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N. 1-2 ‘ a .; ‘zi' 1.”. “I? ‘1 "t -‘~-b~co 5:“? it ¢ uflaz —‘ “‘0‘“ 3 =. 3‘t- o 3 ‘ '- ‘g .2 f .‘a £4 ' “are?“ - "a 5% u hr; at- tt 11w»: - .44 flung-i: ..-: :_: satay, \t‘....;.'¢ THE EFFECTS OF PROGRESSIVE RESISTANCE EXERCISE ON THE UPPER EXTREMITIES AND ITS EFFECTS ON 100 YARD SWIMMING PERFORMANCE by Allyn Lohr @gCormic A THESIS Submitted to the College of Education of Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation 1956 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer wishes to express his grateful acknow— ledgment to his advisor, Dr. W. D. Van Huss, for his prof- fessional guidance, criticisms, and valuable suggestions rendered in this study. Thanks are extended to the Subjects who 000porated in this study to the fullest extent. The author is deeply indebted to his wife, Janet, for her valuable coOperation in the final preparation of the study. A. L. Mo. DEDICATION This thesis is reapectfully dedicated to my wife, Janet. THE EFFECTS OF PROGRESSIVE RESISTANCE EXERCISE ON THE UPPER EXTREMITIES AND ITS EFFECTS ON 100 YARD SWIMMING PERFORMANCE by Allyn Lohr McCormic AN ABSTRACT OF A THESIS Submitted to the College of Education of Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER.OF ARTS .Department of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation 195 6 /} I‘l_.,'/// Approved ézjzééékhb ”Iii/éQQVy‘w¢o¢AL. l/ ABSTRACT Title f Study. The Effects of Progressive Resist- ance Exercise on the Upper Extremities and Its Effects on 100 Yard Swimming Performance. Statement 9: the Problem. To eValuate the influ- ence of progressive resistance exercise on the upper extremities and its effects on 100 yard crawl stroke per— formance. Methodology. Two groups of five subjects each, were matched on total times for the 100 yard crawl stroke. On each group there were four freshman swimming team candi— dates and one Varsity swimming team candidate. The experi- mental group only participated in a weight training program. Both groups had identical swimming training programs to go by. The timing program consisted of meeting each week and being timed in the follOWing events: start 50, start 100, and start 440 yard swims, also the dead start 20 yard legs alone, arms alone, and whole stroke, there were times also gathered for the push off 25 and 75 Yard distances. The data were presented graphically and tested statis— tically by the small sample "t" and analysis of variance of several matched groups. on the I these C attons Sprint the 5! ikg‘r'h \ I‘v '61 mi», .MJA-‘ note I. r : .‘Q‘ .3; ’1 Conclusions. The following conclusions are drawn on the basis of the data presented. Any interpretation of these conclusions should be made in the light of the limit- ations of the study. 1. Weight training has no deleterious effects on sprint swimming times either in the 100 yard distance or the 50 yard distance. 2. There was no significant results found as to whether weight training is beneficial to speed in swimming. Although there was a significant "t" value [t = 2.43 with 9 df] in the 50 yard start swim there was no significance noted in the 25 yard swim, 75 yard swim, and 100 yards swims. This then possibly Was Just a chance happening in the 50 yard distance. CHAPTER I. II. III. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . Statement of the problem. . . . Need for the study. . . . . . Limitations of the Study. . . . Definitions . . . . . . . . RELATED LITERATURE . . . . . . Introduction and background to progressive resistance exercise. . . . . The need for progressive resistance Effects of exercise on muscle . . Studies related to weight training RESEARCH METHODS . . . . . . . I. Source of Data. . . . . . Method- I O O O O O O 0 Selection of distances and exercises Selection of subjects . . . The eXperimental factor . . Testing procedure . . . . Twenty yard swim arms alone . Twenty yard swim legs alone . Twenty yard swim whole stroke II. Timing TechniqueS. . . . . Fifty, One hundred, and four hundred forty yard start swims . . exercise PAGE ‘0'“. U N N N \OCOO\UI 16 l6 l6 l6 17 18 18 18 l9 19 20 20 ...... oooooo ...... 000000000000 OOOOOOOOOOOOO CHAPTER BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIXES All twenty yard swims . . . . . Twenty-five and seventy-five yard push off swims. . . . . . . . . Timing device . . . . . . . . Statistical Techniques . . . . . PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA. 0 o 0 Treatment Of data 0 o o o o o o 0 Presentation of data . . . . . . . Testing Results and Discussion. . . One hundred yard swim results . . . Twenty yard arm stroke alone results. Twenty yard legs alone results. . . Twenty yard whole stroke results . . Four hundred forty yard start time results . . . . . . . . . Twenty-five yard push off time results Seventy-five yard push off timeresults General Discussion SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 0 Summary 0 o o o o o o o o o o COnClUSiOnS o o o o o o o o o 0 Recommendations. . . . . . . . . 31 32 32 36 36 37 38 39 1+2 LI ST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE I. 50 Yard Start Times . . . . . . . . . 30 II. 440 Yard Start Times . . . . . . . . . 31 OOOOOOOOO LIST OF CHARTS CHARTS I. 100 Yard Start . . . . . II. 20 Yard Arm Stroke . . . . III. 20 Yard Leg Kick. . . . . IV. 20 Yard Whole Stroke . . . V. 25 Yard PushpOff. . . . . VI. 75 Yard Push-Off. . . . . PAGE 24 28 28 28 33 33 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION {It has long been thought by most coaches andtreiners that a vigorous program of weight training is detrimental to their swimmersj;[lt is believed that such a program pro- duces "muscle boundness" or'muscle tightness” and therefore decreases the range of motion and flexibility in the muscles involved; {Massey and Chaudetl, however, state that weight training increases range of movement in joints exercised while it may actually restrict movement in areas not exer- cised. (Davis'2 investigating the effect of weight training b on speed in swimming found the subjects increased in speed in a weight training program; The data in this work, how- ever, were inconclusive as to whether they improved solely due to the weight training. They might possibly have im- proved in spite of the weight program. 1B. H. Massey and N. L. Chaudet, "Effects of System- atic, Heavy Resistive Exercise on Range of Joint Movement in goung Male Adults," Research_guarterly, 27:41-51, March, 195 . 2 J. F. Davis, "The Effect of Weight Training on Speed in Swimming,” Physical Educator, 12:28-29, March, 1955. III III! ull‘! As a follow up to Davis'3 work this eXperimental study was set up as a controlled experiment to give us insight into the effects of weight training programs on swimmers. Statement gthhe Problem. To evaluate the influence of progressive resistance exercise on the upper extremities and its effects on 100 yard crawl stroke performance. Need for the Study. The effect of progressive resis— tance exercise on sprint swimming has not been established. This investigation hopes to answer one of the most pressing questions being asked by the coaches, trainers, and swimmers today. Limitations 2£_the Study. 1. Size of samples. This study was performed with five experimental and five control subjects. The groups were matched on total times for 100 yard swimming performances. 2. Psychological factor. It is difficult to deter— mine whether the subjects are performing maximum lifts or swimming maximum speed. ’It was not possible to check in this study whether the subjects were handling maximalwmight 3 Ibid. or not as a bias exists among swimmers against this. The weights reported are accurate and were checked. A very close check was maintained on the swimming times and it is felt minimal times were obtained. 3. Control group. It was felt that a sense of bore- dom may have influenced their performances because they had nothing to do but swim. nginitions. The following are defined briefly for use in this study. Progressive Resistance Exercise-For use in this study, the term progressive resistance exercise refers to load-resisting arm exercises. Load-Resisting Exercises-“This term [load-resisting exercise] refers to those in which the exercise load resists the muscle.'u Maximum Load--The amount of weight that can belifted for a given amount of repetitions. Repetitions or Six Repetitions-~Doing one exercise six times under maximum load. Cycle or Three Cycles-~Doing all five exercises in the order that they are given on the exercise sheet. Three cycles is doing these in order, three times. “T. L. DeLorme and A. L. Watkins, Progressive fipgistance Egercise (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1951), p. 230 Push Off Times--Pushing off from the side of the pool while in the water. Times were recorded when the feet left the wall. Start Times--A regular racing start was used, times were then recorded from the command "go,“ to the completion of the distance. Dead Start-~The subject lies prone in the water with his feet just touching the end of the pool. Times were recorded from the command "go.’I CHAPTER II RELATED LITERATURE \ Bob Kiphuth is primarily a body builder. His record as a coach merely serves to lift him out of the class of quack muscle-builders. He worked on the theory that his body building could be applied to any sport because he developed the cor— rect "mechanics of muscle and movement“: in swim- ming, the muscles that enable you to bring your arms down fast through the water and put power into the beat of your kick.1/ Introduction and Background 32 Progressive Resist- ance Exercise.(rDeLorme and Watkins2 pointed out that progressive resistance exercise principles and techniques as they are now employed theraputically had their inception in World War II) Due to the urgent need for hospital beds and speedier rehabilitation of the wounded, this type of exercise was developed in Gardiner General Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, in the spring of l9h4. 1R. J. H. Kiphuth, "Yale's Body Builder," Literary Digest, 117:28, February 3, 1934. 2T. L. DeLorme and A. L. Watkins, Progressive §£§istance Exercise (New York: Appleton-Century—Crofts, InC.’ 1931)) pa 1. The scope of progressive resistance exercise has steadily widened since its inception wigh rehabilitation of veterans of World War II. {The age limits of progressive resistance exercise applications have been extended to include, not only the army age group, but the very young and the aged.u;) There were many false interpretations of the old term heavy resistance exercise as found by DeLorme and Watkins.5< Some of the interpretations were, that only great poundage was used and that a muscle initially must have nearly normal power.‘LThis then led to the change in name to progressive resistance exercise.) The Need for Progressive Resistance Exercise. The use of progressive resistance exercise is primarily that of increasing strength. {This exercise is based on the physio- logical principle that in order to rapidly improve muscular 3T. L. DeLorme, “Recent DevelOpments in Progressive Resistance Exercise," American Asademy of Orthopedic Surgeons Instructional Course Lectures TChapter VIII, Pro- gressive Resistance Exercise, Ann Arbor, Michigan: J. W. Edwards, 1950), p. 225. 4 Ibid. 5T. L. DeLorme and A. L. Watkins, "Techniques of Progressive Resistance Exercise.“ Archives g£_Physical Medicine, 29:263, May, l9h8. 7 strength, one must contract against a resistance that will bring about near maximal voluntary effort?) Then, the resistance must also be progressively increased.6 Cureton7 states that sprint swimmers are forceful, testing high in arm strength. Also that all are average or above in strength. (As a rule the practice of the sport itself is not sufficient to develop the muscles to their greatest strength, necessitating the addition of strength building exercises.)(In sports which emphasize skill rather than strength, athletes may benefit by strength exercises con- sisting of slow work with heavy weights and pulleysi>TIn many instances athletes reach a peak in their play that represents only the skill side of the activity/TfFurther improvement is impeded by their limitations in strength.§) 6A. L. Watkins, "Practical Applications of Progres— sive Resistance Exercise,“ Journal 9: American Medical Association, 1A8:4#3, February, 1952. 7T. K. Cureton, Physical Fitness Appraisal and Guidance (St. Louis: The C. V. Mosby Company, l9h7), PP. 107-108. 8L. E. Morehouse, ”The Physiology of AthleticS," Scholastic Coach, 10:1:25, September, 1940. 8 (DeLorme9 found exercise to be essential in restoring function to muscles, which were weakened and atrophied as a result of injury as well as disease.) Effects 23_Exercise 9§,Muscle.(fAs Wakim10 points out, exercises which are regular and systematic, and of heavy nature will tend to thicken and toughen the sarcolemma of muscle fibers and increase the amount of con- nective tissue within the muscle.:{There is an increase in muscle size, but not an increase in the number of muscle 11 further emphasize that there fibers.) DeLorme and Watkins is an increase in the number of capillaries, and the content of muscle hemoglobin, phosphocreatine, and glycogen. 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