A PROPOSED REGIONAL PARK FOR THE TRl-COUNTY REGION, LANSING, MICHIGAN A Comprehensive Problem Report for the Degree o¥ M. L. A.- MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Albert Laurence Massey 1964 THESIS LIBRARY Michigan State University A PROPOSED REGIONAL PARK FOR THE TRI-COUNTY REGION, LANSING, MICHIGAN by ALBERT LAURENCE MASSEY A COMPREHENSIVE PROBLEM REPORT Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE School of Urban Planning and Landscape Architecture 1964 TABLE LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . LIST OF TABLES . . . . . Chapter I. INTRODUCTION . . II. THE REGION . . . OF CONTENTS Concepts of Regional Parks Concepts of Space Within Parks Man-made Space Concepts of Design for Specific Activities . Driving for Pleasure Walking for Pleasure and Hiking Bicycling . . Horseback Riding . . SW1 mming . . Picnicking . Boating and Canoeing Hunting and Fishing . Winter Sports . . 0 0 GOlf 0 0 0 0 Camping . . . Existing Recreational Fa County Region . . . . . The Future Demand for County Region . . . . . Region of the United Sta e Place of Residence Age..... Occupation . Education . . Summary of the Demand Site Selection The Future Demand for Recr for Proposed Dam Sites 0.0.0.0... i ii ,4. Beer a on: ..oc+....m. l e t e R ('9’. ..0O....0.o.0.....0.. d........ P‘ "SP' El... a...0........o.0. (D '1 cf... d.i0..0.......0... :3" DJ 5 .0...... 0............ m 0 0.0....0.0:3.H,00.0........o... ’1 .‘J‘ ..........O. ’1 .0.OOOOOOOPOOHOOOOOOOOOOOO .00... 0......(‘1'0 03:3 6‘ p. :3 0.0.0.0.000—3. Page iv vi Chapter III. THE SITE . . . . . . . Site Description . . Subsurface Conditions 30118 ...... Ground water . . Surface Conditions Relief 0 . 0 . . Vegetation . . . Surface water . 61.th6 0.... Landscape Analysis IV. THE PARK . . . . . . . Conceptual Plan . . MaSter Plan . . . . Park Service Area Swimming and Boating Riding Stables . . Nature Center . . Golf Course and Club Camping Ground Fishing . . . . . Bicycling . . . . Winter Sports . . Space Allocation . . Cost Estimate . . . BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . iii . . COD. .:2. 0 buI. . 0 H O . .0 .I.. C. . (D... m m 0.00000000000 0 00000000.. . 122 127 135 136 Figures I. II. III. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. LIST OF FIGURES Page Recreational facilities of the surrounding Region.................. 31 Distribution of people by township, village, “deity........._00...... Proposed reservoir sites of the Region . . . 57 Perceptual study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Generalized soils map . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Soils for embankment material and circulation 86 Soils for beaches, buildings, and tile fields 87 Soils for golf courses, picnicking, and camp- ing................... 88 Topographicmap.............. 90 A cross-section showing the soil-vegetation relationships ........0..... 93 Landscape analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Schematic land-use diagram . . . . . . . . . 108 Conceptual plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Explanation plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Master plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Schematic diagram--park service area . . . . 115 Park service area plan . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Schematic diagrams-~swimming and boating area, nature center and golf course . . . . . . 119 Swimming and boating area plan and entrance perspective...............120 iv Figure Page XX. Nature center and golf course plan . . . . . 123 XXLNaturecenter............... 121. XXII. Golf course club house . . . . . . . . . . . 125 XXIII. Perspectives Entrance to nature center . . . . . . . . 126 Entrance to golf course club house Table I. II. III. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. LIST OF TABLES A summary of outdoor recreation in the Tri- County Region . 0 . . . . . . 0 0 . . 0 0 0 Distribution of peeple by county . . . . . . POPUlation by age . . . . . . . 0 e . . 0 . 0 Occupation and income of the Lansing metro- po itan area Famélg incomes, Lansing metropolitan area, 5 Living units of the Region Population growth rates of the Tri-County Re- gion A summary of the expected demand for recrea- tion in the Region Average monthly precipitation rates for Lans- ing in inChOS . . . . . . 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . . Monthly mean discharge of the Grand River at Lansigg for the year 1960 in cubic feet per secon A summary of the proposed reservoir sites . . Soils survey inventory Classification of soils for recreation . . . Average monthly temperature--Lansing, Michigan Positions of the sun for Lansing, Michigan at the 3013tices . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 . 0 . 0 vi Page 26 35 38 #2 #3 #4 #7 #9 53 53 58 72 83 96 97 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Today in Central Michigan, outdoor recreation is con- sidered a special experience or pastime. To the early set- tlers of this region, outdoor recreation experiences were a 'way of life. When the pioneers reached this once glaciated land, they found the streams and lakes teeming with fish, and wild game roaming through the hardwood forests that covered the land. Clearing land, hunting, fishing, and farm- ing were a way of life. Michigan changed from its primitive state to a rural agricultural state. During this time, the woods were leveled and the land was turned under and farmed. Types of outdoor recreation were still found in the daily routine. By 1950, Michigan was an urbanized state with over half of the population living in and around urban centers. The once plentiful outdoor recreation was not found in these urban centers. The vacuum in the supply of recreation cre- ated by urbanization necessitated travel, at times to dis- tant areas, in order to satisfy personal or family recrea- tional needs. Today, this demand for recreation can be verified by the number of people attending parks and recre- ation areas, and measured by the amount of money spent on recreation through entrance fees, the purchase of equipment, -1- -2- and travel to and from places of recreation. It has been estimated that recreation is Michigan's second largest busi- ness. The population is growing at a steady pace. This rate of growth is expected to continue unless stOpped by a natural disaster or war. Some of the choice, available, recreation sites will be impossible to obtain in the future due to this rate of growth and its result--urbanization. This fact, the shortage of good recreational areas near urbanized centers, can be learned by studying other urban areas, some of which have supplied recreation for the in- habitants of the metropolitan region, and some which have neglected to supply recreational opportunities for their inhabitants. The Tri-County area-~Clinton, Eaton, and Ingham Counties--was once rural, but today the urban center, Lans- ing, influences most of the Region. Outdoor recreation in the past has been provided by the local municipalities and the State game areas in the Region. Now, many of the Oppor- tunities for outdoor recreation are very limited or non- existent in the metropolitan region of Lansing. This scar- city developed because facilities have not been preserved ' or provided for the public. By using the following assumptions, a comprehensive terminal project was prepared. The Tri-County Region of Michigan--Clinton, Eaton, and Ingham Counties—~established -3- a Tri-County Regional Park Commission to develop and admin- ister a regional park system in the Tri-County Region; that this writer was hired as a consultant by the Tri-County Regional Park Commission to help solve the recreation prob- lems assessed by the Tri-County Regional Planning Commission in their report, "Outdoor Recreation--an inventory, January 1962." The recreation problem to be partially solved by the writer are as follows: 1. Inadequate facilities for water oriented activities. 2. Lack of large regional parks. In order to partially solve the recreation problems of the Tri-County Region, the writer was hired to design a regional park around one of the prOposed reservoir sites located in the Region. The first step in solving the prob- lem statement will be to investigate the eleven proposed reservoir sites and pick the best site which will serve the Tri-County Region as an initial regional park of a prOposed regional park system. Once the site is chosen, criterion will be prepared to guide the develoPment of the site and the activities that will take place on the site. Once the boundaries are picked, a master plan and supporting drawings will be prepared. The report will be broken down into three divisions which will follow the general procedure previously described in the last paragraph. The first division will be The Re- gion, concerned mainly with the development of concepts Of -4- regional parks and recreational activities, and the choosing of a specific reservoir site for the proposed regional park. The second dividion will be The Site, concerned with analyz- ing the Region and site in relation to the design concepts of regional parks and the needs of the people in the Tri- County Region. The third division of the report will be The Park. In this division the site, design concepts, and the needs for recreation will be meshed together and the park will be designed. The words "outdoor recreation" and "recreation" will be used interchangeably during the course of this report and will be defined in the following way. "Outdoor" is con- sidered in the Open air, while "recreation" is considered to be an activity that is anticipated with pleasure, and the actual experience of recreation produces refreshment of the mind and body. The afterthought of such activity should be one of pleasure. The combination of these two words, out- door recreation, means an acceptable activity that takes place in the out-of—doors. The Tri-County Region of Clinton, Eaton, and Ingham Counties will be referred to as the Region. The book, "Outdoor Recreation for America," by the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission will be re- ferred to as the ORRRC Report. The reports prepared by the Michigan Water Resources Commission and the Battelle Memorial Institute are referred to as the MWRC Reports and the BMI Re- port respectively. ' ‘t/Ie REGION -5... CHAPTER II THE REGION This division of the report will be the influencing factor in the development of the regional park. The investi- gation of recreation and the choosing of a specific site will be accomplished in this section. The investigation of recre- ation will include a look at the concepts of regional parks in relation to the Tri-County Region, and an analysis of the existing recreation facilities in relation to the future demands for outdoor recreation by the maple of the Tri- County Region. The specific reservoir site will then be chosen from one of the eleven sites recommended by the Mich- igan Water Resources Commission or the Battelle Memorial Institute. The boundaries of the park will then be estab- lished in accordance with the existing features of the site and with the demand of specific activities that will be pro- vided in the park. Concepts of Regional Parks According to Webster's New Colle iate Diction , the word "regional" pertains to a section, territory, or division, as of the United States, which in this particular case is the Tri-County Region. A "park" is defined as public -6- -7- land or water dedicated for public recreational purposes. A regional park is one of the many different types of parks. In order to differentiate between the many dif- ferent types, a definition by Mr. Philip D. Simonds is utilized. This definition appeared in his article, "The Birth of a Regional Park System." A regional park is "a member of a park family, one of a system of interrelated parks spotted in strategic locations within a defined gov- ernmental area so as to best serve the basic recreational needs of its people."1 Regional park systems in the United States have many similar characteristics. Some parks within the system of parks are quite developed, offering a variety of activities, while some parks offer only limited activities fbr recreation. The type of development depends upon the quality and quantity of existing natural features (topography, vegetation, and water); the goals of the local people and ad- mdnistrators; and the availability of finances for such pro- jects. Generally speaking, regional parks in the United States have many of the following characteristics: 1. They serve the peOple by providing nonurban, daY-‘use recreation. "Day-use" means that the area is pri- marily used for part or all of the day. Travel time to such K 1P. D. Simonds, "The Birth of a Regional Park System," Len scape Agchitecture, Vol. LIII, No. 3, p. 207. -3- an area is usually between thirty minutes and one hour. Over- night facilities are usually limited in number and in the length of stay. 2. They provide passive recreation although there may be areas of active recreation. 3. Parks preserve natural areas--an extension of the Olmsted idea of a large park in or near the city. A. There is usually intensive development of such activities as golf, winter sports, picnicking, boating, and swimming. ‘ 5. The studies of archeology, ecology, geology, and history are usually incidental to the park's existence. 6. Park developers usually seek sites that include varied topography, natural vegetation, and water. 7. The park may be part of a "green-b.1t," helping to define the metrOpolitan boundary. Utilizing shmilar characteristics to those listed above, the Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission (ORRRC) classified parks according to the scope of develop- ment and the quality of the natural resources present. This classification serves to guide the development of parks by utilizing classes as different zones within the park bound- aries. 0f the six classes, one is for historical and arche- ological sites; three classes are for areas that includ. unique natural features, large wilderness tracts, and natural environment areas; the last two classes are for those areas -9- near urban areas which are intensively used. The last two classes pertain to the Tri-County Region, since the Region is either urbanized or intensively farmed. These two classes are as fellows: . A. Class I - High Density Recreation Areas--are areas that provide facilities for all kinds of recre- ation appropriate to the terrain, location, and the ability of an area to accommodate large numbers of visitors. These areas are identified with "mass" use and large investments for development. Activities found in this sip. of an area are picnicking, boat- ing, plea ure ving, and swimming. B. C ass II - General Outdoor Recreation Areas-- are areas that utilize natural resources for specific recreational activities which they are particularly suited for, regardless of location. Generally they are readily accessible and equipped with a variety of man-made facilities, which may be substantially developed. These areas are less crowded and more ex- tensive in nature than Class I areas. The activities included in this area are camping, fishing, water sports, nature study, and outdoor games. Class II areas may be provided in conjunction with projects other than recreational projects, such as reservoirs.2 Concepts of Space Within Parks Parks consist of land, water, and vegetation. Spaces are created by these natural features. These spaces may be visual openness or enclosures, or they may be physical en- closures created by topography, dens. vegetation, or bodies _of water. These naturally defined spaces are usually linear in nature; for example, water running downhill carves the 2Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission, ‘Out or Recreation for America ' U. 3. Government Printing ce, as ngton, , pp.- 51-104. -lO- earth in a linear pattern. Since animals and.men walk in a linear pattern, these spaces are quite natural. Some land- scapes have a linear pattern that is strongly parallel, 'while others have the linear patterns crisscrossing each other. Once the pattern of naturally defined spaces is recog- nised, it is up to the designer to show empathy toward the natural landscape in his site design. Large open spaces occur where the linear patterns meet, for>instance, at the shores of lakes, or on plateaus of the higher grounds. These spaces nay be defined from topography maps, or from observa- tion of the landscape. No matter how the spaces are defined, each space will best be suited for specific types of use. The long narrow spaces may be used for circulation, while the open spaces may be used for large developments that re- quire intensive use. The low open spaces may be used for less intensive purposes due to drainage problems that are found in low places. The crowded spaces, like forests, are more comfortable to peOple than large flafdexpenses. .Gen- erally speaking, people like spaces that are transitions between two different types of spaces, examples being the edge of a woods, or the edge of a body of water. Thus by understanding the patterns of the landscape and the types of spaces they create, one can judge the quality of the land and how it should be used for development. Once the land- scape has been defined, it is up to the designer to determine the best functions for each space and to begin his design. W One has seen many examples of man-made spaces that create chaos and destroy the natural landscape. At times man has created spaces that show empathy and understanding to the natural landscape. Most regional parks have followed the efficient and orderly approach of development which stems back to Frederick Law Olmsted and the development of Central Park in New York City, and Yosemite National Park in Cali- fornia by the National Park Service. Both developments took place in the late nineteenth century. The basic principles behind this approach are ones of aesthetics, in which the man-made features fit the topography and natural site features, the materials used in construction are indigenous to the region, and the designer uses his imagination in preparing his plans. ' Parks are to be enjoyed and to be used by the public. In order to protect people, parks must be designed, built, and 'administered in such a way that their health, safety, welfare, and morals are guarded. Therefore, adjacent spaces Should be compatible, being used for purposes that relate to each other. Supervision for the compatible areas must be adequate and, where possible, be centralized, in this way eliminating extra facilities and personnel. It has been POinted out that the compatible areas should be adjacent. The opposite holds true for areas which do not have compat- ible uses. They should be segregated. Segregation may occur ' ' v.1}? «(i . U -12- by bodies of water, ravines, or ridge lines. while segre- gating unlike uses, it is best to provide easy access to all areas by the public and service personnel. As far-as possible, each activity should relate to it? designed space with its particular topography. The rela- tion of natural features to the assigned activity can be illustrated by the following examples: natural slopes are best for winter sports such as skiing and also for outdoor theaters; level ground is best suited for such activities as parking for cars, picnicking, and group games and.sports; wooded areas are best for camping, hiking, and picnicking. All areas meant for public use should provide cer- tain facilities for the convenience of the public. Such facilities include drinking water, toilets, trash disposal receptacles, benches, shelters, a means of circulation, both pedestrian and vehicular, and parking for cars. : Since parks are built with public funds (which are usually minimum), a multi-use concept of facilities must be utilised where ever possible. The multi-use concept would provide maximum use of all the facilities. Facilities that are used heavily“will need to be constructed of durable ma- terials, be as maintence free as possible, and yet be invit- ing to the user. The designer must be careful when desig- nating activities to particular spaces, for it is just as bad to overcrowd activities into small spaces and to combine unlike uses as it is to ignore the multi7use concept. ’ wife}, -13- Overcrowding only causes confusion and congestion when uti- lisihg these facilities. Crowded conditions also cause accidents. The most important point to remember when plan-. ning for activities is to provide for the people who are going to use the facility. If the activity has many partic- ipants, large and durable spaces will have to be provided. If the activity is used by only several people at a time, the space provided may be treated in a more delicate manner. A good example to illustrate this point may be found in pedestrian circulation paths. Which type of surfacing ma- terial would be utilized on a path or walk going from the .only parking lot to a bath house-~wood chips or concrete? Of course, concrete would be used because it is durable and can withstand the intensive use that this type of circula- tion artery would carry. Concepts of Design for Specific Recreational Activities In order to understand the proper setting for the many different activities which might take place in a re- gional park, a brief investigation will be made into each of these activities. The most popular "activity" in this country is relaxing. Many of the polls do not include this in their list of activities, but there is hardly a person who does not occasionally enjoy a vista, 'éétéh a second wind, or daydream. Relaxing is often part of other activi- ties and seldom does one find a nice, quiet node available ‘K «M. ~1h- exclusively for relaxing. Participation in this activity is hard‘to measure. An example of relaxation can be seen next to a swimming area where one can compare the number of bathers to the number of onlookers. The activity is swim- ming, but most of the people are relaxing. Driving fog Pleasure Pleasure driving may be done on any road, the best being an uncongested parkway. The ideal place for pleasure driving would be in a regional park system or in any specific regional park. In a park where there are significant views and scenic spots, pull-offs should be provided. Depending on the size of the park, there could also be resting nodes with short nature trails and picnic tables. Roads, which would not cause drivers to double back on previously traveled roads, would encourage this activity and at the same time avoid congestion. ‘W fo Pl sur d H kin Pleasure walking may take place on the city streets or in the rural areas of the country. In order to attract pleasure walkers to a regional park, paths, which include interesting natural features and sights, would have to be provided. This activity could be provided in conjunction with other activities such as nature walks and picnicking. Varied tepography and wooded areas along the paths would make hiking and pleasure walking more enjoyable. A pleasure -15- ‘walker is interested in enjoying his walk and, for this rea- son, the paths should be tailored to the pleasure walker and not to the hiker. A hiker is more intent on going to a particular place, and at the same time enjoying his trip by pleasant views, a place to camp, and solitude. The pleasure 'walker is interested in a short walk of less than an hour, that ends where it begins. Frequent resting spots should be provided, as well as shorter paths that lead back to the . starting point. People of all ages will be using this type of walk, therefore, any inclinations should not be difficult for elderly persons or for families with baby carriages to manage. The surface of the walk should be of some natural material similar to the existing ground cover, yet be able to withstand the wear through constant use. There are no paths near the Region especially for hikers. Hiking would be an activity which could be incor- porated into a regional park system rather than one regional park. A hiking trail could be strung througholft'flthe many parks and parkways in the regional park system, utilizing camp and picnic grounds in the parks as stopping-off points on a hike. In keeping with the multi-use concept, nature . trails and pleasure walking paths could be part of the re- gional hiking trail. '6 B c n Bicycling has the best possibility of being combined with hiking. A right-of-way could provide paths for . ~16- bicycling, hiking, and pleasure driving. The regional parks could provide nodes for picnicking or camping, and a place where the trails could deviate from the right-of-way. Unless a concession stand rat bike rentals was available in the park, bicycle paths would have to lead from concentrations of peOple to the park. Whereas, if bicycles were available to rent, then paths for bicycles similar to pleasure walking trails could be provided and used in much the same way as the walk- ing trails. The surface of the bicycle path is important. To encourage use, some sort of hard surface which is firm during periods of wet weather is best. A well-drained sand- gravel surface would be good, providing it was smooth and cohesive. Due to the nature of such activities as bicycling and hiking, that is the frequency of participation, it would be possible to combine such paths until they became overused; then another path could be introduced to parallel the first, segregating the two activities. ngggbgck Riding Horseback riding can be related to bicycling, plea- sure driving, and walking. The rider could possibly have a choice of using the park facilities for several hours or for several days. Horses may or may not be provided by the park. If the rider'must provide his own horse, then over- land paths connecting points of interest should_be provided. Again, this could be combined with a right-ofeway of traifif. u.‘ A.“ -17- If a concession provides horses in a regional park, then paths of'an hour or two in length should be provided. If the park is small, agreements could be made with surrounding neighbors to provide either horses or the use of a right-of- way crossing their land, if there are natural, features con- dusive to recreation, such as woods, water, and interesting topography. Due to the safety factor, it would be best to segregate the bridle paths from all other trails in are- gional park. Mums . Swimming was proposed by the; ORRRC report as becoming the most popular activity in the year 2000. As has been previously mentioned, facilities for sun bathkers must be provided as well as those for swimers. The sequence of events followed by a family entering the park for the purpose of swimming is to park the car and change clothes, and, while the children play in the water, the parents watch them and sun bathe while lying on a towel or lounge chair, which are part of the family's beach equip- ment. Therefore, a parking lot near the swimming area must be provided, as well as a bathhouse. A quick look at the . intramural pool at Michigan State University will show that grass is preferred to concrete as a surface for sun bathing. The bathers only use the concrete when the grass is white with towels. The children in the family will prefer sand -18- . to grass. The best material for a bathing beach is sand. Therefore, by providing a sand beach between the grass, sun bathing area and the water, all users willwbe,fiatisfied. In order to facilitate the parents watching their children, the grass sitting area should be on a gentle slope facing the water. Thus, both the beach.and the water will be vis- ible to the parents whether they are lying down or sitting up. After the family's swim, they will most likely want to spread out their picnic lunch. Crumbs and spilled beverages bring insects and cause maintenance problems. By providing a picnic area adjacent to the swimming area, some of the prob-' lems could be alleviated. For the user who spends much of his time in a house or office, or for small children, the sun can cause discomfort during a long day at the beach. For this reason, portions of the sitting area could be pro- vided with sun screens or covered by shade trees. . Although scuba diving is not a very popular sport and does not mix well with many water oriented activities, a portion of the swimming zone could be reserved for those persons who enjoy this activity. The bottom of a reservoir would not‘be as interesting a place to explore as an old, sunken ship in a lake, therefore scuba diving would.be a minor activity in the park. Banishing As had been pointed out in the discussion of the other activities, picnicking is an activity which is usually -19- combined with other activities. Therefore, it would be best to centrally locate the picnic grounds and let the other activities radiate from them. Very few peOple prefer to picnic in the broiling sun of a hot summer day. Therefore, locating the picnic grounds in a shaded area, as well as providing a few shelters, would be advisable.” Generalfiy when one goes on a picnic, many extras are brought ong such as a portable barbecue, folding chairs, a basket of food, and a scotch cooler“ Of course there is charcoal, athletic equipment, baby strollers, and blankets also. The amount of equipment that accompanies the user of picnic facilities necessitates the provision of parking facilities adjacent to the picnic tables. When placing tables through- out a picnic ground, the designer first must look at exist- ing facilities to see where the most popular tables are located. Are they in the Open fields, in the middle of the woods, or in an area that is on the edge of a woodland over- looking a field? From this designers experience of observe ing picnickers and seeing which tables they choose first, it was found that the tables near a parking area, on the edge of a woods, with a nice view, and without a lot of rdcnickers for neighbors are the most popular tables for family picnics. é Bogtigg and Canoging Motor boating and water skiing have been a source of accidents in the United States in recent years. These -20- accidents.are primarily due to the increased popularity of the two sports and to the high speed at which the boats travel. Taking into consideration both the nature of these two activitibs and the safety factor, a sufficient expanse of open water should be provided for these sports. Sailing and sailfishing are other water sports requiring adequate stretches of water. Canoeing and rowboating are more passive in nature and do not need as much water per boat as do the sports already mentioned. Therefore, it would be best to zone a body of water, keeping the fast boats from the slow boats, fishermen, and swimmers. The decision whether or not to zone could be made according to the size of fihfifreser- voir. It is better to provide for many activities rather than just one. If the body of water is large, active boats can be used; if the body of water is small or narrow, slower boats would be preferred, thus protecting the users from accidents. Reservoirs lend themselves to canoeing and to canoe trips. Starting upstream from the dam in one portion of the regional_park system, persons could rent canoes for the trip downstream. Making this trip could be similar to following a trail, where nodes to picnic and to camp are pro— vided for the canoeist. fighting and Fighigg Hunting does not lend itself to a park environment. -21- If the water is zoned either by the time of day, the time of year, or by barriers across the water, fishing becomes a sport and an activity that is suitable to a re- ‘ gional park. The most important consideration for this sport is to provide the fisherman a place where he can find solitude. A fishing pier is necessary for the gregarious fishermen and for the children. Here the children can fish without being in a boat, and they can be controlled by their parents. Hints; 322:2; Due to the nature of the topography of the Tri- County Region, opportunities for winter sports are limited. A suitable hill is necessary for good skiing and tobdgggn- ing. Since the glaciers passed over this Region, the to- pography tends to be level. The availability of winter sports such as sledding, tobogganing, skiing, ice skating, and ice fishing would create a yearround center of recre- ation for the Region. A family area for limited winter sports wguld be an asset to any northern region, provided it could afford the initial investment for such activities. For such a family area, the designer must consider the safety of all members of the family. The central feature of a winter sports center would be a warm shelter available to spectators and participants. -22- __;f Golfing should be included in the list of activities for a regional park because of the amount of open space a. golf course requires. Approximately one hundred and sixty lacres are required for an eighteen hold golf course, which could easily be incorporated into the boundaries of a park. The golf course can provide the park with an activity which will pay for itself by green fees, will provide wholesome outdoor recreation for many peOple, and will be an activity that is compatible with most of the other activities. The course in itself can be used as a buffer to the park. Since golf is played in the open fields and on the borders of woods, it can serve as a transition from the humanized world to the natural setting of such activities as pleasure walk- ing, nature walks, camping, and picnicking.. The game of golf is made more interesting and challenging by varying topography. The need for variety in the landscape gives the designer an Opportunity to utilize the multi-use concept by using the rough terrain of a golf course for the winter activities. A golf club house in the summer could serve as a winter sports center in the winter. 0432125 Camping falls into two categories--day camping and Overnight camping. Day camping facilities are located rela- ‘tively near an urban area and the people who will utilize e -23- , them. By locating them in this manner, the travel time to and from the camp is not too great. The people who use camp- ing facilities usually want the opportunity to participate in swimming, nature walks, fishing, and active games. The users of day camps are quite often members of the Boy and Girl Scouts, or of the YMCA and YWCA. The designer should keep the following points in mind when “providing this type of facility. These children are usually from the city and this is one of the few times they are able to enjoy living in the out-of-doors. They should be encouraged to stimulate their minds {ad imaginations and should be given the Oppor- tunity to investigate nature while they are in this environ- ment. The basic unit of an overnight camping facility is the family. Their length of stay in a camp ground will de- pend on the location of facilities, adjacent activities, and the quality of the camp ground. If the camp is near the place of work of the head of the family, the summer camp ground .could become the summer residence. . If the family is on a camping vacation, they will use the park as either a stopping-off camping spot on their way to a more distant camp ground, or as a semipermanent camp for a duration of Several days. The campers will want many conveniences pro- Vided for their use, including good sanitary facilities, Privacy from their neighboring campers and from pleasure . drivers, segregation from other park uses, and overhead -2“- protection for their camping spot. Existing Recreational Facilities of the Tri-County Region The purpose of an inventory is to find out what one has in stock. Once an invontory-is taken of a subject, it is usually compared to the forecasted demand for that sub- ject. In this case, an inventory of the existing recreational facilities in the Tri-County Region was taken by the Tri- County Regional Planning Commission, and the results were published in the book, Qgtdogr RecreationII An Inyentogz-- igngg;z_l2§_. In their study the Tri-County Regional Plan- ning Commission pointed out that the Region lacked large regional parks and water oriented facilities for recreation. This regional problem is the problem statement for this comprehensive report. . In order to discover the needs of the Region for recreation, a comparison will be made between the existing facilities and the projected demand for them. Sinqaffthere are no studies available of the ability of a specific recre- ation facility to supply a specific number of hours of recreation for a certain‘number of people, the designer must use his ability and intuition to estimate the needs of the people of the Region. Standards have been prepared for cities and states as to the amount of land that is needed to provide an adequate amount of recreation and open space for the people of a particular political boundary. This K , -25- ratio does not take into account the human factor, the type of recreation‘desired and the physical features of a particu- lar region. Land, water, and vegetation make quality recre- ation areas. If quality natural features exist in abundance, why should they be destroyed just because the standards are not large enough to include this land within the park bound- ary? This Region is fortunate enough to have a wealth of quality land and_it would be unreasonable not to preserve as much of it as possible for future generations to enjoy. The ORRRC made extensive studies of the needs and demands for recreation by the American people and published them in a book entitled, Outdoor Recreation for America in 1962. This report measured recreation by the amount of time Americans spent participating in the different activities and found out what activities they preferred to participate in during their leisure time. Therefore, in order to under- stand what the Regional people will need and prefer in the future years, the existing facilities will be measured in comparison to the projected desires of the people as stated in the ORRRC Report. The deficiencies will be noted and considered when choosing specific activities for the proposed regional park. An idea of the number of existing recreational facilities in the Tri-County Region can be obtained from Table I: A summary of outdoor recreation in the Tri-County RGgion. The ORRRC Report shows that most Americans prefer I -26- Table I.-—A summary of outdoor recreation in the Tri-County Region. Activity Availability Driving for pleasure walking for pleasure Playing outdoor sports and games Swimming Sightseeing Bicycling Fishing Attending sports events Picnicking Interstate, state, and county high- ways; Michigan Tourist Council desig- nates fall color routes for drivers. Parts of the Tri-County Region are included in this tour. City streets, city and public parks Regional parks generally do not in- cludsthis activity. City parks pro- vide this pastime. Facility Commercial Public Pool 0 3 Beach 8* 2** *2,580 feet of shoreline total ** 400 feet of shoreline total Generally not an activity provided in regional parks. City streets; no paths or trails prOfidede State fishing sites: two in Clinton Count --8 acres or 1,042 feet of shore ine. Generally not an activity provided in regional parks. C Pu {ital T:b1es* T 1 unt b c rfivgte ota inton 501 311 Eaton 176 2A 200 Ingham 1006 164 1170 Total 1383 298 1681 #Many sites do not include stoves shelters, drinking water, or sen - tary facilities. -27- Table I.--ngtinued Activity Availability nature walks City and county parks. Boating Total Sites (all sites goor boats) 23% c QEEEEELS; ' Rent boats 0 0 Launching fa- cilities 1h Eaton 51 m1: 156 m1: Ingham 33 #2 mi. 192 I1. *Only one lake over 200 acres in size. Source: Higgiggfi Congfirvg- tion, June, 191+3, 0 e ' Go Hunting Due to safety reasons this activ- ity should not be included in a regional park. There are three state game areas in t ”Region for h‘mtinge Horseback riding There are no facilities listed. facilities Camping K The camp sites listed are primarily . for day camping, with occasional overnight stays. Owner N or Local governments INCA-YWCA 2 a Boy and Girl Scouts h Total 11 There are no state, national, or regional park camping facilities in the Region 0 Ice skating Hints are located in neighborhood par 3e -23-_ Table I.--Contigugg W Activity Sledding and to- bassanins Hiking water skiing Attending outdoor con- certs and drama Canoeing Sailing mounting climbing Snow’skiing Availability Provided in public parks when topography permits. There are no trails provided. A limited activity due to the nonavailability of water. See boating, this table. There are no facilities provided. 0 a Michigan State Univ ty provides canoeing for etude ‘s on the Red ( Cedar River, East Lansing. Ten lakes have facilities on their shores. See boating, this table. Eliminated since there are no mountains in the Tri-County area. One semiprivate area, Walnut Hills Country Club, East Lansing. '6 A.comp1ete inventory of recreation facilities in the Region ma ‘be found in 0utdoo§ Recreation. g2 inventor‘--J gaginprepared by the -County eg one anning gofission, s g, Michigan . -29- the simple pleasures: swimming, sightseeing, pleasure walk- ing, fishing, boating, and bicyclingf' Also, according to this Report, driving for pleasure, walking for'ypfl/easure, playing outdoor games and sports, swimming, and sightseeing are the most popular activities at present. The forcast for the year 2000 shows,that swimming, driving for pleasure, _;flaying outdoor games and sports, walking for pleasure, and sightseeing are to be the most popular activities, in that tuner. The report also shows graphically that some of the less popular activities such as horseback riding, camping, fishing, boating and canoeing would be participated in more frequently if the facilities for these activities were made available. One significant factor for the increase in popularity and participation of recreational activities is the oppor- tunity to participate. Opportunity to participate becomes a significant factor in outdoor recreation activity. When the facilities are there, people use them.3 Thus factor is also significant to the designer of recrea- tional facilities--the number of persons participating in recreational activities varies directly with the quality and quantity of available recreational facilities. An ex- ample of the use of available facilities can be seen on the k 3Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission, 92o Cite, Po 14.0. -30- Michigan State University Campus where canoes are available to the students for use on the Red Cedar River. This activ- ity is very popular with the students. . Nowhere else in or around the Lansing-East Lansing area are canoes available to the public. The quality and quantity of outdoor recreation facil- ities in neighboring communities surpass those in the Tri- County Regiofi. There are two heavy concentrations of facil- ities that include camp grounds, winter sports, boating, and fishing. One area is located on an axis between Jackson and Flint to the east of the Region, and the second concen- tration runs between Kalamazoo and Grand Rapids to the west of the Region (see Figure I). These mentioned areas can only supplement recreation facilities in the Tri -County Region, not replace them, because of the travel time to reach them. Winter sports that require steep topography will have ~ to be supplied out of the Region because of the physical nature of the Tri-County Region. . Looking critically at the facilities in the Tri- County Region, it is quite evident that the major shortage of recreation lies in the water oriented activities. It . would be beneficial to the Tri-County Region to finance the construction of a reservoir that would provide the needed water oriented activities. The reservoir could be the focal point in a regional park which in addition would include other activities such as picnicking, walking for pleasure, EbEE FIGURE; 1 R§;RFJ\TIOH FACILITIE: OI: IHE (DUBLLOLIHDIMCJ QEOIOM " ' ”W I " W ‘j I O 9/}; i O I 0 IA ‘ MC’MTQALAA gem 1m ' . I. I J ‘1 i I' ‘ H A AA W A f % t ‘ 1 I ‘ ‘ ' A ' m m a L .1- a I I III/IMMI If: - g V l % A + e , ' . “ O I . 77 . O . V/ , V _ ,. , , W . KENT : . IOMHA 'g.ClJAFH3L1fig; ‘aMAMmssEe gamesafi ' ‘1. LIVINGSTOMA. // Q ,, O . aLfitQ‘ . .. .. ,---‘Q_ ”*4" ""1 O I" WASHTEMAvJ o 6 IO 20 30 (-4 SCALE": 3N MILE?) mam: {)-’\‘7‘.:.\ s ILA (IVQHLJT‘K Lfimcgw P1 “qué CLJM M11» H M rML IUVEMV’ Us ‘j ' \V\AJ\I'L“bU—Z‘{ I941]? I15: _. e e ‘” ///. uwm' fl_.rr_ > , . ... ., . . ,=. 4 e. ‘. ‘ ‘ 7' < -. ..A' -- ~. ~‘- '1' - ‘ '>_ "‘ .~ .I . r ‘ . r, 3,}: lT-stfl . ‘ .- :L a t 1, ‘. ,- -. . _- - I ,- . ‘-.'.(“"- . J ‘ . . — 3- 4 ~’ -3... LEGEIVDT: IMPROVED PUBLIC. FISHING SITES BOAT LAUNCHIMG FACILITIES WIMTECL SPORTS AREAS STATE GAME AREAS CAMP G IZODUDS -32- and nature walks. The water activities could include swim- ming, fishing, and boating. The different forms of boating would depend on the ability of the site to be divided to segregate the uncompetible activities. Other activities that might be provided include golf, hiking, day camping, horse- back riding, and bicycling, depending upon the nature of the chosen site. An analysis of the people and the site must be made before the exact activities can be prOposed. The Future Demand for Recreation in the Tri- County Region The exact demand for recreation in the Tri-County Region has never been measured by polls or surveys. Attend- ance records show that the Lansing parks are heavily used. In 1963 the Lansing residents used the facilities more than 1.5 million times: over A0,000 rounds of nine-hole golf: were played; 989,730 persons enjoyed picnicaeuhnd the public pools drew 59,877 persons, most of which were youngsters.“ By considering the 1.5 million times of participation to equal activity days, each Lansing resident spent approximately fifteen activity days or parts of a day participating in outdoor recreation in the Lansing parks. This measurement ‘goes not include several of the most popular activities, according to the ORRRC Report, which include pleasure driving, thgsigg State gournal, 10 October, 1963, p. E-l. -33- sightseeing, walking for pleasure, and bicycling. This means the number of activity days of participation by the Lansing residents would increase considerably if these activities were included in the survey. In order so estimate the need for recreation by the residents of the Tri-County Region and the possible patterns of participatioafl’ fhe results of the ORRRC Report will be compared with the residents of the Region. The ORRRC Report concluded that ninety percent of all adults in America participate in one or more outdoor recreational activities each year. If for no other reason than the yearly increase in the American population, there will be an increasing demand for recreation. The Report found that the demand for recreation follows different par- ticipation patterns. The patterns Show that participation varies according to: 1. Region of the United States. 2. Place of residence. I 3. Age. 1.. Occupation, income, and paid vacations. 5. Education. Ragiaa a; tae United Statea ‘, In studying the regional influences of recreation, the ORRRC Report found that the pOpular activities varied from one region to another. In the North Central States, of whicthichigan and the Tri-County Region are a part and -3g- where surface water is plentiful, boating is the most popu- lar activity. Due to the lack of surface water, boating is not the most popular activity in this Region. By providing a recreational reservoir, the shortage of surface water will be partially met, and boating might become as popular is -this Region as it is elsewhere in Michigan and the North 'Central States. P e of id nce ‘The place of residence--urban, suburban, or rural-- is important in determining the types of popular activities. The closer to nature one lives, the more one is apt to par- ticipate in nature oriented activities. Rural and suburban residents participate in outdoor recreation more often than urban peOple and their preference for specific activities differ, as has been mentioned. These rural and suburban families are more likely to participate in camping, fishing, and hunting,'while the urban people prefer sightseeing, pleasure driving, picnicking, and swimming. Table II shows that the concentration of people in the Region lies in Ingham County. In fact, there are over twice as many people in Ingham County as there are in Clinton and Eaton Counties combined. The bulk of Ingham County's population lies in metropolitan Lansing (population 169,325). For a more exact distribution of the population in the Tri- County Region, consult Figure II. This figure shows the -35- Table II.--Distribution of people by county.5 —}.=========.-.==== Percent Percent rural rural Percent County Total farm nonfarm urban Clinton 37,969 27e8 I 50e2 22.0 Eaton A9,68A 21.0 40.2 38.8 Ingham 211,296 4.1 13.8 82.1 Region 298,9h9 - - - distribution of population by township, corporated village, and city. By analyzing Figure II, one sees a definite dis- persion of the urban areas (total 27), with a concentration of rural population around the boundaries off"‘sing. This distribution is significant because it shows that approxi- mately one-fifth of the Region holds two-thirds of the peOple. The ten townships dround Lansing are basically suburban, and Lansing is of course urban. To correlate these population figures with the findings of the ORRRC Report, one finds that the activities desired by a.majority of the people in the Region will be sightseeing, pleasure driving, picnicking, and swimming. SBureau of Census, U. S. Department of Commerce, 1260 Cenaua-éflicaagaa. ga-A. Number of Inhabitants, p. 2h-16. I ~54.— r-Icamm: II 2 DzaTmamaou CF- L‘s-092-5: m TOWNSHIP; ‘v’II.-IJ_\CJE, mug) ow. / / QRBAN POPULATION . LESS THAN 5500 O 6‘00 - 999 O I 1000 - 2499 2.500 ~ 4,999 5000 a 0009 MO SCALE 10,000 - 59.999 40,000 AND ova?- RURAL POPULATION ‘SOO — I999 I 2.000 ~ 2599 E3 3000 .— 4999 ._. .I. ._-——..___‘ .- . I_ 5000 — 99 99 m II 10,009 “ 14.999 @ I ‘ I4 I H9000 AME; 0veR ; _ I I iii-I I Eats-3L LAVA; ElLILéEA-L' CF LLB-IbIIS», II»;- C‘EFMTM‘EHT I" F (ICIA’ML/IEILKJE.) gcigc CELT-I537 MICHIQAM 24 -A 5 P‘ 2441:. Table III.--P0pulation by age.6 -38.. Tot l IEERY—-—_£L-_'TEEKI County Age Clinton. 37,969 31,195 All ages 20,720 18,358 Over 21 15,908 ‘ 11,605 Under 18 3.175 2,975 Over 65 24.8 - 27.4 median Eaton 49,684 40,023 All ages ' 28.07u 24,633 I Over 21, 19,765 13,884 UndéQIflg‘ 6.591 4,218 Over 65 26.6 - 29.5 median Ingham 211,296 172,941 All ages 121,161 110,024 Over 21 fi 76,645 51,671 Under 18 15,622 12,090 Over 65 25.4 - 26.5 median Lansing, City 107,807 92,129 All ages 64,980 61,970 Over 21 38,887 25,923 Under 18 9.734 7.399 Over 65 28.9 - 30.8 median ‘6Eureau of Census, Michigan, 25-3, p. 24-135. -35- Table II.--Distribution of peOple by county.5 Percent Percent rural rural .Percent County Tetal farm . nonfarm urban Clinton 37,969 27.8 50.2 22.0 Eaton 49,684 21.0 40.2 38.8 Ingham 211,296 >4.1 13.8 82.1 Region 298,949 - - - distribution of population by township, corporated village, and city. By analyzing Figure II, one sees a definite dis- persion of the urban areas (total 27), with a concentratiOn of rural population around the boundaries Offiflansing. This distribution is significant because it shows that approxi- mately one-fifth of the Region holds two-thirds of the people. The ten townships dround Lansing are basically suburban, and Lansing is of course urban. To correlate these population figures with the findings of the ORRRC Report, one finds that the activities desired by a.majority of the people in the Region will be sightseeing, pleasure driving, picnicking, and swimming. SBureau of Census, U. S. Department of Commerce, 1260 Cenaus-éMicaagan. 24-Ai_Number ofInhabitants, p. 24-16. 1 ~54.— HGDsz: II 2 DlfiTRIBQTIC/LJ CF- P509142 m TOWNSHIP; ‘v’H_-!J.\CJE, AND 01w. / 1 QRBAN POPULAHON . LESS THAN 5500 O 6‘00 - 999 O ‘ 1000 - 2499 2.500 ~ 4,999 5000 a 0009 MO SCALE 10,000 - 59.999 40,000 AND ova; RURAL POPULMEOM ‘SOO — 1999 1 2.000 ~ 2999 E3 3000 .— 4999 ._. .I. ._-——..___‘ .. . ‘_ 5000 — 99 99 m 1“ 10,009 “ 14.999 @ ¢ ‘ 14 1 19,000 AME; 0vetz ; _ 1 1 101.1 ? Etta); LAVA; BALEAI CF 936151.15», [Mia CfFMTMfiHT 1" F (Edi/THEME.) 391130 (EL-:1 '33? MICFHQAM 24 -A 5 P‘ 2441:. -37- Age The most important factor in determining participa- tion in recreation is age. The ORRRC Report found that the older a person is the less he participates in outdoor recre- ation. By sunning up the findings of the ORRRC Report on participation and age, one finds the following patterns: 1. PeOple younger than twenty-five participate in all the activities the most. 2. People between the ages of twenty-five and forty- four participate in swinming, camping, fishing, and boating more than older peOple. 3. People between the ages of forty-five and sixty- four participate in sightseeing and walking more than the other age groups. 4. The most popular activity for people over sixty- five is walking for pleasure. Looking at the ages of the people of the Tri-County Region (Table III), one sees that the median age is between twenty-six and twenty-eight. Clinton County has the youngest median and also has the largest rural population. Metropoli- tan Lansing has the oldest age median of almost twenty-nine. One can conclude that the population in the Region is evenly distributed by age. The difference in age medians among the three counties is not very significant in comparison to the different age groups and their demands for recreation. Ac- cording to the median age in the Region, the activities Table III.--P0pulation by age.6 -33- Tot County 5 Age Clinton. 37,969 ‘31,l95 All ages 20,720 18,358 Over 21 15,908 . 11,605 Under 18 3,175 2,975 Over 65 24.8 - 27.4 median Eaton 49,684 40,023 All ages ‘ 28,074 24,633 6 Over 21, 19,765 13,884 Unde?*flg‘ 4,591 4,218 Over 65 26.6 - 29.5 median Ingham 211,296 172,941 All ages 121,161 110,024 Over 21 76,645 51,671 Under 18 15,622 12,090 Over 65 25.4 - 26.5 median lensing, City 107,807 92,129 All ages 64,980 61,970 Over 21 38,887 25,923 Under 18 9,734 7.399 Over 65 28.9 - 30.8 median “sheen—er Census, Michigan, gt-B, p. 24-135. -39- ‘which.would be the most popular and compatible in a regional park are walking for pleasure, boating, swimming, fishing, and nature walks. Occ t on The occupation of an individual was found to influ- ence the demand for recreation in the following ways: 1. Type of job. 2. Amount of pay. 3. Length of paid vacation. 4. Length of workday and workweek. The vocation of a person often determines whether or not he will be interested in a particular activity. The man who works out in the woods all day might not want to spend his vacation camping. Whereas, the professional man who spends his working days indoors might well prefer to change his environment and go camping on his vacation. With the average national workweek being thirty-nine hours in 1960, and the projected workweek in 1976 being thirtyrsix hours, one can foresee more leisure time becoming available to Americans. Not too many years ago the average workweekhwas fortnyour or more hours, and by decreasing from.forty-four hours to the present average of thirtyrnine hours, there has already been an increase in the demand for outdoor recreation.' By the year 2000 the national workweek is expected to be down to thirty-two hours, thus giving Americans two more days -40- of leisure than their grandfathers and one more day than their fathers. The higher standard of living and increased weekly salaries provide the means for financing leisure time activ- ities. Recently, one of the major companies Joined the 'universities by starting to give extended periods of leave to’their employees. Again these trends indicate more'lei- sure time for Americans in the future. With the regional park being primarily a day-use . park, paid vacation and shorter work days will influence the use of the park the most. many of the activities will not require large investments, so the availability of money to the user will not be of added importance. During an ex- tended vacation, the potential user will probably find an- other Job or will travel extensively through other countries. The farmer and the self-employed wOrk lodged: hours than the factory and the white-collared workers. Consequently the type of job has a bearing on the length of the workweek, and both have about the same influence on the demand for recreational activities. The higher the salary a person receives, the more he participates in recreational activities, as compared to persons with lower incomes. Looking at the median income of persons in each of the counties in the Tri-County area, one sees that Clinton has the lowest median of $5,636, Eaton is next with 35.821, and Ingham has the highest income -51- median of $6,393. These income medians follow the popula-F tion distribution in the Region, with Clinton County being the least, and Ingham County being the most, populated. I (Ell ham County also has the highest percentage of urbanization ' ' of’the three counties. For thesereasons, the demand for recreation by Ingham County, and especially metropolitan Lansing, would be the greatest inkthe Region. Employment in Lansing can be broken down into the following groups (Table IV): 1. The largest group of people are employed as machinery Operators and as craftsmen. 2. The next largest group of people are employed as professional peOple. 3. Proprietors and managers comprise the fourth largest group of employees. 4. Service workers, sales workers, and clerical workers comprise the last group. . Persons comprising these groups tend to spend a large per- centage of their leisure time participating in recreational activities, according to the ORRRC Report. This study is just one more verification of the theory that the Regional demand for recreation is generally localized in Lansing. Assuming the basic unit for recreation participation is the family, average family incomes of Lansing'will be considered (Table V). The table shows that those families where the head of the family is between the ages of fortyrfive -42- Table IV.--Occupation and income of the Lansing metrOpolitan area.7 No. f Werkers Occupation file Female T Median Income in 8 Ma e Female '7— Percent of 0 at on Total Professional, technical 9,522 Farmers and farm man- agers 3,699 Managers, pro- 74.133 36.140 5.336 135 & prietors 6,909 1,142 Clerical an d kindred 4,863 13,143 Sales workers 5.465 Craftsmen, foremen 14.777 Operatives 16,303 Private household workers 73 Service 4.940 Farm la- borer, foremen 1,366 Laborers, except farm 3,076 Occupation 3,145 not reported ‘ 2,901 495 2,894 2.375 5.650 183 203 1,683 4.974 2,424 6,958 5,041 4,831 5.594 4.749 2,000 3,129 771 3.140 4.496 3.376 3.779 3,098 1,347 2,742 2,848 595 1,407 2,044 13 10 20 22 7Bureau of Census,.Michigan, 24-0, p. 24-492. -hB- Table V.--Family incomes, Lansing metropolitan area,.l959.8 Families Total Median' Husband and wife 67,064 6,349 Head under 35 21,423 . 5,758 Children under 18 17,664 5,769 Children under 6 15,938 5,677 Head between 35-44 15,891 7,282 Children under 18 14,009 7,257 Children under 6 6,999 6,825 Head between 45-64 22,535 7,371 Children under 18 9,521 7,623 Head over 65 7,215 3,147 Children under 18 212 4,516 Other male head 1,381 5,743 Other female head 4,824 3,702 81bid., 24-0, p. 24-653. and sixty-four, with children under eighteen, have the largest income. According to finances alone, One wod1d8ex- pect that this group of families would have the largest per- centage of participation in recreation than any of the other groups. The ORRRC Report indicates that after a family earns 33,000, there is a marked rise in participation in recreation, with a maximum participation coming at the $7,500 level. With the majority of Lansing families earning over 33.000 each year, and many groups earning more than $6,000, one would expect that these incomes would encourage family ~44- participation rather than discourage it. As has been mentioned, activities preferred by the 'various income groups differ. While walking is'generally“,”f 'the most popular for all groups, boating, fishing, camping, and horseback riding increase in popularity as incomes in- crease. The most popular activities in the $4,500 to $8,000 group, in which fall the majority of the Lansing people, were found by the ORRRC Report to be walking for pleasure, fishing, boating, camping, and horseback riding. According to family income, these activities would be the most popular activities in the Region. Families participate in outdoor recreation together. Many family activities--swimming, walking, boating, and nature walks~-are condusive to regional parks. As can be seen in Table VI, most people in this Region live in family units, the average size family being four peOple. This means that the family of four is a basic module to be used when designing a regional park for this Region. Table VI.--Living units of the Region.9 =— 1 9‘9 W Total Total Livin Persons County Population REEEEEETEE“‘IE§EE§EEISE§ pefiofguse- Clinton 37,969 37,771 98 3.66 Eaton 49,684 49,046 . 638 3.46 Ingham 211,296 200,222 11,074 3.30 9Ibid., 24-B, p. 24-154. -45- Education The ORRRC Report found that the more educated a person was, the more he participated in outdoor recreatiOn. This education factor can be correlated with the income factor, since it is a generally accepted theory that the more educated a person is, the more money he will earn. The process of education provides a person with the opportunity of learning an activity under supervision while in school. The variety of activities can be seen in any course catalog. The outdoor activities include archery, hunting, fishing, golf, tennis, swimming, scuba diving, and canoeing. Once an individual has been introduced to these activities, he will create a demand for continued participation. As factors for determining participation in recre- ation, the education levels of the counties in the Tri- County Region are related to the pOpulation of these counties.. Clinton County has an average of 10.5 years of education per person, Eaton County has an average of 11.3 years, and Ing- ham County has the highest average of 12.1 years. According to the ORRRC Report this means that the greatest demand for more varied forms of recreation will come from Ingham County, since these peOple have had the most fOrmal education. The most popular activities for people with one to four years of education at the high schOoI level include driving for pleasure, sightseeing, swimming, walkingLH5 Playing outdoor games. -46- The Future Demand for Recreation The future demand for recreation can-be forecasted from the rate of increase in the population of the three counties since 1940. The growth has been positive in all counties. This expansion alone is a good indication that the population will demand more recreational facilities, but one,must also take into consideration the factors of educa- tion, added leisure time, more available money, and paid vacations. By looking at Table VII one can see how the growth rates of the Tri-County Region have increased since 1940. Unless there is a major war or disaster, these rates of increase will continue to grow as the war babies start hav- ing children in the next few years. :' The greatest amount of growth has occurred iii-”1' " am County. Since the rate of growth has been constant for the last twenty years, it is expected to continue at this same, if not greater, rate. Again} this growth would be due to the war babies having children, and also to the expansion of industry in this area. _The amount of construction in the Lansing area is considerable at present. In addition, several industries have recently announced expansion plans, and the future of Lansing looks healthy. This increase in growth shows the need for additional parks and preserved land especially near Lansing. .1 TABLEW: POPULATION GROWTN “JCS OF THC TN-LOU'HT Y REGION 100.000 _1 NJ“ 31.449 34.!" 40.023 49 (.84 92,119 ”71,607 244'" HO. (ell: IE 1 E 11 .1 1 ' .11 1,1' uenorounu . 3.1 :io,'1 1).: (31' 1. 1'! .1: ' ' ‘1‘ 4 ‘3“. 2 35') *1, ' H 1"1 a" I “" i!) 1' ‘2” . ‘ ‘15,)? i. .' i) 1 H )‘ 1 ‘1 : ,(L '1 )fi 1‘! ' C! Y a ' O I ”40 19601960 We mo 194:0 19w ELNTON EATON ”4on K111161116 soaks: neverumeur or commence, one census 0! muunou 1940- wcmow, muses or IWDITAW‘J," p. 24- u. we 1.4- H. -13- Summary of the Demand for Recreation In summarising the demand for recreation in the Tri- County area, one can conclude the following: O l. The majority of the peOple seeking outdoor recre- ation will be from metropolitan Lansing and from.the rural nonfarm areas in the Tri-County Region. The recreation seeker will be white, about twenty-seven years-old, a high school graduate, have an occupation that is likely to be either a machine Operator, a proprietor, or a service worker, and will have an income of about $6,000. 2. The majority of peOple live.in households of be- tween three and four peOple. " - 1711K. 3. The most desired activities by the people in the Region, which would be compatible to regional parks, are: a. Driving fon.p1easure i. Horseback riding b. netor boating j. Golfing c. Swimming k. Winter sports d. Picnicking 1. Hiking fi e. Walking for pleasure m. Water skiing f. Fishing n. Canoeing g. Camping 0. Sailing h. Nature walks p. Bicycling 4. The projected, most desired activities should be provided for the people in the prOposed park. Table VIII shows a complete breakdown of the expected demand for recreation by the people of the Tri-County Region. -49- x 3 9:223: o» x x x SUE: 8.8.5.34 3m: 53.3528 a. «x... 0.503 uzguzruea 9». $8.36 0: x a x x x 2 «8:5 sinned $0: ,1 x x x x x Agwuzieéwynir N e. m . Ramadan .5 3.00.2 V e m N . Gig! to 24692 1 x 1 1 n: 11 3.1320: x 1 x x x UZIZ "did 11. , u e r -1 .m-.11---1111..11111 M44 345.“; - a we «25 N 1 Lfll +6-0? N v A. .m V 1- . f . ,- e--- 1 In: en a 0:65.. we 5.3m e. (3304. Need 0 23:24.03. .13. r 11. mu muons” 0324080 and T61! i x x T11 A .1- 1 x . . 1 1 11 (1)11) Ad‘a - x x x x x ganuvauafiuu “.0 ~01: .ws 0:.— ..6 293$ #3392 no» 025K034 9.5.254 do >t>iu< 20.0.ud Mr... 2. 20Fd<§2=m 4 "=5 M403. -50- (Site Selection The primary deficiencies of Opportunities in outdoor recreation in the Tri-County Region are concerned with water and its nonavailability, as was pointed out by the Tri- County Regional Planning Commission.10 The proposal for this comprehensive project calls for the development of one of the eleven prOposed reservor sites in1the1Regiont1flThe initial reservoir study was made by the Michigan Water Re- sources Commission (MWRC) in 1961. The Battelle Memorial Institute (BMI) completed a more detailed study for the proposed reservoirs in 1963.' A site for the proposed regional park will be selected in the following manner. The eleven proposed sites will be investigated, and the best reservoir site will be chosen as the central core for a regional park. The park boundaries will then be delineated according to the needs of the people in the Tri-County Region, and in relation to the aesthetic and natural features of the specific area. ngpgsgd Dam Sites Water held by dams can serve people'in many ways: these include water supply, low flow augmentation, recreation, 'hydroglectric power, and flood control. Both the MWRC and 10Tri-County Regional Planning Commission, Op. Cit., e p. 26o -51- the BMI made studies of the water in this Region. Both or- ganizations were primarily concerned with the quality of ground water and its availability for use within the Region. Utilization of the reservoirs for recreation was considered a secondary purpose, although both Reports were aware of the demand for water oriented recreational activities. The multi-use concept in relation to reservoirs and impounded waters can be misleading. In the case of the Tri- County Region, where a reservoir can be used for more than one‘purpose, one must consider these purposes and compare 'them. In order to eliminate conflicting interests in the reservoir facilities, a priority list of uses must be estab- lished. The item at the top of the list would determine how the reservoir would be utilized at all times. In this manner there would not be misunderstandings when the water level was too low for swimming, or there was not enough water in the reservoir to augment the flow of a river during droughts. The Michigan Water Resources Commission pointed out in their Report, concerning the Tri-County Region, that there are water problems existing.11 The conclusions of the Report stated that during periods of low stream.and river flow many cities, and particularly metropolitan Lansing, overburden 11Michigan Water Resources Commission, Wgter Resource Co t on d Uses in the U er Gr d River B n, ans ng, Po 3e -52- the waters with waste. Floods are a problem in the Region although they do not occur yearly. The most serious floode ing areas are Sycamore Creek at Mason, the Grand River at Eaton Rapids and Lansing, and the Red Cedar River at East Lansing. Inundation also occurs in Maple Rapids State Game area where the Maple River flows, but the damage is negligible here since it is a natural area. The third Regional problem concerns water supply. At the present time, wells provide the Region with water for home use. With increasing demands for water by metropolitan Lansing, the wells might have to be supplemented by ground storage facilities. 9 In order to see how the different proposed reservoirs might be utilized in relation to the Regiqhal water supply, a look at supply figures and stream flow records is necessary. The average annual rate of precipitation for Lansing is 31.18 inches..,Table IX shows the average monthly precipita- tion rates for Lansing. To correlate reservoir use and monthly precipitation rates, a look at the amount of run-off is necessary. The purpose is to see when the times of high and low flow occur. In this case, the Grand River at Lansing will be used as an example for the Region, and the year 1960 will be the repre- sentative year. The mean discharge for the year was 1,080 cubic feet per second. Table I shows the monthly mean discharge. TABLE IX: AVL'MGC MOMIHU MIPH'ATION “HS (’09. LAMSIW: IN IHCHES . I la... ‘ . . o ' .1, 1 ' 1. o I V 1‘ '1 ' I | ’ 1 v _" z 1 ‘1 ‘ . F ' .1 I ' ‘ '9 I? . '1 ' " . 1 1‘ ' ‘ 1.1 .; : 1'111' . ' 1 ,1 . 1 . 1 . . 1 1 ' 1 0 . . f 1 1 . I'l - 1 1 1 1 . . 1 .1 , 1):; f ( 1 . 0 1 ‘1 o. 1,: . "‘9 ' . 1 1 1 1 I. 1 , , ‘ . s f a (.1. : fig..." 1 H " :. I V , .0 f ‘ ‘ e ‘1 ';I Q ‘ I 4 1 . I 4 ‘I I l. I ‘ . l~ I . ' .2 1 I ;.' l « r 1 '1" ‘1 ' ' 4 ‘c ‘ I o . I ' ' ‘h ' ' . . . . - 1 . 1 '. .1 1 1 . “ ' 1 '1 " ' ‘ ' l ‘. ' 'e ' . '. . 1 1 1 ‘ 1' .— "i U. ‘o . ‘2 ‘ o '1 I. I ‘ .‘ ‘.‘ ' . K It? ; ' I " (0 I ‘1'. ‘ - l‘u'l ') ' .11 1 1 .. ~ 1' . '1. . a 1 1. 0~ . .1- 1 -. ‘ b. 1341.95 . . . . . . .‘ . 2.21 1.99 unites. um. 1n. MAY 111111111. 1110. sen OCI. «011.1020. sou-.02: uncmow 11mm assoc-.005 coueuwoucMIta atsouuc commons 1110 uses In m: cm: onus men. use: 141161116, 1.. 13;. TABLE X: MONHLY Mt” DISCHARGE OF "(C OBAMD RIVER AT LANSIMO (‘05 THE YEAR ”(.0 IN (.0616 FEET PCP. SECOND 1111 11111111 11))! ‘ i 1111111111 11 54 11111 1 a. .1 1 11111 1111111 '; . ..~ 1(2)): 1 i1'1'i.'f'#?.1”(‘(l(1,’§) ’) 111111.;1711' '1' 1'1 111-1' 1. 1) .7; .‘ 11.')1 ’: )3 1451 1299 H96 zest; 1031 112; 910 zze 229 1019 1181 1090 @111?“ um. Are. wwlwu. JUL. 406.]Stf. onluomloea ’ 5009.42: mum-u was». amounts COMMIfiSIOM, “wuss “saunas. couomous no 0925 IM me emu. ouuo raven, 649M.“ 111451116, 9. 41. -54- By comparing the two tables, run-off and precipita- tion: one can see that the two cycles are not consistent with each other. The rainfall cycle reaches a low in Dec- ember, January, and February, whereas the monthly’mean dis- charge for those months was higher than all other months, except April. The peak run-off occurs in April after the snow melts. Even though the months of May, June, and August provide the most rainfall, the mean monthly discharge rate on the Grand River is very low at this time. One might say that-a reservoir could be utilized to catch the flood waters in the spring and save this water for recreation and low ' flow augmentation in the late summer. This reasoning is fine, except that the reservoir water level would drOp dur- ing the peak season for recreation, leaving exposed banks and making the beach unuseable for swimming. In order to catch flood waters, a reservoir should be left empty. One might say that since the records of the Tri-Gounty Region show that the run-off is low in the summer, the reservoir could be left full during this low flow period and used for purposes other than flood protection. The MWRC felt that this alternative would be a gamble, since records are not very complete for the past years. To summarize the preceding arguments concerning the multi-use concept for the reservoir, the following statements are presented. Due to the shortage of recreation involving the use of water in the Tri-County Region, this report is giving recreation 0 -55- top priority for the use of the water in the reservoir. This decision eliminates the use of low flow augmentation for the reservoir because the two uses conflict during the summer. The reservoir could be utilized to catch floodwaters in the spring, but, during the summer, the water level would have to remain constant for recreation. The Battelle Memorial Institute's Report was concerned with water in the ten townships in and around Lansing.12 These. townships included Watertown, Dewitt, Bath, Oneida, Delta, Lansing, Meridian, Windsor, Delhi, and Alaiedon. As in the MWRC Report, recreation was given second priority for the reservoir sites, although specific sites were designated for , recreational reservoirs. A summary of the proposed reser- voir sites may be found in Table II. All of the sites are located on a map of the Upper Grand River Basin (Figure III). In choosing the specific reservoir site for a pro- posed regional park, one must first consider the need for water oriented activities in or near metropolitan Lansing. Secondly, due to the lack of recreational waters, the primary_ use of the reservoir should be for recreation. dgvtn if the reservoir was used for flood control, a problem would arise. 12 Battelle Memorial Institute, Alternative Long Rggge. W ter Use Plan for the Tri-Count Re ion ichi , - County Regional Planning Commission, Ezfising, 195%. -56- “ »Jffi During the spring, when the water level would be lowered to receive the flood waters, fish habitats would be destroyed. From Table 11 one sees that most of the reservoir sites have a suggested use, either to augment the low flow of a river or to prevent floods. The reservoirs across the Grand River near.Millett, across the Red Cedar near Okemos, and across Sycamore Creek near Holt, although near Lansing and in areas where the water could be used for recreation, are proposed to augment the low flow of the Grand and Red Cedar Rivers. Other reservoir sites proposed for low flow augmentation include those on Mud Creek near.Mason, Dean Creek near Williamston, the Grand River at Onondaga, the Red Cedar near Williamston, and the.MapIe River'nearIMuir, but- these sites are at a distance from Lansing. The above men- tioned reservoirs could be used for flood control. The only proposed reservoir to supplement the water supply of‘the Region was across the Grand River at Dimondale. Two reservoirs were proposed for recreation only: one, on the.Maple River near Elsie; the other, on the Looking Glass River near wacousta. The.Maple River reservoir site is over twenty air miles from Lansing and from the largest concen- tration of people in the Region. In addition, other recre- ation areas are located at this distance from Lansing on the periphery of the Region (see Figure 1).. By deduction, the Looking Glass River reservoir site near Wacousta is the best sites for a regional park, since it is easily accessible by the majority of the people in the Tri-County Region. FIGURE HI ’- PROPOSED REfiERVOIR SlTES Of: THE: QEOIOH POLITICAL EDOUHDLLJE’S - .» . coomv ___.--...___ .. \ . . WLAS .' BENGAZEK‘ " XOVID VILLAGE?) AME) CHINE?) *5” _ ‘7‘ \on’x c HAM —. — - » mm» — »— ~—~ H1 ____4HWA.YS WEST P HA L. C. L l O N :wesrmaua mLtY " ouve VlCTOQ : ’mtp‘gTATE H‘C‘HWM “"""‘" ' MAJOR LZOAUS __-_.___ . flame ‘ . EWITT . 1’ NORTH ‘ -. l o_ z 4 a SWEAMS Am; {xxx/Ems W\-W r: on: waxezroww ‘ thnr BATH BEE“ \ ' y _ . ‘KTQAF f ; .I..v‘ SCALE FM MILE5 LAKES 0.. MULLIKEN J \ ’ F—-—-fi—" a " T ~ ‘ v * mm: ea 2 saw 3 W GRAND LET—Z: EAbT LANSING) .é M ’“ ' - \ .WIwnmsrcu LC/CKE PROFY—BED I ”HE «J; ~ sum-mg . aoxauo j OHEIOA DCLTA 3. L3 6. a WILLIAA; ETOU ‘ ; ‘ {CIT}; 91%.?“'Juj'lrzpyjz5' ‘3. 7‘ _ _ “V (J V /- ) __\ . _, [fl ‘. ”:1 § E \x A. T O . N k ,. a. ', Memo ‘ __ < 1 i7 -2» . -27 1 QEAUU RIVER M unclIDAc A __________7_ _.-. _ _ ___,_,,_ _,_____ - ' _ -.__ -__.:::___ 3.; . f! a» ‘ , .' -’*——\\____LH ,__ “i 2 (312mm RTVELL M DIMOUDALE . b.»\ D! QM AL- ' j‘ " :VWMOHWTLLEJ mama-a ; 8»: TON ' Fri _ , , i WW5“ W [E ' a ammo awry: MEAL: MILLETT J} \\ wwopo * ‘ K fimacou WHEATFTELCS' ~.:W' ‘ J ' ‘TTEQVI LLE ”9 ' ‘~ fie.:\ 4 MAPLE RIVER HEAR ELSIE‘: VEIZMOMWTLJJ": _ __ . . _-_ -- ' .-___-_i- 5% . o A ' mum.» : CARMEL gm. ENC” fEMO“ W3 ‘AOQEL‘US’ z, Lac-w; w » uLAE» LEM/[:1 MEAD: WACOUSTA yr > ‘ /.x! ' ; . ' mg EAJTLJX LN II» J 7 LIED CEDAR RWEIZ, NEAR wzpunmsxou _ -.-_ I —— -— —~—-- . 5; 3:7“ - “M” j: ,. . a » . .. WHOM \ no I! N a {LED CzDACL MVER MEI—MA QKEMOD be “2‘02/ 1 - , HAMLU on M ya ‘ s 'bUN' . 's ‘ LLEVUE . \_ :BRCDKHFU‘ ) \le DAe f L7: L18 K52 HILL! TOCKBIZIDG 9 SYCAMOQ‘E CREEK MEAQ HOLT l 4 c , - u V : LEdJE Sleukbtglwz e; . 3375? OLD/ET i g . .. / A 13¢qu ’ __ . \“ $ -- _-_; -- __ . -_ no MUD CREEK MEAD. meson BAB‘K- DATA; mung/ll) WA] E m LE: Uga$ l: MMK. < JON, UMFUB )~ MED MAP. n DC’AM CQEE'A HEAR WILJAM‘;TQM \a L— E. (1:5; D- “www— - ”5‘1— —._».,_-.. .__—.___.__.»_—...__.__.____ W_- POUTK‘AL BOOMDLZJE‘S coouw TOWMSH l P VILLAGE?) AHD CHIES H I Q HWAY§ lflTtRSTATE. Hl 61HWAY HAJOIZ‘ [204 [25 ll“ ER STREAMS AND RSVERS LAKES mo POE-Ec- RE-Eeavm 0:3 PfiOFYfiED [TAM QUITE: 1 2 H GRAUD RIVER A1 ouoqueA OQAUD RN65: AT DIMOUDALE OIAAMD RIVER NEAR MILLETT MAPLE RIVER MEMZ ELSIE MAPLE RIVER» HEAR MUIR fin-“ M-———-_‘ LODU-JNJQ OLA$$ (ZN/I12. HEAR WACOUSTA taco CEDAR mverz. Mum. WlLLMM‘sTOM LLED CEDAR RIVER. NEAR OKEM05 SYCAMOEE CREEK mam; HOLT MUD CREEK MEAD. MAsou 00AM CQEELL MEAL: WtLLlAMéTOM -53- Table XI.--A summary of proposed reservoir sites.13 Reservoir econne ed Proposed1 Ne. location County C use 1 Grand River at Ingham! x 1 low Onondaga ‘ . flow Sec. 33, T 1!, R 2H 2 Grand River.et Eaton x 1 water Dimondale supply Sec. 15, T BR, 3.3" 3 Grand River near Eaton x low Millett flow 300. 35' T w, R 3“ h JMaple River near Clinton 1 x rec. Elsie SOC. 11, T 8", R IV 5 Maple River near Clinton* x low Nbir flow Sec. 10, T 7N, R 5" 6 Looking Glass River Clinton x x" rec. near wacousta " ‘ ["f Sec. 15, T SN, R 3" "t ; 7 Red Cedar River Ingham! x low near Uilliamston flow SOCe 32, T w, R 23 8 Red Cedar River Inghdh , x, ‘x low near Okenos » flow $.90 28’ T A“, R IV 9 Sycamore Creek Ingham x x low near Holt flow Sec. 11, T 3N, R 2w 13Battelle memorial Institute, 0 . it., p. 106. Michigan Hater Resources Commission, 02, cIt., p. 122. -59- Table. Ila-Continued 1 _—_ ‘—_:_‘ _ Reservoir M Proposed]- . No. location County use 10 find Creek near Mason Ingham 2: low Sec. 33, T 3N, R 1" flow 11 Dean Creek near Ingham x 1011 ' Willienston flow Sec. 17, '1' 3N, R 28 ----.----------.--..-- --------.- -"---.------.. ------- ”a--- I *Hot completely in the Trl-County Region *tEsti-ated 11mm andBHI 2m 3141130 -60- ‘ Table II--Cont;gued w Distance Refill2 Upstrean3 Storage Capacity Nb. £ron.Lansing potential quality in acre-feet 1 20 miles good unknown 57,000 2 10 excellent B 18,000 3 5 - excellent A 14,000 A 23 8 excellent A 11,900 5 25 excellent A 7h,0001 6 8 :xcellent A 8,000 7 18 fair A 30,000 8 8 excellent B 25,000 9 5 poor B 19,000 10 1A poor A** 20,000 11 17 very poor A**_ A0,000 Jggg::23;etely in the Tri-County Region * 1HNRC and BHI 2 am We ~61- Tahle II--ngtinugd water Surface3 Inundation3- Number in acres' damage 1 5,690 small 2 ' 1,830 medium 3 hkO small A 1,900 medium 5 8,h00 8m]. 6 A 1,360 ' small 7 ' - 5.770 " large ‘I ,1; (If . 8 2,230 ' medium 9 1,600 ' large 10 . ' 3,300 medium 11 2,700 medium ‘*Not completely in the Tri-County Region **Estimated 1mm: and mu 23111 3mm fl -4 . ._ 7. II-. -I.Iv. e....l .y. .m-Tite ‘ In: 5.. ..>. .. a y e . — u we- I14! IQ w. ....... .. .. . .. . , .H We... err...” . H -\ \v {.1 e . .‘I L....HI-.x '- d . In.\n.. .~.ae..‘\L - . 1' ...oe.V‘.ee l' D I4. vi. ..1 7. g _ .73.. .. W .. .4..-” n _ . H m.-.l-l, -91.-“ r. T I I e. um -62- -.I_,? (If. CHAPTER III THE SITE K I This section of the report will be devoted to the examination of the proposed reservoir site. First, there will be a general description of the proposed site to ex- plain the present character of the land. Then, the natural factors of the site, subsurface, surface, and climatic con- ditions will be investigated. The results of these studies. will be placed together in the form of a landscape analysis and the proposed park boundaries will then be delineated. Site Description The proposed reservoir site, which is to be the central attraction of the regional park, is located in Section 15 of Township 5 North and Range 3 west in Clinton County, which is the approximate location of the dam site ~whfth was preposed by the.Michigan water Resources Commis- sion and the Battelle Memorial Institute (see Figure VII). This location for the dam was chosen because the Looking Glass River Valley narrows down here, and the foundation soil is a mineral soil rather than an organic soil. The high water mark of the reservoir was determined through the interpolation of contours on a united States Geographic Sur- vey Map of the Dewitt Quadrangle. -63- -6A- The criterion for selecting the ultimate height of the reservoir was not to disturb the town of Dewitt. This town lies upstream from the dam by about four miles. Howe Road runs west from Dewitt and parallels the proposed reser- voir. The high water level was picked so that this road would not have to be relocated farther’north. The elevation of the road along this portion of the reservoir is about 800 feet. Since those portions of Dewitt are higher in elevation than the road, the water level of the reservoir should stay below 800 feet; if not, the road will have to be raised. This portion of the Looking Glass River Valley is narrow and the banks are short and steep. Few benefits would be added for recreation at this point of_the reservoir to go to the extra construction costs of exceeding the elevation of 800 feet. Therefore a tentative elevation of 790 feet has been set for the reservoir. This contour crosses the valley floor on the west side of Dewitt, and therefore, the buildings along the river in Dewitt would not be endangered by the pro- posed water level. The main portion of the proposed reservoir is located in the central portion of Sections 15, 1A, and 13, running north for a mile and east through Dewitt. The Looking Glass River Valley is generally narrow. The widestupggtion of the reservoir is about a quarter of a mile across. There are several shallow, narrow, stream entrances which give added K .1} Hf. -65- width in places, but these usually have bottoms of organic soils. s . ' The proposed reservoir runs down the middle of the three sections. This course gives it the distinction of acting as a property line for the properties to the north and to the south. A gravel road follows each of the section lines running east and west. The farmsteads and residential homes along both of these roads have been located near the road, since the land near the river is wet and steep. The land-use pattern shows that the houses occupy that portion of the property near the road. If the land is farmed, the crops are between the buildings and the River Valley. The '1and along the River Valley is forested with deciduous trees., Those roads which run north and south are punctuated by both farmsteads and residences. The residences are lo- cated at the corners of the sections, while the farmsteads are ales; the road. The general visual image of the River Valley, as seen from the east-west roads, is obscured by the trees. In many places, the view is hidden by the relief. There are two panoramic views of the site; both are opposite each other on the west end of the reservoir. By utilising the minor ridge lines between the road and the Valley, a boundary line can be made so that the farms may continue to operate, thereby protecting the park boundaries. Protection will also occur on the south side of the Looking Glass River where some residences are located. . ,1}? Hi . -66- Where the proposed reservoir starts to narrow down and run to the north, several land—uses have ruined the land for development as a park. A major subdivision was started on the east side of the River, and three gravel pits were located between the roads and the River Valley, with one of the gravel pits being used in combination with a dump. These land—uses are not aesthetically pleasing or compatible to a regional park. Considerable time and money would be needed to correct such land-uses. There are several natural lakes in the area. These lakes are near the roads, are in low depressions, and have bottoms of organic matter. The proposed site is in no danger from.new highways. There is a proposed interstate highway to the south, and the only paved roads in the immediate area are Airport Road and Rowe Road. Airport Road runs across the proposed reser- voir. ‘ The vegetation on the proposed site is deciduous, except where two fields have been planted with coniferous plantations. The trees of the lowlands and River Valley are not as suitable for recreation as the trees of the upland soils. Those upland woodlots are good for recreation because the underbrush is scant and the trees are mature enough to protect and shelter people and facilities. Wildlife also inhabits the woodlots. Farming has destroyed the vegetation on much of the land, but the woodlots hold cover and concealment -67- . for small game. The woodlots are so small that the large game using these areas as part of their natural habitat, just pass through, rather than establish a permanent resi- dence. The small game can find enough protection in the River Valley and the woodlots to exist. The birds of the area use the woodlots and River ‘Valley for nesting sites. These birds range from.the preda; tors, like the hawk, to the small seed and insect eaters, like the sparrow and warbler. IMany birds were seen prepar- ing to nest during the spring of 1964. Plants still holding last year's nests were found in both the Looking Glass River ‘ Valley and the woodlots. The hawthorn species of trees was especially popular as nesting sites for songbirds. Subsurface Conditions Of all the natural elements, glaciers infilfienced the proposed site the most. This area has been covered with ice four times, the last covering disappearing about 12,000 years ago. The~retreat of the ice was gradual and the present ground forms resulted from the ice and the melted ice leaving freighted rock debris, or glacial drift, over the bed rock. The bed rock was mainly composed.of granite that was overlaid with sedimentary rock. The ground forms left by the glaciers include an old lake bed, which now serves as a channel for the Looking Glass River, moraines to both the north and the south of the river, and a till plain, or ground moraine, on the south side of the river. -68- §211§ 'The soils of the proposed site fall into‘one great soil group--the Graberown Pedzolic. All of the soils have the following characteristics: 1. The soils have been developed in a cool, moist climate. 2. The profile has a veneer surface of organic matter. The next horizon has been leached and is gray in color. This horizon, in turn, is underlaid by ,another leached horizon. The subsoil is next and -it holds an ccumulation of iron and humus. 3. The soils’fh’ave been deposited by the receding glaciers. Locally, there are other soils which have been formed by deposition, including the sands and gravels, pests and mucks. The soils of the Region were classified by series, ' type, and phase, by the Department of Agriculture in their soil survey of the Region. In classifying soils for recre- ational uses, the series was found to be the most important. A soil series includes soils which have the same horizon, similar characteristics and.arrangements in soil profile, and have developed from the same type of parent material. In other words, the soils in a series have essentially the same color, structure, natural drainage conditions, and range in relief; Most soil series have a name of a place or geo- graphic feature. -69.. The class of a soil means the tequre of a soil. The texture refers to the amount of clay, silt, loan, or sand present in a representative sample. The different classes of soil series have the same internal drainage char- acteristics. The class of a soil is important when consider- ing the ability of a soil to retain moisture. The more sand a soil contains, the more quickly it provides drought con-. ditions for vegetation during dry spells. In classifying soils for recreational uses, all soils of the same series were combined and not rated by class, whereas the principle mapping unit on the generalized soils map was the class of the soil. The phase of a soil is a variation within the series. The differences are minor soil characteristics, in- cluding the degree of erosion, differences in relief or stoniness. Table III contains a complete list of soils on the proposed reservoir site. The soil relationships on the site may be found on the generalized soils map (Figure IV). A detailed study of all the soils on the proposed site was made, for the reason that soils provide the foun- dation for plants and for improvements to the land. If a particular soil will not provide a suitable foundation for a proposed use, the proposal will never become a success. By first deciding what are to be the proposed activities of the site, and then finding out what are the desired soil -70- FIGUREW: PERCEPTUAL STUDY LEGEND CULTURAL. FEATURES LIVING um'r SCHOOL. COMMUNITY HALL PAVE-D ROAD GRAVEL. ROAD GRAVEL prr ~ DUMP bRIDGE: NATURAL. FEATURES VfiéETATIOkP DBCIDUOUS COHIF‘EROUS HEDGE DOW QELSCF‘ ‘ FLAT STEEP WATED.‘ LAKE: I STREAM OD. RIVER IUTCRMITTELIT $TRCAN\ -. POORLY DRAJMED AREA-‘5 P0$S|E>Lt FROST PthE—TS MI$CELLAMIOUS PREVAILING WIND: SUMMER. WINTER. PAUORAMIC VIEW TERMILTUS OF” VIEW SURVEY LIMES=TOWUSHIP smc'rlou AND MUMbER. 1 D 15 O ® . l7 PROPERTY LINES AND ACRES ___ZO__ _ , ‘ my. \\ i, "x I {’4 H‘ “TL—- Rawlsiw STU DY PFRCEPTUAL. O ' FIGURE IV s.. M”.5... . u e/ . . A \ . n p O I I. . .I . o 1.. , . a II D . . c 0.. I _ wt 1 (Hr/V 510%wa a. A . I -l-._»._.- HE . r4 .AD e r I >———._'~.i _ s v SLxUILLTCJ V; ; .‘1 if“ FO . r". L.._1 7. I) Q NORTH )N MHE‘ m . . . may . W a H \ e .. N _ 7/ x r , . .. . - lb W . / ‘vl‘ 1'le (./. mfiééd 7% n _ . .. ‘ '57 i" l, I} _ v > > H. e i... .1 . _. ) SOLHL/CES TIZJ COUNTY PLAHLHHG COMMISEiOU AND FIELD CHECKED 2.55 MARCH 3904. Jo 4» a feces. -. meme 1 .22.:hfio%fiea%ezogn ' a ”C3 Z) 1% 3W 12. 2U!- TBA Rfivnszw I be D < .9: ' ”‘5‘ > E“ _ K . ... n 7 . r In .1 ‘.. W ‘1 i I <1 :1 U U) Uéowuslou _r w i _ w,.._.._.__.. __.__.__ _.. .....a-. . _ .. .....:~ _ met: 3247 . . . . J‘s} i _i 1.7 e. ‘* s 53:1. 1.... \ \\\\2_£//9 NORTH m. m a E I|/ 4 IL A o m u /. I I ‘4 3w [2.2 Lu- -72- Table III.--Soils survey inventory Number Symbol , Characteristics 1. Bl Bellefontaine loamy sand, light gra sh- brown friable loamy sand: general y low in organic matter with strong acid reaction; low natural fertility and moisture retain- ing capability; found on strongly rolling and hi y areas. ' Vegetation: Oak, hicko , elm black cherry, dogwood, hophorn am, American hornbeam. sassafras, Juniper sugar maple and beech: little undergrowth. Bs Bellefontaine sandy loam, light grayish- ' brown sandy loam, medium to stro 1y acid, contains small quantities of fine y divided organic matter, gravel common throughout soil and on'the surfs fig external drainage is good; internal st. ure porous, plants suf er during dry seasons. 2. Bo Brady loam, dark grayish-brown friable loam, slightly acid in reaction, medium to high in organic matter and containing numerous ~ small pieces of gravel and some cobble- ' stones; external drainage is low, soil is porous and allows perculation to ground water table: 1and~use~~woodlots and pas- ture e Vegetation: A dense stand of large tall, individual trees: elm, ash, swamp white oak, basswood, silver maple, shagbark hickory; vines and a few shrubs; little undergrowth. 3. En Bronson loam, medium or dark-gra sh-brown friable loam, medium to slight y acid in reaction, contains numerous pieces of gravel: a substratum of clay occurs at a depth ranging from.h to 8 feet: external drainage is slow: internal drainage is retarded by the clay substratum. Vegetation: ‘Sugar maple, beech, oak, hic- kory, basswood, scattered silver and red map Be -73 - Table XII.--Cogt;nued Characteristics 5. 6. 7. Br BU Cm Cs Cl Brookston loam dark gray or black granular loam, neutral to slightly acid in reaction; occurs in depressions and subject to free agent floodings; internal and external ainage poor. Vegetation. . :See Bradylfglflsm. Brookston-Washtenaw complex, occupies low lying flat areas and depressions: drain- age air to poor. Carlisle muciiloccurs in lake basins and drainage v eye as a border of other or- ganic soils; deeper deposits are char- acterized by a surface layer 10 to 12 inches thick of dark brown granular organic materiale Vegetation: Elm red maple, swamp white oak, and ash, willow, aspen, basswood; vines; herbaceous vegetation. Coloma loamy sand, loose incoherent yellow- gray sand, acid in reaction, contains low percentage of organic matter; lenses of somewhat clayey material, a few stones may be present in places“ soil porous, exp ternal drainage is usually good: natural fertility low. Vegetation: See Bellefontaine soils. Conover loam,'medium to dark grayish-brown friable loam, slightly acid to alkaline in reaction, well supplied with or anic matter; usually occupies areas of evel to undulating relief; internal drainage and external drainage slow. Vegetation: Elm, ash, basswood oaks hickory, fewer beech, sugar maple, walnut, and butternut. -74- Table XII.--Continued Number Symbol Characteristics 8. 9. 10. 11. F1 H1 Fox loam, light grayish-brown friable loam, medium in organic matter, slightly acid in reaction. Vegetation: Open stand of medium-size trees; red, white, black oaks, hickory dominant; herbaceous undergrowth. Fox sandy loam, light grayish-brown friable sandy loam, medium to low in organic mat- ter, medium to strongly acid in reaction; underlaid by calcareous, stratified gravel; gravel pits are common in this soil; run- off is slow; the pervious character of this soil allows internal drainage; low in fertility. Gilford loam, dark grayish-brown friable loam, slightly acid, poorly drained, occupies leve land; medium to high in organic matter; impervious clay occurs in most places at depths of 3 to 5 feet; at borders of swamps soil is mucky; sur- face runoff slow. Vegetation: Elm, red maple, ash, shag- bark hickory, and swamp white oak. Griffin sandy loam, dark gray or black sandy loam bottom soil; subject to flooding. Vegetation: Elm, ash, silver maple, syca- more, cottonwood, cherry, walnut, butter- nut, tulip tree, basswood, hackberry, aspen, willow; vines; shrubs; grasses; herbaceous plants. Hillsdale loam, grayish-brown friable loam, medium in organic content, good retention of plant nutrients and moisture. Vegetation: See Hillsdale sandy loam. m Number Symbol -75- Table III.--antigpeg Characteristics 12. 13. Hillsdale sandy loam, light grayish-brown friable sandy loam, medium to strongly acid in reaction; contains low to medium percent of finely divided organic matter: gravel common throughout the soil: exter- nal drainage free to excessive’ internal drainage porous in character,a11ows free perculation. Vegetation: Oaks and hickory dominant; sugar maple, beech, elm, and cherry few to abundant; medium-sized trees: small amount of undergrowth. Hs////'Hillsdale sandy loam, rolling phase, same‘ as Hillsdale sandy loam except that it is found on steeply sloping and rolling to hilly land; landduse is generally wood Otse Ho on muck, to depth of 6 to 8 inches, s ghtly acid, dark-brown or black finely fibrous organic material: occurs as borders to lakes and in wet and difficult to drain ”C‘se vegetation: .Marsh type of vegetation, grasses and sedges dominant: shrubs, such ‘as Potentilla, Cornus, black birch, scattered tamarack, and willows. Kerston muck, occurs in wet bottom soils of mixed muck and mineral soil, slightly 'alkaline to neutral reaction. ' Vegetation: See Carlisle muck. ZMaumee loam, occurs_in small patches near swamps, dark brown soilJAmixed with mucky organic matter; underlaid in most places by moist or wet material of either sand, sandy loam, or clay: occurs in low areas, at the edge of swamps and in level areas a in small patches. -76- Table III.--gggtiggeg -.__ J number Symbol Characteristics A_l Vegetation: Elm, ash red maple’, and swamp white oak: marsh grasses, reeds, and sedges. ' ' 16. MG. Mdami loam, medium grayish-brown friable loam, slightly acid, medium to low in' organic matter, easily penetrated by roots; usuall an abundance of lime at a comparative y slight depth; small quan- tities of gravel and a few*stones are common throughout the entire soil mass. Vegetation: Hardwood forest in dense stands; medium to large individual tree growth: very little herbaceous or shurbby undergrowth; dominant trees include sugar maple, be ch, white oak, elm ‘white ash, hickory,‘ asswood,,;efi and‘black oak. Nl//////Miami loam rolling phase, slopes exceed 15% gradients; underlying drift usually contains a high percentage of coarse material, otherwise the soil is much like K miami loam; external drain e is rapid, ' often causing sheet and y erosion; land use is generally woodlots. Ms .Miami silt loam, similar to Miami loam ex- cept for a higher percent of silts and clays; occurs on till plains: landduse is generally crops. 17. 01 Oshtemo loamy sand, light grayish-brown sand loam, acid in reaction; occurs on love land surfaces that do not allow for free runoff; soil extremely porous, allowing for free internal drainage: low in fertility. Vegetation: See Fox loam. ,x-77- ' Table n1..-cftfifi lumber Symbol l8. Rp 19. we 20. W1 Characteristics Rifle peat, surface material ranges from 3 to 8 inches in depth; granular and mucky in character; reaction is medium to strongly acid: surface is underlaid by medium to stroggly acid brown that increases with Opt e Vegetation: Tamarack, aspen, red maple, elm, an occasional black spruce and paper birth; shrubs include Vaccinium, choke- berry, and Cornus: sedges and grasses abundut e wa11k111 loam, occupies depressed areas, soil consists of a coverin of eroded material: soils are gener 1y wet. Vegetation: See washtenaw loam. washtenaw loam, occupies depressed areas, medium.to high in organic matter; sub— Ject to late frosts and flooding; soil consists of eroded material. Vegetation: Elm, black ash red maple, wi low, swamp white oak, walnut, and . butternut; shrubs and herbaceous vege- tation. Ml FIGURE, V: GENERAL! ZED 50th MAP I \‘ Us If II I if AJLZW 1111A I 7. Cl Ms W! H! w M and! Ml racy/nit; AHZDCDRT 9. ' WI CC 2 21 2 * 2 22:2 - I .41 N W! teal? g gsvou. ROAD ._.______._£L_14M - _ H__1_____. /“ v- H Gd /"' Bo SW SW ‘x 1 95 AV “7 He;N 1”“ O! .7 D Wl\ gl 55 d \ B N\ s m Q :1 PM aw ~\ 1% ‘FP—T— BI em H5 M1 1 8 W :qu 85 Ml /. Bel Ml RP AM Br 9 N 0 RT H V7. }N M l LE5 -_1\ Inu‘\ f BA$|C DATA: SOILS SURVEY CLINTON COUNTY, USDA, ”942,. -79- characteristics for each activity, by mapping the soils, the relationship between the desired uses and the soils can be seen. These relationships can then be compared to the exist- ing land-use patterns, existing vegetation, and the proposed reservoir. As a result of these comparisons, a design that is sympathetic, and land-uses that are compatible, to the soils can be proposed. In other words, the design and the proposed uses will be indigenous to the particular soil and to the microclimate of the immediate area, as much as possi- ' his. Other factors will influence the development of the site. The soils of the proposed site will be rated as to their suitability for a proposed land-use. In order to rate a soil series for a potential land-use, the following suit- ability ratings will be utilized: 1. Mast fgyoggblg - the soil presents no serious limitations to the use in ques- tion. 2 V f vor b e - the soil presents some limitation to the use. The limitation is not serious and is easy to over- come. 3, ngorablg - the soil presents moderate limita- tions. The limitations need to be recognized, but they can be overcome or corrected. -30- S t the soil presents serious problems ”flu; - and has severe limitations for use which need to be recognised. Use tends to be questionable as the limitations are hard to overcome. 5. gnfavoggblg - the soil presents such severe limi- tations for use that extreme mea- sures are needed to overcome the problem. Usage tends to be unde- sirable or unsound. The general land—uses found in a regional park include recreation areas, building sites, and circulation areas. In order to see which soil mapping units are appropriate for each use, an explanation of the characteristics needed for each land-use is necessary. 'The desired characteristics are as follows: " J,,fl_ ggilgingg: The buildings in a regional park will be generally one story, or possibly two stories,' higha. They will need to be serviced by a septic tank, since there are no sanitary sewers in the vicinity. The maximum.land slope should be less than ten percent and no more than fifteen percent. Circulgtion: Circulation is divided into two cate- gories, pedestrian and vehicular. The pedestrian circulation will be on both hard surfaced and natural ground walks and paths. Those paths on natural ground -31- must drain enough to withstand use in wet weather. The hard surfaced walks will be similar to hard sur- faced roads; the base must be strong enough to carry the required loads. There must also be sufficient drainage from the base-soil to prevent frost heaving and the forming of ice crystals. Topography must fl be under ten percent slope for all vehicular traffic, and pedestrian traffic over steep grades should be supplimented by steps. ‘Rgggggtign: Generally speaking, recreational activ- vities use the natural features, for in most cases, there is no cross-traffic over these areas. where there is traffic or special uses, the soils will be rated accordingly. , Golf cgggggsg- Golf‘opfirses will generally not be limited by topography. The soils must be able to withstand heavy use, particularly during the dry season in the late summer. The drainage must be good to facilitate play during wet and rainy seasons of the year. Picnicking and cggping: Generally it is best to use level, well-drained sites. The soil must be able to withstand heavy use and to generate good vegetative growth. Resegzoi; developgggt : There are two parts to reservoir development. First, there is the -32- embankment material which holds the water in place. Second, there is the soil which serves as the shoreline. The embankment material is clay, while the shoreline material is sand. .It is best to have a gentle.slopingtrhoreline for the safety of the users. Those areas around the shores which will be used heavily, must be able to drain freely in damp weather and be able to produce good vegetative growth. Group; wgtgr 2 Ground water in the area of the site is found in the sandstone bed rock and in the glacial till. Several of the soils are characterized by their ability to retain water, both late in the spring and throughout the summer. Other soils in the uplands are well-drained and, during dry periods in the late summer, supply little or no water to the plants. The ground water should cause little or no trouble in the regional park as long as the main'areas of development are on the upland soils. Surface Conditions The surface conditions of the proposed site have been altered very little since the last retreating glacier. This glacier left moraines, a till plain, and an old lake bed. These glacial features give tO‘thO land characteristics of low undulations or swells of smooth contour, grading into -33- Table IIII.--Classification of soils for recreation. wt __'_ Golf Build- 'Sgg1ic Camping & No. Soil Type Course ings Field Picnicking l Bellefontaine 3 l 1 - l 2 Brady 3 3 DA h 3 Bronson 2 2 2 2—3 h Brookston A k A h-5 5 Carlisle 5 5 5 5 6 Coloma 3 5 5 l 7 Conover 3 2-3 B-h 3 8 Fox 1-2 1 l l 9 .Gilford A A A h {1-9322311-------..---.5.------...5...----..---------- ---§.---.. 11 Hillsdale Loam l l 3 2 12 Hillsdale SL 2 l 2 2 13 Houghton 5 5 5 5 1L Kerston 5 5 5 5 2.5.-.E‘EEE°.2---------..---..--‘:-..----2.-------.5.---..-----..--§.--- 16 Miami 1 l 3 2 l7 Oshtemo 3 l l 1 ~ 13 Rifle 5 5 5' 5 l9 wa11k111 5 5 5 5 20 Hashtenaw 5 5 5 5 -34- Table IIII.--Continued - 1 w 1 r Borrow Symbol _Embankment Shore Line Circulation‘ Bs B1 5 1" 1 Be 5 A t Em A 3 2 Bi Br # b-S ' haS _---..-9!:--------------.2-----...------..------------------ Cs A l 1 Cl 2-3 3-# 3 F r1 1. ' 1 1 Gd # h h ...... 9!----------;.-..-§--------..---2--._--------§------- H1 . 3 1,, ”f 1 1 He '2 3 3 Hm 5 5 5 Km 5 5 5 ""5155 ....... 'Ml 1M8 2 3 3 01 5 l 1 Rp 5 5 5 we 5 5 5 W1 5 5 5 Rating System.for Recreation Uses 1 .Most Favorable 2 Very Favorable 3 Favorable h Somewhat Favorable 5 Unfavorable -85- SOILS LEGEND '- --.-.—.A-. .. - . ..n-n...- -~.....—‘ .-.—. e u...» -.< . ._ -1 ~'- - .. .t "‘m~ PROPOSED DAM SITE '——" PROPOSED IMPOUNDMEHT (:j:__::; $0“— FOR: EMBAMKMENT MATERIAL. *+*-.*+ CIRCULATION ‘.°.°. . GOLF- COURSES 3:2: PICNICKIMG AND CAMPING - . B E—AC H E S WWW-«2., BUILDINGS TILE FIELDS IIIIIII IIIIIIIII v, "”7mmfi. TSLL <3 Ci MI s..— C.\ W 1 3° STOLL ROAD €fi;/"\. l I MOS FIZA _A FIGURE VI: soILs FOR EMDMJVIMEMT MATERIAL AND CIRCULATION w. 1W Z in \ if #kIA‘A ‘1 II I] 3;; vfl W W MI I\ MI Me a WP] ; ' ) / ail/I’fr:} / ° ,1" ' a a U s o /J' avian/l (HS 3:)“ 1C?IO\" Gibbs “‘ . C 3 . -' s. C‘ C: .zaji 0.. do T511. 1\ gslff J 1 LL‘. \1Vl/ 74—1 [\ wx'v (DAD/\J 1 W I ,,< / Cl : Mg m Ms CI 5 Ma ”'1 \ N \ \ N / _.../ a M E E i a a 5 S3 \ 3 o 3. ‘3' \\ \ \\ S Ms I f J lonmfio [LIT-"FICA E , Q GAgoflgo/on . .\ e \ —(v . a Q a .c I511. WI PX T-‘SIL CLADKK )2. CAD ;w1 ‘ f I 3 (A1 ‘/ ' ‘ . ‘ . . I I—L ' . . “I M . ~ . W‘ . M Z. . ..- I4 ' . . :.' . _ . . . B» ' Ml C‘ .' ‘ I. . 0“M‘.. . . v. .‘. 8W CI '. Q 2.4 MI ow CI .3 . \ -p 230 Q “r " MI ‘ NORTH Hm .'& . L I 1 w D V8 ‘/4 V7. - ’ .. w \. —— 1: Ba 1 CM m h up MI 0”“ m /: u / SCALE. 1N MIL-E5 \ w _ a so as .. I: ”/3“ l 1 H 1/ I 1(— 13,/1355:?(1 ' if) / )1) [ W UNIT] 1 CI 1 II W KEN. (II/LIA]. Ba .' e. l D Q— OWEL FQANlC s I N MI STOLL ROAD BASIC. DATA: sou. SURVEY CLINTON cove—(Y, USDA, I942. ‘ _H '5‘ L I. 1""-..- ll" -£ \l. KM l m . FIGURE vm: SOILS FOR OOLF‘COURSES, Pncmcmuo, AND CAMPING. MS 0 o .0 .....f .0. o 0. o o .. 0.3. O I O o O 3 ‘(9 M! NORTH STOLL ROAD VB ‘/4 V2 ES“. ‘ SCALE BASIC DATA: sou. SURVEY CLINTOM COUNTY, USDA, 1942. ‘ IN MILES \ 7311 _. d ICI' *U :- -39- shallow depressions.‘ Long steep slopes are uncommon. The old glacial valley; through.which_thenLoeking Glass River' flows, ranges in depth from twenty to forty feet and in width.from several hundred yards up to a half mile. The valley has not altered the original surface either by dissec- tion or by deposition. Very few tributaries have developed leading into the Looking Glass River. As a result ofoa poor natural drainage system, there are numerous areas of wet lands which occur in depressions and on level plains. £14.91 The average elevation above the mean sea level is over 800 feet. The lowest point occurs in the valley of the Looking Glass River. This point is about 781 feet above the mean sea level. The highest points occur on both the north and south sides of the river where the elepfihion is over 860 feet in places. A topographic map of the proposed site may be found in Figure V. W “ A dense forest growth of deciduous trees once covered the Region. Today much of the forest has been cut down, and the land has been devoted to agriculture. There is a general correlation between the trees and the soil. A hard maple- beech type forest, which included the associated species of ‘hickory, oak, elm, ash, basswood, and black cherry, covered the well-drained uplands of intermediate to heavy textured Ex - V. fl..-..m..< éfik /Kfi\\\? K -....... .<2 9 ES '# FIGURE”: TOPOCJRAPHIC MAP mew. 12./Lul- S A \\\W \ / (2’: 2% RCA 1 Wm . /) _L AS1290 RT / \ G ROVE KOAL‘) §C3M AVE. Y Ten. 15 u. /\ ANC‘ROAD " 1 I 86f I J“, TOEEW _ I 7’ \‘11 // //'/11 /A”1\ FE. [ f/fiifi rzew.‘ R2 w. 5A3”; DATA! 0.8.6.5. TOPOGQAPHIC MAP, DEWlTT QUADRAMGLE, I950 .‘.\ \ } -91- soils. As the,soils became more sandy, the percentage of oaks increased. The sandiest soils supported white pines. Poor drainage in the lowland mineral soil was favorable to the elm-ash-red maple-swamp white oak assocation and to the associated species of basswood, shagbark hickory, and syca- .more.« The soils of intermediate drainage supported species of both associations in proportion to the'hvailable drainage. Black walnut, butternut, ironwood, sassafras, and cottonwood were scattered throughout all the forest associations on mineral soils.“ The vegetation on the muck and peat swamps varies with the degree of decomposition of the organic material mak- ing up the soil, and with the height of the water table. The drier deposits are made up of highly decomposed materials, and they formerly had a forest cover similar to the poorly drained mineral soils. The poorly drained deposits, in which the less decomposed materials occur, support a tamarack cover, together with aspen, willow, red maple, and various shrubs.’ .The wettest areas support a leather-heath bog type vegeta- tion or a marsh sedge and grass cover. The soil vegetation relationships may be found in both Figure VI and Table III. Surface water Excluding precipitation, the surface water of the site‘occurs mainly in the form of the Looking Glass River and several small lakes. There are several small streams -92- disecying the land, but they mainly drain lowlands, and dur- ing the dry seasons, many are intermittent. The Looking Glass River itself has a more constant flow and a greater low flow than the other rivers in the Tri-County Region.= This attri- buts is due to the ground water which is stored in the glacial till and to the swamp and marsh lands of the watershed. These facts also indicate that the stream is not subject to the floods, and especially the flash floods, as are the other rivers of the Region. The small lakes which occur in the area are found in depressions in the upland soils, with their immediate shoreline soils being peat or muck. Climate The climate of the Region is influenced by the Great Lakes. The salient features of the climate are.moderately cold winters and mild, pleasant summers with moderate pre- cipitation and low wind movement. The periods of extremely hot or cold weather are for short durations. Since the Proposed regional park site is only several ~mdles2northwest of Lansing and the closest weather station is in Lansing, Lansing's readings will be assumed to be repre- sentative of the proposed site. Precipitation is almost .uniformly distributed throughout the year., The average monthly rainfall may be found in Table II. Thedéihter precipitation is slightly below that of the summer. Torrential rains and hail storms are rare. Precipitation during the growing K -93- .7 a. .3, 6 .mJ-Qm .Dtiom 44624.2 205.00 WIIOm Jdflflzs Wflnum QUEEN—O m..:0m Adruu 1. 5 54Mth 0M2_4U00n. 0.2.480 >4FUULKMQ2. OM724dO :3“; Thidemo 445344 .240.- >4.-U .. 540..- >02I.:OW MI... 02307.5 ZOCMUUW.WWOUU< u x UdDQTL -91,- season is sufficient to insure satisfactory growth for most plants. These plants on the sandy soils often suffer, to a certain extent, from a shortage of moisture during the hottest part of the summer. During the spring of the year, those areas which are level or' depressed and are made up of the heavier soils are wet. Some frost heaving to the plants, such as grasses, can be expected in these wet areas, but generally there is a sufficient snow cover on the ground to protect the plants. The frost free season of the area is approximately a period of one hundred and sixty days. The latest killing frost on record was Kay 28, and the earliest killing frost was September 8. Usually those days between May 1., and October 11, are frost free. The coldest temperatures are above -l§° below zero, making the Region suitable for plants which will grow in acne 5b, according to the Department of Agriculture.“ Table XIII shows the average monthly temper- atures for Lansing. The prevailing winds for the area are from the west. Winds of high velocity and thoes are uncommon. High humidity exists throughout the year, but the atmosphere is not uncomfortably humid. The sun shines between sixty-five A +1 “Department of Agriculture P1 t H 31 Zone , Miscellaneous Publication No. 511. . . vernment ting Office, Washington, D. c., 1960. -95- and seventy percent of the possible time in the summer, and between twenty and twenty-five percent of the possible time during the winter. The angle of the sun and the time of sunrise and sunset at the solstices may be found on Table XIV. All movements of the sun will be'Mdtween these two extremes. Therefore, when positioning recreation facilities in relation to the desired position of the sun at a particu- lar time, these extremes will be used as a guide, thereby incorporating all positions of the sun. Landscape Analysis The prOposed reservoir and.regional park lie in the outlying suburbs of Lansing. There are several areas where groupings of houses have started. There are also several subdivisions in the immediate area. Before too long, this area will be developed to a much greater extent. This pro- posed park could well be the central recreation feature for ' the residences in northwest Lansing and Lansing's metro- politan region. Because of the interstate highways which surround Lansing, and the future interstate highways which will completely surround Lansing, the park will be readily accessible to all of the Lansing residents. The outlying communities of the Region will also havt good roads leading to the park. There are three paved roads in the vicinity of the park, the most important one being Airport Road. This road would bring most of the users to the park. The other -96- .md rt-u no Jens-:8 .6 Ems-53 .3- .- 1 ..... .. ..~.em I HOSE-3 5:55.: eIIIIII-e . ed .FV I UG§U>< ollllle . Lg.“ .. uo<¢u>< Sufi—x42 o 0’0 let‘s... o — cl . \dIILar‘ 1.: ... . lls ON / II! u$\w \ ell vlle. ell/o; It“ \tso. kA\\ . On A/. 41 211:: \.\\ x\\ 0? Poll . es} \1 , J-v/ / I... 12...... x. 0m V4. In uni... \ .Vt ’1/7// 1Ke\\ - 00 I. .\ Ii! \\.\ 3. .nlvnl.‘ ow 00 oo— QE ,2- .50 an. .9: .-a. 3:. :2 s:- a:- .3..- 3. an... x A .. $243.12: .2:sz .. numazmums: 51:35 moi-$2 "2x 955. . 7 m, . L. mum-.453 moi med-5m . unease \[L flue-hmnom E: .2 24910-5- . m» .\ \ \ $33.. 230 3002 \ M23»: NM 30 2002 Fumflnm NaflSfluNuD NM PM MWZDW mud-r0400. don- WM402< 23o 5|. ‘0 JJ . \ k .00...»... MOE-020.- ; 00.00 wank-.2..- : .00 not .00.v.~ .00 .0 N. 0- . .00 .NM Do .n- - .- .On .0_ .00 0M .N 0- .00 OV~ \8.QINV m 5 00.0 .0n .mm + 0 sue a ue-s .00 .or own. on; “53:54 1::2-N4 .35 5.4 Nu duflfiuUuQ m5: 23m .00.- a. .00 .o .2 SJ .0900 .00 be - _- .00.0m. .Om .NG N 0- .00.0«. On Lin m m .00 km :6 o n .mm v o .00 .GM On .0 . u a .00 .2 .On. L.- 0 0 .003 .OmLh \. n sun 0 note “5.00 .an .. “35:54 Ih3§§< .3... . .NM U220 . “5......23n Dag-$244 .80.“. 23m MI... LO 010:..de .3 “303. -93- two roads are not between the majority of the users and the park and are therefore not important. Since the reservoir stretches approximately three miles east of the dam to just west of Dewitt, and those areas which are developed along the reservoir are where it runs north and south, the best area for the regional park is from the head of the reservoir to where it turns north. This area includ:e sections 13, 1A, and 15. Those portions of the River Valley immediately downstream from.the reservoir would best be used as natural areas to catch the water in case of the failure of the dam. The particular landruse in this area could either be agriculture or cover craps. The main purposes of this land would be to provide a pleasing setting for the park and to serve as a catchment area in an emergency. 0n examining that portion of the reservoir which runs east and west, it is evident that the northern shore of the reservoir would receive the most sun. In case of a bend in the shoreline, that portion of’the shore which rece- ived the afternoon sun would be best for a bathing beach. A building which has a view across the reservoir might better be located away from the western sun, so that, when the sun is low in the evening, it will not produce a glare across . the surface of the water, into the eyes of the peOple. The north side of the reservoir also has the best soils, differ- ences in relief for bathing beaches, and viewing places across the*water. -99- . Where the reservoir runs north and south, the exist- ing land—uses are not-compatible to a regional park. A sub- division is being built on the east side of the River Valley and there are several gravel pits which are not compatible to regional recreation. This portion of the reservoir is also narrow and could best be utilized as a trailway in com-. . bination with a parkway running to the east. The best soils for beaches occur on the west bank of the reservoir. This exposure for a beach would not be as warm as a beach with a western exposure; the useable period of the day and of the season would be shorter.. The wind and climate of the Region fail to impose serious threats to the users. The Optimum season for out- door use would be between.March and November. This season would fluctuate depending on the weather conditions. ’ The reservoir takes on a linear shape. This long, narrow body of water should be utilized by activities that are compatible to such a form. The banks of the reservoir are close together, and they would offer peOple in the water a feeling of protection. The reservoir would ‘not be ex- tremely deep; the depth in places would only be several feet.. In some places the soils are organic. Since there are many trees growing in the River Valley, there might be stumps on the bottom, thus limiting the use of power boats. Consider- ing the number and speed of motorboats in comparison to the scale of the reservoir, boating could be a hazardous activity 0 .1!) «if. -100- on crowded days. Water skiing would be particularly hazard- one under these conditions. Canoes, rowboats, and motorboats for fishing and sightseeing would be more compatible to a regional park of this size. Sailing would be limited because of the prevailing westerly breezes which would parallel the axis of the reservoir. The soils of the proposed park do not form a barrier for the proposed activities of the park. The soils range from the organic, which may best be utilized in natural wild- life areas, to the well-drained, which, due to their char- acteristics of providing drought conditions for plants during dry summers and of not taking heavy use, might best be left for natural areas also. The soils which fall in . between the organic and the well-drained, are the imperfectly drained and the poorly drained. These soils should be used for recreational activities. The poorly drained soils might be underdrained to accommodate more intensive uses during the wet seasons. Where soils are to be utilised for uncom- patible activities, extra construction costs will be required to remedy the problems which might arise. The existing vegetation ingthe area is ,located where peOple will want protection and cover. The'lffrlées help to delineate the River Valley, and the woodlots are close enough to the reservoir to provide picnic and camp grounds. The vegetation also shelters small game and birds. The wildlife, vegetation, and water will provide interesting trails and walks for the users. '5 4;“: ’ed -101- The four lakes in the area are located in depressions of organic soils, thus eliminating the possibility of using them for water activities with beaches. The relief is inter- esting enough around the lakes to give them a pleasant set- ting. The vegetation on the organic soils of the lake bottoms is not very interesting. The land-use surrounding these lakes is cropland. Therefore, the best activity for this area would be a golf course, which would providejafipleasant setting for the interior of the park. In conclusion, and in choosing the boundaries for the regional park, it seems apparent that the three sections, .13, 1A, and 15, provide the Region with adequate opportunities for the development of the regional park. These activities expepted to be the most desired by the people in the Tri- County Region include: driving for pleasure, boating, swim- ming, picnicking, walking for pleasure, fishing, camping, and nature walks. Of these activities, motor boating and camping are not compatible to the reservoir size and to its proximity to Lansing. Additional activities which can be provided in the park include: canoeing, rowboating, golf, horseback riding, hiking, day camping, and bicycling. FIGURE XI‘: LAMDEBCAPE. ANALYSIS wloz‘ szl «.2 w. I5 u. oTIZAFFIc seam sew-n _y AN D 67361-1 bolt-L. UTILI 2.: l5 BOA-D _fi‘: ":5" eeeeeeeeee .. ‘I—..\ E E? on :FI’. . d 5 vSIQLIIHaarT g .TDPoqmiIJlf j :"m/ . I. I, ‘ \ ’FP ' . r. ‘ \ z, «' F -—-- \\\ I 4.9.4»; M: zze/V. \\.\\\ WWI/III. \\\\\\\\ /§ Cit-Ma.) so ~77..:'-.-&oo0 Mimosa-a? l--...§*. ', AOTIUITIC‘S” - .I III\\\S ' J! / W —1 C ‘ FP-I 4 AD 520 ax Ev SCI J ' I . \ / ‘I . ‘ I l I _ /:\\\\ . {O £5 ,-. ‘5: a: ‘. \uu% :45, I ' I». § ‘ H, {7% 2‘1” ‘4 . .' . ' 3 , -9 f ‘3': / g -357 A: ‘ ~ , , . ' T_' .1 ,. '2 '52‘ 2": ' WWW ‘\ u . I l -..- - J a -‘-. i :52; I; T. 5% ‘l . (F . I . . ‘ 'P M o/A/masr/dé . . f t H L . ‘ . "om FEWS‘ MIMI. 165 fl,- q/zéuz-gzu dag-’0 Hm” \ . f; .9 , .. ' ; PA 5 ' ,. FL" - W, '. - lgeg’Z/cflf 77f; 7E7) . . .ap" t-.." :: 1.K’VEZA\:(L. WW, HZQM . in... 2 ow .. W0 ”is” ID ”‘2... M; .- , .. 922% .155 gig} .; n K— m «w ~. v fin: WV . j" ‘ ‘. J ‘.~.‘ .r' :65; ~ oa’a .2:qu ‘ so; . .- . : ‘ _ ‘ . l.‘ (7 .. .7745 gas wan/59’: : ‘- 5w > . r541 sadly/.2, Av 47/3672 1 -. Fr ' C“. firfifig F052" ’7‘; 'SECT/OUS 13, 147/5 IEAsT DISTU V44¢€y 4ND IA/ ( w/m DEA/JE— I/EZEW‘ 6‘; 3 3y MAN 5 [gape-nag. k . ' ”('- IT r - . m ,. _ v g ‘ '; I P | gm . MAJMI 5‘ A45? ~— '. H“ U“ OFUfIE-RS IU— 077028 0 ' ' e I . I9 4* . ~ I I I I O -. I I I I I . “ I [H ' I- NORTH o I . <1 ‘ 1 J 7“ 5“ ¥ u — ~— ESE-2:5 “ I x [is a F ‘ I SCALE IN MILES svou. ROAD /- . I) T5”. new'qzw the ”M." -103- III «I? CHAPTER IV THE PARK 2 The development plans for the regional park will be derived through the design process. First, a circulation and land-use plan, otherwise known as the conceptual plan, will be made. From the conceptual plan, a master plan of the entire site will be prepared. Then and only then will detailed site plans be drawn. Here the areas including the nature center, the golf course and club house, the swimming and boating facilities, and the maintenance area, will be. studied at a larger scale. Perspectives and elevations will be developed simultaneously with the detailed plans. The final step will be to make an approximate cost estimate. for the dgvelopment of this regional park. Since water for recreational purposes does not exist in the Region, the prime objective of the regional park will be to provide a reservoir and to develop the surrounding area for recreational activities; in doing this, a portion of Central Michigan's natural countryside will be preserved for the pleasure of the Region's future citizens. To begin, the acquisition of the three sections, 13, lb, and 15, is proposed, allowing the existing road net to be the boundary of the park. The previous section of this report shows that -10h- w J I‘I -105- the land surrounding the reservoir site is desirable for a regional park, thus enhancing the quality of the reservoir. The perceptual study, Figure IV, shows that most of the humanized areas adjacent to the site are adjacent to the section lines, and that the roads that follow these section lines do not provide extremely good views into the park for the passing motorists. Therefore the privacy of the users of the part is ensured. The examination of outdoor recreational activities shows that many of the expected popular activities in the Region can be provided in this area. These activities in- clude hiking, nature walks, boating and canoeing, fishing, swimming, bicycling, and horseback riding. The park also is ideally located along a River Valey so that crosscountry hiking and canoe trails can pass through the park, where overnight accommodations can be provided. Conceptual Plan Upon studying the site, the needs of the Region, and the existing site conditions, a conceptual plan was made. The results of the study show that the north side of the River Valley is best situated for recreational activities. The majority of the users will arrive at the park site by way of Airport Road, and logically the best place for an entrance is north of the Looking Glass River on Airport Road. The site has three other boundaries and a road on each boundary line, but these are indirect approaches to the park. One '-1 9., -106- alternate route to the park would be to move the people from Airport Road to the road that runs parallel to the south bank of the Looking Glass River, down to the prOposed dam site, across the dam to the north side. This route would not only be costly, but would destroy many acres of park land which could be used for passive“¥eoreation. The distance between the reservoir and the north boundary is generally about half a mile. The vegetation is generally sparse and the topography, nearly level. The best way to move the users into the activity areas on the north shore is along a road bordering significant changes' in tepography with cul-de-sacs leading to the activity areas. I To conserve open space, the main road would also be a cul-de- sac. In the case of emergencies, a main service road would lead to the park boundary near the end of the main cul-de- sac. The other objective in limiting the road system, beside conserving open space, is to make the users get out of their cars to see the features of the park. By concentrating activities around cul-dedsacs, more open space is provided around the reservoir. Also, control of the users is easier when the activities are centrally located. In order to provide a minimum of driving from aptivity to activity, central parking lots are provided, and those activities which are likely to be utilized by a visitor on the same day, were placed together. The control point and the main park office, the -107- maintenance facilities, and the quarters for the key park personnel, are located near the main park entrance.' This specific site was chosen because the soils are adequate for supporting these structure. The four areas where people will gather for recrea- tion are the swimming beach, horse stable, the nature center-‘ golf course area, and thg’camping area for the users of the hiking and canoe trails. The rest of the park has been left as open space to provide an aesthetic setting for the reser- voir, and passive recreation for those users of the nature trails. A schematic diagram designating the proposed landé uses and circulation may be found on Figure XII. The concep- tual plan may be found on Figure XIII. The activity centers were chosen because of the natural features present at the specific sites. The soils study of the park shows that the best areas for beaches was on the north shore of the reservoir. The best soils for beaches are located on poor sites for swimming beaches. One site is too steep; one is completely wooded; and the third is in an inlet, bordered by two streams. The latter site is subject to the accumulation of debris. The beach site was chosen because the soil was favorable for beach development, and the land was situated where the current would sweep the shore clean of debris, and there was a gentle slope into the water. There was also a woodland near by for picnicking. Boat and bicycle concessions will be located’ $224,044. 03335.4: 3.25m.“ H.305... 33.3. 924 20.59.59. umedm 1.502 _ 30.5335. 92.04 50>.auuu... 33: 3‘: 12.32 . Z... :- .. .r, .firg 291.4,».‘3. ,. can” “Ava-W . . . I I . .. ...... . . .u ....V . . . .. KC .- Al ...d ‘2. {. TsuvI ... . . .,., Lear: . I... erg}? ..r I. . . . . . . . . _ . _ . __ . I MLaVaIImfin I . ., K r 2., . . . .2 ... .. . v I . .. . . ..... _ ......n .. .5“. ....... . “. .....un .... . r, . .., s . .. . a p. ,1.- ... . . [H . .: .. .. . . V v v. . u u . N . n . .. . ..I .. a .2 i V r“ . x e.- -108- H .. in V. “11" \ sea, .. Wifirm w. 5.3.0.30 32.023 2.2518 "a Minor. . v I . I l h I! ’ Ir'e “I“ A V t a r w a 4441‘. a . . ... . z 4 . ...l 5‘1 navaf; ' . I _ cl... - I .n u. . . I Z A f . s . . \ _ . . Z _, V . ... . X \ _ _ . t . at... .mfiu. : . . . ... l \ 0N .\1Fx... . I1 .\.\_. I ...; T K . v (.v . .N.lv \ .(\ ux . . C ... a \ . n. \. OI . . , f , ... .... . \ :l _ _ lo II. \ I. . e _ . i . . I III. c. m _. . . . .e ... . .. It.“ .. 11“.» V . . _ . \ an golf 1 . ‘ I . \ x 1., . x . u .. p T a. . . x _ \ \. , l w~.. 4 . 41.. I. . v . . . (I . .. . , — Tuf, I i t f\ u .3 7; wharf. 1 an, . ...: ...I. . . , . .... J r t 25...: ....H . . «...—n. 4<=hmMUZOU “Ex . V. n23.55l _ , «manor ._ me w . a. I . I» II» I, . . I v . . VAN . . I _ _ . .\\ .. t x Z... , _ .7 I . u , . ../ a. .. . .6.0>.d ”JV“ . ...... lint \ _l . .I . . , . . . .. [\L. \1. bl. \. I II . . I . . ..r . \ Ix l I. . “\III I. \I H . a... t . x x ‘ .l.. «I \\ .) . \ ,, . / . x .z . . \ 11; I . I / . . . . .‘ l’f .‘ . z. .. , I . .. . . l .d . ._,. .e ’11 u , L . r , 1a _ _ _ I \I .I ../ . . I;// I ,. .f I . ..f; . I I: PVIOA .1. C . .. .. , . I I. . ITr, ... ..II.. . . c... . .1 .r . ...-Y . .c/ .l ,f ,/ / . R. _ 1,1,, , .. 11...“? p ,. 7. .. \P/I/v/Vll . e . ./ .. 1,. $7,, 3. _ » .Ma ... . . . . .- 74.1.35. . a. .. .. ,«‘.. a. . v I a .\ . uh“. ‘ . . .’ . a u L. L Cur . ' I . G T‘m 10.:er 2'. I. .v I . I e: o. as o . n e! a. 09 . . s 5. a? One 0 o; J. a . .. . ; .r a? e u . .. .\ — es. 1 .n . x. I no 2 e 4 n a a .3 . a x v 80 : a 4 . .nl c I: e. _ . . . ~ -u II 9.59.... -llO-- e adjacent to the swimming area for expected use by the swimmers who become tired, and by sun bathers who have had enough sun. The horse stable is isolated for two reasons. First, the existing barns are near the perifery roads; second, be- 'cause of the unpleasant odors that radiate from the stables during the summer months. The soil of the chosen site is good for growing hay for the horses. The location of the nature center and the golf course was determine by the soils, vegetation, topography, and wildlife. The golf course holds four natural lakes and rolling topography, while the nature center overlooks the reservoir and is adjacent to a second growth beach woodlot. The land adjacent to the nature center is a popular habitat with the wildlife; Deer have been observed browsing in the general area, and birds, both songbirds and predators, nest in this area. Wildflowers are also found abundantly in the River Valley and woodlots. The last area where peoplewill collect is a camp ground on the north bank of the reservoir. The Looking Glass River has the potential of becoming a canoe trail, where people can spend a day, or several days,‘paddling down the River. This camp ground would serve as an overnighth?”y stopping point for such people. Similarly, a hiking trail could be staked out connecting several regional parks in the future. This trail would be similar to one that stretches across Michigan farther north of the Region. The specific ....jn‘i a -111- site was chosen because the cancers would have to make a portage at the reservoir, and the soils at this site are suitable for camping; so logically, this site becomes a good place for an overnight stop. The rest of the park will be left in its natural state, serving as an aesthetically pleasing site for a reser- voir. In this natural area will be bicycle trails, horse- back riding paths, and hiking trails. The hiking trails would be near the River, and the bicycle trails and horse paths would be located farther away from the reservoir on higher ground. Several lookouts and sanitary facilities will be located on the south side of the reservoir. The movement of people across the reservoir would be accomplished by . utilizing the proposed dam, saving the existing bridge, and forming an extra lane on the Airport Road bridge for'park users. The existing bridge is made of iron girders and has a wooden floor. This bridge could be raised high enough to allow boats to pass underneath it, and at the same time, give some character to the park. Master Plan“ Basically the park can be broken downgihto two parts--open space and developed areas. The most significant portion of the park is the water. In order to preserve the quality of the water, as much of the shoreline as possible should be left undisturbed. This plan proposes two major areas and three minor areas of activities which are to be I t. WI“ ... nu' . to - g ‘l-I .glo 3m .uap I |.\. . '1. ‘a . .e” ’1. .n . h‘. III:- . . I; x. . . . Q Q I § 0 e a e 9e .. e \9 nee . \ .. O. ‘ ... . I \ .- V. O I 4. ... k\ 0 ’ Z . .... .. we... , O ‘J\ 3% u . . n J.‘ .. . . .. \...I 1 . .. - Assn... .1”... _ .k‘ .. 5' “MU-.7.“ we... . “inanifiyuwrfls in. m . . .. . . x ...: (ate. .... U09. .. .. . . . . .. . . . $1.... ... 1.. . . .... .. . . . I . . v Wfio‘ . . ‘4. .. ‘.’ 1 . V are. t w a... .3 . \vflfni. \ 3.: 29:2 3:3 "2.. 3.3: . ..1 . . . .. . .. . . I. . . . .. .. . 5 TIT“ .. . . . . . .. r.bn.a.|. .L.m m“ f L l . . '4: ... u. s . .3 .. ....LI." Q‘Rnurggbr . I. ......I .74.... l... .. . A 123‘“ . I? . ...)!!! ... I. .1 I. ..Jb Firm is... an..." {git ..u..w¥kxk...\..br;.r; k. an”... ..,..;....r....,.rwflwsfi.x-fnwru. ...,u .... A . ., . , . .. . . . . - r . . 24.5 15.542 N>x “$30.“. ._ ... ._._.H' .. _—- 5 0" . c9 9“, ‘w:‘ \\ ~ -“ ".I' ;'g I: .d ‘ y ‘ ' ‘i>,. ‘ ““ *1 9 , .. I“ 'A... ' I . -114- connected by a single road ending in a cul-de-sac. The open spaces of land and water form an aesthetically pleasing site for the reservoir, and provide the space for peOple to go and investigate the park. The road system is designed to move the peOple to and from the activity areas. By keeping the main park road next to a significant change in tepography, which occurs at the startIof the River Valley, the visitors are kept in the 2 main portion of the park and are given the opportunity to overlook the water and the vegetation. The road is designed for a maximum speed of thirty' miles per hour, except where the cul-de-sacs occur, and there the designed speed is twenty miles per hour. . Once the user reaches an activity area, a storage parking lot is available for parking the car. The parking lots are laid out so that the car is parked and the user goes_ to his designation without crossing a main entry’pgint of the parking lot, thus separating the people from vehicles for their stay in the park. ‘\ Pang Sguicg Age; The control point is designed to control the maple entering and leaving the park. The control point is a gate that‘“ will control all vehicles and hikers that pass through the park. The main park office is also located at this POint, as well as the quarters and maintenance areas. 7 a ~115- F I 3603:. M. scHemnm DIAGRAM WWGE Ageij .I. O"- ......b .. . "‘ ...-evoc- . O - - ‘. e -....v‘ ‘ 01‘ In" ' OOOOOOOOO ‘ Q .;' ‘Iti’I Hunt: 5 g.‘ ‘ . . gnu . . ' - |-\o>-. —- . - ..2 ti! .I'||I| Q ...... .‘Q 0 ... mo . t . g 0P9“ We.“ Pry; wit Mi bed'kbom no . \ , _ ,1 \V'i / . a, . H O R T H 0102.0 do 6. . PARK SERVICE AREA smegma. Ulsnua couToufie —-- PROPOSED (DUTOURS v -ll7- Quarters have been provided for the park superin- tendent, naturalists, and assistant park superintendent as a fringe benefit to attract competent personnel. The.quar- ters are isolated so they will not be disturbed by the park visitors. The maintenance area has been placed in this area for close contact with the park office and control point. The design for the quarters area gives the park per- sonnel close contact with each other and access to the water. By grouping the houses near each other, a common yard is formed for the social benefit of the residents, and as an area for keeping small children under control. Each house is designed to have an individual terrace for private gatherings. The carport is designed to screen the mainten- ance area from the front of the house, and to enclose the fourth side of the quadrangle. The houses are to have three. bedrooms, living room, kitchen, and eating area. A. storage area for the residents has been provided in the carport which?!” has stalls for six cars. The maintenance area will house enough equipment to maintain the park minus the golf course. This area will include the following buildings: ' 1. Garage - this building will house two five-ton dump trucks, two pickup trucks, a jeep and a front fbader. There will be enough room for maintenance space, sanitary facilities, and storage space. O -118- . ' .1 f 2. Paint shop - paint, gasoline and oil wilf'be stored here. There will be enough space to do the required painting of park equipment. The fuel pump willkalso be controlled from this building. 3. Storage and Maintenance building - the assistant ‘ park superintendent will utilize this building for his office to direct the maintenance of the park. The rest of the building will serve to maintain the park's benches, signs, and buildings. Swimming gnd Boating Area This area is expected to be the busiest point in the park during the summer months. People will come to the park to swim, and by offering them other compatible activities, their stay will be more enjoyable. The focal point of this area will be the beach. The users will reach the beach upon leaving their car, will obtain a key from the bath house, and change into‘their swimming suits in a locker. Once on the beach, the user can either participate in swimming, boat- ing, bicycling, or hiking. A picnic ground is located near by so the user can enjoy a picnic lunch in the shade of some trees. The bathhouse and beach were designed with the followb ing concepts in mind. First, to ease the maintenance problem by keeping the users together, which is accomplished by the way the lockers are arranged. By renting those lockers ' l ? -ll9- FIGURE MHSCHBMATIC. DIMEAM 5 AEWIMMEG -BOATNG \ A " _[ w F—«Mmpankw ‘3‘qu cuddle“ . . , . 9611.91“? M». mama. .. . . a)?“ ‘1 WM «ck hum... mum“ . 4er95 Joe: Rouse J . mm“; M T ”W =5 we, Ramos}; 1W. ' NATURE CENTER (GOLF COURQE “gm; tulle : .. . ' \ II V I . .. 1 4 «1 4?. < / .£\.. 9 t r . . . . . . . ... s .. a O . I wd-Gphav A-flsg .e . . u ‘ . 5 --- 93923 32:93 . .. _ - a .. - I . . . 5 744‘; gnu—‘00 . .. . , . 11L. real 2.. 9400 . .. . 1 .H. . E IFGOZ ..4Md4 UZrfidOm 024 ®Z__2$:>>m «use. 02.2mm. 1491‘ 02539“. 32.1331 r§ - ,, . ”0245.2” I .f\ /\ ”Wt re e I. .1 $2533: 8353 , . 3.:....Eisfi. 0.553 a: 2335;; no.3: . \ . a . . _ u» _ . _ . . e ._ . ._ ~.. .\ u n M . ... .. \ ~ \ a. . i x . . .. .. .. . w _ Y‘a. .. a. LR . x _ . a ‘ . _ . a e . _. . ., _. l 1313i: .... r ,-121- closest to the bathhouse first and those fartherest away last, a pattern of beach and swimming area occupation is established. The swimming area is divided into small areas. Each area may be opened or closed, depending on the crowd. When few peeple are on the beach, only one or two swimming areas will need to be opened. Then, as more people arrive, more areas will be Opened. These individual swimming areas will also be used for special outing groups. Floats are placed in the water for the following reasons. First, to keep people in the activity area. Second,. to delineate the swimming and diving board facilities. Third, to place lifeguards in advantageous spots for guarding the peOple. To encsurage the use of the other park facilities, they are placed near the swimmer and grouped together to show the bather what other activities are available.‘ The picnic area will overlook the reservoir. These areas nearest the beach will be for small groups and families. Larger groups of people will utilise facilities farther away. ABy’utilizing‘the edge of the woods for families and by put- ting shelters for larger groups in the woods, noise will be removed from the beach. W The riding stables, as previously stated, are located in an existing barn. The purpose of utilizing an existing -122- structure is to save the added expense of building a barn, when'good barns are readily available. Parking is provided for the users adjacent to the barn. The horseback riders will have a riding ring and trails, winding throughout the park, for their use. These trails will be separated from all hikers where ever possible by means of vegetation and topography. W ' The nature center is located away from.active crowds of noisy peOple. The adjacent golf course will provide a boundary to ensure peace and quiet in the nature area. The reservoir is the southern boundary of the area, isolating the nature cdhter and providing a lowland habitat for the nature lovers. Once in the parking lot, the user will have the choice of golf or nature activities. The nature center is adjacent to the parking area. The purpose of this build- ing is to interpret the natural features of the park for the peOple. Once the,pe0ple are oriented by a museum type display, they can walk on the nature trails, learning about the natural history of Central Michigan. The mature trails will be less than an hour in length and adjacent to the hiking trails so the people can continue walking around the park if they desire. A picnic area is provided for the users of the nature center. People stopping at this picnic area for the purpose of picnicking, will also be tempted to explore the nature center and the trails. 1' U ’4 “‘-q--’_' -. I. . --fi—_.§—. . ‘ . ' V - '1 -‘y‘- ‘ \E‘GEABZERAND . —C LUbr HOUSE. ’f H - “Aha n.r Pee? 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MM} T‘E’); Aka”: i— UTiLETI'E‘i) V120 SHOP EL/Le; 25‘s) CLUE HOME; cy"(’J\fi I” 3.. 2347’ _, {IN/ll filllll ‘ \ llll'lui'lf‘" 3.1“!“ I .. i“! .‘r‘ ...24- \TO P/tharuq LOT _ ---— ; : 4 " T T M :l |: '3. T ' . u ’ .' ' A ' .' . . z 1‘ i y ’ ODSBRVA'1'TO'M 034w. ‘ ” " 'i. I" ' A.-- A ‘- 1.- I... L ' ,;" v j. VTY ' [rt T ,4 u l A - L.‘ '7-1 .JLAJII" l .l_:' L-..;LLJ'LLJI'11L' —A l. I I o -' TJ Alix; ”1.7V ...—.1 ....MY wufi... - 0. .mm -._1.u:1:U—rI—IL.J.J.LI- sgcovuo moon» EGALB W9" . I ——O“ ‘ D — . P m o3 d :00}?th F. 'i' PM: :41 LC? 6?“! r" r 7" _ 5%ow ' mantras MAM Ft)»: AXLE. i UTILITI=$ FIGURE: XXIII :ENTRMME 10 CLUB HOUSE Q2,— ' ,., -- .--, "<1hkfl W” .3: [W]; '7'“ W " ‘ . s .50 L'"\ " (W, x. M? I \ \ SN l v. t '1 I ;_ . ' / , (/13..,"!'W| ' / / .../"‘7 . -127- W The golf course was sited by means of the soils, topography, and natural hazards. The club house was sited . in such a way to enable both the patrons of the:neture center and‘the golf course to use the same parking lot. Since the golf course is for public use, many features of a private country club have been eliminated. It is expected that the golfer will play a round of golf, catch a snack or’mesl, and then go hone. For these reasons, the social activities of a private club would be eliminated. The only facilities provided here are lockers, a lunch counter,%and a small 0 lounge. ' h ' ~ -Jfl'l- The pro shop and starters window are separated from the club house and are near the first and tenth tees. In this manner, the waiting golfers do not interfere with the functions of the club house. A maintenance yard has been provided for the golf course, since golf courses require continuous maintenance during the golfing season. For this reason, the maintenance facilities should be adjacent to the course, saving time and labor moving equipment to the course. The course is laid out as two nine hole courses. Between the ninth and tenth holes, the players are given the opportunity to stop by the club house for refreshments and to use the rest rooms. The par for the-course is seventy- one. There are nine par four holes, five per three holes, ..thi’. -128- and four par five holes. All of the holes are laid out to avoid the early morning and late‘afternoon sun. To add to the challenge of the course, the holes are aligned over and parallel to the natural lakes. The maintenance facilities are designed to house enough equipment to maintain the golf course. These facil- ities include a building that will store and maintain the equipment, have sanitary facilities and a small office. An- other building is provided to store the compost and fertili- 802‘. W . This area has been made accessible to the potential users. The facilities provided the campers are limited to sanitary facilities. The users are expected to sleep on the ground. Fire places will be provided to limit the fire hazard, and picnic tables will be provided for the conveni- ence of the users. It can be expected that these activities, hiking or paddling across.Michigan, will become much more popular as the opportunity to participate in then becomes available. These activities should be planned in detail ‘when the expected demand can be predicted. .Eiabins no special facilities have been provided for fish- Jing, but boats and a place to launch boats are available. Since motor boats will not be allowed on the water, the -129- entire surface,‘except next to the swimming area, will be suitable for fishing. Eiezelins Bicycles have been provided for those people who ' would like to explore the park in this manner. The trails for the bikes will be separated as much as possible from the horse paths and the nature trails. A wood chip surface would provide an excellont surface for riding bicycles. In order to encourage this activity, a bicycle rental area is provided in the swimming-boating area. Wigte: Spgzts Due to the level topography and the lack of steep, long slopes, sledding, tobogganing, and skiing were eliminated‘, as activities to be provided in the regional park. Ice skating could be provided on the reservoir in the swimming area and also on the natural lakes on the golf course. Ice fishing could also be provided on the reservoir, outside the ice skating-swimming area. The ice near the swimming area could be opened for skating, and the restaurant utilised as a shelter. The lockers could also be rented as a place to change skates, as well as a place to store other equipment. ' Other winter activities in the park could fifififlpd. hiking and nature walks. The nature center could remain open during the winter months, providing a continuous interpre- ‘tation program. -130- Space Allocation In planning this regional park, the expected desired activities by the people of the Region were matched to the physical characteristics of the chosen site. The following activities were chosen and planned for in the following wCre ! §g1§giggz Using the available beach as the limiting factor, and assuming that the occupants of each car would occupy one hundred square feet of beach, park- ing for eight hundred cars would be necessary. This capacity crowd would only occur on special days of the year. Therefore, a parking lot of only.five hundred spaces for cars and ten spaces for buses is provided, and the ground to the east of the parking lot would be utilized for larger crowds."l The lockers, where four by five cubicals are ideal for family use, are planned for in the same manner. The proposed park is near Lansing and many' people will probably come in their bathing suits, rather than pay the locker rental fee. There are four hundred and forty-two lockers available for rental. The building where the lockers are rented also holds an emergency first aid room, and a locker room for employees. . -lBl- goggigg: The boathouse holds one hundred canoes and forty row boats that can be rented to the public. A boat launching area for hand powered boats lies to the east of the boathouse. gigygligg; The bicycle rental building holds one hundred bicycles that can be rented. Privately owned bicycles can be brought to the park and used on the trails. Parking facilities for people planning to ride bicycles can be either of the two large parking lots. [gigpiggiggfi The two picnic areas are adjacent to the major day use areas. Picnic facilities are provided so that one half of the daily expected users can picnic at a time. The picnic facilities are planned by the acre, with one acre holding twelve tables, four stoves, and four trash receptacles. The picnic site adjacent to the swimming area has four picnic shelters to accommodate large groups of people. golf: The golf course is designed as a standard par 71, eighteen hold golf course. The course covers 'over two hundred acres and includes four natural lakes. The minimum sise_for such a course is one hundred and sixty acres. The club house provides for the daytime needs of the golfer only. gighigg: No special provisions are needed. The activity could take place utilising theoexisting fa- cilities. ' ‘ " ~ wiftl. Circ a -132- Wintg: Spgzgs: No special provisions are made. The activity can utilise the swimming area and its pro- posed facilities. ' t n Natugg wggk : The nature program.is based around a nature center which includes a museum and an audi- torium, which seats small groups of under one hundred peOple. The exhibits are temporary Pd are generally displayed for periods of months rather than years. For this reason, a large storage area is provided. The exhibit display cases are designed to be flexible enough to allow alterations as the exhibits are re- placed; space for all types of exhibits is available. Types of exhibits include free standing I'touch me" exhibits, space models, animal cages, bulletin boards, and "Oh, look at that!" surprise exhibits. The nature walks will follow the museum tour. The trails would have signs along the way which inter- pret the park. The paths should be of a soft, natural material like wood chips. Hiking Trgilg 32d Cgpog ngils: These facilities could be provided if there was a great enough demand for them in the Region. The park would become an overnight step. A camping ground is provided next to the dam where the cancers will.have to make a portage. Facilities are limited to sanitary facilities, -133- drinking water, picnic tables, and stoves. These initial facilities could expand as the need arose. Horggback Ridingg: This activity is centered around an existing barn. A riding ring is provided, but the main attraction would be the trails that cover the park. Where possible, these traile'would be separated from the hikers and bicyclers.' The parhing lot was planned by assuming that two and a half peOple come in every car. Since fifty horses are planned for initially, twentywparking spaces are provided. .These facilities can be expanded if the need should arise. ng Sgrvic; Facilities Control Point 32d foice: This area will ensure that the park Operations run smoothly. Only a small entrance gate and an office of six hundred square feet is provided. IMaintenggce Fagilitie : There are two areas--one near the entrance to the park; the other at the opposite end of the park for the golf course. The main entrance area includes a garage of ZhOO square feet. Vehicles stored here include two, five-ton 'dump trucks,_a front loader, two pick-up trucks, a tractor, a jeep, and a space for mainten- ance, parts, and lockers. The other two buildings -13h- are a paint shop of seven hundred square feet and a storage and maintenance building of 1500 square feet. The golf course facilities include a maintenance shop and office of 6000 square feet and a shed to store fertilizer and.compost ovaOOO squafioufeet. Quarters Area: Three ranch type houses of approxi- mately 1850 square feet each and a six stall carport with three storage areas are provided for the park personnel. The buildings enclose a common open space which serves as a safe playground for children and an activities area for the residents. A boathouse and swimming area are also provided. Utilities: The utilities required to operate the site include waste disposal by a septic tank and tile field, an incinerator, a well for water supply, and electric service which runs parallel to all four of the park boundaries. -135- Cost Estimate 7 Less $384,000. Res oir Dam h0,000. Site preparation . ,QQ‘QQQ. 100’000. Circulation Roads 300,000. Parking lot 150,000. Trails ' 5,000. Bridges _ZQ,QQQ. 525,000. ‘Maintengnce - Quartgrg Maintenance area 20,000. Quarters 50, . 70,000. Activities Swimming-boating 200,000. Horse stables 10,000. Golf course -280,000. Picnic grounds 10,000. Nature center 9 A0,000. Lookouts " ‘ ,,;2¢500. Campground __;,QQQ; Shh,000. Utilities Sewage , 6,000. Incinerator 5,000. Electric 2,000. Water ;,§00. lb,500. TOTAL 31.637.500. BIBLIOGRAPHY The Athletic Institute, Inc., A Guide for Plannin Facilities for Athletics Recre tion FE sical'and Health Edu- cation, CEICagc, Illinois, I947. - R J -—————- . g ,1 h Battelle Memorial Institute, Alternate Long Rggge Water Use Plans for the Tri-Ccunty Region,]fi1chi an, ri-Ccunty Regional Planning Commission, Michigan, l963. Brightbill, Charles K., Man and Leisure: A Philcsc h of Recreation, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewccd Eliffs, New Jersey, 1961. Brightbill, Charles K., and Harold W. Meyer, Recre tion, Prentice-Hall, Inc., New York, 1953. Brightbill, Charles K., and Harold W. Meyer, Recreation Ad- ministration: A Guide to Its Practices, rentice- Hall, Inc., Englewocd Cliffs, New Jersey, 1956. Brown, C. J. D., Michi an Lakes and Streams, Fish Division Pamphlet No. 20, Mi icElgan Department of Conservation. Department of City Planning and Landscape Architecture, Re- ion 1 Landsca e Plannin , University of Illinois, Urbana, Illincls, l96l. Doell, Charles E., Elements of Park and Recreation Adminis- tration, Burgess 13 ing ompany, nneapc Minnesota, 1963. , Farm Plat Book Clinton Count Michi an, Rockford Map Publishers, Rockford, Illinois, I957. Federal Housing Administration, En ineerin Soil Classific - tion for Residential Develo are, U. 8. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. 0., 1959. Gibberd, Frederick, Town Desi , Reinhold Publishing Corpor- aticn, New Ycr , 53. . Kweder, William 0., Land Classification for Residenti l Devel- c ment, thesis for the Degree of Mister c? UrEan Planning, Michigan State University, 1962, (unpub- 118hed e -136... -13 7- Lewis, Jr., Philip H., Rgcrggticn gag ngn Space in Illfigcig, Division of Lon scape rc itecture an eau c Community Planning, university of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 1961. Lynch, Kevin, Sit; Pl%gj_.%g Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology ress, am ridge, Massachusetts, 1962. Martin, Helen 11., "Michigan Story,” Michiggg Ccngggzgticn, (March-April, 1950). ‘ Michigan Department of Conservation Stock W’ - to F1 h, Fish Division Pamphlet No. 9, La—nsing, fiEEEan, 1963. '-A 1 Michigan State Highway Depart-ant W . m, Lansing, Michigan, 19 . ~ . Michigan Water Rescurqes Commission, W t- _R. «-.ce Cc-dition: . 31d Use: _J t . Uos._ a-i LIIIIETEEA, 7.3 ng. 's c. gan' a" . . i Olmsted, Jr., P. L., and Theodore Kimball, editors, Fort Tears of gagggfipg Arcgtecture, Volume II, C. P. tnam's one, ow, or , . . Outdoor Recreation Resources Review Commission, Qgtficcr ' t t ng ‘%=£§%§ELQE‘£%£;%!!£}8%' U. S. Governmen as ngtcn,: . ., 2. a Seeley, Dewey Alsdcif, The Cliggte gflflighiggg gag Its Rela- tign to Agziculture, thes s or t e gree c sters ' ' c c ence, tats card of Agriculture, 1917. Simonds, John Ormsb e, Lagggfgpg Arghitegture, F. W. Dodge Corp., New" ork, . Simonds, Philip D.,.“The Birth of a Regional Park System." Lfigdgcgpi Architggture, Vol. LIII, No. 3, pp. 2 -208 Pr 9 0 Stark County Regional Planning Commission, P a h , Stark County, Ohio, 1960. State of Wisconsin Department of Resource Development Recre tion in Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, l962. Tri-Ccunty Regional Planning Commission, Outdoor Recreatic g; Inventory-"January, 1262, Lansing, Hlanlgan, I962. -138- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. 0. Land, The Yearbook of Agriculture, 1958. A Place to’Live, The Yearbook of Agriculture, 1963. So:[I_Survey--Clinton County, No. 012, series 1936. SOIL Survey-~Eaton County, No. series 1930. 301. urve -- n ham cunt No.136, series 1933. 8011, The §earhooh of Agriculture, 1957. Trees, The Yearbook of A ricuLture, 1949. Water. ThefiYearBook of A riculture, 1955. U. S. Department of Commwrce, Washington, D. C. Decennial Census of U. S. Climi te--Michi , 1962. U. S. Census of Po ulaticn Michi an, Bureau of the Census, No. 24a, 215, and 2Ac, l9é0. U. S. 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