THE EFFECT OF SOIL TREATMENTS ON THE INCIDENCE OF BLACK ROOT 1N SUGAR BEETS Thesis for the Degree of M. S. MICHlGAN STATE COLLEGE A. W. McAUister 1942 THESls um . ., “a .3 wt, NJ in.“ The Effect of Soil Treatments on the Incidence of Black Root in Sugar Beets Thesis Respectfully Submitted In Partial Fulfilment For the Degree of Master of Science at kichigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science A. W. ngfillister 1942 The Effect of Soil Treatments on the Incidence of Black Root In Sugar Beets Acknowledgment The writer wishes to express his appreciation to Dr. R. L. Cook and Mr. J. F. Davis for helpful suggestions offered during the course of the investigation and the preparation of this manuscript, and to the Farmers and Manufacturers Beet Sugar Association for financial assistance which made this study possible. The Effect of Soil Treatments on the Incidence of Black Root In Sugar Beets A. W3 McAllister Introduction Black root disease is probably the most common and widespread of all sugar beet diseases in Michigan (7). Up to the present time no treatment has been found that will consistently control the trouble under Michigan conditions. The object of this investigation was to find some method applicable in the control of this disease. Review of Literature Very little information is available concerning the effect of soil treatments on the control of seedling diseases of sugar beets which re- fers especially to black root. Afanasiev (l) (2) reported that plants in well fertilized plots suffered less injury due to seedling diseases than plants growing in check plots, and that calcium hydroxide applications were beneficial in seedling disease control. He suggested that the lime had a beneficial effect on the physical and biological conditions of heavy clay soil thus making growth conditions more favorable for the seedlings. Campbell (3) found that borax and lime or a mixture of these materials gave some indication of being effective in the control of black root but the amount and method of application for best control had still not been decided. Kotila and Coons (5) (6) reported that a heavy application of phos- phate was helpful in the control of black root. Procedure The results reported in this paper were obtained from both green- house and field experiments. Greenhouse Experiments The greenhouse work was conducted as follows. Treatments were ap- plied to jars of soil inoculated with a pure culture of Rhizoctonia solanit grown in a cornmeal medium. This culture was made by inoculating a two inch layer of cornmeal in the bottom of an 800 cc erlenmyer flask with the organism and allowing the contents of the flask to incubate until the en- tire medium was attacked by the organism. Two soils, a Brookston silt loam and a Miami silt loam were used in the greenhouse experiments. Four replications of thirteen treatments were set up in two gallon earthenware jars for each of the soil types, making a total of 104 jars. Nine kilograms of the Miami soil per jar were used, and eight kilograms per jar of the Brookston soil. The thirteen treatments were as follows: Treatment 1. R. solani Treatment 2. R. solani, sterilized Treatment 3. R. solani 4 4-16-8 Treatment 4. R. solani, sterilized + 4-16-8 Treatment 5. R. solani + 4-16-8 4 alfalfa Treatment 6. R. solani + 4-16-8 + manure *This culture was obtained from Mrs. F. C. Strong, Assistant in Research in Plant Pathology, Botany Department, Michigan State College. Treatment 7. R. solani 4 4-16-8 4 manure 4 P205 4 Mn 4 Cu 4 B Treatment 8. R. solani 4 4-16-8 4 P205 4 Mn 4 Cu 4 B Treatment 9. R. solani 4 4-16-8 4 alfalfa 4 P205 4 Mn 4 Cu 4 B Treatment 10. R. solani 4 4-16-8 4 alfalfa 4 Mn 4 Cu 4 B Treatment 11. R. solani 4 4-16-8 4 alfalfa 4 P205 4 Cu 4 B Treatment 12., R. solani 4 4-16-8 4 alfalfa 4 P205 4 Mn 4 Cu Treatment 13. R. solani 4 4-16-8 4 alfalfa 4 P205 4 Mn 4 B The rate of application of the 4-16-8 was 600 pounds per acre and the fertilizer consisted of a mixture of C. P. KNOS, (NH4)ZSO4, and Ca(H2PO4)2'E20. The alfalfa was second cutting, finely ground and applied at the rate of twenty tons per acre of air dry material. Finely ground horse drOppings at the rate of five tons of dry mater- ial per acre were used as the source of manure. 4A twenty-five gram portion of R. solani cornmeal culture was thor- oughly mixed with the tOp three inches of soil in each jar. The phOSphorus, manganese, boron, and cOpper were applied as C. P. Ca(H2PO4)2°H20, MnSO4°2H20, NazE4O7°lOH20, and CuSO4-5H20 in solution at the rate of 200, 60 , 50, and 40 pounds per acre of these materials re- spectively. The following method of preparing the treatments was used. The 4-16-8 fertilizer and the organic materials were thoroughly mixed with the soil for each jar in a mechanical soil mixer (3) and then distilled water was added to the soil until Optimum moisture conditions were reached. The mixed soil, fertilizer, and organic materials were then returned to the jar and the top three inches removed again and thoroughly mixed by by hand with a 25 gram portion of the cornmeal culture of R. solani. This material was then restored to the jar and allowed to stand for one week thus permitting the organism to become established in the soil. The solutions containing the borax, manganese sulfate, and cepper sulfate were then added and two days later the Ca(H2PO4)2-H20 solution was added. The jars were planted with twenty-five seed balls of U. S. 200x215 sugar beet seed, soaked in distilled water twelve hours before planting. The seed was evenly spaced by using a perforated cardboard in planting. The planting was made April 8, 1941 and counts of the number of seedlings damped off were made at four different times, May 4, June 2, July 1, and August 21. Field Experiments The field eXperiments were located on two different soil types; a Conover loam soil with a pH of 7.0 on the Earl Foss farm, Sanilac county, Michigan and a Wiener clay loam soil with a pH of 7.5 on the Steve ‘Wiergorski farm, Tuscola county, Michigan. On the Foss farm alfalfa on 'which 10 loads of barnyard manure had been applied during the winter of 1941 was plowed down for the sugar beets. On the Wiergorski farm the sugar beets followed a field bean crop. Six treatments, as shown below, replicated four times in a random- ized block arrangement were applied at each of the two locations. Treatments*p§pplied to Plots in Field Ex -5- ‘eriments. Treatment Nature of number 2-16-8 0-20—0 CuSQA» MnSQfig_ Borax treatment 1 150 lbs. ---- ---- ---- ---- control 2 150 lbs. 200 lbs. 60 lbs. 100 lbs. 10 lbs. complete 3 150 lbs. 200 lbs. 60 lbs. 100 lbs. ---- B 4 150 lbs. 200 lbs. 60 lbs. ---- 10 lbs. Mn 5 150 lbs. 200 lbs. ---- 100 lbs. 10 lbs. Cu 6 150 lbs. ---- 60 lbs. 100 lbs. 10 lbs. P205 *Rates eXpressed as pounds per acre. The fertilizer materials were applied in a band one inch to the side and one and one-half inches below the seed. The plots were two rows x 100 feet long with a row spacing of 24 inches. U. S. 200x215 seed was used at the rate of 12 pounds per acre. The data secured from these experiments included stand counts, yield, incidence of heart rot symptoms, effect of treatments on damping off, % sucrose, and % apparent purity. All data were subjected to statistical treatment by the analysis of variance. Discussion Greenhouse experiments: In order to determine the effectiveness of the inoculation.method two treatments were set up with a sterilized cul- 'hire of the R. solani, one of the treatments receiving no fertilizer and time other the 600 pound application of 4-16-8. The incidence of black root: in the seedlings grown in these jars would indicate whether or not there were other organisms present in the soils responsible for black root injury and also would be indicative of the effect of the twenty-five gram portion of the corn meal culture medium on the occurrence of black root in the sugar beet seedlings. The data in Table l definitely show that no black root injury was present in any jar to which the sterilized culture was added and that the corn meal medium had no effect on damping off of seedlings. The idea has been advanced (6) that black root injury is more pre- valent in fields that have had a large amount of green organic matter plowed down and there is a divided Opinion among a large number of growers as to whether or not black root injury will Show up more if beets are planted after alfalfa or on land receiving a heavy manure application just prior to planting the sugar beet crep. For this reason the alfalfa and manure were used in the greenhouse exyeriments as the sources of organic matter. The manganese, cepper, phosphorus, and borax treatments were in- cluded in the experiment for the purpose of determining whether or not any of these materials would be effective in the control of black root. A summary of the statistical analysis of the data contained in Tables 2, 3, 4, and 5 is presented in Tables 6 and 7. An examination of the data in these tables, with the exception of those taken July 1, for hiami soil, does not indicate any significant effect due to treatment. In the one exceptional case the "F" value ascribed to treatment was significant at the 5% level. It is clearly evident from the data that none of the treatments was effective in the control of black root under the conditions existing during the period that the experiment was performed. Although the F values for treatment with one exception were not significant the difference required for significance was calculated and reported with the idea in mind that this value might be of some help in the evaluation of the data. The "F" values for treatment in a number of the cases did ap- proach significance at the 5% level and for this reason the difference re- quired for significance is used in this discussion of results admitting that this procedure is not permissible from the results of the statistical analysis. Considering the data from the hiami soil at the completion of the ex- periment with one exception all the cultures containing alfalfa had the highest incidence of black root. All of the cultures that included manure had approximately the same per cent of black root infection as occurred on the jars which received R. solani alone. The lowest per cent infection was in the culture receiving the 4-16-8, Kn, Cu, P, and borax with neither the alfalfa nor manure included. If we were to use the difference re- quired for significance all of the cultures including alfalfa, with one exception (4-16-8, alfalfa, B, Cu, Kn, and P), had a higher per cent of black root infection than occurred in the jars receiving (4-16-8, B, Cu, in, and P). This result might be interpreted as indicating that alfalfa if incorporated in the soil may increase the incidence of black root in sugar beets. The data at the conclusion of the experiment on Brookston soil do not indicate that alfalfa incorporated in the soil has any effect on the incidence of black root. On the other hand, no combination of materials applied to the soil served as an effective means of controlling the black root organism. The data indicate that the black root organism may attack sugar beet seedlings any time from seedling emergence for the duration of the ex- periment, 135 days. The data in Table 8 bring out the fact that black root injury was significantly greater on the hiami soil than on Brookston soil. The fact that the occurrence of black root on Brookston soil was most prevalent in the cultures receiving the treatment (4-16-8, alfalfa, B, Cu, Nn) might suggest that applied phosphorus may be an important fac- tor under some conditions in the control of black root. Field experiments: There was no evidence of black root occurrence at any time during the growing season in the two fields on which the ex- periments were located and therefore no information regarding the effec- tiveness of any of the soil treatments on the control of black root was obtained. However, positive results were obtained from the experiment located on the Wiergorski farm on the effectiveness of borax as a control for heart rot caused from a lack of boron in the soil. An average increase of 5.8 tons of sugar beets per acre resulted from the use of a ten pound application of borax per acre. This application of borax significantly decreased the number of plants showing boron deficiency symptoms from 95.2 percent to 19.4 percent. It should be remembered that the heart rot caused from the lack of boron in the soil is an entirely different condition than the so-called black root caused by various organisms. Conclusions Experiments were conducted both in the greenhouse and in the field -10- on the effect of soil treatments on the control of black root in sugar beet seedlings. Alfalfa, manure, copper, manganese, boron, a heavy phos- phate application and a complete fertilizer were used to ascertain the effect of each of these materials on the occurrence of black root in sugar beet seedlings. A pure culture of Rhizoctonia solani served to inoculate the soil in the jars used in the greenhouse. None of the treatments used was effective in the control of black root under conditions existing in the greenhouse during the course of the experiment. The incidence of black root was significantly higher in the Miami soil than in the Brookston soil. No black root injury occurred in either of the field experiments. However, the effectiveness of borax as a control of heart rot, due to lack of boron in the soil, was clearly demonstrated. 6. Bibliography Afanasiov, r. M. Soil and seed treatment experiments with sugar beets for control of seedling diseases. Proc. Amer. Soc. of Sugar Beet Tech., 2:216-°l9. 1940 Seedling diseases, phosphate deficiency and Fusariam Yellows of sugar beets in the rotations at Huntley Field Station in Montana. Proc. Amer. Soc. of Sugar Beet Tech., 2:219-223. 1940. Campbell, Leo. Boron deficiency of sugar beets in the Puget Sound District of Washington. Proc. Amer. Soc. of Sugar Beet Tech., 2:208-213. 1940 Cook, R. L. and Birdsall, B. J. A sampler for surface soils. Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron., 31:736-757, No. 8, 1939. Coons, G. H., Kotila, J. E., and Bochstahler, H. W; Black root in- vestigations in Michigan and Ohio. Proc. Amer. Soc. of Sugar Beet Tech. East. U. S. and Can., 2nd reg. meeting., 1941 Kotila, J. E. and Coons, G. E. Aphanomyces root rot of sugar beets as influenced by phosphate application. Proc. Amer. Soc. of Sugar Beet Tech., 2:223-225, 1940. Rather, H. C. et a1. Sugar beets in Michigan. Circ. Bul. 175, Mich. Agr. EXp. Sta., 1940. Table l. The effect of sterilization of Rhyzoctonia solani cultures on the incidence of black root. Treatment R. solani, sterilized R. solani, sterilized + 600 pounds of 4-16-8 per acre Number of plants infected with black root Miami silt 10am Brookston silt loam Bl B2 B5 B4 B1 B2 B3 B4 0 O 0 0 O 0 0 O O 0 0 O 0 0 O 0 Table 2. The effect of organic matter, phosphorus, boron, copper, and manganese on the incidence of black root due to Rhizoctonia solani from planting time to May 4.* Treatment Miami silt loam. Brookston silt 10am _ Additional Part. 0. M. elements Bl B2 B3 B4 Mean Bl B2 B3 B4 Mean none --- ---- 40.0 15.8 20.0 51.5 31.8 0.0 20.7 13.8 28.6 15.8 4-16-8 --- ---- 69.2 41.2 34.5 51.6 49.1 6.9 0.0 13.8 51.7 18.1 4-16-8 alfalfa ---- 37.5 55.6 28.6 44.8 41.6 0.0 0.0 13.8 10.3 6.0 4-16—8 manure ---- 53.8 43.3 31.0 31.0 39.8 0.0 3.4 31.0 5.6 10.0 4-16-8 alfalfa B,Cu,Hn,P 21.4 27.6 43.8 24.0 29.2 6.9 0.0 6.9 0.0 3.5 4-16-8 alfalfa B, Cu, P 26.7 5.4 39.1 39.1 27.6 3.4 0.0 10.3 25.7 9.9 4-16-8 alfalfa B, Mn, P 20.0 9.4 15.0 16.7 15.3 0.0 3.4 0.0 13.8 4.3 4-l6-8 alfalfa Cu,Mn,P 30.8 38.7 31.0 23.5 31.0 17.2 10.7 10.3 17.5 13.7 4-16-8 manure B,Cu,hn,P 13.8 31.8 13.8 22.2 20.4 6.9 10.3 6.9 6.9 7.8 4—16-8 --- B,Cu,Mn,P 53.3 13.8 12.0 8.0 21.8 3.4 0.0 15.2 10.3 7.2 *Per cent of plants infected with black root. . _l_.___ _. Table 3. The effect of organic matter, phosphorus, boron, copper, and manganese on the incidence of black root due to Rhizoctonia solani from planting time to June 2.* Treatment Miami silt loam Brookston silt loam Additional Fert. O. M. elements Bl 52 B3 B4 Mean B1 B2 B3 B4 Mean none --- ---- 100.0 89.5 36.0 93.9 79.9H31.O 65.5 58.6 81.0 59.0 4-16-8 --- ---- 100.0 94.1 89.7 96.8 95.2 75.9 27.6 24.1 100.0 56.9 4-16-8 alfalfa ---- 100.0 96.3 100.0 100.0 99.1 34.5 10.3 58.6 31.0 33.6 4-16-8 manure ---- 92.3 96.7 65.5 65.5 80.0 41.4 24.1 51.7 55.6 43.2 4-16-8 alfalfa B,Cu,Mn,P 71.4 65.5 100.0 92.0 82.2 27.6 24.1 24.1 10.3 21.5 4-16-8 alfalfa B,Cu,Kn 100.0 88.0 100.0 100.0 97.0 48.3 62.1 51.7 71.9 58.5 4-16-8 alfalfa B,Cu,P 73.3 100.0 87.0 100.0 90.1 13.8 44.8 34.5 77.1 42.6 4-16-8 alfalfa B,Mn,P 68.6 100.0 100.0 83.3 88.0 41.4 37.9 37.9 62.1 44.8 4-16-8 alfalfa Cu,Mn,P 92.3 93.5 100.0 100.0 96.5 24.1 67.9 20.7 60.2 43.2 4—16-8 manure B,Cu,Mn,P 58.6 90.9 48.3 83.3 70.3 31.0 72.4 41.4 51.7 49.1 4-16-8 --- B,Cu,Mn,P 100.0 65.5 40.0 40.0 61.4 31.0 51.7 81.8 69.0 58.4 *Per cent of plants infected with black root. Table 4. The effect of organic matter, phosphorus, boron, COpper, and manganese on the incidence of black root due to Rhizoctonia solani from planting time to July 1.* Treatment Miami silt loam Brookston silt loam Additional Fert. 0. M. elements E1 BZ B3 B4 Mean B1 BZ B3 B4 Kean none --- ---- 100.0 89.5 40.0 93.9 80.9 44.8 75.9 65.5 85.7 68.0 4-1678 --- ---- 100.0 100.0 89.7 100.0 97.4 82.8 37.9 34.5 100.0 63.8 4-16-8 alfalfa ---- 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 41.4 20.7 62.1 52.6 44.2 4-16-8 manure ---- 100.0 96.7 65.5 69.0 82.8 41.4 41.4 58.6 61.1 50.6 4-16-8 alfalfa B,Cu,Kn,P 100.0 69.0 100.0 100.0 92.3 31.0 41.4 37.9 10.3 30.2 4-16-8 alfalfa B,Cu,Nn 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 69.0 75.9 75.9: 93.8 78.7 4-16-8 alfalfa B,Cu,P 000.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 17.2 62.1 62.1 85.7 56.8 4-16-8 alfalfa B,Mn,P 85.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 96.4 65.5 55.2 41.4 72.4 58.6 4-16—8 alfalfa Cu,hn,P 000.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 34.5 100.0 44.8 70.6 62.5 4-16-8 manure B,Cu,hn,P 62.1 95.5 55.2 83.3 74.0 34.5 75.9 44.8 65.5 55.2 4-16-8 --- B,Cu,Kn,P 100.0 82.8 60.0 40.0 70.7 37.9 55.2 87.9 79.3 65.1 *Per cent of plants infected with black root. Table 5. The effect of organic matter, phosphorus, boron, cOpper, and manganese on the incidence of black root due to Rhizoctonia solani from planting time to August 21.* Treatment Miami silt loam Brookston silt loam Additional Fert. O. H. elements B1 82 B3 B4 Mean El 82 B3 B4 Mean none --- -—-- 100.0 100.0 40.0 93.9 83.5 44.8 75.9 72.4 100.0 73.3 4-16-8 -—- ---- 100.0 100.0 89.7 100.0 97.4 93.9 41.4 44.8 100.0 70.0 4-16-8 alfalfa ---- 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 65.5 44.8 93.1 62.1 66.4 4-16-8 manure -—-- 100.0 100.0 69.0 69.0 84.5 58.6 41.4 65.5 66.7 58.4 4-16-8 alfalfa B,Cu,Hn,P 100.0 69.0 100.0 100.0 92.3 37.9 55.2 48.3 24.1 41.4 4-16-8 alfalfa B,Cu,Mn 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 79.3 89.7 93.1 100.0 90.5 4-16-8 alfalfa B,Cu,P 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 27.6 79.3 62.1 100.0 67.3 4-16-8 alfalfa B,Mn,P 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 89.7 72.4 51.7 79.3 73.3 4-16-8 alfalfa Cu,Mn,P 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 41.4 100.0 51.7 78.3 67.8 4-16-8 manure B,Cu,Mn,P 75.9 100.0 65.5 93.5 83.7 34.5 79.3 48.3 72.4 58.6 4-16-8 --- B,Cu,Mn,P 100.0 89.7 60.0 44.0 73.4 65.5 82.8 90.9 79.3 79.6 *Per cent of plants infected with black root. Table 6. Analysis of variance for per cent of plants infected with black root on Miami silt loam soil. Difference required Date Source DF SS MS F for significance be- tween any two treat- May 4 Total 43 10,715.22 ment means. Blocks 3 916.48 305.49 Treatments 10 3,921.76 392.18 2.00 20.2 Error 30 5,876.98 195.89 June 2 Total 43 15,089.06 Blocks 3 681.12 227.04 Treatments 10 5,772.90 577.29 2.01 24.5 Error 30 8,635.04 287.83 July 1 Total 43 12,370.33 Blocks 3 1,045.78 348.59 Treatments 10 5,051.62 505.16 2.42* 20.9 Error 30 6,272.93 209.09 August 21 Total 43 10,642.05 Block 3 1,279.65 426.55 Treatments 10 3,564.85 356.49 1.84 20.1 Error 30 5,797.55 193.25 Value of F required for significance, 5%_point 2.18 *Significant at the 5% level. Table 7. Analysis of variance for per cent of plants infected with black root on Brookston silt loam soil. Difference required Date Source DF SS 13 F for significance be- tween any two treat- May 4 Total 43 5,217.37 ment means. Blocks 3 1,466.92 488.97 Treatments 10 1,031.92 103.19 1.14 13.7 Error 30 2,718.53 90.61 June 2 Total 43 19,958.65 Blocks 3 3,522.88 1174.29 Treatments 10 5,548.3 554.84 1.53 19.1 Error 30 10,887.41 362.91 July 1 Total 43 21,171.95 Blocks 3 3,527.65 1175.88 Treatments 10 6,632.60 663.26 1.81 19.2 Error 30 11,011.70 367.06 August 21 Total 43 20,574.83 Blocks 3 2,350.80 783.60 Treatments 10 6,404.00 640.40 1.63 19.8 Error 30 11,820.03 394.00 Value of F required for significance, 5%gpoint 2.18 Table 8. Complete analysis of variance for per cent of plants infected with black root from the combined data for the two different soil types. Source DF 83 KS Total 87 44,329.44 Blocks 3 1,330.25 443.41 Soils 1 13,112.56 13,112.56* (a) Blocks x Soils 3 2,300.20 766.73 Treatments 10 5,377.52 537.75 Treatments x Soils 10 4,591.33 459.13 (b) Error 60 17,617.58 293.63 *Significant at 5% level. Table 9. The the effect of phOSphorus, boron, c0pper, and manganese on yield of sugar beets. Treatment* Yield - Tons per acre Wiergorski farm Foss farm Bl B2 B3 B4 Kean B1 22 B3 B4 Mean 2-16-8 2-16-8 2-16-8 2-16-8 2-16—8 2-16-8 Cu Cu Cu Cu Mn Mn hm 7.9 14.9 18.8 7.7 12.1 15.2 8.3 15.7 11.8 10.4 14.1 13.4 8.9 15.5 14.2 8.5 13.9 14.7 9.0 11.9 15.2 8.6 13.0 16.5 8.5 9.5 12.2 14.5 7.9 8.8 15.0 10.1 11.6 8.8 12.3 9.7 13.3 7.9 11.8 15.0 8.2 12.1 11.4 9.4 11.5 8.4 8.7 11.6 10.7 10.2 10.8 8.8 11.2 9.3 11.0 9.1 11.0 9.8 9.9 10.3 *Rates per acre. 2-16-8, 150 pounds; 0-20-0, 200 pounds; borax, 10 pounds; CuSO4, 60 pounds; MnSO4, 100 pounds. Analysis of Variance. Wiergorski farm Foss farm Source DF SS MS DF SS MS Total 23 232.26 23 49.41 Blocks 3 0.90 0.30 3 6.84 2.280 Treatments 5 185.38 37.08** 5 8.89 1.778 Error 15 45.98 3.07 15 33.68 p 2.245 Difference required for significance 2.64 **Significant at 1% level. Table 10. The effect of phosphorus, boron, cepper, on the stand of sugar beets. and manganese Treatment* Stand - Plants per 200 feet of row 'Wiergorski farm Foss farm El 82 B3 B4 Mean Bl B2 B3 B4 Mean 2—16-8 2-16-8 2-16-8 2-16-8 2-16-8 2-16-8 Cu Cu Cu 171 166 190 175 180 182 187 190 154 185 199 175 191 178 168 188 188 205 195 192 193 184 186 179 181 187 180 214 176 211 189 202 182 183 167 156 197 154 181 179 154 173 196 180 199 193 183 162 181 195 182 192 170 176 191 183 186 *Rates per acre. 2-16-8, pounds; Analysis of Variance. 150 pounds; 0-20-0, 200 pounds; borax, 10 CuSO4, 60 pounds; MnSO4, 100 pounds. Wiergorski farm Foss farm Source DF SS MS DF SS MS Total 23 3666 23 6299 Blocks 3 977 326 3 1612 537 Treatments 5 237 47 5 1520 304 Error 15 2452 163 15 3167 211 Table 11 0 on the %'sucrose in sugar beets. The effect of phosphorus, boron, cepper, and manganese Treatment* "Wiergorski farm Foss farm B1 B2 B3 B4 Mean B1 B2 B3 B4 Mean 2-16-8 2-16-8 Cu 2-16-8 2-16-8 Cu - 2-16-8 Cu 2-16-8 Cu 13.9 14.9 15.3 13.2 15.6 15.6 14.7 14.8 15.3 15.1 15.6 14.6 14.8 13.9 14.0 14.2 14.2 14.3 14.2 14.3 15.5 14.5 14.9 14.3 14.4 14.5 15.0 14.3 15.1 14.6 15.6 16.6 15.5 15.5 15.7 16.3 17.0 16.2 15.6 16.0 16.2 16.6 16.2 16.9 16.1 15.4 15.9 15.8 15.8 14.9 16.1 16.4 16.1 16.3 15.9 15.6 15.8 16.3 *Rates per acre. 2-16-8, 150 pounds; 0-20-0, 200 pounds; borax, 10 pounds; CuSO4, 60 pounds; HnS04, 100 pounds. Analysis of Variance: Wiergorski farm H Foss farm Source DF SS MS DF SS RS Total 23 9.30 23 5.50 Blocks 3 1.92 0.64 3 0.73 0.24 Treatments 5 2.31 0.46 5 1.30 0.26 Error 15 5.07 0.34 15 3.47 0.23 Table 12. The effect of phosphorus, boron, c0pper, and manganese on the coefficient of apparent purity of sugar beets. Wier orski farm Foss farm Treatment* B1 B2 B3 B4 Iean Bl B2 B3 B4 Mean 2-16-8 -- -— 81.7 70.8 81.0 79.4 78.2 82.0 82.3 78.9 78.3 80.4 2-16—8 Cu Mn 74.2 74.8 74.5 84.8 77.1 81.3 82.5 81.0 82.1 81.7 2-16-8 -- Mn 82.3 72.5 79.6 75.5 77.5 75.8 80.7 80.9 78.5 79.0 2-16-8 Cu Mn 77.5 73.3 71.6 72.3 73.7 78.3 80.8 84.4 74.9 79.6 2-16-8 Cu Mn 72.5 75.7 77.7 75.7 75.4 80.3 80.6 83.9 81.9 81.7 2-16-8 Cu Mn 81.9 77.2 81.7 80.8 80.4 83.7 81.0 82.0 80.7 81.9 *Rates per acre. 2-16-8, 150 pounds; 0-20-0, 200 pounds; borax, 10 pounds; CuSO4, 60 pounds; NnSO4, 100 pounds. Analysis of Variance. 'Wiergorski farm Foss farm Source DF SS MS DF SS NE Total 23 370.86 23 124.67 Blocks 3 74.39 24.80 3 21.81 7.27 Treatments 5 107.96 21.59 5 30.82 6.16 Error 15 188.51 12.58 15 72.04 4.80 Table 13. The effect of phosphorus, boron, cepper, and manganese on the per cent of plants showing boron deficiency symptoms at the Wiergorski farm. Treatment* 81 82 B3 B4 Kean 2-16-8 -- -- 93.6 95.7 92.7 93.1 93.8 2-16-8 Cu Mn 30.1 20.5 20.1 24.0 23.7 2-16-8 -- Mn 19.4 5.9 29.0 16.4 17.7 2-16-8 Cu Mn 93.4 97.7 99.4 95.3 96.5 2-16-8 Cu Mn 18.9 22.7 15.6 2.9 15.0 2-16-8 Cu -- 28.9 14.6 29.8 11.5 21.2 *Rates per acre. 2—16-8, 150 pounds; 0-20-0, 200 pounds; borax, 10 pounds; CuSO4, 60 pounds; Nn804, 100 pounds. Analysis of Variance. Source DF 88 HS Total 23 31,620.75 Blocks 3 224.22 74.74 Treatments 5 30,766.59 6,153.32** Error 15 629.94 42.00 Difference required for significance 9.8 **Significant at the 1% level. ...:_t.‘.1"s“4._ in) In ""7034! 7‘ u." ;_. ".le lea-88 I." )--. 1 .( any. ~ “.9 95"1.I .‘ v-Hn‘ MICHIGAN STAT E 31293 NIVERSITY LIBRARIES 1 3 41 2893 fl 0