are coated with 1/8" reddish-

orange scales; the central spot is off center.

(55’ p. 360), (25, P0 283). oeeeeeeoeeeeeeeee
Walnut scale Aspidiotus juglans—regiae.

2. Cane punctures.

Through the bark and into canes or shoots are
rows of pinhole punctures in one side, there may
be twenty-five to an inch or fifty to seventy-
five in a row; in each hole an egg 1/8" long is
inserted. Each incision is not straight down
but rather curved in. The infested canes or
shoots break off beyond the injury or die back.
(55, pp. l-20), (59, p. 56), (45, p. 56).

Tree cricket Oecanthus £2,

5. Cane borers.

ShOOtBe

Around the latter part of June young borers
bore through the outer bark and into the pith
then tunnel out the inside. They descent down-
ward where in a half-grown state where they hib-
ernate at the ground line. Next May they become
full grown and gnaw out an exit then return to
the burrow to pupate. The grubs are a little
over 1/2" long, yellowish, brown head, and
numerous small tubercles over the body. Affected
canes have stunted and sickly foliage, then later
the Whole bush dies and breaks off. (57, p.145),
(38. PO 243). (‘5, Po 539). oeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeo
Currant borer §ynanthedon tipuliformis.

l. Severed shoots.

148.

2'“ ‘91-“ _. r:- ‘.".‘. _.'~.--

 

 

8.

In late spring, after the young shoots have
reached a growth of several inches, two or three
inches of the tips sometimes wilt, and fall or
hang suspended. Examination shows the tip has
been girdled by several sharp cuts. Full

grown larvae are-g" long, glistening straw-
yellow, having a darker head; the thoracic
segments are wider than others and bear rudimentary
feet; the abdominal tip has a horny, stout, bifid
spine. (25, p. 189), (55, p. 557), (52, p. 545).
eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeoeeeeeeeeoeeeeeeeoeoeeeeeee

Currant stem girdler Janus integer.

2. Shoot punctures.

Small slits are cut into shoots, lengthwise,
and half way into the pith. In each slit a hhlf
dozen eggs are inserted, each being 1/16" long.
The slits are between two and six inches from
the shoot tip. Shoot growth often crowd: the
eggs half way out of the incision. A.peculiar
brown depressed spot forms on tender terminal
leaves, in early summer. Later whole leaves
turn brown, curl up, and drop. Growth of
shoots assess and they die. The pest is a bug
5/10" long, greenish-yellow, two black spots

on thorax, and four black stripes down the
back. (56, p. 655), (25, p. 188), (60, p. 70).

......OOOOC.....OOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.00.00.00.00...

Four-lined plant bug Poecilocapsus lineatus.

5. Tilting shoots.

b.

During late spring shoots wilt or break off
and fall. Examination shows sharp cuts which
girdled the cane below. The cane also has a
longitudinal tunnel in the pith. ............
...}.....Currant stem girdler, page 149.

Small slits lengthwise in shoots from two to

six inches from the tip, in each slit are about
six eggs 1/16" long; continued cane growth partly
OIOWdB out the 03880 oeeeeeoeoeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
...........F0ur-llned Plant bug, page 149.

II. FOLIAGE (buds, leaves, and flowers).
A. Bud injury.
1. Buds eaten off.

80

Opening buds are eaten into or eaten off, leaf
and fruit stems are severed by gnawings. The
injury occurs from May through June. The in-
jury is done by snout beetles 5/8-1/2" long,
greenish-brown; the wung covers are crossed

by two irregular light bands. (55, p. 571),
(36, P9 553), (38, P. 167). eeeoeeeeoeeeeeeee
Imbricated snout beetle Epicaerus imbricatus.

149.

 

B.

b.

Leaves are rolled up and tied together by

leaf rolling caterpillars which later eat off
the under leaf surfaces. The earliest stage is
spent as a leaf miner, after that they eat

off buds, flowers, and eat into the fruit. The
larvae are %" long, yellowish-green, head and
thoracic shield are brownish-black. Two broods
carry on nay-June and July-August, respectively.
(60, p. 65), (52, p. 250), (56, p. 716),

(35, P0 73 O Oeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeoeeeeeeeeoee

Oblique-banded.leaf’roller Cacoecia rosaceang.

Complete or partial defoliation of buds, leaves,
and flowers may occur over night by an unseen
predator. Small trees are entirely stripped,
whereas, on large trees certain branches are
stripped. The injury occurs in the spring,
quite early. No trace of the pest is evident,
except possibly for a few naked nocturnal cater-
illars under the trees. (55, p. 158),

2, PO 130), (45’ P0 11). 0.0000000000000000.

Climbing cutworms Noctuidae,gp.

Leaf’injury.
Leaf miners.

1.

2.

3.

The earliest stage is spent as a leaf miner
followed by a leaf rolling period wherein the
caterpillars eat of'the under leaf epidermis.
The larvae are %" long, yellowagreen, head and
thoraoic Shield are brownish black. eeeeeeeee
........Oblique-banded leaf roller, page 150.

Leaf’rollerl.

30

First stage is spent as a leaf miner, then the
caterpillars roll leaves together and eat off
the lower leaf epidermis. The larvae are %"
long, yellowish-green, head and thoracic shield
ara brownishfiblBOke eeeeeeeoeoeoeoooeeee...e.
......Oblique-banded leaf roller, page 150.

Spotted leaves.

8.

Undersides of leaves become spotted, puffed
up, and distorted. Upper sides turn red, then

the leaves wither and drop. Badly infested
bushes are apt to become defoliated. The in-
jury begins early in the spring and continues

throughout the season. The insects have
wingless light yellow females, some are winged
yellow or pale green with a disky-brown head
and thoracic shield. The body bears transverse

capitate hairs and long. slender cornicles

which are slightly enlarged at the distal ends.

(as, p. 187), (as, p. 654), (32, p. 145).
Oeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee

Currant aphid gyzus ribis.

150.

4.

b.

d.

Tender terminal leaves and others are punctured
by plant bugs as they suck up the sap. The
leaves become spotted, wither, turn brown and
die. The eggs are laid in elite in soft stems
in late June or July. Usually six to eight eggs
are placed in a slit causing the shoot to
wither and die, then break off. The bugs are
1/5" long, orange-yellow, with four black stripes
lengthwise of the wing covers and thorax, and

an apple green area between the stripes.
.......Fcur-1ined plant bug, page 149.

During midsummer and early fall foliage becomes
stippled or mottled with white then drops. 0n
the under leaf surfaces are numerous jumping in.
sects 1/8' long and yellow green in color. Their
habit of walking is laterally and ver rapid.
(47f, p. 29), (52, p. 156), (45, p. 7 ,

(51, P0 1 e eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeleeoeeeesees...

Rose leafhcpper Typhlocypa rcsae.

Bale spots or blotches showing through the

leaves giving them a mottled appearance, after

that they brown, blacken, then drop prematurely.

Under leaf surfaces have silken entanglements

sheltering red spiders 1/16" long. (47f, p. 66),

(25, P. 308), (25, P. 395). eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
Greenhouse red spider Tetranychus telarius.

Leaves curl up.

b.

Irritation caused by numerous feeding punctures
in leaves cause the leaves to become badly curled
and distorted so that pocket-like cavities are
formed on the under sides. The upper surface
turns a bright red variegated with yellow and
green. ...............0urrant aphid, page 150.

Early in the season shoots are punctured and

sap is withdrawn resulting in deformed shoots;

the same occurs to fruit and leaf stems, causing

fruit to die when the stem lodgesl As the shoots

lodge leaves curl up and drop. Buds too are

killed by being punctured. Later the fruit is

pitted or it is dwarfed, if previously it

wasn't tcosericusly hampered. The pests are {5

bugs, having a black and yellow marked thorax,

and a brass color otherwise. (2, p. 159),

‘36, P. 611 . (35, De ‘8). Oeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
Tarnished plant bug gyggg,pratensis.

Yellow spots on leaves, similar to preceding
species, curl up and drop prematurelyl Under
leaf surfaces have silken entanglements sheltering

151.

Be

6.

7.

8.

red spiders 1/50“ long. (52 p. 515),
(32, p. 357), (as, p. 207), (28, p. 191).
Oeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeoeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeoeeeeoe

Red spider Tetranychus bimaculatus.

Leaves skeletonized.
a. Leaves skeletonised by pale green slugs that

at first have black.heads which later turn green.
(53 P. 344), (50, Pa 487)e eeeoeoeeeooeeeeoe
Native current sawfly Gymgonychus gppendiculatus.

Leaves devoured.

a. At first tips of leaves are eaten away, if the
posts are abundant all the leaves are entirely
devoured; sometimes, tender shoots become badly
chewed. The insects are measuring worms about
an inch long which spin single threads from
which they dangle. They are whitish with a
wide yellow strips down the back and one on each
side; each segment has several black spots. The
underside has a pinkish tinge with a brood .
median yellow stripe which is also black spotted.
(52"Pe 545), (51, P0 428), (52. P. 206).
...0......OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.0000900000000000

Currant span worm gymatophora ribearia.

b. Sawflies in large numbers strip the foliage
shortly after the leaves unfold. At first they
skeletonize the leaves, then consume all but the
midrib. When mature the slugs are i" long, when
very young they are white ornamented laterally
by black spots; when they begin to feed the
white color changes to green and the head be-
comes black the body retains the black spots.
(as, p. 341 , (51, p. 425), (57, p. 145).

......OOOOOO......CCOOOOQOO......OOOOOOOQOOOOO

Imported current-worm Pteronug ribesii.

c. Leaves stripped overnight, during early spring,
by an invisible nocturnal pest. The only clsw
to the predator is a few hairless caterpillars
on the ground under the bushes. .............
oeseeeeeeeeeeeeCIimbing cutworm, Page 1500

Severed leaves.
a. Leaf stems are gnawed so the leaf hangs by an
injured stem or else drops. The injury occurs

early in the Springs eeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeee
.........Imbrioated anont beetle, Page 1490

Premature defoliation.

a. Badly curled and distorted.lsaves turn bright
red above, variegated with yellow and green.
Under surfaces have pocket—like cavities.
..............Currant aphid, p886 1500

1512

 

b. During midsummer or early fall foliage be.
comes stippled or mottled with white then drops.
...................Rose leathQPer, page 151.

0. Tender terminal leaves or all leaves become
spotted, wither, turn brown, and drop. Shoots
have slits in which eggs are inserted causing
them to die-back.and break off. .............
. . . . . . . .Four-lined plant bug, page 149.

d. Leaf stems gnawed off early in the season.
........Imbricated snout beetle, page 149.

e. Leaves turn pale yellow then curl up and drop.
Lower leaves are attacked first then higher ones
etc. Injury is worst during dry spells or in
arid areas. .........Clover mite, page 145.

f. Yellowish spots on foliage surrounded by silken
webs encasing red spiders l/50' long. Leaves
drop prematurely. ......Red spider, page 152.

g. Reddened mottled leaves turn rusty then turn
black and drop. Around the spots, on lower leaf
surface, are silken threads encasing red spiders
1/16" long. .....Greenhouse red spider, page 179.

0. Flower injury.

1.

2.

3.

Flowers are eaten off or parts of them eaten off

by caterpillars 1” long, having brownish black heads
Ind thoracic Shields. eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeee
.......Obliqus-banded leaf roller, page 150.

Early in the spring flowers are entirely stripped
from bushes; the stripping occurs over night by an
unafien Peate .......Climbing ontWOrmB, page 1500

Flower stems are eaten off or eaten so they lodge.
The injuring insect is a snout beetle 5/8-i“ long,
greenish-brown. ....Imbficated snout beetle, page 149.

III. IRUITO
A. Berries eaten into.

1.

Immature berries are drawn together and tied by
silken threads which enmesh the new fruits, within
the web reside-i" greenish caterpillars that have
a brownish head.. The larvae usually feed on the
outside of'the fruit though sometimes they enter
therein. They cause the berries to discolor,
wither, and drop prematurely; others merely ripen
prematurely. (55, p. 555), (58, p. 526).
eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeoeeeeeesomeeeeeee

Gooseberry fruit-worm Zephodia gpossulariae.

fififl

B.

C.

2.

3.

Berries and leaves are rolled together and tied
in~a webby mass within which reside caterpillars
that set into the fruit. The caterpillars are i”
long, yellowish—green, head and thoracic shield
are brownish black. ...........................
......Oblique-banded leaf roller, page 150.

Fruit stems are gnawed off so they lodge, or the
berries are gnawed mice eeeeeeeeseeeeeeesseeeee
.......Imbricated snout beetle, page 149.

Wormy berries.

1.

During the summer currents and gooseberries turn
red and drOp prematurely, upon close examination
small white maggots will show'up. At first they
burrow about in the pulp then consume the seeds.
Berries on the bush or on the ground have exit
holes in them. When full grown the maggots are "
long, white with black mouthparts. (52, p. 265 ,
(as, p. 190), (51, p. 429), (63. p. 355).

Currant fruit fly Epochra canadehsis

 

Premature fruit shedding.

1.

2.

Stems cf berries gnawed off so developing fruit is
prematurely Bhede eeeseesee‘eeeeeeeeassesses....ee
...........Imbricated snout beetle, page 149.

During the summer berries turn red and drop pre-

maturely. Inside are {3 white maggots.
.................Currant fruit fly, page 154.

154.

KEY TO THE MORE IHPORTANT STRAWBERRY INSECTS.

I. ROOTS AND CROWN.
7A. Roots detoured and crown bored into.
1. Curved white grubs 1/5" long devour roots and
burrow about in the crown. Thole plant takes on a
weakened condition, later dying. (60, p. 67),
(35, P. 96). (53, P0 389). eeeeeeeeeooeeeeeeeeeso
Fuller's rose beetle Asygonychus godmani.

2. Curved white grubs one inch or less in length feed
upon roots and burrow in the crown causing a general
plant weakness and then the plants death. The grubs
have brown heads and slender’legs and are present
throughout the season. (25, p. 256), (52, p. 502),

(56, PO 306). osseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeo

White grubs Lachnosterna,§p.

5. miitish grubs 4/5" long that have reddish-brown
heads burrow in larger roots and the crown. Portions
of the plant wilt and die off. (55, p. 584).

Oeseleeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesee

Strawberry crown moth Sesia rutilans.

4. Black to dull red snout beetles l/lO‘ long with a
dark spot on each wing cover feed upon buds, leaves,
and pollen. The snout is slender, curved, and half
as long as the body. The female oviposits in buds
then makes an incision in the stem below so it will
lodge. The tiny grubs eat out the inside bud or
flower parts. (25, p. 194), (52, p. 552),

('6. p. 643)‘ OOeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeo

Strawberry weevil Anthonomug_signatus.

B. Crown borers.
1. White, legless, yellow-brown beetles fi” long bore
out the crown so as to weaken or kill the plant.
New growth and runners are entirely checked.
(20, pp. 1-8), (51, p. 391), (52, p. 534).

Cooeseeeeeeeeseeeeeeeseeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeessseeoeeeo

Strawberry crown borer Tylodermarfragrariae.

Ce Root “arm‘s »

1. During may to July several species of white brown-
spotted grubs 1/8" long eat off the roots of straw-
berry plants. Adults are 1/8" long, bronze-brown or
copper colored beetles which destroy the foliage.

(36’ PO 645), (51’ p0 593), p’,°’e$13)0 eeeeeeeoeeeee.
Strawberry root worms Paris canella, Colaspi
brunnea gpg,Graphcps ppEescens. A

D. Plant eaten off at the ground line.
1. During spring until late summer plants often are
severed by 1/5", light colored brown-headed grubs.

*FIgures in parenthesis refer to literature
cited; see list of references at end of Key.

155.

 

Around the base of the plant lie 1/6" short and

blunt snout beetles that are black colored and feed

upon the leaVGSO (36, PO 644), (83’ PO 105).

(55, PP. 102-5). sesseeeeeeeeeeesoeeeeeeoeeeeeeee
Strawberry crown girdler _Bpachyrhinus ovatus.

E. Root aphids.
l. Pear—shaped blue-green or blue—black aphids 1/20"
long on leaves and roots accompanied usually by
small brown ants. Infested plants become stunted and
dry up. (52, p. 589), (58, p. 154), (52, p. 148).

Strawberry root louse Aphis forbegi.

 

II. BUDS.
A. Buds punctured by feeding and oviposition.

1. Buds have tiny beetles l/lO" long puncture them.while
fieding or eat out holes for egg laying. After the
eggs are laid the female makes an incision in the
stem causing it to lodge and hang down. .........
.................Strawberry weevil, page 155.

B. Buds eaten off.

I. Buds, blossoms, leaves, and fruit are badly ruined
early in the summer, or during late spring. Buds
and blossoms are eaten off; leaves are eaten ragged
and tattered; fruit is partially or entirely consumed.
The injuring insects are 1/5" long; yellow-brown,
possessing long sprawlin legs, and gather together
in awarmSe (19, PP. 1-4 , (60, p. 28), (9, P0 51),
(46, p. 29). 00.00.00.0.00.0.0.....‘OOOOOOOOOCOOOO

Rose chafer Macrodactytgg_subspinosus.

III. FLOWERS.
A. Flower parts browned and wilted.

1. Tiny 1/20" brownish-yellow insects appear on straw-
berries in the early spring, as soon as flower buds
cpen. They rasp or chafe away the epidermis of
flower parts then suck up its,juices. The lower
calyx and ovary are the sources of oviposition by
the female, the flower stem may also be a source of
egg-laying. Fruits take on a "button" appearance.
The injuries are worst during dry spells. (52, p.122),
(54, p. 579). OOeOOOeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeeeeeeeeeeeeee

Strawberry thrips Euthrips tpitici.

B. Flowers eaten off.
1. Flowers are gnawed into ruin by 1/5" yellow-brown
beetles having long sprawling legs. .............
......CCCCOCOQCO......CCCCCCROBG chager’ Page 156.

C. Lodged flower stems.
1. Flower stems lodge and hang down, other flowers have
pollen eaten away.......Strawberry weevil, page 155.

IV . LEAVES .
A. Leaf rollers.
1. One half of a leaflet is lapped over the other
half and fastened by silken threads. Inside the

156.

folded leaflet resides a caterpillar 1/5 to e" long,
light-brown to olive-green or brown. Infested
foliage appears whitenedl The injury is prevalent
throu out the season. (8, pp. 1-8), (59, pp. 255-
55), ‘1 Po 197)e eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
Strawberry leaf roller Ancylis comptana.

2. Several leaves are rolled and tied together by leaf
rolling caterpillars, within the entanglement is a 2’
green or reddish caterpillar. The earliest period
is spent as a leaf miner, after that as a leaf roller.
Rolled leaves dry up, die, and drop thus defoliating
whgle patches. From within the rolled leaves the
°3 erpillars go out to eat into and injure the berries.
There are two broods may-June and July-Au st.

(61, p. as), (52, p. 250), (59, p. 716), as, p. 73).

Oblique-banded leaf roller Cacoecia rosaceana.

5. Leaflets have the under epidermis peeled off by
small caterpillars that later roll up the leaflets
and tie them fast with silken threads. At first
they feed within the small shelter but soon include
other weaves, blossoms, and fruit which they tangle
together in a mass. The rolled leaves not eaten up
dry up and dies (5‘, P0 564). eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
Obsolete-banded leaf roller Archips obsoletana.

B. Holes eaten in leaves.
1. Leaves riddled with small holes.
a. Tiny round holes eaten in leaves so they fall
early in the spring. About the plants are many
very small metallic jumping beetles. (57, p.645),
(32’ P. 317)....0.0000000000000000.0000.00.00.
Flea beetles as Typophorus canellus, ghylctrella
vittata,§gg Altica ign a.

b. Pale greenish slugs 5/5" long having sixteen
prolegs riddle leaves with holes. When at rest
they curl up on the under leaf surface.

(64, PP. 366-8). .eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
Strawberry slugs gmpria maculata, fragrariag,

and iggita.

c. New leaves have holes eaten into them by &'
long, slug-like worms, that have twenty legs
and a pale yellow strips down the back. When
they are at rest they coil up on the under leaf
surface. (52, p. 595), (52, p. 547), (52, p.450),

‘39, Fe 288). Oeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeao

Strawberry sawfly Emphytes maculata.

0. Leaves stripped.
1. Leaves are devoured overnight by nocturnal pests
without making their presence known except possibly

157

D.

F.

for a few naked caterpillars upon the ground.
‘.J‘f, Pa 138), ‘2. PO 130), (46, P0 11). Oeeeeeeee
~Climbing cutworms Rootuidae gp.

Leaves eaten off.

1.

The plants have the leaves stripped during the

spring by grayish snout beetles 5/8-&" long, with

two irregular light bands upon the wing covers.

(54, Fe 571), (37, Pa 553), (39, De 167). Oeeeeeeeeeee
Imbricated snout beetle Epicaerus imbricatus.

Spotted leaves.

1.

2.

Oval wax specks 1/50" long on the leaf. About the
leaves are mealy white tiny flies fluttering about.
Black fungus and honeydew secretions are abundantly
about the WhOlO plant. (54, P. 369)e eeeeeeeeeeeeeee
Strawberry whitefly Aleyrodes packardi.

Yellowish spots on foliage, around the spots on
under leaf surface are numerous very fine silken
threads enclosing tiny red spiders 1/50" long. The
leaves fall prematurely. (54, p. 515), (52, p. 567),

(39. Pa 207)e eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee

Red spider Tetranychus bimaculatus.

Premature defoliation.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Leaves gnawed off.

a. From.nay through June leaves are eaten off from
the plant, causing them to drop prematurely.
.......1mbriosted snout b3°t1., P880 1580

Yellow-spotted leaves, prematurely shed.

a. 0n under leaf surfacds are minute silken threads
encasing red spiders 1/50" long. ............
0.0.0.0...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOROG Epidar, P‘SQ 158.

Holes in leaves, prematurely shed.

a. Irregular holes eaten into leaves causing their
early defoliation. Amongst leaves not yet shed
are i” slug-like worms curled up on the under
Leaf surfaces. ....Strawberry sawfly, page 158.

Leaves dry up and fall.

a. Leaflets that have one half lapped over the
other half’and tied by silken strands.
..........Strawberry leaf roller, page 157.

b. Several leaves rolled and tied together enclos-
ing a'i" green or reddish caterpillar. Some of
the leaves mow leaf miners burrowed about in
them. ....Oblique-banded leaf roller, page 157.

c. Partially skeletonized leaves are rolled up and
tied with silken threads. The webs include
blossoms and fruit. eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
.......0bsolete-banded leaf roller, page 157.

15R-

V.

FRUIT.

A.

B.

O.

D.

Black bugs on fruit.

1. Black bugs 1/8" long that have a lateral White
stripe, when eaten with berries they give a very
unpleasant taste. (52, p. 167). (57, p. 511),
Oeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
Negrobug Corimeloena pulicaria or some other stink
bugs.

Dried up fruit on the plant.
1. Dried up fruit on partly severed stems. ...........
eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeStraWberry’WGBVil, Page 155.

Deformed fruits.

1. Fruit has a "buttoned" appearance. Injuries worst
during dry spells. The insects are brownish-yellow,
1/20" long. ......Strawberry thrips, page 156.

2. In the spring knobbed-like growths occur upon straw-
berries sometimes called ”buttcning". The berries
become darkened and hard due to being punctured dur—
ing sap withdrawal. The insects are«}" long bugs,
having a black and yellow marked thorax and other-
wise a brassy color. (2 p. 159), (60, p. 45),

(57, De 611), (35, Fe 48’e eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
Tarnished plant bug Lyggg_pratensis.

Fruit eaten off.

1. Ripe berries have their seeds and pulp eaten out or
else so badly eaten that the remaining part rots.
The entire cr0p may be ruined in a da or two. The
pests are flat, black,ground beetles 1' long.
They are nocturnal and conceal themselves under
stones or other objects during the day. (54, p. 580),
‘52, PPe 15 and 254). eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
Ground beetles Harpalus caliginosus Egg pennsylyanieus

2. Berries eaten off or ruined by swarming beetles 115"
long, yellow-brown, and have long sprawling legs.
eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeoeeeeeeeeeeROEO Chaf‘r, page 156e

Premature fruit she dd ing .
1. Stems of green fruit gnawed off.
a. Immature fruits are severed from the plant by
being Sna'ad Offe eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee..oeoe
.......Imbricated snout beetle, page 158.

2. Leaf shedding stimulating fruit shedding.
a. Large holes eaten in leaves, fallen shortly there-
after. .........Strawberry sawfly, page 158.

b. Leaflets have one half lapped over the other half
and tied by Bilkan threads. eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
.............Strawberry leaf roller, page 157

0. Several leaves are rolled and tied together by
silken threads. Some of the leaves have been
mined in by leaf miners. eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee

........Oblique-banded leaf roller, page 157.

150-

d. Leaves, blossoms, and fruit are drawn to-

gether and tied by silk threads. Some of the
leaves are Bkaletonizede eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee

......Obsolete-banded leaf roller, page 157.

160.

1.

2.

5.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11o

Literature Cited.

Britton, W. E., 1915, Apple—Tree Tent-Caterpillar; Conn.
EXp. Sta. Bulletin 177; New Haven, Connecticut.

Britten, W. E. and Zappa, M. P., 1927, Some Insect Pests
Of Nursery Stock In Connecticut; Conn. Exp. Sta. Bulletin
292; New Haven, Connecticut.

Brooks, F. E.. 1921, Orchard Barkbeetles And Pinhole
Borers, And How To Control Them; U. S. D. A. Farmers'
Bulletin 765; Washington, D. C.

Brooks, F. E., 1922, The FlatéHeaded Apple-Tree Borer;
U. S. D. A. Farmers' Bulletin 1065; Washington, D. C.

Burgess, A. P., 1950, The Gipsy moth And The Brown-Tail
Moth; U. S. D. A. Farmers' Bulletin 1625; Washington, D. C.

Crandall, C. S., 1905, The Curculic And The Apple; Illinois
Exp. Sta. Bulletin 98; Urbana, Illinois.

Daniel, D. M. 1928, Biology And Control Of The Blackberry
Leaf-Miner; New Yerk:Exp. Sta. Technical Bulletin 155;
Geneva, New York.

Fulton, B. B. and Brunson, M; H., 1950, Strawberry Leaf-
Rcller Control; Iowa Exp. Sta. Revised Circular 110; Ames,
Iowa.

Gardner, ve Re, Pettit, Re He, Bennett, Ce We, and Button,
W. C., 1927, Diagnosing Orchard Ills; Mich. Exp. Sta.
Special Bulletin 164; East Lansing, Michigan.

German, P., 1925, The European Red Mite; Conn. Exp. Sta.
Bulletin 252; New Haven, Connecticut.

Gillette, C. P., And Taylor, E. P., 1908, A Few Orchard
Plant Lice: Colo, Exp. Sta. Bulletin 155; Fort Collins,
Colorado.

161.

12.

15.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

21.

22.
23.

24.

Gillette, C. P., And Weldon, G. P., 1912, The Fruit-Tree
Leaf-Roller In Colorado; Colo. Exp. Sta. Circular 5;
Fort Collins, Colorado.

Glasgow, H. and Gambrell, F. L., 1926, The Cherry Fruit
Fly; New York Exp. Sta. Circular 87; Geneva, New York.

Goodwin, W..H., 1909, The Raspberry Byturus; Ohio EXp. Sta.
Bulletin 202, Wooster, Ohio.

Goesard, H. A., 1915, Orchard Bark Beetles And Pinhole
Borers; Ohio Exp. Sta. Bulletin 264; Wooster, Chic.

Hall, E. H., 1916, Apple Aphids And Their Control; New
York Exp. Sta. Bulletin 415; Geneva, New York

Harman, S. W., 1928, The Fruit Tree Leaf Roller In Western
New York; New York Exp. Sta. Bulletin 561; Geneva, New York.

Hartzell, F. 2., 1917, The Cherry Leaf Beetle; New York
Exp. Sta. Bulletin 444; Geneva, New York.

Hartzell, E. Z., 1924, The Rose Chafer; New York Exp. Sta.
Circular 74; Geneva, New York.

Haseman, L. and Sullivan, K. C., 1927, The Strawberry Crown
Borer; Missouri Exp. Sta. Bulletin 246; Columbia, Missouri.

I;

Hawley, I. M., 1926, The Fruit Tree Leaf Roller And Its
Control By 011 Sprays; Utah Exp. Sta. Bulletin 196;
Logan , Utah.

Hawley, I. M., 1926, The Pear Leaf Blister Mite As.An
Apple Pest; Utah Exp. Sta. Bulletin 197; Logan, Utah.

Herrick, G. W., 1925, Injurious Insects; Henry Holt 00.,
New York City.

Houghton, C. 0., 1910, Two Important Leaf-Miners; Del. Exp.
Sta. Bulletin 87; Newark, Delaware.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

Houser, J. S., 1918, Destructive Insects Affecting Ohio
Shade And Forest Trees; Ohio Exp. Sta. Bulletin 552;
Wooster, Ohio.

Howard, L. 0. and Chittenden, F. H., 1916, The Bagworm,
An Injurious Shade Tree Insect; U. S. D. A. Farmers'
Bulletin 701; Washington, D. C.

Hutson, R., 1951, Borers Severly Injure Fruit Trees;
Quarterly Report of Mich. Exp. Sta. Vol. XIV N0. 1;
East Lansing, Michigan.

Hutson, R., 1952, Tests Show How To Control Raspberry
Mites; Mich. Exp. Sta. Quarterly Report Vol.XIV’N0. 5;
East Lansing, Michigan.

King, J. L. 1917, The Lesser Peach Tree Borer; Ohio Exp.
Sta. Bulletin 507; Wooster, Ohio.

Kotinsky, J., 1921, Insects Injuricus T0 Deciduous Shade
Trees And Their Control; U. S. D. A. Farmers' Bulletin
1169; Washington, D. C.

LathrOp, F. H., 1917, The Rose LeafeHcpper; New York Exp.
Sta. Circular 55; Geneva, New York.

Lochhead, W., 1919, Economic Entomology; P. Blakiston's
Son & 00., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Longley, L. E., 1928, Apple Tree Leaf Roller In Northern
Idaho; Idaho Exp. Sta. Bulletin 157; moscow, Idaho.

HoDaniel, E. 1., 1950, The Strawberry Root weevil As a
Pest in Conifer Nurseries; Mich. Exp. Sta. Quarterly
Bulletin Vol. III No. 5; East Lansing, Iichigan.

McDaniel, E. 1., 1951, Insects and Allied Pests Of Plants
Grown Under Glass; Mich. Exp. Sta. Special Bulletin 214;
East Lansing, Michigan.

Metcalf, C. L. and Flint, W. P., 1928, Destructive And
Useful Insects; McCraw-Hill Book 00., New York City.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

45.

46.

47.

Nundinger, F. G. and Hartzell, F. 5., 1952, The Pear Midge
And Its Control; New York Exp. Sta. Circular 150; Geneva,
NOW York.

O'Kane, W. C. 1920, Injurious Insects And How To Recognize
Them; MacMillan 00., New York City.

Parrott, P. J., 1912, A New Fruit Tree Enemy In New York;
New York Exp. Sta. Bulletin 545; Geneva, New York.

Parrott, P. J. and.H0dgkiss, H. E., 1915, A Pear-Deforming
Plant Bug; New Yorszxp. Sta. Bulletin 568; Geneva, New
York.

Pettit, R. H., 1925, The Cherry Leaf-Beetle; Mich. Exp. Sta.
Circular Bulletin 68; East Lansing, Michigan.

Pettit, R. H., 1926, The Apple maggot; Mich. Exp. Sta.
Circular Bulletin 87; East Lansing, Michigan.

Pettit, R. H., 1929, The Fruit Tree Leaf Roller; Mich.
Exp. Sta. Extension Bulletin 78; East Lansing, Michigan.

Pettit, R. H. and Tolles, G. 3., 1950, The Cherry Fruit-
Flies; Mich. Exp. Sta. Circular Bulletin 151; East Lansing,
Michigan.

Pettit, R. H. and Hutson, H., 1951, Pests 0f Apple And
Pear In Michigan; Mich. Exp. Sta. Circular Bulletin 157;
East Lansing, Michigan.

Porter, B. A. and German, P., 1925, The Apple And Thorn
Skeletonizer; Conn. Exp. Sta. Bulletin 246; New Haven,
Connecticut.

Quaintance, A. L., U. S. D. A. Farmers' Bulletins; Washing-
ton D. C. s
' a. The Leaf Blister Mite of Pear And Apple, 1916,
Farm. Bale 722e

b. The Oyster-Shell Scale And The Scurfy Scale,
1916, Farm. Bul. 725. .

48.

49.

50.

51.

52.

53.

54.

55.

c. The San Jose Scale and Its Control, 1919,
Farm. Bul. 650.

d. The Apple-Tree Tent Caterpillar, 1921, Farm.
Bul. 662.

e. Control of Aphids Injurious To Orchard
Fruits, Currant, Gooseberry, And Grape;
1926, Farm. Bul. 1128.

f. More Important Apple Insects, 1951, Farm.
Bul. 1270.

g. Insecticides, Equipment, and methods For 00n-
troling Orchard Insect Pests, 1951, Farm.
Bul. 1666.

Rex. E. 0., 1951, Facts Pertaining To The Japanese Beetle;
New Jersey Exp. Sta. Circular 180; Trenton, New Jersey.

Sanderson, E. D., 1901, The Apple Leaf Aphis; Delaware
Exp. Sta. Annual Report; Wilmington, Delaware.

Sanderson, E. D., 1912, Insect Pests Of Farm, Garden, And
Orchard; Jehn Wiley & Son, New York City.

Sanderson, E. D. and Peairs, L. H., 1921, Insect Pests Of
Fem, Garden and Orchard; John Wiley dc Sons, New York City.

Shoemaker, J. 3., Bennett, 0. W. and Houser J. 3., 1950,
Raspberries And Blackberries In Ohio; Ohio Exp. Sta.
Bulletin 454; Wooster, Ohio.

Slingerland, M. 7. and Crosby, C. H., 1914, manual of
Fruit Insects; MacMillan 00., New York City.

Smith, L. H., 1950, The Snowy Tree Cricket And Other In-
sects Injurious to Raspberries; Calif, Exp. Sta. Bulletin
505; Berkeley, California.

Wskelsnd, 0.. 1927, The Snowy Tree Cricket; Idaho Exp.
Sta. Bulletin 155; Moscow, Idaho.

165.

56.

57.

58.

59.

60.

61.

62.

63.

Walden, B. H., 1925, The Raspberry Fruit Worm; Conn. Exp.
Sta. Bulletin 251; New Haven, Connecticut.

Washburn, F. L., 1925; Injurious Insects And Useful Birds;
J. L. Lippincott 00., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Webster, R. L., 1918, Strawberry Leaf-Roller; Iowa Exp.
Sta. Bulletin 179; Ames, Iowa.

Weigel, 0. A., 1927, Insect Enemies Of The Flower Garden;
U. S. D. A. Farmers Bulletin 1495; Washington, D. 0.

weigel, C. A. and Sasscer, E. H., 1928, Insects Injurious
To Ornamental Greenhouse Plants; U. S. D. A. Farmers'
Bulletin 1562; Washington, D. C.

Weiss, H. B., 1921, The Gipsy Moth; New Jersey Exp. Sta.
Circular 58; Trenton, New Jersey.

Weldon, 0. P., 1909, Two Common Orchard Mites; 0010. Exp.
Sta. Bulletin 152; Fort Collins, Colorado.

Whitcomb, W. D., 1929, The Plum Curculic In Apples In
Massachusetts; Mass. Exp. Sta. Bulletin 249; Amherst,
.Massachusetts.

166.

Insect Lilte

The following insect“ list considered in this
thesis coincides with the nomenclature of the American
Association onEconomic Entomologists, as of December

1951, the latest revision.

Cpmmon Names

Apple and thorn skeletoniser

a aphid
bud aphid
crotch borer
curculio
flea weevil
grain aphid
leaf trumpet miner
maggot
red bugs
seed chalcid

” twig borer
Bagworm
Black peach aphid

' cherry
Bruce's spanworm
Brown-tail moth
Buffalo tree hopper
Cecropia moth
Cherry fruit fly

Cherry leaf beetle
“ scale

Cigarvcase bearer

Clover mite

Cotton leaf worm

Codling moth

Common red spider

Cottony maple scale

Currant aphid

It'lifl

, -
-

I»! I 3,:

. borer
7 fruit fly
". spanworm
" stem girdler

Eastern-tent caterpillar

Eight-spotted forester

European fruit scale
lecanium

" red mite

Fall cankerworm

Fall webworm

False tarnished plant bug

Scientific Names

HemerOphila pariana
Aphis pcmi

" siphccoryne
Aegeria pyri
Tachypterellus quadrigibbus
Orchestes pallicornis
Rhcpalosiphum prunifoliae
Tischeria malifoliella
Rhagoletis psmonella
Lygidea mendax
Syntomaspis druparum
uphicerus bicaudatus
Thyridopteryx:ephemeraefcrmis
Anuraphis persicae-niger
uyzus cerasi
Rechela bruceata
lygmia phaecrrhoea
Ceresa bubalus
Platysamia cecropia
Rhagoletis cingulata

fausta

Galerucella cavicollis
Aspidietus forbesi
001e0phcra fletcherella
Bryobia praetiosa
Alabama argillacea
Carpooaspa pcmonella
Tetranychus telarious
Pulvinaria vitis
myzus ribis
Synanthedon tipuliformis
Epochra canadensis
Itame ribearia
Janis integer
Malaccsoma emericana
Alypia octomaculata
Aspidietus ostreaefcrmis
Lecanium corni
Paratetranychus pilosus
Alscphila pometaris
Hyphantria cunea
Lygus invitus

Flat-headed apple tree borer
Forest tent caterpillar
Four-lined plant bug
Fruit tree leaf roller
Fuller's rose beetle
Giant grape root worm
Gooseberry fruit worm
Grape flea beetle
berry moth
" curculio
" leaf skeletonizer
" phylloxera
" rootworm
" scale
" leafhopper
Green fruit worm
Greenhouse red spider
Green peach aphid
Gypsy moth
Hickory tussock moth
Imbricated snout beetle
Imported current worm
Japanese beetle
Lesser apple worm
Leaf crumpler
Lesser peach borer
Luna moth
mealy plum aphid
Negrcbug
New York weevil
Oblique-banded leaf roller
Oriental fruit moth
Oyster shell scale
Palmsr worm
Peach bark.beet1e
Peach borer
" twig borer
Pear leaf blister mite
midge
" psylla
" slug
" thrips
Pistoltcase bearer
Plum curculio
" gouger
" web-spinning sawfly
Pclyphemus moth
Promethea moth
Putnam's scale
Quince curculio
Raspberry cane borer
cane maggot
" fruit worm

Chrysobcthris femorata
Malacosma disstria
Poecilocapsus lineatus
Cacoecia argyrcspila
Asynonychus godmani
Prionis laticollis
Zophodia grossulariae
Haltica chalybea
Polychrosis viteana
Craponius inaequalis
Harrisina americana
Phylloxera vitifcliae
Fidia viticida
Aspidiotus uvae
Erythroneura comes
Graptolitha sps.
Tetranychus telarius
Myzus persicae
Porthetria dispar
Halisidota caryae
Epicaerus imbricatus
Pteronidea ribesi
Popillia Japcnica
Laspeyresia prunivora
Mineola indigenella
Aegeria pictipes
Trcpaea luna
Hyalopterus arundinis
Corimelaena pulicaria
Ithycsrus noveboracensis
Cacoecia rcsaceana
Grapholitha molesta
Lepidcsaphes ulmi
Dichomeris ligulella
PhthorOphloeus liminaris
Aegeria exiticsa
Anarsia lineatella
EriOphyes pyri
Contarina pyrivora
Psyllia pyricola
Eriocampoides limacina
Taeniothrips inconsequens
001e0ph0ra malivorella
Ccnotrachelus nenuphar
Anthonomus scutellaris
Neurotoma inconspicua
Telea polyphemus
Callosamia promethia
Aspidiotus ancylus
Ccnotrachelus crataegi
Oberea bimaculata
Hylemyia rubivora
Byturus unicolor

95.
96.

98.
99.

100.
101.
102.
105.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.

122.“

123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.

Raspberry root borer
sawfly
Re d-ne cke d cane b crer
humped caterpillar
Resplendent shield bearer

Rosy apple aphid
Rose chafer

" leafhopper
Rose scale
Round headed apple tree borer
Rusty tussock moth
San Jose scale
Scurfy scale
Shotéhole borer
Sinuate pear tree borer
Spring cankerwcrm
Strawberry crown borer

' " girdler
7 moth

leaf beetle
leaf roller
root aphid
weevil
whitefly
Tarnished plant bug
Terrapin scale
Tree cricket
Twig girdler
Walnut scale
White grubs

" -1ined sphinx

" -marked tussock

7 peach scale
Woolly apple aphid
Yellowenecked caterpillar
YellowAheaded fireworm

3081‘ 3:8

Bembecia marginata
M0n0phadnoides rubi
Agrilus ruficollis
Schizura concinna
Ccptcdisca splendoriferella

Anuraphis roseus
Macrcdactylus subspinosus
Typhlocyba rosae
Aulacaspis rosae
Saperda candida
letolcphus antiqua
Aspidietus perniciosus
Chionaspis furfura
Scclytus rugulosus
Agrilus sinuatus
Paleacrita vernata
Tyloderma fragariae
Brachyrhinus ovatus
Aegeria rutilans
Haltica ignite

Ancylis comptana

Aphis forbesi
Anthonomus signatus
Trialeurodes packardi
Lygus pretensis
Lecanium nigrcfasciatum
Oecanthus sp.

Oncideres singulatus
Aspidietus Juglans-regiae
Lachnosterna sp.

Sphinx lineata
Hoherocampa leucostigms
Aulacaspis pentagcna
Eriosoma lanigera
Detana ministra

Alceris minute

27.

28.
29.
50.

Additional Insect List.

Apple bucculatrix
flea beetle
7 leaf sewer
9 plant lice
" weevil

Io moth '
Blackberry gall maker
" leaf minor
9 psyllid
Bud moth

Climbing cutworms
Eight-spotted pelidnota
Gooseberry spanworm
Green currant worm
Grape vine hog sphinx
Ground beetles

Plum aphid
Pear blight beetle

" slug
Peach twig borer
Periodical cicada
Red-legged flea beetle
Ring-legged tree bug
Spotted apple tree borer
Strawberry thrips

slugs
“ rootworms
' sawfly

Striped peach worm
Twig pruner

r: A

Bucculatrix pcmifoliella
Haltica punctipennis
Ancylus nebeculana
Aphis fitchi and sorbi
Pseudanthcnomus crataegi
Antomeris ic
liastrophus turgidus
Metallus rubi
Triozca tripunctata
Tmetocera ocellana
Noctuidae BPBe
Pelidnota punctata
Cymatophora ribearia
Gymnonychus appendiculatus
Ampelophaga myron
arpalus caliginosus
pennsylvanicue
Aphis prunifolia
Anisandrus pyri
Caliroa cerasi
Anarsia lineatella
Cicada septendecim
Crepidodera rufipes
Brochymena annulats
Saperda cretats
Euthrips tritici
Empria maculata
{ " fragrariae
" ignite
Paris canella
«{Colaspis brunnea
Graphops pubescens
Harpiphorus maculatus
Gelechia confusella
Elsphidion villosum

 

 

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