I l I II I III/II I I I 145 315 THS THE DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARDS FOR CERTIFICATION OF FIELD CROP SEEDS THESIS FOR THE DEGREE U? M. E. TheodoreCarrolI Maurer 1932 a. 1.1%: s TIL; DEVSLOPILJITT or? STJJTDARDS‘ FOR CERTIFICATION OF 1?an CHOP wuss THE DSVSLOPMZNT OF STEIDARDS FOR CERTIFICATION OF FISLD CROP SEEDS THEODORE CARROLL KAURE 1952 THE DEVELOPMENT OF ST¥TDARDS FOR CERTIFICATION OF FIELD CROP SEEDS A Thesis Prepared by THEODORE CARROLL HAURER in partial fulfillment of the requiremmts for the Degree of Master of Science Department of Farm Crops. MICHIGAN STATE COLLS.E OF AGRICULTURE AND APPLIED SCISKCE 1932 38 ACIQJOVZILEDGEILENT The author wishes to express his appreciation to Professor H. C. Rather and Professor C. R. isfegee for their guidance and helpful criticism in this work; to the Secretaries of the CrOp Improvement Associations in the United States who made it possible to assemble this material. INTRO DUCTI ON A Crop Improvement, Experiment or Seed Growers Association is a group of the more progressive farmers in a state or territory organized for the production and distribution of pure seed of superior varieties as a fundamental step in promoting the agriculture of their state or territory. The growers efforts are rewarded by increased yields of high quality crOps which usually command a premium for seed purposes. The first association of this kind in the United States was organized by Professor R. A. Eoore of the University of Wisconsin in 1901. Since then almost every state in the union has a seed growers organization of one kind or another which may cover the general crOps produced in that state, or may be confined exclusively to the principal crOp. There are also county or local associations which devote their efforts to a special crOp or crops under the direction of the State Associa- tion. STATBENT OF PROBLEM Each state association has certain points of difference and similarity. Since this information has not been available as a whole, it is the purpose of this paper to bring it together at this time for a study of the methods used and standards required by the various State Crop Improvement Associa- ti OBS. This study of field seed standards is confined almost exclusively to that large grade of seed for general use that is known as Certified Seed. The elite or foundation stock and registered seed grades are omitted except, first, where a difference in requirements may effect the resulting certified seed; second, if the elite or registered grade is widely distributed. SMALL GRAINS Methods and Standards In this work the term."methods" will be used to cover the practices or technic of getting information relative to the crop being inspected. The term "standards” covers those qualifications of purity, presence of crop and weed seeds, disease, inert matter, appearance and germination which a crop must meet before it is eligible to carry the state certification tag. FOUNDATION STOCK AID VARIETIES ELIGIBLE IOR CERTIFIQD ‘TT '1“ SEAD IKODUCTION IN VamIOUC srnmrs Fields to be eligible for certification must have been .n L sown with seed which came directly from the hebraska College 0. Agriculture or sub-stations thereof, or from similar institutions in other states; or from seed thich was certified by a recognized Crop Improvement Association the previous year. Varieties Eligible Wheat Oats Flax Rye Barley Sudan I. i T_ i. . a as winter spring Lebraska 21 Lison Rosen Ola rc Gr 5 Kanred Cres Burt 293 Buda Ccmfort Nebraska 60 Marquis Kmiota N.D.114 Spartan Trebi Velvet Georgia Certified seed shall be defined as pure seed of recognized varieties vhat have proven successful in the variety tests of the colleg and experiment stations and on the farms of the state, not included in the above classification. 4. South Dakota Every field that is eligible for inspection must have been planted with genuine seed of a standard variety. This is certified seed or seed of that class. Seed grain certification in South Dakota will be done only on wheat, flax, barley and cats. The varieties that will be accepted, with possible exceptions for special or restricted areas, are: Wheats- Hard Winter: Turkey, Kharkof Hard Spring: Marqios, Ceres, Reward Durum : Idindum, Kubanka Flax- Bison, Buda Barley- Odessa, Velvet, Glabron, White Smyrna Oats- Richland, Iogold, Cole, Rainbow, Gopher, Swedish Select Virginia All certified seed must be grown from.a preceding generation of registered or certified seed, or from a variety approved by the Board of Reviews, followed by the necessary breeding work as follows: VARIETIES WHICH CAN BE REGISTERED OR CERTIEIED NOTE: Varieties not named may be certified if approved by the Board of Reviews of the Association. CORN Boone County White Johnson County White Casey's Purebred Virginia White Dent Government No. 182 Silver King Hickory'King Reid's Yellow Dent Leaming Gold,Standard Golden Dent Cockes Prolific Virginia Ensilage Eureka Bigg's Seven Ear Wood's Dixie RYE Abruzzi Piedmont Winter OATS VoPoIo N00 1 Virginia Gray Winter Fulghum Burt Lee WHEAT VOPOI. NO. 131 Eulcaster Stoner Mediterranean voPoIo N0. 112 Leaps Prolific Fultz (Little Red) Fultech Forward BARLEY COTTON Arlington Awnless Trice Union Winter King 29 Tennessee Winter Cleveland Big Boll Wisconsin Winter COWPEAS PEANUTS Whippoorwill Virginia Bunch Clay Virginia Runner Iron Spanish New Era Jumbo Brabham Groit SOYBEANS Virginia iammoth Yellow Mammoth Brown Wilson Hollybrook Babe rla ndt Laredo Old Dominion George Washington Pine Dell IRISH POTATOES Irish Cobblers Green Mountain Flue-Cured Gold Leaf Warns Cash Jamaica Wrapper White Stem Orinoco Wildfire Resistant Orinoco Yellow Pryor Bonanza 6. swsvr POTATOES Big Stem Jersey Little Stem Jersey Hayman Porto Rico Nancy Hall Gold Skin Priestley TOBACCO VARIETIES Fire-Cured Lizard Tail Orinoco Blue Pryor Little Orinoco Burley Air-Cured Wildfire Resist- ant Orinoco Little Orinoco Judd's Pride Stand Up 7. lsiiaaa "To meet the requirements for certification, the crop, under field inspection must be a standard variety, must show not more than one-half of one percent mixture, no noxious weed, and a minimum of disease." Varieties of different crOps certified not given in "Seed Certification" may 1924. The duties of the certification board Shall be to prepare and recommend for the consideration of the directors of the association, the technical regulations and seed standards which concern the production and marketing of seed stocks that may be eligible for registration. This board shall decide whether any variety name recommended for approval shall be made eligible for registration in the crop records of the association. Also, this board shall act upon appeals referred to it from decisions made by the chairman of fine association crop committees. Certified seed is produced from registered seed or from the first year's crop of certified seed on the grower's own farm. 8. Varieties Certified Cotton Corn Acala 5 Strain 37 Midland Yellow Dent Acala ’8 Franklin Yellow Dent ueoane (Cliett) Oklahoma Silvermine Oklahoma Triumph {'44 C.E.S.32-13-13) Reid's Yellow Dent Oklahoma Triumph 44 Briggs 6-4) Southwestern Yellow Dent Oklahoma White Wonder Rowden #40 Pride of Saline Russell Grain Sorghums- Reeds Blackhull White Kafir (Hydro Strain) Reed's Blackhull White Kafir (Woodward Strain) Sunrise Kafir Bishops Kafir Chiltex Dwarf Hegari Schrock or Sagrain Darso Dwarf Yellow Milo Beaver Milo Wheatland Milo California Double Dwarf Milo 9. Forged and Sweet (Syrup) Sorgas- Red Top or Sumac (Texas Sub-Station #12 Strain) Red Top or Sumac (Hayes Experimental Station Strain) Red Top or Sumac (Hydro Strain) Atlas Sorgo Gooseneck Sudan Grass- Sudan Grass (Wheeler's Improved) Broom.Corn- Dwarf Evergreen Black Spanish Scarborough Dwarf (Miller #7) Soy'Beans- Chiquita Laredo Dixie Kansas 1. A field to be eligible for inspection, must have been sown with seed of a variety recognized by the Kansas State Agricultural College as being well adapted and suitable for grOWing in Kansas. 2. 10. The following named varieties have been recognized as standard by the college. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) ('7) (8) (9) a. Hard Red Winter Wheat: Turkey, Canred, and Blackhull. Oats: Kanota, Burt and Red Texas. Sorghums a. Sudan Grass b. Sorgos: Kansas Orange, Early Sumac, Sumac, and Red Amber. 0. Grain Sorghums: Blackhull Kafir, Pink Kafir, Sunrise Kafir, Dawn Kafir, Dwarf Yellow Kilo, Dwarf White Milo, Feterita, and Freed Sorghum. Corn: a. Yellow: Reid, Kidland, and Kansas Sunflower. b. White: Commercial, Freed, Pride of Saline and Boone County. Sweet Clover: White Flowered Biennial. Alfalfa: Common and Grimm. Soybeans: Morse Manchu, Wilson. Pekin, Sable, Virginia, Kidwest and A. K. Barley: Common Six Row Spring. Winter Rye (IO) Flex 3. Fields seeded with the above varieties must show evidence of having been planted with pure seed. ll. 4. The following named varieties are eligible for inspection only when planted with certified seed: Kanred, Turkey, Fulcaster, Currell, an Harvest Queen Wheat; Kanota Oats: Blackhull, Pink, Sunrise and Dawn Kafir: Sudan grass, Feterita, and Dwarf Yellow Milo; Kansas Orange, Early Sumac, and Freed Sorgo; Pride of Saline, Colby, Commercial White, Raids, Midland, Kansas Sunflower and Freeds corn; A. K. Morse, manchu, Wilson, Virginia, and Hidwest Soybeans. All other varieties of crOps named in Rule 2 will be placed in the above category as soon as there is an adequate supply of certified seed. 5. Fields planted With certified seed from other state organizations similar to the Kansas Crop Improvement Association will be eligible for certification, provided they are of a variety recommended by file Kansas State Agricultural College. Mi ch 1 {4 an "Only fields coming through channels of regularly inspected seed, from original elite stocks, are eligible for inspection." Plant Breeders at the AgriOJItural College are constantly at work selecting and breeding up improved crop varieties. Their work involves the careful study of the characters of thousands of individual plants. The seed of these plants is carefully increased and tested on the College farm, and when seed of strains of promise has been increased sufficiently it is included in varietal tests, not only on the College farm, but also under field conditions on farms in every section of the state. The particular soil and climatic adaptability of a variety is thus determined. When a variety has demonstrated its merit through all of these tests, it is ready for release to farmers. The Michigan Agricultural College has adopted the policy of making this release to tried individual growers in quantities sufficiently large so that the resulting crop may be handled with the usual farm equipment and ,with reasonable caution, may be kept pure. This first increase of seed, released by the Midhigan Agriculiural College for field production, is known by the Michigan Crop Improvement Association as Elite Stock Seed. Varieties Certified CORN WHEAT OATS M.A.C. Yellow Dent Red Rock Wolverine Duncan Yellow Dent Berkeley Rock Worthy Polar Dent Bald Rock Iogold Golden Glow American Banner Markton Jewetts Yellow Flint Clements White Cap RYE BARLEY BEAN Rosen Wisconsin Pedigreed Robust (Improved Spartan Strain 1922) ALFALFA Hardigan Grimm 13. Minnesota Seed Eligible: The.Association will certify only seed stock.which traces directly from foundation, registered or certified seed. The seed sown or planted must have been certified seed if the crop produced is eligible for certification. The varieties that are eligible are those recommended by the Minnesota ExPeriment Station or the Board of Directors of the Minnesota Crop Improvement Association. Exploited varieties and new varieties that have not been tested thoroughly will not be eligible for certification. Eligibility of Varieties for Certification: As stated by most associations a variety to be eligible for certification has to prove itself superior, in desirable characteristics, to the varieties generally used in the state, over a period of years at the State Experimental Station. A majority of the states allow certification of only three or four varieties of each crop, or where one is outstanding there is no other variety eligible. It is decidedly preferable to have only a few outstanding varieties certified in each state. These varieties become standard for the community and as in the case of Spartan Barley in Michigan command a premium on the market. August 1st. feeding barley 2431395; #2 barley 32; straight Spartan barley 33. There is a demand for pure varieties of other 3r ain 13h as corn, wheat, rye, oats, beans, etc. Wiien a good variety is sur'as sed by a new one deVeloyed at the State Experimental Stct ion, certification of the old one should continue only until a suf icient supply of the new one is produced to take care of the demand. Warning sho ld be given by the Association that certification till be discontinued on the old variety after a certain date. Kichigan has an outstand m example ins parta n Barley'replacing both .’ isconsin Iedigreed and Black Barbless. The Spartan outyields the other two con- sistently and also has the smooth beards which.made the Black Barbiess popular even though its color was against it. In compiling varieties eligible for certification it is noted that the Vir3inia Crop Improverent A.ssocietion lists sixteen varieties of corn, ten varieties of Boy beans, nine varieties of wheat, seven varieties of Sweet potatoes, and six varieties of Cow peas. Oklahoma lists seven varieties of cotton, seven varieties of corn, twelve varieties of grain Sorghums and five varieties of Forage and Sweet (Syrup) Sorgos. Virginia has four.major divisions-Coastal, Tid melater, Piedmont and Hountain. U10 outstandnig varieties of corn for each division.with a possible need for one extra early corn in a local area, Buike's Garden and tv.o ensilage corns in demand outside the state should care for all local conditions. Experiment Station results should be the basis of eligibility for certification. There are times when a variety is produced in one state for the sole purpose of supplying seed to a certain section in another state that has a special use for that particular variety. Under such conditions the production of a number of similar varieties would be advisable. However, actual cases of such conditions are limited and would not justify seventeen varieties of corn or twelve varieties of grain Sorghums. There is a decided need fer educational work on outstanding varieties that will prove their superiority When put to the test by'thousands of farmers in the state. The requirements for eligibility of a variety to certification Should be subject to the final approval of the Plant Breeding Department of’the State College and EXperiment Station with a minimum number of years tests and the publiShed results as evidence to support the certification of that variety. FIflLD IHSPECTIONS The method of mdring the field inspection of small grains varies in almost every state. Reports from a majority of those in charge of this work indicates that there is no Special plan followed on each and every field. It is left to the judgement of the inspector as to whether he makes ten or twenty counts for varietal mixture and disease. The size and shape of the field and the presence or absence of mixture and disease helps to determine just how the inspector does his work. Michigan inspectors follow file general plan as shown in the following diagram: _J Inspector enters at "A" makes a complete rulnd of the field and out at same point. Indiana‘ inepectors follow the general plan of a figure eight in the field. The only complete set of instructions for the inspectors of small grains is that of the Elohigan Crop Improvement Association. No doubt other associations follow similar plans although they may not have thenlin.written form. 17. SUGGESTIONS AND STANDARDS FOR FIELD IKSPEGTION OF SMALL GRAINS, BEANS, AND CORN IN MICHIGAN. I. INSPECTOR'S EQUIPMJNT l. 2. 3. 4. 5. Field inSpection.book; Several sheets carbon paper; Sharp semi-hard pencil; Railroad guide and auto map; Reference Bulletins and Circulars; a. Michigan Weeds, Bulletin #267 b. Oat Smut and its control, Mich. Ext. Bul. #15 c. Dependable Michigan Crop Varieties, Bul. #109 d. Bean Growing in Michigan, Special Bul. #108 9. Corn Growing in MiChigan, Regular Bul. #289 f. Setting a Standard for Seed, Ext. Bul. #34 3. Certified Seed Requirements, Mich. Crop.Impr. Ass'n II. PROCEDURE 1. 2. 3. 4. Endeavor to follow schedule as closely as possible. Go direct to County Agricultural Agent's office unless instructed otherwise. Inapect all fields accompanied by grower and County Agricultural Agent whenever possible. Observe the general condition of the farm, facilities for cleaning and handling seed, characteristics and attitude of grower and any other factors that may have direct or indirect bearing on certified seed. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. ll. 12. 13. 18. Upon nearing the field give it a general survey-noting general condition, topography, etc. Before entering the field briefly enumerate for the grower the things to look for and the method of procedure. Start in any corner of the field using the "figure 8" method of inspection as a general guide. In broken and irregular fields use good judgement. Do not rush through the field. Take plenty of time. If mixtures and disease are prevalent jot down counts on pad. (See page 3 for computing per cent of disease and.mixture). If only an occasional weed is noticed, pull or cut it. (This does not apply to quack). Set a good example by carrying rogued plants to edge of field. Be ready to identify and answer questions on any weeds and diseases encountered. Write up complete triplicate report on each field in— spected. make note of any testimonial statements that grower or County Agricultural Agent might make about the variety under observation and inspection. 19. III. TO DETERIINE AND REPORT PERCENTAGE OF MIXTURE AND DISEASES 1. 2. 5. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. IN SE-LILL GRAIN, CORN, AND BMIS Determine the number of individual stems in a pace (pace to mean from back of heel to tip of toe). make stem.counts on at least 10 paces in representative parts of his field and take the average. Jot down the number of stems of'mixture and disease found in each of 25 paces or more in representative parts of the field. Determine the average number of stems of mixture and disease per pace and compute percentage according to the following example. EXAMPLE: If the number of stems averaged 100 to a pace and the diseased stems averaged 2 to a pace, the percentage of disease would be 2%. In fields where disease and mixture are very prevalent percentage should be determined from counts on at least 50 paces in different parts of the field. The same system of computation must be adopted for all fields inspected during the season, in order to put all inspections on a uniform.and equal basis. Percentage of mixture and disease in corn fields is computed on the basis of 100 hills orlnore. Percentage of mixture in bean fields is determined in the same manner as for corn. Percentage of disease in beans is determined in terms of frequency and dize of affected areas. 20. IV. TO DETJRIIKJ AND REZORT WEEDS:- Weed condition is generally reported as: 1. Very weedy 2. Considerable 3. Trace It is very important to name each weed found in the field, particularly those classified as noxious ("uuack, Canada Thistle, Wild Carrot and Mustard") V. SEED CROPS AND THEIR HOST SERIOUS WEEDS, CROP MIXTURES AND DISEASES Crop Host Serious Weeds Hogt Serious Crop hbst serious mixture Disease Rye Cockle, chess,thistle Other varieties, Ergot,stem quack, dock. Wheat smut Wheat " " " Other varieties Stinking and Rye loose smut, stem & leaf rust,scab Barley Quack,dock,thistles, Other varieties Loose smut,barley wild buckwheat Oats stripe & leaf & stem rust Oats Quack,thistles dock Other varieties Loose smut,stem wild buckwheat, barley & leaf rust mustard Corn Quack,thistles,ragweed Other varieties Fusarium,root and pigweed rots,smut Beans Quack,thistles,foxtail " " Blight,anthrac- nose,mosaic Alfalfa uuack,catchfly,dock, Other varieties leaf spot, root buckhorn,foxtail sweet,red & diseases alsike clover The above classification includes only those weeds, mixtures and diseases of a serious nature. Many others of importance are omitted. VI. VII. VIII. 21. SMALL GRAIN STANDARDS FOR FIELD IESPECTION 5. 6. 7. 8. Fields must be eligible for inSpection. Hininum.of noxious and other weeds. Good vigor. Less than 1% disease not controllable by recommended seed treatment. Practically no varietal mixture. Crop grown from treated seed with exception of Berkeley Rock Wheat. Rye at least 40 rods from other fields which might offer source of contamination. Good cultural care. BEAN STANDARDS FOR FIELD INSPECTION I. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Fields must be eligible for inspection. Minimum.of noxious and other weeds. Good vigor. Less than 1% of disease. Practically no varietal mixture. Good cultural care. CORN STANDARDS FOR FIELD INSPECTION I. 2. Fields must be eligible for inspection. At least 40 rods from the nearest field of corn which might contaminate it by cross pollination. 3. 4. 5. 6. ‘7. (‘3 2'0 Minimum of noxious and other Weeds. Good vigor, unifonnity and variety type. Less than 1% of plants with disease transmissable through the seed. Practically no varietal mixture. Good cultural care. 23. P. H. Stewart of the Nebraska Crop Growers Association writes as follows: "I cannot say that our field inspectors follow an exact uniform.aystem in inspecting fields. Fields vary in shape, in conditions, and usually the counts are made more or less at random.until the inspector feels that he has a fair average for the entire field. The inspections of the clean seed are made by one person who is trained for this work. Usually we have some of the seniors do this work for the association. The official seed analyst of the state tests these samples for germination." R. C. Harvey, Field Agent, Virginia Crop Improvement. Association writes as follows: "The field inSpectors make the inspections by walking through the field and then around the edges. If the field is a large one, the inspector will follow a wavering line over the field. The counts are made at random. There is no minimum for a given acreage. In.nmking the inspection if no noxious weeds or disease is present, the number of counts is lessened considerably." Mr. Wm. J. Leary, Office Secretary South Dakota Crop Improvement Association, writes as follows: "Regarding the system.followed in making the field inspection, we go over the field sufficiently so that‘we can pass on the entire field. Of course you will appreciate that 24. on some fields it may not need as much coverage as on a more irregular field or one that has some low spots. Should mixtures be fbund they are estimated on the basis of counts taken at random, with due regard to such areas, being representative and an average is usually given for the acreage.” Field Inspection Standard for Certified Seed. Indiana "The field shall be visited from.all sides and crossed in at least two places. Not less than five representative counts in small grains including four drill rows thirty feet long in widely separated parts of the field shall be made to determine the percent of mixture diseased and weeds. The average of the five counts in each case shall be the basis of Judgement for certification, but if one section of a field is found unfit while the bulk of it is good, the unfit portion shall be considered a separate field and excluded from certification. In the case of cross pollinated grains the direction and distance from fields of other varieties of the same grain shall be reported." The standing grain must show good quality. Rust not be badly lodged or rusted. 'heat gB'e Oats Soy Beans 5 d1 2 Loose Smut pl/ap 1% l/lO% Covered Smut None Scab 20% 3 4 , Varietal Mixture l/2% l[2% l/2% .Zfi Wt. per Bu. 57 lbs. 54 31 l. 3. 4. 5. No rye, cockle, cheat, onion or other noxious weeds in either*the field or sample. Ergot No wheat, cockle, cheat or onion. No barley, cockle, cheat or onion. must be 99.8% pure as to variety. May contain not to exceed 2% of cracked, Split or weather damaged beans, may aantain not more than 1% foreign matter and 1% mottled beans. Nebraska Field Inspection Seed grown in 1931. Under the Nebraska Certification Law enacted by the 1931 session of the state legislature (House Roll 67), the Nebraska Crop Growers' Association has been delegated as the official organization for small grain, alfalfa and bean certification. The Certification Committee of the College of Agriculture as provided for by law has drawn up standards and rules for the production and certification of Nebraska state certified small grain which must be enforced by the Nebraska Crop Growers' Association and complied with by cooperating growers of certified seed. These rules, among other things, provide for field inspections which must be made by an inspector of the Association who has been approved by the certification committee of the Nebraska College of Agriculture. The following standards were set for 1931. STANDARDS FOR FIELD IISPECTION Iaiaximum tolerance allowed in small grain field inspections Wheat Oats Barley Rye Flax Loose smut 1% 1% 1 1% 1/10% 2 wilt free Covered smut 1/10% 1/5% Other grains 10 plants 10 plants 10 plants 10 plants 10 plants per acre per acre per acre per acre per acre Varietal purity 1/25% 1/25% 1/25% 1/25% 1/25% 1 To include 1% of either or both loose and covered smut in cats. 2 Ergot-l%— 1 head in 100; 1/5%F 1 head in 500; 1/10%- 1 head in 1000; 1/25%F 1 head in 2500. 27. The rules for certification also provide for an in- spection of representative threshed samples before certification is complete. Section 5. Small Grain. Wheat, Oats, Barley and Rye. Must be at least 99.5% pure for variety as it grows in the field. Must be free from cheat, cockle and Johnson grass. Must be dry, plump, of good color and weight within two pounds of official standard weight per bushel. Must germinate at least 90%. In the case of rye must be grown at least thirty (50) rods from any'other variety of rye. Must contain not more than a trace of mixture of other seeds. Must be inspected in the field after heading and before harvest. Two quarts must be sent to the secretary for analysis and testing. Virginia Wheat Rye Oats Barley corn Cotton Loose smut 1% lDé.gIant Covered smut none Weeds Cockle & onion trace trace trace trace Varietal mixture .5% Distance from un- inspected field 250 hds. 250 yds* 250 yds‘f ** Other Crop Seed .1% .1% .l% .l% 28. * When uninspected fields are on the westward side the distance must be greater. * Changed from .275 to .1% January 1952. Minimum.Requirements for Registered Seed. Small Grain Tobacco* SoyBeans Cotton Disease .1% smuts, scab no mosaic .l%:mosaic .1% boll rematode allowed rot .lfiplant Weeds Absolutely free Absolutely Absolutely free free Varietal Mixture .1% None at all Other Crop Absolutely free Absolutely‘ Absolutely free free Distance from uninspected 500 yards Each plant fields covered * Registered tobacco seed must be produced under paper bags. Place bag over head of each plant before bloom.and leave until seed is harvested. Minnesota Method of making Field Inspection: Field inspection shall be made by an authorized inSpector who shall carefully inspect the field prior to harvest, crossing the field in diagonal directions at least twice, making at least 29. ten mathematical determinations as to variety, purity and freedom from diseases. In case of fields showing considerable variation either in the crOp itself, other crop plants present, or in the soil, or in fields of exceptionally large acreage, additional inspections are deemed advisable, and their number and location should be left to the discretion of the official inSpector. Inspector's Report: The inspector makes a report on the condition of the crop, its purity, freedom from weeds and diseases, the growers equipment for caring for seed and the general condition of the farm. If everything is found satisfactory a final inspection of the threshed grain may be arranged for through the office. In cases where all requirements are not met, the field is rejected for registered or certified seed. The report of the field inspection will be made in duplicate, a c0py of which will be issued to the grower. A. B. (.1 C) 0 STANDARD FOR SDAD‘GRAIN CJRTIFICATIOU- 1932 T—v'f 1. new iORK SSED IKPRO‘Lh-JT COOPSRATIVS ASSOCIATION, 130. Ithaca, New Ybrk General suggestions for growing cereal crops for seed: 1. 4. 5. 6. 7'5 Crops for seed purposes should be grown on fertile, clean well-drained soil so as to insure uniformity of ripening, plumpness and other desirable qualities. A.well planned system of crop rotation should be followed so as to maintain soil fertility and to aid in the reduction or control of diseases, weeds and injurious insects. The variety should be adapted to the locality where grown so as to insure maturity at time of harvest. It is recommended that a few members of the Association undertake the growing of "registered-certified" seed of each grain by conducting special seed plots under the supervision of the College of Agriculture. These special sources will enable all seed growers to have access to pure seed as their'own stocks approach the low r limits allowed in the standard for varietal mixture. In the case of corn, it is desirable to harvest seed early, sort carefully and dry thoroughly in suitable storage before freezing weather. It is recommended that the grower of seed corn practice careful field selection of seed ears for his own plant- ing. For this purpose, only mature ears from healthy vigorous plants should be saved. rields* will be eligible to inspection for seed purposes in accordance with the following rules: 1. Only varieties that are recommended by the College of Agriculture and that are eligible to certification under the rules of the Asscniation will be inspected. *The term "field" as here used applies to the area occupied by one variety of grain which is covered by one inspection report and is undivided by fences, ditches, hi (i \ \r hways , othe r crops or natural barriers. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. In gr wing crops 1C1 seed purpcsas, not more thc.n one variety of each kind of s 21:11 gra in, e.g., not more than one variety of oats, should be arc n on any given fern ' ither should more diam one kind of iiing gr:1 in as oats, barley and spring wheat, nor winter w.heat and rye, be gro .n on the same farm, unless the grower has separate Lo' and bin sto ra e mid Special equipment, and will take all necessary irec iutions to prevent mixtures in storage, threshing and cleaning. A portion of a field will not be accepted for ins :ecticn, except thzt Mllo‘ance may be Inde for iart of a 010p tlx t has been destroyed by any na tur: 1 cause, or for tart of a crop that as be: used.ibr'other than seed "u“: as 3rior to field inspection. A field sown to mere than one variety of one grain shall not be accepted for inefect on. Corn for seed purposes shall be grown at a distance not less than forty rods from fields of other varieties of corn, except where barriers sufficient to prevent cross-pollination intervene. The growri ng crop should be free, or practically free, depend— ing on varietal susceptibility, from smut and other diseases which are considered serious. Oats must be treated for loose smut before planting. Growers of wheat and barley seed should secure seed as free from smuts as possible. The approximate amount of loose s::u , or covered smut or both, present will be dete mined at the field inspection. Bach grower iTill be required to give information as to the source of his see'd stock and a reasonable guaranty as to its identity. Each grower must own or 1 ave access to machinery suitable for properly cleaning a1 grain offered for sale as seed. Off-types, mixtures of other crOps and varieties, together with noxious or otheriise troublesome weeds, should be rorued fio:1 t11e field prior to insgection so far as possible. ihe inspector will report on all such plants noticed and general condition of the crop and field. rt‘n '4’ ‘1. 10. As soon as possible after threshing and cleaning, the grower shall send prepaid to the hepartment of Ilant Breedirg College of.Agrimiltire, lthaca, H. Y. a cleaned and graded saxple from each field that passed field inspection, or a thoroughly'representative composite sample if the crops from two or more fields have been threshel together or stored together. The size oi'ihe samples and the final date prior to which smtples should be submitted are indicated in the following table:- Kind of Seed Size of sanple Sample should be sent Wheat or rye % peck Prior to Sept.lst Barley, cats or buckwheat l peck Prior to Feb. 1st Corn At least 400 kernels After Jan. 1st but taken 2 kernels from prior to Feb. 15th each of 200 ears for germination test In the case of corn a two- uart sample of shelled and , q 1 cleaned grain aiall be submitted for purity analysis providing the prior germination test meets the Standard. Gr were arelirged to submit samples as far as possible in advance of the dates indicated. No samples will be received for inspection later than Karch let. The grower Shall guarantee in the case of each sample that it is representative of and not better fiian he entire lot of seed to be offered for sale. The Association reserves the right to mdse supplementary inepections, at any time, of seed in bins or cribs or wherever stored. .30 owwm do mmpoq mom mnmgfidm 000393909 00 moapwqmamxo pom 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 Ewiflgflu mafia, Cali: OH. OH. OH. camfiw mfl cmgoaaw .apop poldpsam wmamboo no .pdmm mmooH‘mo & adflfixsz h*mw 80:1 00. 0m. 00. 00.m 0H. 00. wm oHHu mmflpmaad> pmmvo mo mudumda QHUHJ mmpuwhwp gfl cmaaaHd one: mammm awn“: )d)a::: mums mo. mo. 0H. mo. m0. u«..4w,1opubfluamo Ammuo mo mmmmw was 3 3m d)us warm onru m0. mo. ofl. no. mo. op V+.,cmpj>flpa., Hm,wm mo mmmmq mama H0. H0. mo. H0. H0. 02CHH3 maom womb “mgoflfiow mm pmmoxm ofiflmp mmflowmhow may Op EHO moo pmdfi mmow wmfimHJHmnn n:pmwmmm 00.0 pOUHm mlfizfifixwu oo.m A*ovoo.n oo.H woaoaam upon ho .psnm ‘immpmboo Ho .pdam mm00H.& Edafixwu 00.m 00.0 00.m 00.0a 00.H 00.0 A*mv omaoaaw . mmwpoahwb Hmrpo mo wawamA Ww mpa mm mafiymm mpH om mpfi,mw mpa mw mpa an auaflufle.am mac pmm pnwfima “fibvoo.mw 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 .adaaufla no Hpugfispoo no. own. om. om. m. om. mpawam‘wmpwpfipaso n.~+o 0o mmmom 00.H 00.H 00.H 00.H 00.m on. p cma m we Haves .o oo.H oo.H oo.a oo.H oo.m om. A*¢V mama no mafia hams 0:0 mamnnox nmxoan cam mamznmx oopdopmm .9 ma. ma. ma. ma. ma. 0H. mummm_pon wapmpwe Hmnpo cad 9%330 .meOpm .pawm .w “cmaoaaw_nmppwz pnmmH mamwm wmnmoagp ca @203 ‘A*nv cmgoaam mumma mzofixoz egos mo. no. 0H. no. mo. .*m0 umgoaam momma omma 3cm.mm moo.mm woo.mm maa.mm ado.mm mom.mm ldwav unfinsm A*>V unoo ohm pmmgn pwmnaxosm hmanwm mpwo comm cofigfipnmo .H. .mmfiwpo cmmm uoflwaphoolcohmpmflwmn and wmfiwapnoo 90% chwcadpm .0 (l) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) ('7) (8) D. Terms used same as in hen York State Seed Law. lurity is the freedom, expressed in percent by weight, from inert matter and from other seeds distinguished by their appearance. The 0.05% allowance of all need seeds shall not exceed ten (10) seeds per pound of grain. The seeds considered as noxious are quack grass, wild mustard, and other related Brassica species, Canada thistle, corn cockle, crab grass, docks and dodder. The percentage tolerance on broken kernels one-half size or less may be increased at the discretion of the inspecting agency in seasons when such necessity may arise. It is expected that this may apply occasionally to rye, wheat or barley which has been threshed in abnormally dry condition. In no case, however, shall more than double the percent tolerance be allowed. The percent of varietal mixture will be based on counts of detectable mixture of other varieties and strains both in the field and in the threshed sample. The limit of tolerance specified applies to either inspection. Applies to Alpha barley only at field inspection. Seed corn must be free from European corn borer and all other serious pests. The presence of excessive amounts of root, ear and stalk rots, or any other serious disease, may disqualify a field from certification. In making germination rating only strong sprouts will be counted. Mixture of other varieties in Honor wheat, 1%; in other varieties of wheat, 0.5%. Rules governing sale of inspected seed: Certified and Registered-Certified seed to be sold as such must conform.to the rules of the Association. The certi- fication tag which shall be furnished by the Association shall be attached to all packages containing such seed, and shall have written, stamped or printed on it all items required by the State Seed Law and the Association. 1. The New York State Seed Law requires the following information on the tag: a. Commonly accepted name of the seed. b. Approximate percentage of purity by Weight 0. Approximate total percentage of weed seeds by'weight. 2. d. Name and number per pound of each kind of seed of noxious weeds, if present singly or collectively, in excess of one seed per 100 grams of grain. 6. Approximate percentage of {erw1n1t10n, together with month and year germination test was conducted. f. Name and address of vendor. In addition to the items required by the State Seed Law, the Association requires the following to appear on the tag: a. b. 0. d. Name of the variety of the seed. Total percentage of inert matter. If any of the inert matter is composed of broken kernels (one-half size or less) and sprouted kernels, the percentage of these may be stated. Percentage of smuts: Barley- when smuts are in excess of l percer t. Oats- when in excess of O.Lo, tog ether with a recommend- ation that the seed be treated, if not already treated by the seller. Wheat- (1) finnen loose smut is in excess of 1% (2) hhen covered smut is in excess of 0.1% together with a recommendation that the seed be treated, if not already treated by the seller. Kame or registration number of the grower who, by attach- ing the certification tag , guarantees to the first buyer that the seed cor taiied in the packer-:e actually is the seed which was in Spected by the College and found to coxmfirm to the foregoing standard, aid 1d 0 furt‘xier guarantees that any statement appearing on the certification tag properly refers to the particular seed so tagged. Should proof be presented to the Association by+ he first buyer that the seed bearing the certification tag is not the seed as represented or that it fails to conform to the Association standard, the grower agrees to make suitaUle adjustment up to the full extent of the [urcha se psice. Every effort is made by the Colle e and the Association to examine carefully and report accurately, the inope0t1on findings on all fields and samples of seen, and to inspect only for reliable growers. However, neither the College nor the Association makes any guarantee, express or implied, regarding any lot of seed, and assumes no responsibility in connection the renith, for upon tlm groper rests the res_onsibiliuy of delivering seed eiual in que.lity to tlw i": 1.1-3? 3031 s a. 11,193. hontana ldnimum Requirements for Registered #2 (Red Tag) Noxious weed- Free Other weeds- 10 per lb. not more than 6 of one kind Other crop seed- 6 per lb. Germination- Wheat & flax 90% or better Oats and barley 85% or better Appearance- In case of wheat it should not contain more than 25% yellow berry. Small shrunken and immatured kernels if present in appreciable quantities will lower the grade to #2. A reasonable amount of shrunken, discolored kernels a 5033 yellow berry will be permitted under this grade. Broken Seed- 8% Minnesota A- The Requirements for Wheat, Oats, Barley, Rye and Flax: l. The crOp must show good vigor, relative freedom from.diseases and weeds, and from mixtures of an occasional plant of other crOp varieties. 2. The seed must be free of (no tolerance) Quack Grass, Canada Thistle, Perennial Sow Thistle, Dodder, False Flax, 57. and contain notznore than one * seed of the other weed seeds per pound after cleaned for'sale. No tolerance will be permitted. 3. Only a trace of chaff, broken seed and foreign matter can be permitted. 4. Not more than a trace of weathered, scabby or otherwise diseased seeds can be allowed. *This may vary with the season. B- The Requirements for Corn: 1. The crop must be grown at least 40 rods from any other variety or otherwise isolated to prevent cross pollination. 2. Field inSpection should be made previous to the selection of the seed crop. 3. The plants growing in the field must give evidence of 99.99% or more purity. 4. The ears must indicate soundness, maturity and freedom from.mixtures. C- The Requirements for Soybeans, Field Peas and Beans. l. The field must be at least 40 rods distant from any other field of the same variety. 2. The seed must be 99.99% or more when prepared for sale. 3. The crop must be practically free from disease in both field and bin. It is evident from the field inspection standards as given for the various associations that there are rather wide limits of tolerance both as to disease, weeds, and crop or varietal mixtures and judgement of the inspectors. This may not be particularly serious in some instances, but it has been the consensus of opinion.among those attending the International Crop Improvement Association meeting at Chicago each year that a uniform set of standards should be adopted. This has not been done to date chiefly through lack of agreement on details. The actual field inspection is taken seriously by some states while others seem to think it is not of’sufficient importance to warrant the expense entailed. The majority favor a rigid field inspection. They have not agreed entirely on the matter’of technic but the inepection is thorough and gives them a basis on which to judge the grower, his soil conditions, equipment fbr handling and mental attitude toward the work. One certified seed grower in a community can put certified seed in ill-repute if allowed to raise a crop of certified seed that has a very poor appearance in the field. Regardless of the quality of the cleaned seed, his neighbors will remember the field and mention it at every Opportunity when certified seed is under discussion. The field inspection is of first importance from an educational standpoint. The inspectors who makes his counts on disease and mixtures, writes up his report and leaves has missed an excellent opportunity to make a better seed grower. The inspector might also have learned something of value from the grower. (31 of) The field inspection report when made out preperly is a guide to all other inspections. Lhen the field inspection report shows mixture, weeds or disease, the person handling the bin sample has a guide to help him.make a more efficient test of the threshed grain. There is no doubt at all that a "trace" may be defined at two rather extreme degrees by two inspectors working in adjoining or widely separated states. There are many points in the actual field inspection that are rather vaguely defined. However, it is not possible to set a standard that will leave no question as to that is meant. The farmer is the man who buys the certified seed eventually. What term would express to him the amount of disease, weeds or mixture present in a field? Percentage may express it in one section, while plants per square rod or acre may be more descriptive in another. Any definite term even though used sectionally would be much better than a widely varying indefinite term. It is possible that a sectional inspection systen.may be worked out that will be much more satisfactory than th present lack of uniformity in covering the field. a system that will be unanimously accepted and practiced so that seed going from one state to another will not vary in quality to the detriment of certified seed as a whole is badly needed. There are many other things that effect the quality of the cleaned and graded certified seed, but the field inSpection is a common denominator and should be equal in all cases. '40. Bin or Sample Inspection Kethods Standards After the field inspection reports have been graded into classes, passed and rejected, those passing have still another inspection to undergo. The sample or threshed grain inspection. } A survey of the requirements of the different state organizations show considerable variation on their methods of handling and standards for this sample inspection work. State Size Sample Condition Indiana 2 qts. each field Cleaned as for sale Nebraska Not defined Cleaned as for sale Georgia 2 qts. Hot stated So. Dakota 1 peck Cleaned accompanied by guarantee of grower that it is representative of seed for sale. Virginia 1 peck small grain Uncleaned-to determine if 10 ears corn grower is justified in $02. tobacco cleaning and having bin inspection which is re— quired if seed is to be 301d. Utah 1 qt. small grain Representative sample for 8 oz. Alfalfa test before sealing. 2 oz. Onion Final sample taken by representative State Board of Agriculture, or under his supervision. Kansas Not given for corn Representative of stock for sale. Taken by inspector when examined in crib. State Minnesota Idaho inchigan Canadian seed Growers Assn. Oklahoma Montana 41. Size Sample Small grain 1 qt. 1 peck l peck Not given Varies with kind of crop. 4 lbs. generally. 1 peck Condition Cleaned-grower must clean at least 5 bu. and select quart from this seed cleaned as represen- ting the total crop. Cleaned ready for sale. Preliminary as it comes from thresher final taken at time of bin inspection by Asaaciatior inspector. Sample not required except when sample is to be certified as free from stated impurity after exmnination of threshed sample Representative of all grower expects to sell. Cleaned as it will be offered for sale. 42. ooammo meow em I 39:50 .QH Hem aeooomepm a mmw meoom m Rom oeweH moose Hefioomm confide 10h on has Hooofipmo sonfibon mo mmooOHm 2H maonoaxo .Hobsw twee Spas so coxooa mmoq .Hmboao pmoem . one wwaemae osoa no om .qofipfleooo Heeomwmm no Happen hHOPoHopoH wsflosomoc mpfiswkoo no om.mm opepm .0hoa no no pom mm. Rm. .posm momnam ewes comm owes oedema Havana mono doom endpxfiz pace ma caom sofiueafianoo phosH honpo coca Hepoflnw> knapsm macaw Hawam .eocm QmHmHBmHO mmndmw mum mBZMEmmHDUMm 43. 094W! \Y doom noxohm .Aoppop no Rmm heapsp S mpwo .Hoppop no Rem .pa Heap S pecan Hem m onepaofi epoxen uoppHSnsm Hwfinmpea ca sobfiw moneeowpm opaeauoe 0% endow .naom c.3000 a season .35 awe ea .8 e8 as. none m ems Sfiwfls hmahsn mm .mwd choom mpeo Km. opepm .mom an paces ma msofisos anomasmaoo coon coxonm no one mom nwpb Shove msoHHon neoan Hesomeom poo .na .na pom opmpm Happen no om mocha pom H a no m snowmanfiz pk amen comm coma oedema Hoppefi mono doom endpwfis name a“ uaom noapeaaenow pHoQH uofio ewes Spouse 3E5 44. .pa pom oa memos scape coaesoaas afiafisea sommom spfie has» has mHeB* modems use may .pwoss nopsfie no owes mpmop oofipmnflahom oz ** .qmmm .pa .Nwa .95” no.8 on happen .8 a8 ea .8 a... 3a m .fi nos m :3 3a om e098 use EOE madam nonnaOH .emmd .QSH oHMooo.pweno mono .mmm moo moons Sony monm mon.mm wfimnooo memos mace use: nmepo no soaao .peoso ooppfiEEoo come some .eaxooo .pnoo doom **Heppon no mom can 02 m. Ron.mm wqefiesH vamp soap .QH «Aeneas tangenmm Hog 0H phmnfi .emom waxes nmeuo woos .omom mfimhawee econ mono Rogue fin. comm opmpm mSOfiHoz moesaoeav 05.00 oxmwppoz amen come some eoaeom noppoa mono doom massage pmoa fi 38 senescence 22m 3&6 some Spouse 3E3 The field inspection methods and standards show considerable variation so far as the actual specified details are concerned. However, there seems to be a uniformity in ideals among the leaders of Crop Improvement Associations that more than makes up for the lack of written rules. Although there is a possibility that the lack of definite standards for field inspec- tion covering the presence of common weeds, disease and crop mixtures may allow a crop to pass in the field, the sample or bin inspection will usually show the presence of each one or all so the crop may be rejected if it does not conform to the threshed grain standards. In practically every associations field inspection report there is a place for noting mixture, disease and weeds. It is evident that some system is used to determine the amo nt of each present. It is possible that too few counts or estimates could be made, but the trained inspector knows when a field approaches the maximum limits and makes additional counts to verify his judgement. The presence of weeds is considered from the standpoint of effect on appearance of the field and the ease with whidh the seeds can be cleaned out of the grain crop. Appearance of the field could be very poor and yet the cleaned seed of high quality. However, the crop of certified seed coming from such a field does not encourage the use of certified seed in the growers community. The growers neighbors are skeptical of new practices or varieties and will base their judgement of the 46. crop to a large extent on the appearance of the field. flue inspector without any specific regulations faces a difficult task but the results accomplished have been far—reaching in the imp provement of crop yields. There is a possibility that more rigid exact field standards would not tend to raise the quality of certified seed any higher than the present methods and standards. The only possibility that more exact rigid methods and standards would be necessary might be the passing of control from the present well qualified leaders to less experienced officials who are not familiar with the fundamental purposes of seed certification. The bin or sample inspection methods and standards vary from state to state and in fact within the state depending on conditions and the kind of crop. Except under Special conditions the grower can generally be relied upon to submit a sample as required by each association. In the case of new growers the officials should and do keep a closer check on the sample sub- mitted to see that it checks with the field inspection report and the seed as it is actually shipped. There are possible conditions where errors or intentional misrepresentation occurs and the officials should be on their guard to prevent such occurrences. Many of these errors are being eliminated by requiring each grower to limit his production to one variety of each kind of field crop. Mixtures of varieties happen frequently enough from farm to farm by means of drills and threshers without taking additional chances by growing them.on the same fann. 4'7. WORK OF THE IKTSRNATIOJAL CROP IHPRO‘SHQNT ASSOCIATION The International Crop Improvement Association came into being as a.result of meetings held informally during the International Livestock Show at Chicago in 1918. The actual organ- ization took place in 1920. The mutual interest among Extension Agronomists, is seed certification whidh was the chief reason for organizing the International Crop Improvement Asscniation. Evidently when two or three Extension Agronomists gathered in one place a discussion started which.ended in warm argument as to the merits of conducting certification work in their respective states. The International Association was to provide an opportunity to meet, discuss and standardize practices among the State Association. Committees appointed by the President also reported on Corn and Soy Bean Standards. CEREAL AND SMALL GRAINS (Adopted November 29, 1921) l. The International Crop Improvemeit Association shall direct its efforts towards the solution of the following problems: A. To consolidate and co-ordinate the efforts of the various State Organizations. 48. B. To encourage uniform.standards of purity, viability and quality in the different classes of seed recognized. 2. That the above classes and grades of seed be defined as follows: i A. By the term "Elite Stock Seed" is meant a pure stock of seed originating directly from.a single plant, the progeny of which has been proven in plot of field test and has shown itself to be worthy of distribution, or a stock of seed not necessarily genetically pure, but which has proven itself worthy of special recognition after proper plot or'field trials have been conducted. This applies to that class of plants which naturally cross- pollinate. ' B. By the term."Registered Seed" is meant seed that is of an approved and known variety which has been inepected in the field before harvest by an eXpert (see appendix for definition of "expert") and reported on favorably by him as regards the purity of variety, vigor and freedom.from.disease; which germinated up to the standard indicated below; which is sound, plump and of good quality and color; which on bin or sack inspection is found to be free (for definition, see appendix, article 2 ) from seeds of other cultivated plants and all other weed seeds; which is well cleaned and graded; which weighs not less than two pounds less than the standard Elite Stock Seed or from preceding generation of Registered Seed and which finally has been duly registered under a definite certificate number. (1) All seed of this class must bear the registration tag and number of the association (2) (3) (4) 49. issuing the certificate or keeping the record. The question.of sealing the bags containing regis- tered seed shall be left optional with the certify- ing organization. The standard remiired by registered seed in the case of plants which normally self-fertilize, such as Wheat, Oats, Peas, Beans, Soy Beans, Yetches and Buckwheat, shall be genetically pure or practically pure, that is, free from.other strains as well as varieties and shall be capable of ger~ minating at least 90%. That certified seed be defined as seed of special merit, but which is not fully up to the standard required by registered seed. This class of seed in the case of self-fertilizing plants such as Wheat, Oats and Bailey stall be at least 99.5% pure as to variety and shall not contain more than thirty-five kernels of other grains per pound; shall be well cleaned and graded; shall be free from seeds of weeds classed as "noxious" in the appendix of weeds of other plants considered harmful or useless; shall be sound and of reasonably good color; shall weigh not less than two pounds less than the standard weight of the standard bushel for’grain of the kind and shall be capable of germinating at least 95%. Board of Review. That a committee consisting of each nnmber organization of the International CrOp Improvement Association to be appointed by the respective organizations, meet at the time of the International Grain and Hay Show, to pass upon samples of the Registered and Certified seed brought by representatives of the different State Assacia- tions, said samples to be representative of the highest and lowest qualities passed for certi- fication. In this way, the committee is of the opinion that the question of standards and grades would gradually come to be solved more satisfactor- 11y. 51. APP 2T3]: X l. The Species of farm weeds which shall be included within the meaning of the term."Hoxious Weeds" as used in connection with the meaning of the regulations of this Association shall be as follows: Wild Oats (Avena Fatua L.) Twitch or guack Grass (Agropyron repens (L) Beauv) Docks (Rumex L. and Rumex obtusifolius L) Russian Thistle (Salsola Kali L. Var. Tenuifolia G. F. 3. Hey) Purple Cockle (Agrostemma Githago L) ’. Campions including White Cockle (Lychnis Alba hill. Eight Flowering) Catchfly (Silene Noctiflora L) and Bladder Canpion (Silene latifolia(Mill.) Britten and Lendle Sow Cockle (Saponaria vaccaria L) Stinkneed (Thaspi arvense L) False Flax (Camelina Species) Ball Hustard (Neslia Paniculata (L) Desv) Wild Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L) Wild Kustard (Brassica arvensis (L) ktze) and other wild Brassica Species) fiare's jar-Hustard (Conringia orientalis (L) Dumont) Tumbling hustard (Sisymbrium altissimum L) Wild Carrot (Daucus carota L) Field Bindweed(Convolvulus arvensis L) Dodder(Cuscuta Species)in alfalfa seed Blue Bur of'Stickweed (Lappula echinata Gilbert) Blue Weed (Tch'um.vulgare L) ,! T70 ls“ ‘weed (Ambrosia Species) x-Jye Daisy(Chr ;/santhemum is ca n liexum L) Canada Thistle (Cirsium ai*ense (L) 300p.) n " I“. “x r‘ I ' ’T 4'1". "‘ w . ”2-. a. i LG ‘argln of tolerance all?» 3d vie. 1.1 the 1 01111 ._ of ' fl ,' r111 V .v “ 1' q n r‘ r‘ ‘v-. ' 1‘ r fitnw "ree . ine Lalisu: numuer 0L seeds of HOAICUS weeds tnit inf 1'3 I 4' '1 . .- v v V" “‘1‘ r“ 5 J“ n . sex _~ L‘, V: ‘ “L \I“ . be tolerated in any scans hitnout air ctih, tneir standing as W‘ "" ‘ ' ~ “ ‘va “,3 " ~ ‘o‘.-' 1“ ‘—".’-'IV. 4-4. a. rfr scans of Cats, Bailey, wheat, age, Bicnu-eat, Similar in 8128, one need seed n one icund b. For seeds of Flax, Killet or other seed approxi- rate y similar in size, one weed seed in one Iownd c. For seeds of Sweet Clover, uhite Clover, Crimson Clover an grasses, five weed seeds in one ounce avoirdapois. '2 u. By'tte term "1"Iert" as used in connection with these regulations is mea t an indi id al those primary York is With crogs or whose training is considered by the pIOpe r q. authorities of the State or County to as such as to make him Capable Of lerform1r the we‘k saiisfactorily. 53. * Soy Beans 1. There shall be three classes of seed receive official recogni- tion, as follows: 1. Elite Seed 2. Registered Seed 3. Certified Seed 2. Elite seed shall be seed of a genetically pure stock, originating directly from a single plant, the progeny of which has demonstrated its merits in plot and field trials. Seed can only be classed as Elite when under the direct cantrol of the originator or breeder. 1. Standards of Quality: Elite seed to comply with standards of quality must be pure, contain not to exceed 2% of cracked, split or weathered beans, no weeds or foreign matter, and must germinate 95%. 3. Registered Seed Shall be defined as the progeny of Elite seed when such seed is free from mixtures of other varieties. 1. Standards of duality: Registered seed must be genetically pure for the variety,:may contain not to exceed 2% weather damaged, cracked or split beans, not more than % of 1% Weed seeds and other inert matter, and.must germinate at least 90%. 4. Certified Seed shall be defined as seed of known improved variety, but not up to the standard required of Registered seed. 1. Standard of quality: Certified seed must be 99.8% pure as to variety , may contain not to exceed 2% of cracked, split, or weather damaged beans, may contain not more than 1% foreign matter and 1% mottled beans, and must germinate at least 90%. Corn (Adopted December 3, 1928) Three classes of seed corn shall be established, namely: Elite, Registered and Certified. These are defined as follows: Elite Seed Elite stock seed shall be defined as- seed produced by special methods of breeding or selection and which has demonstrated its suitability for propagation on the basis of field trials conducted to the satisfaction of the state association and state expeiiment station. Elite seed shall be designated as such only when under the direct control of the originator. Registered Seed. Registered seed shall be defined as - the progeny of Elite stock seed.then such seed is free from mixtures of other varieties, is of good quality and germinates at least 95%. *The above standards for Soy Beans were proposed by a special committee at the annual meeting, December 5, 1923. After considerable discussion as to whether or'not mottled soy beans constituted an impurity, the matter was referred to a special soy been meeting held December 5 of that same year. No record of the decision reached at this meeting is available.- H.C.R. Note: The margin of tolerance allowed within the meaning of the word "Pure” under standards for registered seed is not to exceed one impure seed in an average two-pound sample. Corn which is eligible to be certified "must be a varhety recognized by the inspecting organization and approved by the State EXperiment Station.” dUALIrI CAT Ions To qualify in any one of the three classes, the seed stocks must comply with the State seed laws and the following requirements made by the inspecting organization: 1. Freedom.of Mixture. Elite and registered seed corn shall.be grown not less than 40 rods from any other corn field and shall be practically free from admixture of similar or widely different varieties. Certified seed shall be grown not less than 40 rods from fields of different varieties and shall not average more than.one kernel per ear of evidentxnixture. 2. Germination. The germination shall beliot less than 95% of vigorous plants free from disease. 3. 4. 5. 6. 56. Quality. The seed shall be bright in appearance. When shelled, the seed shall be reasonably uniform in size with not more than a trace of tip or butt kernels. Moisture Tests. Inspecting organizations may require moisture tests if thought necessary. Standard of Representative Sample. The inspector'and owners at the time of the seed house inspection shall agree on.a sample of not less than five years, representative of the corn offered for sale. These ears shall be placed on file in'the<3ffice of the inspecting organ- ization. Inspection. Field and seed house inspection by a representative of the inspecting organization is necessary to certification. a. Field inspection. (1) Time-When the ears are well dented (2) Points to be ccnsidered or observed in field inspection. (a) Distance of field from other corn fields (b) Evident admixture of other varieties (c) Maturity, proper development and adaption to locality and uniformity of ripening. (d) Vigor of plants (6) Lodging,broken stalks, freedom from insect injury and disease, such as smuts and rots of corn. 57. (f) General uniformity, height of stalk, height of ears onmstalk, length of shank, covering the ear. b. Seed house inspection. (1) Time- not before January lst. (2) Storage. (3) (4) (a) Place (b) Method of drying and storing. Purity. Admixture of kernels of different types or colors shall be determined by examining one hundred representative ears. There shall not be, on the average, more than.one kernel per ear of evident mixture. Shade of color shall.not be considered. Germination (a) A minimum of two representative kernels from each of 100 representative ears shall be taken for the germination test. (b) The germination test shall be made according to recognized methods and under the direction of the inspecting organization. (0) Vigor and freedom.from