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ABSTRACT Subtittej to tue Collene of Educ ticn c1° Fichiapn State Unive*sitv of Aericulturc and Anplied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the decree of NASTSY OF A{TS r13. mud (3 (L‘ (—1- IN" 0 D ‘0 Department of Health, PhysiCnl and Recreation Year 1960 /// Aoproved l REV. BRUNO RASOTPI O. S. B. QBQTRaUT Eitle of Study An investigation of the effects of exercise (basket- ball) on blood sugar concentrations. Statement of Problem The principle question to be examined in this investieation is "What effect has exercise on blood suzar levels?" The secondary esoects of the studv concern the effect of duration of exercise and the effect of rest following exercise on blood sugar levels. Need for Study In recent years there has been an increased use of supplementary suhar in all types of athletic contests. The results ofthis study will furnish iata to aid in the determination of the advisability or value of such practice in a contest such as basketball. Review of Literature The reported research in the area concerninq blood sugar and exercise falls into four general categories; three major areas deal with the effect of emotion or excitement on blood sugar; the effect of diet and sugar supplements and effect of various types of exercise. A fourth group is made 2 14v. BYLKC EASOTTI C. S. B. ABSTRACT up of various topics which refer in some way to this study. Almost without exception, studies of the effects of emotion on blood sugar reported an increase in sugar concentration when emotion was present as a stimulus. The majority of data involving sugar supplements concludes that additional ingestion of sugar is valuable in prolonged and strenuous physical exhertion such as marathon races. In less exhausting activities such as football or basketball sugar taken prior to or during a contest has little effect. Any increase over the normal expected rise with excitement and physical activity is probably psy- chological. In general, studies relating types of exercise to blood sugar levels show an increase in blood sugar as activity is increased. As subjects show signs of approach- ing exhaustion the trend is reversed. Additional topics significant to this study deal with the effects of training, the effect of exercise in animals, and the effect of fasting on blood sugar concen- trations and recovery following exercise. 3 asv. Bauxo MASCT?I o. s. B. ADSTiACT Desixn of Experiment The subjects involved in this experiment were twelve bovs selected from the freshmen and v rsity basketball teams of St. Pernerd Pirh School in Cpllman, Alabasa. A sample of blood was obtained from each SUbject twenty to thirty minutes prior to and immedi tely following each contest. Periodically these tests weie purposely delayed fOr the intention of determining the effect of rest following activity on blood sugar. Several fasting specimens were obtained to determine the blood sugar levels of each subject. The method used in blood sugar determinations was designed by the Lafiotte Chemical Products Company and was of sufficient accuracy for clinical purposes in blood sugar studies. Significant Findings l. Post-game blood surar levels were elevated significantly in every game. d. Post-game blood sugar levels returned to below pre-jame levels after a delay in samflling of thirty to forty minutes. ’3. There was no sifnificant co:relation betveen blood super Chane anr tire in the same. L; REV. BiLRO MA50P91 U. S. B. ABSTRACT The factor of age was not a significant varicble in pre and post.game samples. Emotion or excitement increases blood sugar levels during or prior to exercise. In the light of the results and the corrobor- ating evidence of writings regarding the rise of blood sugar with exercise, it is concluded that the practice of ingesting sugar prior to or during a contest like basketball is of-little value. AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF EKYWCISE (BASKETBALL) ON BLOOD SUGAR COECQNTQATIOES Rev. Bruno Masotti O. S. B. A THESIS Submitted to the College of Education of Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF AYTS Department of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation 1960 ACKNoerissmsnrs The author wishes to express his g atitude to the following persons who helped make this study uossible: Dr. Henry J. Hontoye, of the Department of Health, thsical Seucation and Recreation of Michigan State University; Rt. Rev. Bede Luibel, Abbott of Saint Bernard Abbey; individual members of the Saint Bernard Prep Basketball Team; Er. David Rueff, Saint Bernard College; Jr. Dale Metts, basxetbell coach at West Junior High School, and his wife, Petty, who so patiently typed this thesis. The author also wishes to express special appre- ciation to Rt. Rev. Msgr. Jerome V. MacEachin,Pastor of Saint Thomas Aquinas Church and his parishoners. P. B. E. TNT. “CABLE CF C(TiI’SIlTS CHAPPE. PAG I. IVTRCDUCTICN. . . . . . . . Ststement of Problem. . . . . l 1 Purpose of Study . . . . . l i 2 2 Need for Study . . . . . Limitations of Stufiy. . . . . II. REVIEW CF lITEjATUBE . . . . . A Introduction . . . . . h Effect of Emotional Stimulus. . . Effect of Sugar Supplements . . . iffect of Various Types of Exercise . 7 Auditicnel Data . . . . . 8 III. ssNERIL SKPZ? narciL PieCEDURE . . . lO Testinc Enviornment . .. . . . 10 Procedure for Experiment. . . . ll The Blood Sample . . . . . . 12 The Blood Super Determinaticn . . 1h Fasting Semole. . . . . . . 15 IV. PEdSJNTATION Ate DISCTSSTON cs DATA. . 17 Introduction . . . . . . . 17 Results of Preliminary Phase. . . l7 Ase . . . . . . . . - - 17 Point Difference . . . . . . 17 Tournament, League and Non—League Contests 21 E13 CHAPTER Training Effects. . . . . Time in Competition . . . . Major Problem. . . . . . Statistical Analysis. . . . Correlations . . . . . . Additional Data . . . . . Delay in Post-game Samples . . Weinht Loss . . . . . . Fasting Blood Sugar . . . . Discussion. . . . . . . Emotional Effect . . . . . Effect of Exercise . . . . Conclusions . . . . . . V. SUMMARY, CCRCLUSICNS AND iEONMmNDATICN Summary . . . . . . . Conclusions . . . . . . Recommendations . . . . . BIBLIOGRAPh . . . . . . . . . . APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . iv PAGE 21 21 22 22 23 23 23 23 28 .29 29 30 3o 31 31 32 33 3h 37 LIST OF FIGURES Blood Sugar Comparison, Varsity and Freshman Blood Sugar and Game Point Difference. Blood Sugar Before and Individual Correlation Concentrations. . . Individual Correlation ConCentrations. . . Blood Sugar Related to After of f Blood Sugar Games Blood Sugar 0 Page 18 19 20 TABLE 1. 2. 3. Game Significance in Blood Sugar Change. LIST OF TABLSS ting Blood Sugar Concentrations Individual Significance of Blood Sugar Change CHAPPER I INPdODUCTICN In the past forty ye-rs there has been a growing awareness of a relationship between the blood sufiar level of a competing athlete and his performance. Research has shown that athletes, especially those in less-than-top condition, experience a definite drop in blood sugar levels Q) 0 I 0 Cl 0 s the pOInt of exhaustion is approached.) This had led to various theories conCerning training diets, pre-contest measures, supplements and training procedures. Statement of the Problem The principle question to be examined in this investigation is "What effect has exercise on blood sugar levels?" The secondary aspects of the study are the effect of duration of exercise and the effect of rest following exercise on blood sugar levels. Purpose of the Study It was the purpose of the study to investigate the differences, if any, between ore-game and post—name samples of blood sugar. A secondary purpose was to question the 2 thletes suaar as an aid to inoreased CD advisability of giving performance in activities that do not lead the athlete to complete or near complete exhaustion. Need for the Study It has been brought out by other investigators that there is often an appreciable drop in the blood sugar level of marathon and distance runners during a contest.6 It is the belief of the writer that this information has led coaches of less exhausting sports to give athletes sugar as a counter agent to this co dition. It is hoped that this study might show the actual need for supplementary sugar in contests of shorter duration. It is a fact that mrny coaches are relying uoon data that may not be applicable to their particular situation and it is hoped this will clarify the questions concerning the value of such procedures. Limitations of the Study It is a recognized fact that anxiety can and does affect the blood sugar level. It was impossible for the writer to ascertain the conditions that made one contest more important than another for each individual. Many factors such as home contests, tournament games, private motives and a myriad of other things quite probably influenced, to some degree, the blood sugar level of each athlete in certain situations. Another element that was not taken into consideration in this study was the fact that some contestants had a longer rest period than others between the time of actual competition and the blood sugar check. This was true because our facilities did not allow us to check each athlete at precisely the same moment and also because some finished their individual active competition prior to the end of a game. CHAPTER II REVIEN OF LITERATURE Introduction It has been pointed out that observations made by different investigators in the field of blood sugar and its relationship with physical exercise have not been entirely in agreement. When one considers the many factors that influence the concentraticns of sugar in the blood, some. easy to control, some more difficult to control, this lack of agreement is not surprising.17 Effect of Emotional Stimulus on Blood Sugar During Exercise A great deal of emphasis has been placed on the fact that emotion or excitement alters blood sugar levelsfl’l3 Edwards, Richards and Dillltbserved that hyper-glycemia is uncommon in exercise with little or no emotional stress. They also reported peak levels of blood sugar in football players when the game was half over. In their study of football players they noted that two subjects performing a task in a game situation showed a rise in blood sugar concentration wtile these same two men performing the dentical task under laboratory conditions registered a drOp in blood sugar. Sieterxreported that the emotionally stimulated rise of blood sucar is a phenomena not limited to human beinvs. Trained race horses experience a condition commonly known as "starting fever," a rise in blood sugar. This is assumed to be brought on by previously known images such as saddling, bridling, etc. In a similar group of regularly ridden, but not systematically trained horses, this condition did not occur. Several studies of athletes ccmpetina in Olympic contests showed a general marked rise in blood sugar levels 6 prior to competetion. The Effect of Sugar Supplements KarpcvichSreported data that was very significant to this hOFk. It was his conclusion that strenuous and prolonged activity, like a marathon race, caused a gradual fall in blood sugar while contests of a less exhausting nature, such as basketball and football games, show a general rise in blood sugar concentxation. The study emphasises the importance of carbohydrate in the energy metabolism of the muscles. There was no evidence that can‘y and other sweets should be restricted during trainin: unless they diminished the appetite and thus reduced the food intake at reqular meals. Since prolonged and exhaustina exercise is required to lower blood sugar, Karpovich felt that there was no practical value in the administration of sugar prior to or during most athletic contests. He indicated that any apparent resulting increase is probably psychological in oriain. He felt that it might be of value in a contest like a marathon race where the exhaustion of glycogen reserves and the consequent lowering of blood sugar level may be a dominant factor in bringing about complete exhaustion. Best and Taylorzdiscussed the effects of a moderately - high carbohydrate diet and conditioning on marathon runners. In the 192s Boston Marathon there was a close correlation between the physical condition of the runners at the finish and the order in which they placed. The winner had a comparatively normal blood sugar and was in excellent condition. Four of the runners had SO, h9, h7, and hSmlgs. resaectively. Two of them were completely exhausted and another unconscious. Before a similar race in 1925 the diet of the runners was carefully controlled. They were aivised to eat moderately large amounts of carbohydrates before the race and were supnlie? sugars during the race. At the finish their blood suaar was practic lly normal and their physical coniition far better than after the race of the previous year.10 Morehcuse and Nilleréalso noted the correlation between a pre-contest carbohydrate diet, the inmestion of candy, ani the blood sugar levels and physical condition of marathon runners. They pointed out that the outstanding symptoms of extreme physical exhaustion such as in co- ordination of movements, collapse and unconciousness,are referable, iot to the muscles, but to the central nervous system. The brain, unlike skeletal muscles, has no available carbohydrate stores ani cannot fall back on the metabolism of other substances when its glucose supply is curtailed. It depends from moment to moment on the glucose braught to it by the blood. When the blood glucose level falls, brain function is depressed and unconciousncss usuallv occurs when this concentration falls below hO mlms. 5 The Effects of Various Types of Exercise 5 Burger and Martens reported conflictina data on the effects of one hour of gymnastics or one hour of boxin on SQ the blood sugar levels of fastina men. The results beinz, some increase, some no chance and some decrease. D. B. Dill¥lin a study of the effects of exercise on blood sugar, showed that durin: lidht exercise the ordinary rate of delivery of elucose to the blood from the storage depots adeauately bcl;nced the rate of glucose utilization by the muscles. Thus no change is apparent in blood super levels. As exercise in increased, especially with the accompanyment of excitement, the secretion of alrenelin becomes excessive and glucose is aijed to the blood at a faster rate than the metabolic activities of the contracting muscles require. The result is a rise in blood sugar concentration. Dill also observed a more pronounced effect in intermittent exercise than in continuous exertion. Additional Data There are numerous articles and studies that relate in some degree to this topic. Robinson and Harmonélseeking the effect of training on blood sugar found, while blood sugar was raised signif- icantly in the initial experiments, it declined with training and was only slightly above basal value in final tests. By measuring the rate of blooi flow through the” liver and the sugar concentration in the blood, Soskin calculated the amount of blood entering and leaving the liver in a given time unit. In fasting animals the liver was found to liberate glycogen into the blood at a constant rate. When glucose was administered interveinously, the blood sugar rose and the liver stooped putting out sugar and started taking in glycogen in large amounts. After the period of reduced output, the liver again began suonlving sugar to the blood at the original rate. This experiment therefore demonstrated that one function of the liver is action as a reservoir from which the blood sugar level may be maintained while glucose, lactose or fructose is not entering the blood from other sources. In a study of the sugar and oxygen relationships in no the blood of dogs, Scott and HastinESCTOun9 the sugar concentration declined steadily during exercise. In the Canadian Journal of Research, Hans Selye23 describes the effect of fasting on the recovery period following intense muscular exercise of rats. The fasting animals have an extremely low blood sugar concentration during the first twenty four hours of rest. At this time theie began a rise which gradually reached that of the I control group. The control group was fed normally during this recovery period and showed an actual increase in blood suiar over the initial value at the end of twenty four hours. CHAPTER III GENERAL EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDUdE Testing Environment The subjects involved in this experiment were twelve boys selec:ed from the varsity and freshman basketball teams of St. Bernard High School in Cullman, Alabama. Their ages ranged from 15 years to 18 years, h months. The individual weights varied from 125 to 170 pounds. It is apparent that these subjects may be viewed as a sampling of typical American high school athletes in regard to age and body developement. The boys were housed in the same dormitory with sleeping hours regulated. They ate a common diet at training table. Their recreational activities were similar and so far as can be ascertained their level of physical condition was very nearly equal. The testing was carried on over twenty basketball games. Previous investigators have described the effect of emotion cn blood sugar. In this regard, it should be pointed out that the contests involved in the testing ran the gamut of emotional possibilities. Thexe were non-league games, local rivalries, county and district tournament games. ll The writer was fortsnate in the degree of controlled experimental environment that was afforded in this boarding school. The above menticned factors of similar diet and training conditions undoubtedly vere influential in producing a clearer picture then would have been experienced w th high school basketball teams. Procedure for Experiment A sample of blood was obtained from each subject twenty to thirty minutes prior to each contest. At the same time urine specimens were taken and weights recorded. No nutrients or water were ingested after this time. The identical procedure was again followed immediately after each contest. Perio ically these tests were purposely delayed for the intention of determining the fall in blood sugar concentration with time, following a sontest. How- ever, this time lapse did not exceed forty minutes. The method used in blood sugar determination was one e9 designed by the LaXotte Chemical Products Company and was of sufficient accuracy for clinical purposes in blood sugar studies. It w-s essentially the method of Folin Wu. The principle of the method deqcnds upon the simple reduction of potassium ferricyanije by the sugar present in the blood and the colorimetric determination of the ’ ferricyanide formed as Prussian Blue. No colorimeter is 12 required, since the special comparator block and the blood sugar color standards were provided with the apparatus used. The LaMotte Blood Sugar Method is a relatively new method, and is primarily designed for the testing of capillary blood as obtained direct from a small finger puncture. Horever, the test will give equally satisfactory results with oxalated venous blood. For the sake of clarity, a detailed description of the method used is as follows: A test tube for each blood specimen was filled to a 10 ml mark with a Tungstic Acid solution made up of lécc of .083N. Sulfuric acid added to 80 cc of distilled water. Then 2 cc of 10% sodium tungstate solution was added to the mixture and the solution was shaken thoroughly. Using a 0.1 ml capillary pipette, 0.1 ml of blood was taken from the small finger puncture and discharged into the tungstic acid solution. The solution was drawn up into the pipette several times to get all the blood out of the pepette. The test tube with the blood and Tunastic Acid solution was then stoppered and sh ken for a minimum of five minutes. This precipitated the red blood cells and left the blood serum and Tungstic Acid in solution. A piece of No. l reagent trade pacer was then placed into a funnel and washed thoroughly with distilled water, some of which was allowed to filter through the paper. This procedure was done as a precautionary measure to prevent any of the loose paper fibers from reacting with any of the reagents to be added, and thus diving an inaccurate reading of the sugar content in the blood. The funnel with w shed filter paper was then placed into a clean test tube, and the mixture of blood and Tungstic Acid was filtered. The piecipitate which was the formed elements of the blood was discarded, while the filtrate was collected in entirety. The filtrate was then poured into a large test tube to the four ml mark. Following this, O.Sml of Potassium Ferricyanide Solution and O.Sml of Alkaline Cyanide Solution was added separately. The Potassium Ferricyanide solution was made up by dissolving lgm of chemically pure Potassium Ferricyanide in distilled water and diluted to a volume of 250cc. This solution was kept in a brown bottle to prevent the oxidation of the Ferricyanide by light. The Alkyl Cyanide solution was made up by transferring Bgms of anhydrous sodium carbonate to a SOOcc volumetric flask and adding hO-SOcc of water and shaken to enable the substance to go into solution rapidly. Then with a Cylinder 150cc of freshly prepared 1% solution of sodium cyanide was added and the mixture was diluted to the volume of SOOcc with distilled water. After the Potvssium Ferricyanide Solution and Alkaline Cyanide Solution was added, the mixture of these and blood was imversed in boiling water for exactly eight minutes. 11; After the solution had boiled for the entire eight minutes the tube was removed, and while still warm, 3ml of Ferric Solution was added from a special 3ml pipette.’ It was mixed by twirling the tube, cooled and diluted to a 25ml mark with distilled water. Comparison was then made with standards provided by the LaMotte Chemical Company. The Ferric Solution was make by filling a liter cylinder with distilled water and suspending ZOgms of Gum Ghatti on a wire screen of copper or galvanized iron, and left overnight. After the ghatti had been suspended just below the surface of thedistilled water, it was removed and the liquid was strained throueh a double layer of clean laboratory towels. Then 5 grams of anhydrous ferric sulfate and 7Scc of 85% solution of phosphoric acid in a 250cc beaker which contained lOOcc of water, was mixed and dissolved by heating. This solution was cooled and added while stirring, to the Gum Ghatti solution. Finally, 15cc of a 1% Potassium Permanganate Solution was added, and a slight turbidity existed which disappeared after a few days. In making the blood sugar determination, a test tube was filled to 10ml and placed in the middle hole of a three-hole comaarator block. On the holes on either side of the test sample, two consecutive color standards, for example, 75 and 100mg, seem to most nearly match the color of the test sample. The three tubes were then viewed through the comparator slots by holding the etched glass toward a source of bright light. The standards were changed if necessary, until the color of the test sample exactly matched one of the standards, or lay between the colors of two consecutive standards. If an exact match was obtained, the value was read directly from the standards on either side of it, the value was taken as the average of the two. In ease the test solution showed a color deeper than that of the highest standard, the test vauld be resumed, filling the large tube to the 2ml mark with the filtrate, and then proceeding exactly as outlined before. The reading must be multiplied by two to obtain the sugar content of the blood in this case. In the case of the urinalysis, the specific gravity of the urine was tested by a standard urinometer. The acid-alkaline reaction was checked by commercial ph litmus paper. The glucose and albumin content was tested with Uristix, a commercial product that works on the basis of enzymatic reaction. A routine non-centrifuged microscopic examination was performed, and the findings reported per high-powered field. At the end of the first week, again after the fourth week, and at the end of the season, a fasting specimen was obtained to determine the blood sugar levels of each subject under investigation. At approximately 6:30 A.M., subjects 16 were roused from sleep and specimens drawn. These fasting specimens ranged from 100 to 130 mg per 100 ml of blood. Each subject recorded on a diet sheet the actual amounts of each kind of food he consumed each day. Carbo- hydrated, proteins and number of calories were tabulated by Georgia State Department of Public Health. CHAPfii IV PiflSsNTATIUN AND DISCUSSION OF DATA Introduction The°analysis of this data may most convcniently be divided into two parts. The nreliminarv phase consists of viewing various variables in the study to determine the effect, if an;, they may have on the results. The major problem is concerned with a test for significance of the effect of exercise on blood sugar concentrations. The possible fluctuations in blood sugar levels with rest following exercise will also be viewed. Results of P;eliminary Phase Age. The subjects were taken from two groups, St. Bernard High School varsity and freshman basketball teams. The ages of the players on the reserve squad ranged from 15 years to 16 years 8 months. The ages of the varsity players spanned 16 years 10 months to 18 years A months. Figure #1 indicates that age was not a significant variable. Point Difference. There is a great amount of data showing the positive effect of emotion on blood sugar levels. It was felt by the writer that the difference in score of the 5 uaAa CONCENTRATlo NS (Me/1001M) BLOOD 5E FORE T . . e . . 1/12 1/15 1/21 1/23 2/2 2/1o 2/12 2/21 AFTER 120 i 110 1 i L i . . . 1/12 1/15 1/21 1/25 2/2 275 2210 2/12 2/21 CHANGE 3'5 50 25 20 15 lo 5 § 1 a a : 4. 4. DATE- 1/12 ,’15 1/21 1/25 2/2 2/5 2/1o 2/12 2/21 FIG. 1 - 51.000 SUGAR CONCENTRATION 2251':an AND AFTER 13111111135 (TEAM we). commmeow o1: VARSlTY AND VA Raw *4 FRESH MEN RENCE FF 1 NT 23 l O 85 55 50 45 40 55 50 ’25 20 \5 10 5 O 1- A A -‘~/A251Tv ._ o - FmESHMEN -. A A A o o o l 0 o A @ A l A O A -_ A o A A o 6 5 1012.14 I618 2022 24 262630 151.000 SUGAR 1NCP~EASE (MG/IOOML.) FIG.2- CORPSELATION OF AVERAGE PbLOOD SUGAR INCREASE AND GAME POINT DIFFERENCE la mm<<40 deuZ 024 meuwnm d403® QOOJQ ®.O_u F F F .4 L. .r J 5N duh New EN EN. 3w m..~ as we; was was a: m: N_\_ - 920 i l l + J. i l i i 0 .r l O: 1. m: J l OE m e- 1 mw. U l \T a \ n \/ \// 4, mo; m . \ \ N 7/.\\/ \x/ \ / \ / \ a o: E. / \ / \ 1 ms m /\ / \ on < # 03 A 0 U 1 mm; a maze use/Ea .4 a mic Fzméqzasofi.» 1 09 m méao Fmoa 1|.1111 m @240 mxonimm ? mo. 0C 21 two teams might change the results in some way. There was no statistically significant difference in mean blood sugar levels between games vith a large point spread and close games. Examination of Figure #2, however, indicates a definite trend toward higher blood sugar levels in closer games. Tournament, League and Non-league Contests. The various types of contests too, were examined to see if the emotional stresses of so Called important games altered the blood sugar concentration more in comparison to other contests not thought to be so emotionally charged. Figures #3 and #5 show a trend toward higher blood sugar levels in the more important games such as league and tournament contests. Training Effects. It might be expected that blood sugar concentrations would gradually fall through the physical stresses of a seasons play. As can be noted in Figures #1 and #3, the blood sugar fluctuates throughout the experiment showing that the expected longitudinal effect did not occur. Time ig Competition. The time each subject played in each game could not, of course, be kept constant. The coefficient of correlation was computed in order to determine the effect these differences in participation might have on change of blood sugar levels. The r was computed to be .07. In 125 cases this a is associated with a probability greater than .05, showing no significant correlation. A scatter diagram was constructed which also showed similar results. l,h Major Problem The determination of whether or not there is a significant difference between the means of the two sets of measurements; pre-game blood sucar levels and post-game blood sugar levels. The significance of the change in blood sugar concentration from before and after the game was determined by the t test for correlated values}L Consult Table #1 and Table #2. TABLE I I'DIVIUUAL STATISTICKL SIGNIFICAN E OF CHANGE IN TLOCD STGAR M Subject nggge Value P. Subject ggigge Value P. # 2 20.8 u.8 .01 # 8 5.u 2.2 *.05 # 3 16.2 9.0 .01 # 9 32.0 7.5 .01 # a 13.6 u.0 .01 # 10 20.0 u.3 .01 # 5 18.8 3.2 .01 # 11 lu.7 8.2 .01 # 6 20.0 8.5 .01 # 13 9.9 3.0 .01 # 7 16.1 3.u .01 # lb 15.3 0.3 .01 *Subject has a history of Brights Disease. 23 A coeffecient of correlation between blood sugar concentrations before and after competition was computed. The 3 for the group was .h3 with a probability less than .013' The coeffecient of correlation per each individual was also calculated. Coeffecients for three of the twelve subjects were significant at a .05 level. According to Wilkinson28 these results would occur due to chance with a probability of less that .02. It may therefore be assumed that athletes with a higher pre-game blood sugar also show higher concentrations in their post game samples. A} 1:7 i t :7... 0 r18 1 ‘79. t :3 Delay ig Post Game Samples. In four contests the post-game sample was delayed 10, 20, 30, and no minutes. Figure V shows the return to pre-game concentrations and it also indicates that with rest the blood sugar concentration may fall below pre-game levels. Weight Loss. The subjects were weighed prior to and immediately after each contest. The weight loss (average 2.05 pounds) was generally constant for individuals and was regularly regained by the following day, indicating fluid to be the chief source of the loss. Weights were maintained throughout the season pointing to the fact that physical Candition was good and staleness or fatigue could not be considered factors in this study. 300—0 .ZICOO’ L01 .mvrr. 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