l‘!‘ '11 :7" t“ ”U. T]: '5" V .‘b. :1) 3 THE RATE CF SPERM TRAE‘EL 1N CATTLE T716815 {Mike Degree of M. S. MICH'LGAN STATE COLLEGE Ridph May 1940 I ‘hlt I 1“ 1 ( vtulwllv|ulull|ll|llluH A .f, I c 11 . I I J ..I|I.OII.‘F.|I fir u. . ' . . “Mfrs" ' '7'?‘ 1“! '3 ~ «- u . c k :‘v ‘. J 1? V'- I x. ‘9' 5"-‘t' ‘ _.A \ I. b . '1 .‘ ~ 9%.»... v . -\ I} l x , . . 4.72;... .. .. If WWW}- . .. ... .-. . m. i.....o..xf.w._. {mikfii :32: . . .. ..., ... . . . . _. . .. . . 4.3.3.1.... . -if . . I u‘ . Q - . . . . . . ,1. V .. ‘ .. u. n . . .a.. , .. . :1 a. . 1.... v.., I. . - ... 3. u 4 . .. ,~.. -. . .. . . . ‘ .L. ‘. .. .. 1 A I ’ .. . I. i. ,. . .. . \ K .l...r...finluv|.. . ‘ . ggfiwfififi «33%??wmxxbhh¥ . I ; . .. , .. ‘. , .. . . .n n ., . o. ‘o . . .. \V ‘ - s.‘ u .,, c n . c . . I . .. . v I. \ _n. ‘ . . .. . , . . . .v: , . v . a ‘ . n .y . p I I W .. €wa? \9 >,.L..(.bu\..\. 7’2? . .. ‘. 7 W17 . .h .1 :\ 1 .n . i i .. ‘ . .‘ ..... . .. . . luvs! DON‘- ‘ n V s... W .. .fi . A . g. at. .3.» ,. c u. # .., :31. .. . Ax . . fimrtmwxm . _ .Vuk .Jz. if; _ ._ w , -hf 71“!“ Sana-.538; iii! DI. - THE E.TE CF SPERE TRAVEL IN CATTLE by RALPH KAY MM A TE "1’ submitted to the Graiuate School of Mi higan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the deNree of L) EASTER CF SCITYCE Department of Animal Huebandry lgno DPVPF‘VT’“ ' ALngi—D - a ~~v~ _ S |vL CT L» 01‘ P. W“ '7" *‘L .Ttnent, 0338 y D rj-‘AI 3! 1‘ J'—A'._L4 . s '- " Q m1 Lu P. x , . (-‘v;. --- ‘ O .,.‘ ‘.. n~< I: .53 “ea“ '7",1a“ ‘2': 3‘ 7.“ * .L-~- - ‘D M L ._, .. f0 .3 v q —. (s C'.L. \ “ J .A ‘ L O f.1" ‘n q {A In A- be- L---” C .. J. UV. -SCTI “1‘ —L~‘ .Z‘ L‘».~' C- 91.4.3 rm 2.. R D CF CCTTETTS 7/“? ‘ U“‘I as "whem‘rnm -Ifi ..\r'd"\ V I L .s .5 '2: s _ .L . .Ao "Pr-w 19¢" \a .. .‘5 D‘ 4‘ '4 -L of " .L c 1 n in t“ 7" a cue I *v 4‘ qu O .L. otili 1 v 0’. KC akility O .- cn V -v V-L- u .3 run 1-H: M.) lect of Texr‘ sun:- d- -h‘ WA J- 538 I" of a: Mn 0 "L9 " “a1 3: o c~t~ m-VL 183773“. p A 5‘ f" 4“ Q Ol 71. ul- 4‘ ..Cv O- ( J 5‘- E g c C' (M +w~n1 1 "‘fi r‘..ni}':. S i l‘. J. “v up. -.._ C ’01 Ce L J.‘ 117.18 0 He Can. 17" .A. U‘e” Vtzé I CIT "-73 STI SAT CF I“ “Ah 2" D!J‘u’I_A4J H J; DU? AL ERCCE .T‘ 4 5” .5-.«-.J . . - .. q-~. q“ { '— ‘ “a“. «J 9‘. .1. tion a V1“: \ "‘ (‘O'fl‘n Ask!" A;‘.—_ o I ad a. . Cd) lee tion of unweies F -—r---\—‘ 7“" “— v\'~-‘_4.0A‘.9 J. l -,-u On or ’5‘“1-‘~“ ~~ 4L '-. ‘.-, ‘— OBSERVNICTS I”! ma 3401;...1‘.) "1’ .t‘ .v. 1'4—‘ A,‘ Pig ”24-33- :LJFect - Anrmxf 3-1ters 3*“: / nul;. ens . l‘ -' 1-\ of .ne U?11L-j Trust “5‘ TI- ‘ “-1- ’ ;-fect of {Carine Cou.vnct1~ns -.,. T.- . . fl- ° 9"". . ‘ Aversuc -wn it of aenztil iracts from “I “."T‘T""T/‘" u 0' J'L’IJ\J&\I.L. m'nnn n ‘13?! A:v~3 ACIVK’VYth‘YN SW“... V—x gov.- LTTZ“X""“" CITED *4 U! }__I U1 0 t J }..J P J r \4‘ r) ‘11 F.) R) “J K} I KM H L-J W I NTRCDUC TI CI"! The rate of mammalian sperm travel is a question Of both scien- tific and direct practical importance. The extablishment of this fact is fundamental to a more thorough understanding of the physiology of reproduction. The apparent short functional life of the mammalian repro- ductive cells indicates that the optimum time for mating is relatively short. The increasing practice of artificially inseminating female animals as a means Of controlling certain genital diseases, increasing the rate of conception, and extending the influence Of proven sires has created an additional need for information regarding the physiology Of reproduction. Few observations have been made concerning the time of ovulation or the rate at which spermatozoa travel in the genital tract of the female. Through experience, animal breeders have arrived at a variety of Opinions as to the opportune time for mating animals. Many breeders have practiced multiple servicing Of the female as a means of insuring con- ception. This practice tends to exhaust the sire and limit his use to fewer females. With improved conception rates the animal producer may plan the lamb or calf crOp to a greater economic advantage. Many valuable animals are discarded from the herd as shy breeders. A better understanding of the factors governing fertility and those causing irregularities in.breeding animals will lessen this economic loss. A knowledge Of the Optimum time for breeding females would enable the animal breeder and inseminator to spread the utility Of sires to the maximum extent. Shy and uncertain breeders might be made to reproduce regularly. There exists considerable divergence of Opinion in regard to the factors affecting fertility and conception. This study was conducted in an effort to obtain further fundamental information regarding the rate Of sperm travel and the factors affecting it. 7 -J- REVIEW OF LITERATbnE Rate of Sperm Travel The literature contains much discussion but little information concerning the speed at which mammalian sperm travel. Widely different rates have been.observed in the time required for sperm to reach the infun- dibulum, Beshlebnov (3) found.bull sperm in the ovarian end Of the fallopian tubes h hours after insemination and in one case only 1 3/h hours were required. Hartman and.Ball (17) reported rat sperm in the distal end of the horn 100 seconds after OOpulation. Parker (27) stated that h hours were required for the rabbit sperm to reach the infundibulum. Evans (9) found dog Sperm in the oviduct 25 seconds after ejaculation by the male. Phillips and Andrews (28) located sheep sperm in the ovarian end of the fallOpian tubes, in a minimum time Of 30 minutes after insemi- nation. Green and Winters (13), in studies on sheep, reported the time required for sperm to traverse the tract to be 5 to 6 hours. Lewis (23) Obtained sperm from the oviduct of the sow 7 hours after c0pulation. Long and Evans (23) state that u hours are required for the mouse sperm to reach the distal end of the oviduct. Viability Of Sperm The ability Of sperm to survive in the genital tract as well as in vitro is a problem of practical importance. Inasmuch as the rate of Sperm travel and the time of Ovulation seem quite variable, it is Of prime importance to know how long after ejaculation the sperm cells will remain capable of fertilizing the ovum. The factors which affect the viability of sperm have long been the subject of controversy. Motility of Sterm ii the Tract: Feiling (lo) contends that motility of sperm is the only criterion of fertility. Beshlebnov (3) found 50 per cent of the spermatozoa to be motile in the cow after 2M hours, a few motile spermatozoa after 30 hours, and none motile after MO hours. Lewis (23) found liie sperm in the sow after Ml 1/2 hours. However, the average time of survival was 18 to 25 hours. Parker (27) reported live rabbit sperm in the female tract after 30 hours. Green and Winters (13) state that, in general, sheep sperm do not live more than 2M hours in the tract, and Andreev (1) found live bull sperm in the female tract after 2h hours. Ho Hornhology and Viabil t1; Hfimerons morphological abnormalities have been Observed in sperm. Some workers have evaluated sperm samples on the basis of the per cent Of normal spermatozoa present. Voloskov (35) reported 13 different morphological abnormalities in horse sperm. He stated that 70 per cent normal sperm gave a conception rate of 68 to 80 per cent while samples having MS to 52 per cent normal Sperm gave a con» ception rate of only M0 to 53 per cent. He believes that abnormal sperm heads are due to excessive sexual activity while abnormal tails are due to pathOlOgical conditions in the testes. Rodolfo (31) isolated 3 types of sperm from the boar. Type I had a normal head and tail, type II had a protOplasmic drOp on the neck, and type III had the drOp situated on the middle Of the tail. He believes these 3 types represent 3 stages of develOpment. He stated that type I predominated in the semen. tudies on sheep sperm by Comstock and Brady (6) revealed a significant positive correlation of the liveability Of sperm with the length of head and the number of spermat0zoa per cubic m.m. \_?I Effect of;pH on Viability; Workers have endeavored to ascertain the Optimum pH range for the survival of sperm. The pH of the sperm sample is thought by some, to be an indication of the viability of the sperm there- n. Hatziolos (18) found bull sperm samples ranging in pH from 6.39 to .‘h 7.81 with a mean of 6.89 i .06. He reports a negative correlation.be- tween high pH and the number of Spermatozoa in the sample, and a slightly positive correlation.between high pH and duration of life. Schneerson (32) concluded that the Opt mum vitality of bull sperm is attained at a pH of 5.8 to 6.6. Using a potentiometer, Sersin (33) reported the average pH of sperm as follows: bull, 6.7M; ram, 7.08; rabbit. 7.20; stallion, 7.23; boar, 7.57: and man, 7.79. He also stated that the buffering capacity of sperm is lower than that of blood. Hammond (l5) believes that high acidity is an indication of a greater number of spermatozoa.per volume unit due to the CO2 given off by sperm. He also states that the semen is usually much higher in acidity than the female tract. .4. Gen tal Conditions: Weber (35) found blood and urine to have a harmful but non-toxic effect on sperm. Hammond (15) reports that re- tention of the placenta causes inflamation of the uterus and in turn the spermatozoa are attracted to the leucocytes and becomes agglutinated. He also states that inflamation of the os. uteri may prevent the Opening of the cervix during oestrus, and cause incomplete liquifaction of the mucous, thereby making sperm travel difficult or impossible. Seymour (3h) found live but sluggish human sperm in the cervix 111 hours after insemi- nation. KOzlova (20) and others contend that normal vaginal secretions have an unfavorable influence on the longevity of spermatozoa. Viscositv of Mucous: Noticeable differences in the viscosity of —_ _J‘ q mucous from the female tract have been observed Worker shave attempte o to ascertain the effect this factor exerts on sper.a tozoaw Beshlebnov (3), workinr with cows not in heat found sperm in the ovarian end of the fal- t; D _. q lOpian tunes, but all were imnobile and a.r ormrl after 10 to 15 he are. Hovoselov (25) made viscos Mi.e ter reo ‘ dings on.serples of bull sperm and mucous from the cervix of cows in dioestrus. He found the average vi5« cosity of the mrco1s to be much greater th.n that Of the sperm and con- cluded that sperm introduced into the cervix durm dioest us would cease f. Y1K. ;ie. F'"”“li (15) reports that 72 hours after tho {)1 progressiv 1otion an (1) end of the heat period the mucous becor es Opaoue witn leucocytes and . corpusles. Weber (35), working with a 20 per cent agar solution, found a viscous 3.1ution to no more suitable than a fluid solution for main- taining the normality anl motility of sperm. Effect of Terreraturc on Viability: It has been demonstrated by some that tempera at are sho chs are to be avoided in handling sperm. 6bser~ vations on the Optimal temperature for sperm survival have been quite consistent. S 1rdies on th. effect of ten mer ture on bull Sperm by Weber (36) gave survival results as follows: 000 - 95 hours, 5 to 12°C - 209 hours, 18 to 2200 - 30 hours, and 380C - 8 hours: Gunn (in) con cluded that UOC was the Optimal temperature for the survival of sheep Sperm; Ata oek (2) reportedb mat sperm to be very sensitive to tempera— ture and recommended that it s:1ould'be kept at body heat. Effect of Surlisht: Lewis (‘3) devonstra that sunlight had a detrimental effec on boar sperm. Optimal Dosa.e of Sperm: There is some i formati or in the liter- ature regarding the amount of semen necessar* to ir1511 e conception. Kozlova (2C) reports th.t .2 c.c. of semen placed in the cervix gave the same conception rate in cows as M.O c.c. placed in the vagira. Kufarev (21) usine 4.) .5 c. c. of bull semen in the cervix obtained con- ception results equal to that of natural mating, however, when only.2 c.c. of se men was used the concept ion rat e decreased 8 per cent. Dilution of Soexg; Most workers are of the Opinion that the via- bility of Sperm is decreased with dilution, iowever, some have obtained desirable resu -1ts wi h diluted s; ein. Working with 52K mares, Kedrov (19) obtaiied the following results: Undiluted sperm gave a conception rate 57.23; diluted h times gave a rate of 53.88; diluted c tines gave a rate of u6.87. Hatziolos (18) found that undiluted Dull sperm survived \_) p. (D or Russian elucose. C) 1% uger rthzan sperm diluted with p.1ngers, Tvr inr with irs Rodin and Lioatov ("0) ootained the best results with a 0 £29 ., .9 u tires dilution. Web er (35) found th e e assitn gluco- -ph sp ate diluent to be the most satisfactory for bull sperm. Effect of Cestrus on the Genital Tract ‘.‘N -w . ‘ ‘ ' F . up. ‘ . ‘fi- ~~ numerous investirators nave apressed their oelief that the condition of tie genital tract is a major fe ctor affecting the fertility of females. hany irregilarities of the genital tract and their effect on fertility have been observed. Green and Winters (13 stare of oestral cvcle has no effect on the rate of soerm travel in sheen. a . - . Cestral Cvclenghanres: he norrzgal oestrel o"c1e of th as cow is about 20 days. The duration of oestrus is known to vary. Hammond (15) -, Q o o f . f reported cows remaining in heat from o to 30 hours with an average of lo Ho O 0 1e :r 1‘) SD (-1" F“ :3 hours. dirsha.a and Salzotnn (25) found the average dur (" wares to be 5.0? - mgs. Corner and Amsbaugh (3) found that the duration of f oestrus in the sow was about 3 days. He unond (l3) repor ed ewes in C) heat from 3 to El hours with an average of 27 hours. According to Bensond (15), the mechanism of the oestral cycle con— ts o si (0 secretion of the arterior ” ‘3 93 Q.- (I) } J rJo O {J \D f ,. £3 H D 5 O (D J‘ ’D 4" 4 O O ,3 (+- (o }J0 L ('9' \Y‘ “3 .‘5 m {.1 pituitary an'1 the 2 ovarian secretions, oestrin and frojestrone, produced from the follicle and corpus l? euzn ,respectively. The follicle stimu- lstin ghormone and the .ute nizins hormone secreted.ty the pituitO‘y cause follicle develOpment, ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum. Cestrin gives rise to heat svnptons, whicn are swollen vulva, dilated cervix and mucous production in the uterus and cervix. Under the influence of nroeestrone t2 8 cervix oecones tirhtly closed and the se- cretion of the mucosa.hecomes ‘ aye nd sticfr , a condition presurablv un— favoreb le for the ascent of sperm. The Time of Cvulation The time at which the follicle eruPts and the ova is released is Of a meat im_)ortance ein determining the 0p;ortune time for mating. Al— thoigh there are some variations in the reports as to the time of ovu— lation, most workers are in agr enent that it occurs just before or soon (I) fter the end of oestrus. Gotze (12) contends ti:at ovulation may occur in the mare without heat, and heat may occur without ovulation. Brewster (M) found ovulation occurring in cattle on the a‘: wr.ge 13 1/2 hours after tire end of heat. According to Hammond (15), Gerasimova . - (11) found ovulation occurring in cows aoout 2; hours alter th, beginn- inv of heat. Working with con s, Aidreev (1) found ovulation occurring 0 \. 30 to NO hours after the onset of heat. Eeshl bnov (3) mated cows while in heat and reported ovulation in M cases from 21 to 25 hours following service and in 5 cases from 22 to 30 hours after service. Working with dairy heifers, Werner, Casida, and R1pel (3‘00 oos erved the avera-e tire of ovulation to be 11 1/2 hours after the end of oestrus with a range of 2 l/h to 22 3/H hours. Reports on the mare by hirskaja and Salzmann (25) indicate ovulation on the average 3. 8» dagrs after tlie on et of heat Lewis (23) states that the sow ovulates near the end of oestrus. Green and. Winters (13) report that ovulation in the ewe occurs late in the heat p riod, as the anir al is pa ssing from heat. Stufi es on humans by Kurzrok (22 indico te that ovulation usually occurs 13 to 15 days af ter the onset of menstruation. Long and Evans (23) renorted ovulation in rate as occurring just rrior or soon after t-e end of oestrus. Young, Meyers and Dempsey (3 8), working with guinea pigs, state that ovulation occurs within 1 hour of the end of the heat period. Viability of Cvum A knowledge of the viability of the ova after liberation is equally as important as the survival of the sperm cells in determining the ontimum time for mating. Little is known re1ard gthe physiology .5. c!- of the ovum, due 0 the ’fficrlty of obtaining ova from the genital tract and the inability to obse erve its thys101051ca l processes after possession is accomrlished. Conclusions regarding the viability of the ovum cannot be made until techniques have been improved and numerous observations made. Cbservations to date, indicate considerable variation in differ- ent species regarding the luration of life of the unfertilized egg. Parker (27) reported the duration of life of the rabbit ovum to be 2 to M hours. Corner (7) states that degeneration of the big ovum began at out 7 days after ovulation vhil e Lewis (23) states that th e sow ovum retains its viaoi ityo a few hours after being libe.ated. Hartman (lo) gives the following length of time as the duration of life of the ovum after liberation: B abbi t, h or 5 hours; human, 24 hours; and the mouse and Opr; osun, 24 hours. Uterine Contractions It is ge ner rally ab reed ex ong wor; ers that the man nmalian eyermatozoe n travels through the female genital tract 1nder it's own motile power. However, Evans (9), by the use of a uterine fistula (O O “3 found that the bitch forced sperm therU ;h the tract by a eries abdominal strainings at the time of cepulation. Bes- lebnov (3) s @3ests that the mi1vraation of sperm in the cow is aw.d d.by uterine contractions. He inseminated cows in heat with dead (heated) snernl and was aole to recover some of the sperm in he horns and tubes. I i.-.‘ 3- J grin“ " ("r1 T'fir" flat-H. a "."1" r“? «q .4 ,‘ .- '. . Qvaa—J «I. a.~~uu.-a\.at...a. .1... e to ohtei in’orWo ion “.LA _-. -.4 a AAL‘: a ‘- g ‘1, LL 4- .. .-. . An atternt L's “a. of spermatoz-an travel in cattle and the factors aff‘ O r a“ O ‘ 1 3' ‘1 ,3 travel. Data was 0 talléd w1tn tne foilouinm o; "' r Li -. an .or 4. 1.1, r ‘5 .4 .... 4. (a) 10 CbhfirJine tne etugct 0? one -oilot1n3 factors on tozoan travel in the genital tract of cattle: (h) Effect 01 irev*‘ns ierturitions: \ "1 ‘ .' '1- --. ‘ r (b, 1 notorx1ne tne average len tn 0; h 7115 1:::77:7 Haw n . a ’. _ O : V -3 O I Anirais heel: lne cows used 1n tn_s egpcrivcnt t'ere obte1ned from , . . 1 - _. 1. ,1 1. ..:. ..1 tne college heras of oecf and 0&1? cattle. 11 of the an1ua1s used wer r ’3 .1 ‘.-' 4- nl.can3's elsease tests. m .. " J- 1. 3.7-.- 1 ' known to be ne3ative reactors to tunercuiosis All cows were artificially inset-hated with the semen from one bull. The 10 vear ld Jerse'r lull usec was known to groduce a high ,er cent of motile and normal sgernatozoa. Lnndlinc of Semen: All so wples of seMen were collected in a A sterile artificial vagina to rrevent contamination. Eacn sample, with the exception of Case no. 15, was checked soon alter collection and.ohserved to be a3ove 90 per cent normal and motile. Inseminations were made in. every case within 1 hour from the time of collection of the semen. The semen was kept at body ternerature from the time of collection until used. The semen samples used for determinina the effect of uterine controc ions were killeo b" neating at 55° C. for 5 minute ”ethcd of Insev'1ggggg: All of the cows reported in this investi- 3ation were inseninated'by the use of a 31ass s:ecu1m,capillary tube, }.J0 and a rubber pressure bulb. Precautions were taaen to insom rate all cows ali? In so far as possible the semen was placeu in the vaginal half of ‘ O - f‘ . .7 ‘— 1 q . & ~ rm tne cerv1x. Cases 2;, 21, and 22 were inseminated by placing the sperma- tozoa into the uterine bodv The ml ssware was warned to ooév temper— WAQ V7 1'! - (5 Q“ Q m‘ ‘ ‘ Q (\ -: 1y Amulut of s~cr. iced: 1ne anonnt of semen used Varied mith different cases. The samoles used averaged 2.7 c.c. with the lo ver lim1t being 1.0 c.c. This variation was not intentional but du e to he amount of semen avo‘la‘le for the insemination. Io attempt was nade to compare ‘— 13 _ results with dosage of sperm used as previous work reported.by Kufarev (21) indicate that 0.5 c.c. of semen placed in the cervix r've maximum c.n- D (J (D \J ('1' }.Jo O :3 H: p (1" ( 0 0) Collection of airles: The tine allowed for S”C”’t+020a travel varied from 155 to 593 minutes. The time regorted was the interval of time between inseninatio“ and sectioning of the tract. Each tract was ,_5 m (l ‘i l) ' i ‘4 O 93 U) C.) :5 ‘— Jo d- H ._: I sectioned as soon as oossicle after slaughtering and 1- in MB minutes after 51 au3h ter and oefore the body ter 1 MT ture of the aninai nad witer al decrecsed. Tr e en ire genital tract was removed from the body and the excess ti us cut away allow7n3 the tract to attain it's maximum len3th in a horizontal position on a table. Data we 3 recorded on the len3th of the fa110o1an tube,uterine horn, uterine body and cervix. Cne tube was sectioned into 3 equc llengths and one horn into 2 equal lengths. The ”in3 horn and tube was retained‘until the other sariples had_been checked satisfactorilv under the microscoye. Alla a; rer nt abno naiities of the tract were recorded Each section was fltshed thoroughlgr with a 0.9 K. physiolosical solution through with the aid of a rubber bulb. :lushircs were collected 3 ‘7’- . ’ - o c“ ‘ ' 1: ' sitensive preliminary experiments were carried out prior to the oe3innin3 of this investi3ation, in an effort to separate tne spernatozoa from the flushin3 solution and the Hra t ‘ . - 5 ”5. ‘5 -1 9" r‘ ‘7‘ '5 -: ww -a-5 -‘ ‘5, debris. It was found t.at flashin3s coaid ce centr1f bed at the rate of 3100 E. P. m. or at a relative centrifu3al force of 2133.h for 12 "in“tes, there‘s,r forcing the spermatOZOa ani the detiis into the lower tie of t 9 w centrifu3e tune. A H, holy nointed cafiillary tuhe was usei to obtain the .Q. ~ 0 - material from he tio of tne centrifuge tube. rnis mater ial wa sgrea thinly over the svrface o? a slide and ohserved microscozically for th ores ence of spevw a oz.a. Iositive iientification of each spermatozoan ‘- I ‘ O I ‘ O \ was ascertained hy ouservation uhder "0 times magn ficati on. No attemots . ‘5 h fiv~ 1 m. s- P ‘A -o : _v~< - ~ ‘ I ' ‘ ‘v a. in the s “~ie. loo 1meson e oi a sin la s erratozoan has considered as (”ext , h . r v'. r1 - ~.- 4- _ : ,0 O _‘_o a ”L. fositlve eviaehce of s erwa.oscan trave . Positive identiricu-1on of .- 1. . .- n . '1- 'n . W 3 4.‘ - 1‘ : trlcuomohaus was sale 3; Jr. C. F. Clari of one Fotnol 'v occt_on. '- fi 1 \ GBSBRVATIONS Case no. 1. This Guernsey, age 72 months, was off-heat when in- seminated. The sperm had traveled.h8.0 cm. (center 1/3 of fallopian tube) in 200 minutes or at the rate of l:h.16. Her breeding record showed one calf drapped 27 months prior to slaughter. She was mated to h different fertile bulls during 11 regular heat periods following her last and only calf. She was treated for severe granular vaginitis “3 months prior to slaughter. Twelve months before slaughter she was treated for a mild case of cervicitis. This cow had no history of retained corpus luteum. Case no. 2. This Shorthorn, age 112 months, was in heat when in- seminated. The sperm had traveled 55 cm. (center 1/} of fa110pian tube) in 268 minutes or at the rate of 1:5.87. Records showed her to be a regular breeder, having drOpped.6 calves. The last calf came 5h days prior to slaughter and was 6 weeks premature. Case no. 3. This Hereford (virgin), age 15 months, was in heat when inseminated. The sperm had traveled 51.5 cm. (ovarian 1/3 of the fallOpian tube) in 255 minutes or at the rate of 1:M.95. Case no. h. This Brown Swiss, age MS months, was in heat when in- seminated. The sperm had traveled 58.0 cm. (ovarian 1/3 of fallOpian tube) in 330 minutes or at the rate of 1:5.68. Breeding records showed that she had drOpped one calf 18 months prior to slaughter. A large cyst was ruptured on the right ovary 12 months prior to slaughter. Case no. 5. This Jersey, age 69 months, was in heat when insemi- nated. The sperm had traveled 51+ cm. (uterine 1/3 of fallOpian tube) in 310 minutes or at the rate of 1:5.7h. She had dr0pped 5 calves, the third of which was a 5 months aborted fetus. She was a regular breeder. This ”f“ cow was culled due to mastitis infection. Case no. 6. This Shorthorn (virgin), age 18 months, was off-heat when inseminated. The sperm had traveled 57 cm. (ovarian 1/3 of fallOpian tube) in 350 minutes or at the rate of 1:6.31. Case no. 7. This Shorthorn (virgin), age 16 months, was in early heat when inseminated. The sperm had traveled MO cm. (uterine 1/3 of fallopian tube) in 265 minutes or at the rate of 136.62. Case no. 8. This Angus, age 60 months, was in heat when insemi- nated. The sperm had traveled “5 cm. (ovarian 1/2 of uterine horn) in 3M5 minutes or at the rate of 1:7.66. Breeding records revealed 3 calves, the last of which was drOpped 2 months before slaughter. E0 breeding attempts had.been made following the last calf. Case no. 9. This Hereford, age lhu months, was off-heat when in- seminated. The sperm had traveled 71.5 cm. (center 1/3 of falIOpian tube) in 551 minutes or at the rate of 1:7.70. Her breeding record showed 9 calvings with one pair of twins. The last calf was drOpped 1M months and 13 days prior to slaughter and the last breeding date was 6 1/2 months prior to the slaughtering date. The left horn was enlarged and contained the residue of a re—absorbed fetus. Case no. 10. This Shorthorn, age 156 months, was off-heat when inseminated. The sperm had traveled 19 cm. (03. 1/2 of uterine horn) in 155 minutes or at the rate of 1:8.15. Her breeding record showed 11 calves, the last of which was drOpped 28 days prior to slaughter. The uterine walls were somewhat thick and distended and contained a bloody fluid having an obnoxious odor. Case no. 11. This Angus (virgin), age 12 months, was off-heat when inseminated and the sperm had traveled 28 cm. (uterine 1/3 of falIOpian tube) in 2ho minutes or at the rate of 1:8.57. Case n . 12. This Ayrshire, age M2 months, was in heat when in- seminated. The sperm had traveled 23 cm. (09. 1/2 of uterine horn) in 200 minutes or at the rate of 1:8.69. Records revealed this cow was a regular breeder, having drOpped 2 calves, the last of which came H months prior to slaughter. Flushings from the uterine bo v and horns were quite bloody. She was bred 39 days prior to slaughter, conceived, and the corpus luteum was squeezed out 5 days prior to the slaughtering date. The uterus was quite bloody and indications of recent abortion were obviously apparent. Case no. 13. This Hereford (virgin), age 13 months, was off-heat when inseminated and the sperm had traveled 35 cm. (ovarian end of uterine horn) in 307 minutes or at the rate of 1:8.77. This heifer had occupied the same lot as no. 16. No breeding attempts had been made. These amples were slightly infested with trichomonads. Case no. lu. This Shorthorn (virgin), age 20 months, was off-heat when inseminated. The sperm had traveled 39.9 cm. (uterine 1/3 of fallopian tube) in 355 minutes or at the rate of 1:8.89. Case no. 15. This Hereford (virgin), age 11 months, was off-heat when inseminated and the sperm had traveled lu.5 cm. (03. 1/2 of uterine horn) in 352 minutes or at the rate of 1:2M.27. The absence of a corpus luteum, follicle or follicle scar was noted on the ovaries. This beef heifer had been on full-feed and was showing a high degree of finish. Case no. 16. This Shorthorn (virgin), age 13 months, was in heat when inseminated and the sperm was found only in the os. uteri after 172 minutes. Records revealed that no breeding attempts had.been made. The heifer occupied a lot with several young steers and heifers. The samples were heavily infested with living organisms which were positively identi- fied as trichomonads by 3 members of the PatholOgy Department. Case no. 17. This Ayrshire, age 36 months, showed no signs of heat when inseminated. The Sperm were found only in the os. uteri and uterine body after a time of 593 minutes. This heifer had never calved and ovulated only after repeatedly massaging the ovaries. The ovaries were massaged regularly and the corpora lutea squeezed out when found over a period of 22 months. When ovulation did occur, oestral symptoms were not apparent. The left ovary was cystic. The left horn of the uterus was totally absent. The os. uteri and uterine body were full of a heavy, viscous, gelatin-like mucous. Case no. 18. This Shorthorn, age 10 months, was off-heat when inseminated. Sperm could not be found in any of the samples. The time between insemination and the sectioning of the genital tract was 323 minutes. This sample of sperm was not observed for motility and nor- mality until 5 hours after collection. It had been kept at body temper- ature. The spermatozoa were dead but of normal morphology. Case no. 19. This Shorthorn, age 110 months, was off-heat when inseminated. Sperm could not be found in any of the flushings after 265 minutes were allowed for travel. Her breeding record showed 6 calves, the last of which was drOpped 91 days before slaughter. A heavy, viscous mucous was found in the os. uteri and uterine body when e"lined after slaughter. Case no. 20. This Jersey, age 95 months, was in heat when insemi- nated. The sperm sample was killed.by heating at 55° for 5 minutes before inseminating the cow. Sperm could not be found in any of the samples after I J K J M35 minutes were allowed for travel. This cow had drOpped 5 calves, re— quiring an average of 3 services per conception. An extremely heavy flow of watery mucous was observed at the time of insemination, otherwise she was normal. This cow was culled due to mastitis infection. Case no. 21. This crosSbred heifer, age 16 months, was off—heat when inseminated with dead (heated) sperm. The sperm were found only in the os. uteri after a time of 2M0 minutes. The tract appeared to be normal and no previous breeding attempts had.been made. Case no. 22. This Angus cow, age 129 months, was in heat when inseminated with dead (heated) sperm. Sperm could not be found in any of the samples after 230 minutes were allowed for travel. Records revealed that she had.been a regular breeder until 10 months before slaughter, at which time she dr0pped a dead calf. During this 10 months period she had come in heat and.been bred regularly, but failed to conceive. Flushing from the uterine horn, uterine body, and 03. uteri were heavily con— taminated with a firm, lumpy pus. The left ovary was cystic and there was no indication of a follicle or erupted follicle pit on either ovary. -c.Q- RESULTS Table l. The Results of Sperm Travel Studies. Case : Age : Cestrus* : Tract : Travel : Time“l : Rate*** No : (mo.) : : Length (cm.):Distance (cm.): (minutes): of Travel 1 : 72 : - : 56.0 : HB.0 : 200 : R.16 2 : 112 : x : 63.5 : 55.0 : 268 : u.s7 5 : 15 : x : 51.5 : 51.5 : 255 : h.95 4 : MS : r : 58.0 : 58.0 : 330 : 5.68 _5 : _69 : x : 72.0 : 5u.o : 310 : 5.1h 6’ : 18 : - : 57.0 : 7.0 : 360 : 6.31 7 : 16 : x : 55.0 : 0.0 : 265 : 6.62 s : 6o : x : 68.0 : u5.0 : 3M5 : 7.66 9 : lhh : - : 82.0 : 71.5 : 551 : 7.70 10 : 156 : - : 36.E_._,d;rg_ 13.0 3, 1 ._._L..;u}5 ll : l2 : - : 1.5 : 28.0 : 2 0 : 8.57 12 : M2 : x : 63.5 : 23.0 : 200 : 0.69 l? : l3 : — : 65.0 : 35.0 : 307 : 8.77 ifl : 20 : - : 32.5 : 33.9 : 355 : 8.89 15. : 11 : - : h.0 : 1 .5 : 352 : 2h.27 (a) 16 : 13 : x : “E7Ih : 6.5 : 172 : 26.h6 (b) 17 : 36 : - : 57.3 : 7.0 : 593 : 3h.71 (c) 18 : 12 - - : us.5 : 0.0 : 323 : 0.0 (a) 19 : 110 : - : 66.5 : 0.0 : 265 : 0.0 (e) 20_ : 95 : x : 62.0 : 0.0 : 330 : 0.0 Cr) 21 : 16 : .. : 66.0 : 0.0 : ého : 0.0 (2) 22_ : 1e9 - x : 66.5 : 0.0 : 23o : 0.0 (h) * X indicates heat: - indicates off-heat. ** Time from insemination to sectioning of the tract. 103*! Kinutes required for sperm to travel 1 cm. Full-fed.beef heifer with no previous heat. Heavy trichomonad infestion. Abnormal genital tract. (Absence of 1 uterine horn) Sperm sample not checked.promptly. (Dead.after'5 hours) Heavy mucous flow observed at tine of insemination. Heated sperm used. (Uterine contraction studies) Heated sperm used. (Uterine contraction studies) Heated sperm used. (Uterine contraction studies) Effect of A e of Cattle: In an effort to study the utiect of a". " + —- ~ 4' ,-~ 1" Q ’- .~~ ~.‘ qxv A \a . . ‘ on the rat- of Spernatozoa tr vel, acetrate ages 0; mJHtLS, mere recorded ‘ fir '51r11 r- " 6-. A“ . -’A . ,., g n for each 'n Lr.l. enor. 1 Cases, 15 to 22 inclusive, are encl‘ued ”re? A r ‘1‘. v. r u ‘ .5 g . 5 Table 2. The correlation Letueen as? (n) and the rate of s.m eruatezoa ‘19 c. .r iw— '0 I 1‘ ‘2 W1 . . I irv ’ travel (v) .as fodn~ to be 14$ - -.2-3 for the animals 14 h;.at and rn * ~ 4-3 - 9 ’ 3 A . L‘,\ 3 ion coe111cients show that .. .. ' . 1‘3 ‘ L " . . 4- age “as "0" l t 1e if an; e.iec+ on tve ra.e o: s erxatozoan travel. W "a Table 2. n:fect of Are on the Rat; of Sperm Travel. I Case Age (nonths) Rate of Iiavel Correlation n;. .133._ (y) Coefiicient 1: _h 0" ' 3 r; 20%? 7 13 0.02 r 12 MB 8.09 f ’4' MS 50C’g r r 8 CO 70:"? r (a R h J “J '07 2 112 fl.87 rxv = -.22 én‘"”ls eff— rat Case (hont hg) -31“ of Tiavel Correlation .17._“ __ 3_L::_“ (g) Coe’ficiert“ ll 12 3. 57 f o 13 0.31 \ 14 2C 8.33 1 72 11.16 1 . 9 112‘»L 7.70 ._f 10 1»o 5.15 rfiv = .,111 v.09-,..4. ,r "1.1-.. a.-.- kit \..‘1 ~1L ‘\ ..¢ ,. y‘rafi 9..) .~ nLC, - D .tozoan travel 7 ference in the rate of w I ‘_ V". ‘ 5"? , ‘W~ j "\ V -u-‘u.- ¢ ' ~.' - r C- T\‘n ”*4 J. \'.V Ha. r“ «J. 5. . un~‘.fl1s1.~\ f3- --A-p.3- .18 11.5“"... -2, q. A: {'1‘ _'V': a, ~[\;-“-1vrugfi 'L‘fl‘f‘, A — uluL --¢k/., 4‘ ..) __’. -‘ ... F'I,"1 '_ H "e 1 ”.0 L?’ecfi of ‘Lfivibv‘J. \- a. .- - -—. -_—-.—-—.-————.-—.—-~.——.-—-—I . 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