VARIATiONS EN THE BASAL METASOLISM OF FOUR YOUNG WSMEN OF DEFFERENT RACES Thesis for the Degru of M. 5. MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE Susheia Lingaiah 1950 ’1 HELL-715' " 0-169 This is to certify that the thesis entitled Variations in the Basal Metabolism of Four Young Women of Different Races presented by Sushela Lingaieh has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for _;M;S_'__ degree in mm Major professor Date Jilly 5. 1950 .1. all 1.] III-I‘- ll... I VARIATIONS IN'THE EASAL KETABOLISM OF FOUR YOUNG WOLh} OF DIFFERENT RACES By Sushela Lingaiah A THESIS Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENC [13 Department of Foods and Nutrition School of Home Economics 1950 T H (-34"; ’C Fey-‘1 ‘vA. -. "no ”TV ""11 T o‘J.A~.VJ~Js»-/Jo T o-L— Juli-OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 'mu ’7") . LITLQLAJP -tho o o o o __ frflre ence of Austra lien aborig Th dians ”la. 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Investigations on the basal metabol- ism of different races of peoples in various parts of the world hawaled to the concept that race may be a significant factor in determining the metabolic patterns of people. This claim was based upon the finding that the races studied had basal metabolism expenditures appreciably above or below the standards established for Americans and Europeans. The majority of the studies on Japanese, Chinese, Indians, and Australian aborigines reported basal metabol— isms below standards for Caucasians, while studies on the Eskimo and American Indian revealed a metabolism consistently above standards. However, several of the racial studies are full of inconsistencies and contradictions regarding the results obtained, or the interpretations of these results for a particular race. Sometimes the same investigator has not Obtained ident- ical results when reporting his observations on members of the same race at another time. For instance, Heinbecker in 1928 reported the metabolism of Eskimos, who lived on a purely meat diet, to be 35 per cent above the Aub and DuBois standard, and in 1951 he stated that the metabolism of four Eskimo women, living on a mixed diet, was similar to Ameri- can standards. Hicks and colleagues in 1951 measured meta- bolic rates of minus 15 per cent, and minus 16 per cent of Aub and DuBois standards for male and female aborigines respectively, belonging to the Kokata tribe in South Aus- tralia, but three years later they reported that the basal metabolism of aboricines in Central Australia showed no essential departure from the published norms. Further different investigators arriving at the same result in their studies of the same race have drawn exactly opposite conclusions. Okada et a1 (1926) studied the heat production of 42 male Japanese medical students and, as the average rate was 0.2 per cent below the Harris-Benedict standard, concluded that the Japanese had the same basal rate as the Americans. Saldwin and Fujisaki (1959) reported the basal metabolism of American born Japanese students in California was 5.4 per cent below the above standard. Fe compared his data with those of Okada et a1 and with the observations of Killer and Benedict (1957) on Hawaiian born Japanese students. It was concluded from these studies that a basal rate below four per cent of standards was a racial characteristic independent of environmental influences. Similarly Fason and Benedict (1951) attributed the 17 per cent below standard basal rates found for Sorth Indian women to be due in part to climate and in part to race. Krishnan and Vareed (1952) claimed the lowered metabolism observed in South Indian women was not due to race but to low protein diet as well as to the greater muscular relaxa- tion possible in a tropical climate. Conflicting results and contradictory interpretation of results are apparent in studies on the Chinese as well. MacLoed, Crofts and Benedict (1925) reported the basal meta- bolism of seven Chinese girls and two Japanese to be 10 per cent below the Aub and DuPois standard. These girls were studying in American colleges and, as their diet, activity and environment was similar to American college girls, the investigators believed the lowered metabolism was due to race only. In contrast to this study, Wang and Hawks (1952) observed that the basal metabolism of American born or reared Chinese children was similar to that of white American chil- dren. Eenedict and Heyer (1955) observed a basal rate of 9.2 per cent below the Harris-Benedict standard for a group of American born (Boston) Chinese children. He was of the opinion that this was possibly a racial characteristic. Wang (1954) compared her data on Chicago Chinese children with those of the Boston group and found the results were alike but contradictory conclusions drawn from the two studies were due to differences in standards used for comparison. Stegferda and Penedict (1929) studied brown men and women in Jamaica. They concluded that as the metabolism was very close to standards, the differences were not so much racial as perhaps due to the tropical climate and low protein diet of the Jamaicans. In 1952 after they had noted the increased metabolism of Kaya Indians of Yucatan they declared that this difference could be mainly attributed to race. A critical examination of the racial studies reveals thus a divergence of Opinions among investigatdrs regarding the existence of a racial factor in metabolism. The lack of uniformity noted in the metabolism of different races of people may be caused in part by various factors. One of them possibly accounting for some of the divergence in the find— ings, is the differences in the techniques employed for the measurement of the respiratory exchange. The Tissot gas- ometer, the Douglas bag and Haldane apparatus, the Krogh, the Benedict-Roth-Collins, the Jones, the Eenedict Sanborn, the Benedict field apparatus all were used in basal metabol- ism determinations. In addition to the inherent variability in the apparatus, the few tests conducted give reasons for doubting the validity of the conclusions drawn from limited data. For instance Shattuck and Benedict (1951) made only one test on most of their Iaya Indian subjects. It has been well established that an individual's metabolism varies from day to day. Plunt and Dye (1921) from their studies on Chicago University women have observed that conclusions based on one or two observations of basal metabolism tests were apt to be rather unreliable, as the basal metabolism of individuals, tested from day to day showed considerable variation. Yost of the available studies on the daily vari- ations in basal metabolism have been made on the white race. In addition, the results of most studies have been ex— pressed as deviations from the standards. All of these standards have been based on well nourished people in good health who took a mixed diet and lived in temperate climates. It is therefore questionable whether such standards are at all applicable to races native to the trOpics and the arctic regions, where climate and dietary habits are different. Furthermrre the bodily configuration of many races varies and this in turn may cause variations in the surface area. In the DuBois standard the basal metabolism was related to surface area, unless the surface area of a race in question has been shown to bear the same relationship to weight and height, as has been demonstrated for Caucasians, the rrsults of any such comparison are questionable. It is clear that the problem of the possible influence of race on metabolism is complex. The present investigation was undertaken to study the day to day variability of four young women, belonging to four different races, in as ideal llilv llllllllIllll conditions as possible. They were all students of Michigan State College under similar climatic and environmental con- ditions. Studies were made during a period of three months, to investigate the range of the basal metabolism. REVIEW OF LITERATURE The Influence of Race on Basal Metabolism The evidence from the numerous investigations as to whether race is a factor in determining the metabolism is full of conflict and contradictions. Eijkman (1396) is considered to have made the initial study in this field, though the special object of his inves- tigation was to determine the chemical heat regulation in the trOpics. he reported values for the oxygen consumption of Kalay and European men in Patavia, that agreed well with previously published values for men in Germany. His average figures are given below-- Europeans in Europe............250 c.c. of oxygen per minute 12 Europeans in East Indies....245.7 c.c. of oxygen per minute 11 Valays in East Indies.......251.5 c.c. of oxygen per minute Fe concluded that the metabolic rates of his European and Yalay subjects were similar. Almeida's (1924) investigations were not in agreement with those of Eijkman. He found that European men in Brazil had basal metabolic rates averaging 16 per cent below Ameri- can standards and the negroes had rates eight per cent higher than did the whites in Brazil. Ketaholism studies on individuals in many parts of the world followed these investigations of Eijkman and Almeida in rapid succession. The investigations of Benedict and his co—workers, working in co-operation with the Nrtrition Labora- tory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, fave particu- lar impetus to consideration of the role played by race it- self. Racial studies are not reviewed below in their chronc~ logical order but are grouped according to nationality and, to some extent, by race. The basal metabolism determinations reported were made by the closed circuit type of apparatrs or by analysis of respired gases by Haldane apparatus except as stated. Australian aborigines. Wardlaw and Nersley (192?) determined the basal metabolic rate of eight Australian aborljines between 55 and 65 years of age, who were living under civilized conditions. The subjects were capable of complete relaxation and sometimes it was difficult to keep them awake. The average metabolism of eight full blooded male aborigines was found to be 50 per cent below Aub and DuPois standards. The investigators thought that aside from a specific racial factor, three factors might be responsible for the low values Observed, namely lethargic habit of life, hot clirate, and poor physical development. Hicks, Iatters and Iitchell (1951), using a “enedict portable apparatus loaned by the Carnegie Institute of III I I i l 'l' I'll! vv- Poston, studied the metabolism of 40 aborisinals of the nokata tribe. The results etfiressed as deviations from Aub and Dquis were as followw—~ 25 women ninus 16 per can 17 men mints 15 per cent 1 r e .-.£. 8 P3 bori ines bad a different bodily configuration than U) (D 5‘0 Caucasians. Wardlaw and Bawrence (1952) conducted further studies on nine full blooded male aborigines, engaaed in regular physical worl. The subjects were between 19 and 69 years old. They were intelligent and not phelgmetic or lethargic as the previous group. They did not relax as completely as the first group and more repetitions were found necessary before consecutive measurements agreeing within five per cent of the mean were Obtained. The group average was 91 per cent of the Aub and Duhois standards. The average basal metabolism of two subjects not employed was 67 per cent of the standard, a figure close to that obtained on other un- employed subjects in their first study. The investizators reported that the data presented in this and in the previous communication seemed to indicate that Australian aborieines under suitable conditions of climate, nutrition and avoidance of physical exertion were capable of leading a more lethargic existence than seemed possible to the average white EurOpean. Ynder such condi- tions their basal metabolism might fall to surprisingly low levels. hut where the living conditions were similar to these of the whites, the existing evidence did not indicate the action of any racial factor independent of the effects of environment, nutrition and activity. Hicks, Foore and Eldridge (1954) made another study of central Australian aborigines. The body shape of this group was similar to that of Westerners. Their metabolism showed no essential departure from standards. Wardlaw, Davies and Joseph (1954) observed the meta- bolism of 10 male aboriginals, immediately after they had left their natural surroundings and found the averaje to be 16 per cent below Aub and DuPois standards. The average basal value for European white controls was mints eight per cent of the same standard. Indians. Hason and Penedict (1951) observed the basal metabolic rate of 54 women teachers and students in Yadras. The values obtained were compared with the Harris-Penedict and Aub and DuBois standards. The average deviation was minus 17.2 per cent of the Aub and Duiois, and minus 16.8 per cent of the Harris-Benedict standards. Tbey postulated three casual factors, (1) low protein intake (2) tropical climate (5) more complete relaxation of the subjects during the test, as responsible for the low metabolic values obtained. -10- Tukerjee and Tupta (1951) reported a study on 19 normal Penjali Indian men. The men varied in ace between 20 to 29 years. The averafe for the entire froup was minus 15.5 per cent of Aub and Dufiois standards. Fanerji (1951) tested the basal metabolism of 145 prisoners of all classes in the district jail in Lucknow. The average basal metabolism obtained was six to nine per cent below furorean and American standards. The investigator related his results to atmospheric temperature, humidity and pressure. ITe was inclined to the view that, of these factors, humidity was most important in lowering the basal metabolic rate. Yrishnan and Vareed (1952) conducted a study of college men and women in Tadras, azed l? to 25 years. The average basal metabolism per square reter per hour for males was 55 calories and for females was 51 calories. The percentate deviation from standards was as follows-- Suicis Harris-Benedict Dreyer fireph Ten -12 -1O.9 -ll.9 -9.l Women -16 -12 ~17 -l2.5 They considered the low rate to be due to the iesree of muscular relaxation attainable in hot climates and to the low protein content of the diet and not to racial influence. -11- They also reported that in the women studied there were two rises in metabolism during the menstrual cycle, one be- fore the onset and another after two weeks from the cessation of menstruation. Tose and De (1954) determined the basal metabolism of 50 men and 50 women in Calcutta and indicated that the meta- bolic rate of healthy Indians consuming a mixed diet, did not differ essentially from the EurOpean standards. Fis sub- jects were all within five per cent of Fnited States standards. Kason (1954) measured the metabolism of 54 European women residents in the city of hadras, which had a mean annual temperature of 32.9 degrees Farenheit and a relative humidity of 72 per cent. The average metabolism of the 56 women was 52 calories per sqrare water per hour. She compared her data with her study of Indian women and reported the percent- age deviations from standards of the two averages was as given below-- Farris-Tenediot Dreyer Aub and DuBois Furonean Women -7.9 -6.5 +2.5 The measurements of oral temperature, blood pressure and pulse rate of EurOpean women did not differ siqnificantly \_ from that of Indian women. Nine of these European subjects were studied in both tropical and temperate climates. They showed a decrease of metabolism of 5.1 per cent in the tropical climate. Three Indian women were measured in Kadras and later, when they were engaged in scientific pursuits in Western countries. They showed an increase in metabolism of 4.5 per cent in cold climates. her date indicated approximately five per cent of the low metabolism previously reported for Indian women might be attributed to the effect of the tropical climate and if a five per cent correction of standards be applied, there still remained to be explained by factors other than climate, a difference between the averaqes of Indian women and Western women of approximately seven per cent. This difference Fason considered to be due to race. Pajgopal (1958) noted that the metabolism of Indians, who had lived three years in the cool dry climate of the hills in Coonoor was significantly higher than that of some Indians, who had lived there only two months. Jason and Ienedict (1956) conducted an interesting study on seven women students of South India whose waking basal metabolism averaged 20.7 per cent below the harris-Penedict standards, to determine, whether the low basal metabolism previously reported for South Trdian women was the result of muscular relaxation. The metabolism was measured on 21 days when awake and when asleep. They showed a consistent decrease -15- in oxygen consumption averaging 9.8 per cent during sleep. Two European controls also measured for eight days in a similar manner, showed a decrease of oxygen consumption amounting to 7.2 per cent during sleep. The nearly 10 per cent decrease in oxygen consumption observed in South Indian women during sleep was of the same magnitude as that indicated for Westerners. They concluded therefore that the state of relaxation was not a causal factor in the lowering of basal metabolism of South Indian women when awake. Khama and Zanchanda (1945) determined the basal meta- bolism of 60 Indian men and 40 women. The average rates were lower than those reported for Westerners. The sex dif- ference in metabolism observed in Europeans was not noticed in Indian subjects. The results also showed the metabolism of vegetarians was lower than that observed on subjects tak- ing a mixed diet. Chinese. YacLoed, Crofts and Benedict (1925) observed six Chinese and two Japanese women doing collegiate work in two American colleges in New York City and south Hadley, Tassachusetts, under essentially similar climatic and food conditions. A careful inspection of their subjects dietary habits and qeneral habits showed that they closely resembled those of the average woman student of the American college. -14- The length of time since these women had left their homes was between 15 and 52 months. The experiments were all made in the winter months, that is between November and April. Surface areas of these women were for the most part computed from the DuBois height- weight chart, but on three subjects, surface area was also calculated from the DuPois linear formulae by making use of actual anatomical neasurements. The surface areas as actual- ly measured were uniformly three per cent greater than the areas estimated from the chart. The blood Iressure determined on three subjects was normal, the respiration rate varied from nine to eighteen respirations per minute, averaging 14. The averave pulse rate for the entire group was 60 beats per minute. Their average basal metabolism rate was 35.2 calories per square meter per hour. It was on the average 10.4 per cent below the Harris-Benedict standard and 10.2 per cent below Aub and DuBois standards. The investigators concluded since there was nothing in the physiological measurements of these women to indicate abnormality, their data showed that transplanted orientals retained their inherited low metabol- ism in an American environment. They believed they were justified in emphasizing the high probability that the low metabolism exhibited by their subjects might be considered as a racial characteristic. -15- Earle (1928) showed that the basal heat production of 51 of his fihinese subjects in Peiping was only 2.5 per cent below standards, while that of the natives of HongKong was 10 per cent below American standards. Furthermore 47 Westerners resident in HongKong and Peiping had a metabolism seven per cent below standards. It was indicated in this study that climate was an important factor in causing varia- tions in metabolism. Necheles (1950) was impressed with the observation that the average Chinese was more relaxed than the average West- erner. Their muscular tone seemed to be constantly lower than that of Westerners and he conjectured that this might be the reason for their lower basal. To put this hypothesis to test he used Benedict's technique of the difference in basal metabolic rate between waking and sleeping. If no difference was found between the two, it would be inferred complete relaxation already existed in the waking state. A respiration chamber was constructed large enough to prevent feelings of Oppression. The subjects slept in the chamber for the whole night, their basal was determined dur- ing and after sleep. On the eight orientals, three Chinese, three Filipinos, one Japanese and one Korean, he conducted nine experiments and on two Western controls he made two observations. Six orientals with a low basal metabolic rate did not show any appreciable drop in metabolism during sleep, -15- while two orientals and the two controls with normal or high metabolism showed a considerable drop in rate during sleep. The averages of the two groups compared to standards was as follows-- Sleep Awake 2 Westerners -O.9 +27.l 8 Orientals -l5.l -15.l He concluded from these data that the low basals of orientals was due in part to their greater muscular relaxation. Necheles in a later study in 1952 tested the usefulness of the DuBois height and weight formulae for the Chinese on 65 men and 65 women. He found good agreement between height weight fornulae and the linear measurement of DuBois and of Stevenson. He reported that it was not necessary to alter DuPois height and weight and linear formulae for the Chinese. Wang and Hawks (1952) studied 21 Chinese children, 11 boys and 10 girls between the ages five and 17. With the exception of the 17 year old girl none of the children had reached the age of puberty. All but three children, who were born in China, were born and reared in Chicago. In spite of the fact that their parents had been residents of the United States for a long time, their habit of living was little different from that of their ancestors in China. All the children were below the height and weight of American -17- children of average size. The metabolisms were conducted on three or four consecutive Sunday mornings. The children were trained to become accustomed to the test before any experiment included in their data was conducted. The average of the two lowest values obtained was used as the basal metabolism of each child. The results were compared with Benedict and Talbot standards. With the exception of the 17 year old girl, all the children had a total heat pro- duction above the Eenedict Talbot standards, with an average percentage deviation ranging from 6.8 to 16.6 for boys and from 11.5 to 20.2 for girls. In comparison with the Dreyer standards all the values were within normal limits. The re- sults also compared well with bailey standards. The basal metabolic rate of the 17 year old Chinese girl was consis- tently low. The results of this investigation was compared with the findings in the group of American children classified as "normal in weight but not vigorous" studied by Wang et a1 (1926) in connection with the problems of undernourished children. The present study failed to demonstrate a defi- nitely low basal metabolism in American born Chinese children. Wang and Hawks concluded that the racial influence played an insignificant role in the metabolism of American born Chinese children. They stated that on account of the -13.. small number of children studied the results should not be considered conclusive. ?enedict and Teyer (1955) reported the metabolism of 18 American born Chinese girls between the ages of 12 to 22 in Boston. The avera"e was 9.2 per cent lower than the Harris-Fenedict standard and 6.1 per cent below the Aub and Du20is standards. They stated that the racial factor played a less pronounced role in the metabolism of Chinese and Japanese children. Nevertheless they believed their data indicated that the Chinese children, even though American born and subsisting in part in a modern American life, tended to have a metabolism somewhat lower than the Caucasian. Wang (1954) vigorously refuted Penedict's and Feyer's conclusion on the American born Chinese having a lower basal metabolism than a strictly corresponding group of American children. She made a detailed comparison of the results on 12, l5, l6 and 17 year old Averican born Chinese children studied in Boston and in Chicago and showed that, with one exception, the Chicago girls had a slightly lower metabolism than Foston girls. The actual differences were comparatively slight and the values on the whole agreed exceptionally well. The contradictory conclusions of the two investigators un- doubtedly were due to the differences in standards of refer- ence used. When nine comparisors were made with the various standards only three of the average metabolism values for -19- the American born Chinese girls were lower than the predict- ed values. Sixteen American girls studied by Wang (1954) in Cincinnati within the ages 12 to 27 years, had average basal tests below five per cent of standards for native American children. The Chinese girls showed a lower basal metabolism than the American girls in only two instances, i.e., with Harris-Benedict and the standard of Ienedict and Talbot which express metabolism as total calories per 24 hours referred to age. Further, Wang recalculated and compared the basal meta- bolic values of 52 American girls between the ages of 12 to 20 taken from the data published by Tilt (1950) of Florida and hacLoed (1926) of New York and compared them with nine standards together with the data for the Cincinnati girls. Qhe demonstrated that American girls from three different sections of the country showed a greater diversity in heat production than the girls of the two races. The basal reta- bolism values of New York girls was slightly higher than those of the Cincinnati girls and decidedly higher than those of Florida girls. For the value given in terms of total calories per 24 hours, the difference between the two extreme groups was 17 per cent, while the difference in the values of the races was only three per cent. From these careful comparisons she concluded that it was difficult to say that orientals had a lower basal metabolism than occidentals. The studies conducted on the two broups of American born Chinese girls had entirely failed to show any difference retween the basal metabolism of these girls and the American girls of the same age range. Turner and Benedict (1955) observed 15 oriental women six of whom were Chinese. All these young women were foreign born and were studying in the flount Holyoke College. They had been in the United States from one to three years. The object of this investigation was to determine whether the low basal metabolism of oriental women reported in the literature was due to a deficient protein intake. Easal metabolism tests were made on five subjects and their total urinary nitrogen excretion was determined. Six Caucasian college women served as controls. The pairs lived in the same dormitory and partook of the same food. The oriental girls had aio;ted American mades in food, clothing and daily activities. Tie oriental girls had a metabolism averagizj 12 per cent below standaris. Th general cbsvrvation was that they had a lower metabolism compared with prediction standards, and with their own particular controls. The total urinary excretion of nitrogen averaged 3.5 grams per day for the Caucasians and 7.5 grams for the orientals. Hence from the point of the total urinary nitrogen excretion, the protein metabolism of the orientals was not markedly dif- ferent from that of their American College mates. The -21- orientals were not subsisting on a low protein diet. There- fore it was concluded from this study that as foreign born orientals under American environment still had a low basal metabolism, the low basal metabolism of oriental women could nst be attributed to a low protein diet. Presumably the lowered metabolism was a racial characteristic. Zilborn and Benedict (1957) observed the basal metabol- ism of the hiao race of Kweichow. The metabolism values of these inhabitants of the mountainous district of South China averaged 15.8 per cent above Earris-Fenedict's standards. Their pulse rate averaged 55 beats per minute. This was the first high metabolism reported for a proud of Chinese. A high basal was here associated with a low pulse rate. Japanese. Takahira (1925) observed the average basal metabolism for Japanese men was 5.5 below the Sage standards, and that of the women 7.5 per cent below the same standards. There was a good deal of difference between the groups ac- cording to occupation and muscular develOpment and Takahira did not believe there was any significant racial difference in metabolism. ;kada, Sukurai and Tameda (1926) made a study of 42 men medical students between the ages 22 to 22 and 11 nurses aged 20 to 22. Surface area was calculated according to DV" DuBois leight and weight formulae. The basal metabolism of 96 per cent of the cases showed less than 5 per cent devia— tion from Farris-Tenedict standards. The average deviation of the metabolism was minus 0.2 per cent for males and minus 5.9 per cent for females. Average heat production in males per square meter per hour was 59.7 calories and in the females it was 56.75 calories. He concluded that the basal metabolism of healthy Japanese, was quite like that of Americans and Europeans and no racial difference existed. Narakawa (1954) conducted tests on 15 Japanese boys and 16 girls between the ages of three years 10 months and six years six months. Fefore data was collected preparatory training was given to the children to accustom them to the unfamiliar apparatus. All children tested had a basal heat production above fenedict Talbot standards. The results of this investigation were similar to those obtained by Wang and Hawks on United States Chinese children. Kise and Ochi (1954) presented data on a study of 44 male and 50 female Japanese, within the age range of 50 to 95 years. Surface area was determined by actual measurements, modifying DuBois height and weight formulae since Japanese had a little different proportions of the body structures than the European races. Since groupings of ages were dif- ferent, curves were drawn for graphic comparison with American standards. The curve on male groups almost agreed with that of Farris and Eenedict in the period from 50 to -25- 59 years, but in females it differed a little and was more nearly comparable to Aub and Dquis data. In general the curve drawn with the Japanese data resembled that of Yrogh, but it showed less difference between sexes. 9aldwin and Fujisaki (1959) measured the basal metabol- ism of 55 American born Japanese University students attend- ing two large universities in California. Three of the subjects were descendants of immigrants. The average meta- bolic rate for the entire group was 5.6 per cent below Harris- ?enedict and 6.1 per cent below Aub and DuCOis standards. The results of this study were in accordance with the average basal metabolic rate of 58 Hawaiian born Japanese studied by Killer and Benedict (1957). Th y were also in close agreement with those of Okada et al on a group of 42 medical students. The results of the three studies were shown below~~ Deviations Aub and Harris- Dufiois Penedict Ckada et al 62 Japanese -2.0 -O.2 Killer and Benedict 59 Hawaiian born Japanese -5.9 -2.9 Present study 58 American born Japanese -4.1 -5.4 Although there were differences in nutritional and climate factors of these three localities the final results of the average basal metabolic rates were within a range of four -24- per cent. This fact, according to the investigators, tended to support the conception that there was a hereditary reten- tion of racial characteristics among the Japanese as far as the basal metabolic rate was concerned. Arerioan Indians. Williams and Fenedict (1928) pre- sented data on a study of 52 Taya male Indians of Yucatan. They were found to have a metabolism averaging 5.2 per cent above Earris-Eenedict standards and an average pulse rate of 55 per minute. The sub-tropical climate was expected to lower rather than raise the metabolism of Kayas. heasure- ments of the metabolism of white men of the expedition and of white men and women, who had lived in Yucatan for several months showed no lowered metabolism. The sub-trOpical climate had no effect on their metabolism. It was evident that some other factor, presumably racial had asserted it- self. However, it was difficult to assess to what extent the increased metabolism was due to racial characteristics, to habits of diet or living conditions. Pesides the fayas had a sliohtly different body build than Westerners, but this difference was not conspicuous. Shattuck and Benedict (1951) made a further study of the basal metabolism of Kaya Indians in Yucatan. They measured 26 male anas. In nine instances the subjects were the same as those of Williams and Fenedict. There was reason -25.. to doubt the see statements made by the men as the age records of the nine COiuon subjects varied in the two studies. Their pulse rate was low, an average 56 per min- ute and their blood pressures also were low. In most in- stances only one measurement was taken. Eight cases of 26 showed lower oxygen consumption in the second test. The basal metabolism averdfe of this group was 5.3 per cent above Tarris-Benedict standards. Fenedict and his colleasue stated that as several of the age statements were not reli- able and in some instances ages were duessed by the appearance of the subjects, and since comparison of standards of Harris and Benedict depended upon true and known ages, the age factor was a real one, and any uncertainity as to age vi- tiated final comparisons. Steggerda and Fenedict (1952) confirmed the previous observations on Vaya Indians of Yucatan concerning their high basal metabolism and low pulse rate. Their observations 7 were on 50 Qaya males. T 1 ney had a heat production which averaged eight per cent above Harris-Eenedict standards. The build of this qroup was stocky without any obvious body disproportion. They seemed well nourished. They concluded that the high metabolism of the Kaya might be in part attri- buted to environment, but the rajor part must be considered as indicative of a real racial effect. Pi-Suner (1955) studied the basal metabolism of 45 Kapuche Indians of Chile, 51 men and 14 women served as subjects. He also noticed a high basal metabolic rate asso- ciated with low pulse rate in his subjects. The average values were 9.8 per cent above Earris-Eenedict standards for men and 14.8 per cent above for women. Triplicate tests were taken on 40 subjects and on five, duplicate tests were taken. In 22 cases the determinations were repeated on two different days. No significant differences were noted be- tween the observations of the first and second day. The oxygen intake was slightly hivher in eight cases on the first day. Shaw (1955) presented data on a study of five American Indian girls between the ages of 18 and 20 years. They were selected after examination of physical and medical records which indicated normal health. The subjects lived in school dormitories. Six girls of European stock were used as con- trols. All were natives of South Dakota. Tests were made in duplicate on two consecutive days. Only those results that checked within five per cent were used for final calcu- lations. The deviations from standards between the two groups were given as follows-— Aub and Uufiois Iarris-feneiict Dreyer White girls -O.76 -O.68 -O.62 Indian girls +1.0 +6.9 +5.9 0-‘37-0 The basal rate of the American Indian girls was higher than that of the white South Dakota girls. Crile and Quiring (1959) tested the metabolism of six male and seven female Chippewa Indians. A short preliminary test was made for practice and the next test was recorded. The average metabolic rate was 18 per cent above the Kayo standards for males and 18.5 per cent above this standard for females. The pulse rate and the blood pressure appeared lower than that recorded for Haya Indians of Yucatan. Crile and Quiring (1959) reported data on the metabolism of Kaya Quiche Indians of Guatemala, Tentral America. Basal estimates were made on 55 male subjects, 164 tests being con- ducted. They also had a high basal metabolism, the average was 8.2 per cent above the Kayo Clinic standards. Tests on one male white control gave a value of 19 per cent below Yayo standards. Eskimos. Teinbecker (1928) measured the basal metabol- ism of three subjects, one male aged 28 years, two females, 25 and 26 years old. After three days of fasting the average of all three subjects was 55 per cent above Aub and DuTois standards. However, in 1951 he reported that 4 Eskimo women on a mixed diet had metabolism similar to standards. Rabinowitch and Smith (1956) studied 10 Eskimo subjects, seven male and three female. They reported a deviation of the average metabolism of 26 per cent above Aub and Dquis standards for the whole group. They considered the big basal rate of Eskimos to be due to the high protein diet and the cold climate, which increased muscular tone. Crile and Quiring (1959) reported a study on the meta- bolism of 50 Eskimo males and 52 females. The average basal rate of male Eskimos was 14.5 per cent above Tayo standards for males and 21.1 per cent above the same standard for females. Pulse rate was normal. The blood pressure was slightly lower than that of whites of corresponding age. Filipinos. Ocampo Cordero and Concepcion (1950) con- ducted metabolism observations on 104 healthy subjects. Duplicate tests were taken on one, two and three days. The average test for 88 males was minus 7.8 per cent and for 16 females, minus 10 per cent of Aub and Duiois standards. Syrians. Turner and Aboushadid (1950) reported a study on 28 Syrian women and seven white Caucasian subjects. Heta- bolic tests were taken with Krogh's metabolimeter. The basal metabolism of the Syrian subjects averaged 15.5 below Aub and DuPois standards and that of the controls was six per cent below the Aub and Duiois standards. The pulse rate and blood pressure of both groups was normal. They concluded that the low metabolic level noticed in their subjects was -29- possibly an inherited racial characteristic, independent, to a certain extent, of environmental influences. Jamaicans. Steggerda and Benedict (1928) studied the metabolism of 57 brown men and five brown women. They were a peculiarly homogeneous group in so far as age, nutritive state and living conditions were concerned. The ages of the men were between 19 to 22 years and women 25 to 50 years, one was 60 years old. Hany of the subjects were mildly in- fected with hook worm. In most cases two tests were taken on separate days. The average deviation of the actual from the predicted metabolic rate was, in the case of the males minus 5.4 per cent, and, in the females, minus three per cent of Harris-Eenedict standards. Eight full blooded male blacks bad a deviation of two per cent of the standard. The investigators stated that if allowances could be made for the low protein intake of the subjects, and for the high temperature and humidity of the environment, the racial ele- ment as such might disappear in the evaluation of metabolism of people. Amerigan_§e: es. Kaxvell and Wakeham (1945) observed the basal metabolism of 27 healthy negro women aged 17 to 55 years. The Dufiois height and weight formulae was used to determine surface area. The average of 182 tests showed that the negro women gave a lower basal metabolic rate than -50- the value reported for white women of North America. The avera e deviation from UuTois standards as modified by Foothby and Sandiford was minus 14.6 per cent. Observations on 14 men subjects gave a deviation of minus 12.4 per cent. Ho conclusions were drawn as to presence of a racial difference in metabolism. -51- Variation in Tasal Tetabolism in Ken and Women of European Races Hafkesbrinq and Ferfstrom {1926) reported a study in Few Orleans on seven men and two women engased in student or teaching work. The average deViation from standard was as follows-- Aub and Duéois Farris-Benedict Dreyer -l? per cent -16 per cent —11 per cent Vindnarsh (1927) observed the basal metabolism of 76 white Australian subjects, 26 women and 50 men between the ages of 19 and 25. All subjects except one were born in Australia. Using Aub and DuVOis standard for comparison, he found the avera e basal metabolic rate was 10.5 per cent lower in women and nine per 3e.t lower in men. He suggested that the lowered basal metabolism might be due to climatic effect. Very probably acclimatization to high temperatures took place and the body had the power of reducing its funda- mental or basal metabolism to a lower level, thus facilitat— ing the reyulation of body temperature where heat loss was difficult. He believed the ready muscular relaxation of subjects in warmer climates minht be another factor in lower- ing metabolism. Several studies on American college women in various sections of the country reported basal rates consistently -52... lower than the standards. Subjects from southern states showed lower basal rates than those from the northern states. —us tafson and :enedict (1922) reported the hasal meta- bolism of 20 youn? women rf Nellesley Collere to be 1.9 per cent below the Iarris enei'cb standard. Tilt (1959} reforted the metabolism of 52 Florida colle e women to be mi nus 15 per cent of the Arb mid Du ois standard. Ccons and Schiefelbusch (1951) ooserved the basal meta- boli sm rate of 17 Ck la 1-oua‘Colle3e women to be 15.2 per cent below the Aub and DuTOi 3 stands ard. The investigators con- cluded that the lowered basal metabolism was possibly re— lated in part to unsatisfactory nutrition and in part to the climate. IcCord (1959) reported the basal metabolism of 19 Indiana women to be minus nine oer cent in comparison with the Aub and Du ois standard. I—iis h temperature and humidity were listed as factors responSi ible for low Hri basal meta- bolism. Pittman et a1 (1945) presented data on an extensive study of mid-western college women. A total of 1179 deter- minations were made on 576 different subjects, belonging to five states, Iowa, Kansas, fiinnesota, Ohio, and Oklahoma. Oklahoma women apparently had the lowest basal rates. Statis- 1‘0 tic 11y sirnificant differences existed betJeen states. A mean basal rate expressed as calories per square meter per hour was rot calculcted for each state, as statistically significant basal rates existed between are firoups. The reans for one group between the axes of 20 to 22 years for four states are given below-- State Tuuber of Calories per Subjects Square Ieter per Hour Iowa 140 55.9 CLio 65 54.4 Tinnesota 146 55.7 Kansas 192 52.9 Analysis of variance showed fklahoua subjects were siwnifi- cantly different at 20 years, and after this age the numbers were too few to give reliable results. Therefore no general mean was computed for the afie group 20 to 22 years for this state. Kansas definitely and Cklahoma apparently had lower tasal rates than those of colder refiions. however, Yinnesota, the coldest state, did not have the highest rate. The inves- timators rumiested the possibility of Fifferenees in thyroid activity in different localities probably should be considered as a possible explanation for these discreiencies. Tinnesota was in an iodine-deficient region. Some of the subjects of the Kinnesota group may have had lowered thyroid activity due to lack of iodine and this mig t exolain to soue extent the sorew at low rate ”f _Tnne1ota students, wiich was evr- dent in spite of the cold cli‘a.*. Pittman et a1 {l 4?) rbserved the ~asal metabolic rates 00 (A) O ‘b ('1‘ (D :3 ’3 I_J. DJ .: (D L 1 :‘f (D *‘3 :5 O O -J .3 ”D x (D O ,3 (I) :5 v (.1; Jo C) d‘ I J .Jo 3) Ct- (D ..J .J i 1' 1 C? (1) Cr (D m vu- V follows: Iowa, 2; “ansas, 2; jinnescta, a; (bio, 5; and Cklatoma, 1. Tach was studied from 20 to 104 weeks. Dupli- cate determinations were made in the morning of a test, and the mean 0 those was rsed as the basal rate for the subject for that garticular day. The individual tests, ranging in number from 17 to 55, showed a food deal of variation for the same subject over the period of innrstivatiOL. An analy- sis of variance indicated a rihnificant interstate difference. Season was apparently a sifinificant factor affec basal rate for six of the ten sub'erts. Pulse, respiration, body temperature, outside tenderature, humidity, and horrs of sunshine were seemingly minor factors in influencing basal metabolism in Uiis study. Sirwmaiur Du ois (1956) reviewed the racial studies on metabolic level up to the year 1956 and in his summary stated that it seemei clear from the results of the investigations that q there were distiac p.1- racial differences in metabolism apart r. (0 from the effecJ- of climate, but no satisfactory explanation had been offered to explain such divergencies. In 1950 Duflois did not place so much stress Upon the racial factor. he had then s'ated that after all one rot the impression that racial differences were so slight that they were almost entirely obscured by the factors of repose, physical train— ing and nutrition. 'Jilscn (1945) made a concise survey of the literature on racial factors in metabolism and in her summary stated that it was apparent that so many different factors may play concurrent roles in affectihg the basal metabolism that it was impossible at the present time to say whether different patterns of basal metabolism noted with various races thus far studied were reflections of a racial characteristic alone or were the results of a combination of some or all the factors such as climatic factors, diet, physical activity, muscular relaxation, bodily configuration or even of factors thus far unsuspected. The Influence of Tenstruation on Tasal Tetabolism The literature on the effect of the menstrual cycle on basal metabolism yields conflicting evidence. Zuntz (190") observed the carton-diozide output, and for hart Cf the time, the oxygen consumption of two women for 97 days, including three menstrual cycles. Fe found no refiularity of the variation of retabolism due to wenstrua- tion. ”ephart, and Duiois (1916) conductedfbur tests on one woman on two days. They made duplicate basal metabolism tests on the second day of the catamenia and four days later. The valves obtained on those two different days were similar. Snell, Ford and Rowntree (1920) found that a rather constant rise occurred during menstruation, or in the pro- menstrual period, the rise being followed by a post-menstrual fall. Their work was on 10 subjects, eight of whom showed constant rises. Among them, two showed rises varying from four per cent to 16 per cent, the average being 10 per cent, while in two a drop in rate was encountered. hlunt and Dye (1921) reperted a series of 216 basal observations on 17 faculty meLbers or students of the Fni- versity of Chicaso, aged 21 to 44 years, to find out whether there was any regular periodic variation in the metabolism of normal women duriux wenstruation. One to three complete -57- periods were studied with pre and inter menstrual observa- tions on each of the 14 subjects and on three subjects only intermenstrual observations were recorded. Four women experienced absolutely no discomfort or disturbance during menstruation, while others experienced more or less fatigue or lassitude. They found the average metabolism of menstrual days was only 1.6 per cent lower than on other days, and this lowering they considered was within the range of varia- tion that might occur at any time. They concluded that their data have no indication of a rhythmic periodic varia- tion in metabolism. Wiltshire (1921) strdied the basal metabolism of five subjects, on each day of menstruation as far as possible and three or four times between these periods. She said that the variit’ons during phases of the sexual cycle were so small that they could not be regarded as showing any marked effect due to menstruation. The fluctuations, which normally occurred were often greater than these variations. Hakebam (1926) performed 98 basal determinations on 24 cases, 20 of whom were rurses in training with little varia- tion in mode of life, and daily routine. Fe analysed his data, as well as the data by Blunt and Dye, and noted that there was a distinct fall in basal metabolism during or immediately after nenstruation. His data also indicated a premenstrual rise in basal metabolism. Vafhesbring and Collet {1926) also recorded a rise be- fore menstruation with a sharp drop duriné menstruation, from their careful investieations on two subjects tested daily for a period of four months. They did 96 tests on one subject and 80 on another. They concluded there was a definite tendency towards a rise before each period and a sharp drop on the first or second day of menstruation, the difference between the high and low levels of metabolism amounting to five percent. Hitchcock and qu0e11 (1929) conducted 800 tests on 27 women, following at least two complete menstrual cycles. All tests were made in duplicate and only the lower one was used. This was done on the assumption that many things might happen to a subject that would increase her metabolic rate, but that aside from sleep nothing could happen to her that would decrease it. Their final compilation of data was on 20 women only. Of these 20 women, 14 showed a lower- ing of basal metabolism during the menstrual period, one had no change, and five showed a slight but insignificant rise. For the group of 10 women whose fall in metabolism was of statistical importance the average drop was 5.16 per cent. A second low point in the metabolic rate averaging 5.05 per cent occurred about the middle of the menstrual cycle. Eustafson and Penedict (1928) conducted a basal metabol- ism study on 20 young women of Wellesley Colleoe rrimarily 3’ -59- to determine the influence of seasons on metabolisa. They secured occasional observations on menstrual days, as they made monthly tests on the subjects for a year except during the summer months. Although there was a wide variability in the results obtained on these days there was a hint in some observations of depression in metabolism during menstruation. Penedict and 1Tinn (1928) studied an extraordinarily placid and normally functioning artist's model without the complicating factor of pain during menstruation. Intermit- tent observations were recorded on her, for over 12 years. They noticed that deviations of the measured from the pre- dicted Tarris-Tenedict standard, averaged minrs 4.5 per cent for 89 intermenstrual days, and minus 7.5 per cent for 52 menstrual days. The difference of three per cent suggested that menstruation might lower metabolism and this was further emphasized by the preponderance of deviations, greater than minus 10 per cent, occurring on menstrual days. To study the influence of this factor in greater detail, an extensive series of practically consecutive daily measure- ments extending over two months and including three menstrual cycles, were made on the subject mentioned above. Because of her unusually placid temrerament and good health, and be- cause she erperienced no pain or discomfort as a result of this physiological function, it was believed insofar as possible, the menstrual factor alone was involved in this -40- study. Their evidence indicated that with a normal woman, wtose menstruation was physiologically normal, there was a distinct tendency for the lowest metabolism to occur during the menstrual days and for a high metabolism to apoear a week after the last day of menstruation. Griffith et al (1929) observed three women aged 50, 19, and 24 for two years and presented their data as aver— ages of the determinations made during the periods and during the first, second, third, and fourth week following. 30 determinations were included in which the subject suffered pain since pain was thought to raise heat production. Total metabolism whether measured by oxygen consumption or carbon- dioxide excretion was highest during the third or the fourth week following the menstrual period. Tn two cases, metabol- ism was lowered during menstruation and in the third no such lowering was Observed. The point of lowest metabolism in the cycle was different for each of the subjects studied. Conklin and XcClendon (1950) made daily determinations on 10 women, who were without the complicating factor of menstrual pain, through one or more menstrual cycles. They divided the cycle into four periods, menstrual, post mens- trral, intermenstrual and premenstrual, and expressed their results as calories per square meter per hour. They treated their data statistically. One woman out of the 10 had the highest basal metabolism during menstruation. Their conclusion -41.. was that the basal metabolic rate tended to reach its lowest value following menstruation and its highest "Flue preceding menstruation. Sandiford, Wheeler and Eoothby (1951) made 556 tests on one subject during 14 different menstrual periods. They averaged all the tests for the 14 menstrual periods for the weeks preceding menstruation, the week of menstruation and for each of the following weeks. They noticed a decided tendency toward a slightly lowered heat production during 0 the menstrual period preceded by a rise in the premenstrual period. The variations of the average values for each of these weeks were quite small. They did not consider these variations significant as they were within the range produced by variation in the degree of physical or mental relaxation. They emphasized that variations of this magnitude could be readily due to varying degrees of mental relaxation depen- dent on the mental status and the physical discomfort of the subject, the time relationship of these factors to the menstrual period as well as their intensity could readily vary in different subjects. Consequently they concluded that menstruation in a normal woman did not cause any signi- ficant alteration in the intensity of the oxidation processes going on in the body. Wible (1951) conducted basal experiments on 22 women students of the Department of Physiology, Nebraska University. -42- Three to 12 menstrual cycles were studied for each individ— ual. Tests included a total of 119 menstrual cycles. Each cycle involved five tests distributed as follows-- Two tests during menstruation, the first one made on the first or second day. One test each in l to 4 days before menstruation, 5 to 8 days after cessation of menstruation and two weeks after cessation of menstruation. With the exception of one subject the results indicated a low oxygen consumption during menstruation. The exception showed the highest oxygen consumption during menstruation. A similar contradictory case had been reported by Conkin and chlendon (1950). About one half of the subjects had one or two menstrual periods in whidd oxygen consumption during menstruation had a tendency to rise above the premens- trual consumption. Their values did not indicate any pre- menstrual rise. The period of highest oxygen consumption seemed to be two weeks after cessation of menses. Vaxwell and Wakeham (1945) studied 27 Negro subjects aged 15 to 40 years. They made three to 26 tests per person, and on two subjects daily tests were taken, the rest were tested before, during, and after menstruation with an average interval of seven days. The results of their work were to suggest the presence of a premenstrual rise, with a lowering of the metabolism during actual menstruation and in the immediately post-menstrual period. -45- *XPER I? TENT AL FR 00 1313133 A series of basal metabolic tests were conducted on four young women belonging to different races. The period of observation was from January to the second week of April. With few exceptions a weekly test was taken on each subject. On two subjects tests were terminated in Narch. In general, two observations were made on a testing day, with an inter- val of five to ten minutes between tests. The determina- tions were all conducted in the metabolism room of the Foods and Nutrition Department. Heasurement of 9x gen consumption. The oxygen consump- tions were recorded using the Eenedict-Roth portable appara- tus with nose clip and the mouth piece attachments. Oxygen temperatures were recorded with the aid of the thermometer attached to the apparatus. Barometric pressure readings were taken from an Anaeroid harometer. Fy placing the leak- tester weight on the tOp of the oxygen bell, the equipment was periodically checked for air-tightness. Special instructions were given to the subjects to be followed in preparing for a test. They were requested to get eight hours of sleep on the night before the test. If this were not possible, they were asked to make a note of the hours they had sleep. Further they were instructed not to take food or fluid except water after dinner on the night -44.. previous to the test, nor in the morning of the test. They were forbidden from smoking or taking any medi- cine or exercise (except as noted) on the morning of a test. Tests were taken on all subjects from eight to ten o'clock in the morning. Three subjects walked approximately a half mile to the metabolism room. They were instructed to walk slowly and not to rush. One subject came by bus to the door of the Home Economics building. Soon after a sub- ject arrived for a test her shoes and outer warps were re- moved, and she was made comfortable on a bed and allowed to .rest for 50 minutes. Then her oral temperature was recorded. The nose clip was clamped in place and by inserting the mouth piece she was connected to the apparatus. After allow- ing the subject to breath the room air for a few minutes, the valve was closed and the test was started. Actual deter- minations were made for six minute periods after one or two minutes of adjustment. While the pen traced the graphic record of the res7irations, on the Kymograph chart, the pulse was taken and the number of respirations per minute were noted. At the end of the six minute period test, the nose clip was removed and the subject detached from the apparatus and allowed to rest for five to ten minutes. After the rest, in a similar manner to the first test, a second observation of the metabolic rate was conducted. Soon after testing was completed, the subject's weight was taken and her height -45- measured. As all the subjects were past the growing period, and as the height measurements did not alter from test to ere discontinued after four or five observations. I E test, they Heights of the subjects were recorded with the srbjects fully clothed but without shoes cr any ieavy outer garments. !. SEES§§E§° The subjects were selected for the study because each represented a different race. They were all between the ages of 50 and 55 years. All the subjects were given a physical examination.1 Subject I was Chinese by race. Her home was in HongChow, China. She came to the Vnited States in the Fall of 1043, and was since enrolled as a graduate student in hichigan State College, majoring in Chemistry. Her parents were liv- ing and she had one sister. her build was light with smooth (3.. contours. She was of average height. Her isposition was that of a very stable relaxed young woman. Her weight fluc- tuated little from week to week. Her medical history was negative. She was unmarried. During menstruation she occa- sionally suffered from cramps on the first day, otherwise she felt no discomfort on these days. Subject II was Indian of Caucasian stock. She was married and was a home-maker. She was from Bombay, India and came to Kichigan State lollege in Vay 1948, and was tak- ing courses in the college as a special strdent. Her parents 0-- 9--.... The courtesy of the medical staff of the College Iospital is acknowledged. -4-_ were living, she was one Cf six children. Ser husband was emrloyed in Pombay. She was medium—sized and overweifht. Qhe was easy aoinm by temperment. Her medical history and rbysical examination indicated that she was a suitable sub- ject for the study of metabolisn. Subject III was a Tollander. She was enrolled as a special student of Eichigan State Collefe since the fall of 1949. Her home was in Eaarn, Netherlands. her mother was living and she had two sisters and two brothers. By disposi- tion she was intense. During the second world war, she had suffered from severe uadernutrition from the year 1944 to 1945, as a result of which menstruation ceased during that time. She was somewhat underweight though not seriously so. Since her arrival in the United States she had made rapid recovery from past undernutrition. At the time of study, menstrual periods were refular and she srffered no pain dur- ing menstruation, but felt rather low spirited during these days. Vitamin 312 shots were given by the physician in charce during the study, however, any injection of this Vita- min was recorded and no such injections were taken either on the day previous to the test or on the test day. Subject IV was an American Negro. She was a Southerner from Arkansas. She was married and by profession a teacher. She had no children. Her parents and her husband were living. She had two sisters and one brother. She had been a Graduate -47- student of the collefe since the fall of 1949. She was a very tall well built woman, slightly underwer; t. She was uneven by temperment, but good natured. fier medical history showed that she had a healthy past. Drring menstruation she continued routine work withort experiencin" pain or dis- comfort. .-....‘. Anthropometric measurements. The anthropometric yeasure- ments of the subjects were taken to evaluate their body pro— portions. gfitivity;§eggrds. ‘The subjects kept a recdrd of their activities during the day rrevious to each testing day. The activities were recorded in the form given in the appen- dix. The day's activities were sumrarized into classifica- tions in the form also given in the appendix. ~7owever, it was felt that the reccrds on the whole gave a fairly satis- factory idea of the subjects activities. The energy expended per day was estirated from each activity record by using Sherman's (1945) list of factors. Food records. Food records were recorded by subjects for the day before each testing day. The food values of food records were calculated by the short rethod of dietary analysis using the Donelson and Leichsenring (1945) table; Taylor's (1942) food tables were used, when foods were -48... Po :5 r) .luded, which did net core under the classifications of the above table. Selection of_data. All observations of the basal retabolic rates of the subjects were recorded with the follow- ing exceptions: in the case of all the subjects the first day tests were discarded as they were considered practice tests and as it was felt that unfamiliarity with the testing situation could result in the failure to relax. In addition to these days, a total of nine other tests on the four sub- ects were discarded due to irregularities at the testing C.-Jo seriod which seemed to invalidate the results even thouwh 1 3 L. sore of the values were within the range of tests reported. -49- UT? T’Y’F’WQ gel.) \J.‘._LL-J The physiologic measurements such as pulse rate, respiration, body temperature, blood pressure, and hemo- rlobin of subjects are presented in Table I. The average pulse is slightly above 60 beats per minute for two sub- jects, and slightly below this for two others. The respira- - tion rates per minute were greater in Subjects Ii and IV than in Subjects I and III. The body temperature showed little variation during the period of study. Mean values were 97.80 r., 97.70 F., 97.s0 9., and 97.90 r., for the four subjects. The blood gressure was somewhat high and the hemcmlobin low for Subject IV, while these two measure- ments were satisfactory for the other subjects. The Anthropometric measurements are given in Table II. The body proportions of all the subjects rme within the average reported for Americans of European stock by Donel- son et al (1940). Conseouently, the use of the TrTois nomograph to compute the surface areas of subjects with the aid of height and weight measurements was justified. The height, actual weights, and predicted weights and the sur- face areas based on these measurements are recorded in Table III. Tte predicted weights were judgments by Dr. Ohlson, based upon measurements of the bony size and the contour and depth of the fat pads. The predicted weights of Subjects I, III, and IV are almost the same as the actual .emssw can eposew mflmemeeasm as mewsawm . Ae.amne.smv AmmICV m.oH H mC\emH H m.bm mm . Ama-mv es\oaa H a.so OH Ama-cav es\eaa H na ma 0) m om em\eoa a ng ,-.l — HEP l Ama-ev Ams-mmv d.b© Ha OH mw mm Hm H .on .on .mno .mpo .mxc .os .cc .cc .0: --umm!. !!III. QHQoHe earmueaa 3!MweQQmMflWMIMWeLxQeW!1r. epraflr peg - obsess pom - sores Ceca» esopsaeaeom hoot soapswwamem emasm poemfizm EHHO? MDOM m0 BHECMWORHA Q24 mmmmmflhm WOOQm «MEHH EHMEWB NQOM «HOHE¢fiHmmmm «mmdbp “15"71‘1 “ ‘ . d A " YHY '7”) {‘5 "1’ ‘1‘"‘71‘. .3 ' ’3‘1 5--.}. -... . .._,J__LL-,'J H“ -h - O -- '- O - ~ Q ~ -. - ‘ - - V- . - -‘M‘- - - ‘— * - a. ‘ -fi- 4 .— -- --‘-. -- .‘p- O—I‘ '~.. - - ~..-.‘t--— -.— - - --' - —- 4 l. '_‘Or'3,-:r Ian‘c T‘ \.v. ‘ ‘. C .;. .' \J ..- u —--_.—. — - a a“ H.....——-.—. 0"..-“ m”est readth, cm. 23.3 ouswi- ~.- .131, 1:- Q :5: DU J p 1, CAAl. 00" Iiliac, n.. “4’s H cf "5 O o 5 :3 d (D *1 ‘0 0 ._) (Y) ()3 O p O :3 C23 01 O LLeq, (us. as.;; .4: _) \ ~-‘ :1 7 K4. gab pads Azera o envy . — y I (‘1 -*—.~‘fi». 1 1“: \‘- O .D‘Lsu \.z.-..... K) 24.? r) u’. .2 H k D C‘: 0 (N C] i‘J 0 Cl C»! U 0 LO \3 m C) 24.9 17.2 (\3 C q 0 ,. K; C)! Q o O 55.0 50.0 T"ery small i ... l ..., ‘_ .l- .j III M p\ -‘ a: ) -'/- ." . l ‘ ‘ ‘ l4“ .. J a. L a ' a o - - t“..- *.—O. u...— o.—-“—‘-- .u.- - “-w‘ c _. -_.. --—-l m*. c 0 —.—-—--'~ ... o '--‘ - .1- -_ '7 ”,7. ‘- .-— .- - —- ‘ o -‘-.-.q.—~—---.-. - - -- -—.——-——---——--- - - — “a 24.9 19.0 \7 t’.’ . z 0 x,‘ fl ‘9 U 0 -J O] O E O C 03 0‘: 0 01 }5 Cr] 0 U1 . 3 - r-u- o-——-——."m.- uvw—c—cuv-uv—o-- ~-—-.-H-.‘..‘—‘—.-.— a--- TXTLE ’«rq “r—r. “- T7 ~1~‘ “c‘r'q I ' ‘ I '1.'. ‘|.I£J¢.J..J ,- r «hr-"dc, *_._. .. -._..- -——_- .3 ute if: gilt Actual Subject Teicht cms. I 160 61.1 [300—]-- 52.7) 171 0‘) .Q 63.3 (620nm. 64.7) IV 1 .-'.------.-- - -'—-—.—-¢—‘.~—.—.—--—_o—.-—.-—¢_a-.— Figures in parent w c .- -. - -— —..0 ~ -¢ mm~--o——~—~—-~o- . w. .- .o. ..- —. ‘- ..-..-. — w....---.-A...-.._—- -_- III .f’i“ 73*j-~ N” "(71"1“ ',"",“T"1". Alp) Lidia/lb L...‘;.J “glans 1"" ’ an. Predicted 65.0 C) U] 0 O ‘l‘r‘ a 7-? ~71] Eu ll" LIL ha.‘ fictual life i I ht .4 04(3- trfl\ ou- , "T? h'DIfif‘. 7‘1 .L/“J :L-L.“_v.‘-:. C; .- Surface Area,sq. meter Predicted Height 1.76 1.74 -- c o - -.,_._.H,__._.___- o H heSlS denote the range. we —. *----o———-—- .._‘ v _ - .4.-..-.-~—.--. - — ——-.—-.-- - _. .- -_......._o-.'.- a- - --—- weights, while the predicted weight of subject II, was much lower than the actual weight. The actual weight of Subject was essentially constant during the period of study. The actual weight for Subject II was 65 k5.. at the beginning and at the close of the study but she gained slightly and then lost weifiht durinq three months of study. Subject III gained weight slowly from an initial weijtt of 60 k:.. to 62 kg.‘ at the close of the study. Subject IV consistently lost weight from week to week. She was 64 k3.. at the be- ginning of the study and 65 kr.. at the close. A careful inspection of the activity records of the four young women revealed that all were moderately active. The average energy expenditure per day as estimated from the activity records were for Subject I, 1594 calories; Subject II, 2037 calories; Subject III, 2257 calories; and Subject IV, 2156 calories. These energy expenditures seemed 5' ish in comparison with the average caloric intakes of the \_J ('40 U‘ o -t- u je .s. The caloric evaluation and comparison of specific nutrients were based on the food records kept by the subjects. As estimated, the average caloric intake and the intake of eight otier nutrients are presented in Table IV. The caloric intake as well as the intake of several nutrients are below National Research Council's recommendations for women of this ate group. In particular, the intake of . ‘1'- III.- ll'“n.l:".'l. I..- . ' ' t'ill'l'- lllt’-..’ O ‘|I|l'l'.l.l.- C l'i ' n"llll| ,l... '1'." | . C . . -ll‘ 1“. .omcwa ohm cpH PAH...Il-.LT - o-.._-_...p.——..-.-.—---~--ov- «- ---. o.-—..-....—._....---—... -—o——-..——-- —— ----—- - — ”’m-ah---‘ .‘ -— Subject F Values Cb ained :redictoc T Values” 1 chance 1 chance in 20 in 100 h- - --.fl~---¢ -. }--i 5.9 2.86 4.54 I'd F—i 1.74 2.60 5.96 r4 4 1.76 2.72 4.2 IV 1.14 5.50 6.19 . —o g '- - ---— .--.--.--.~-—-—-——-—.—.. --~‘ J; "‘ ne.uired for a significant result. ‘d-.-- -. -53- i Zin!. 7 “3*.“ '1 F‘T “7“ “"ATA "Twin“ 7' TO?‘ “.T‘F‘ . 7‘ 7‘“. 0’3.“ 6*! Mfr-’1 “"1“? . MAHAA.‘ I": 1‘ 1. :11.) -._4._.‘1_Ou__-;.'. «0-3.1: I 5-11.».-- 31‘ 113.1. ...'_‘...3 1 1 J n-rm .- 5“ fi "'07"?3 1"C‘. 77;“ ”i . T o "J 7‘71"! ‘T-"T: C‘ A‘ T" X‘U'v 1' "7 7'1 *3 434.43 Trn~ro \JXVJ' 4.; CJ.‘ I - .1 ”1 Ami; I 421 ‘4‘--L “4.1 ) .L.‘.‘J..L ._(q" 4 .L. -.. . -1AL :Jiuh . --" .‘L - - ~~ .- - ‘ --‘-‘ - -“- O ‘ O.“ — ‘_ ‘ I - '——-. --“~.- IO.“ — --- 4—.-- “‘ mm--—o-—-—.——‘—-.—o Subject Che week fenstrration One week The rest of before (1-4) days after the menstrual menstruation menstruation cvcle .1 no. no. no. no. obs. obs. obs. cos. .i .q C! C] 0 OJ C. ) .45. 03 N) . xN .15 CO C)! FP- . H t I) lb (N H C .q 0 7.16 3 52.64 4 55.91 H H (3‘: OJ ()1 O J1 J1 CT Ca 1— i I— l .1 .p. C23 9 0 rdl CO C) C, 1 C. 1 O O C») g (N C". O O CO ()1 U] 01 O I 0 C)! TIT tb- Cr] H . rp- Q 4:. (\3 o C CD -\'1 .4; (Y) CL) O \f) 01 [\3 03 O C N) 01 C»! C! o O (U m U1 Averages 21 55.70 24 51.77 15 52.77 -59- of menstruation (one to four), the week immediately after the cessation of menstruation, and for the remainder of the menstrual cycle. The averazes for all periods on four women indicate a pre-menstrual rise, a lowering of metabolism dur- ing menstruation, a post-menstrual drOp, and a gradual in- crease of metabolism between the week after and the week before menstruation. The individual rhythms varied somewhat from this general trend except in tubject I. In qubject IV the post—menstrual drOp is not evident, but otherwise the '7- pattern is the same. in Subject I: the peak of the rise in metabolism is reached during menstruation and thereafter lowering and rise of metabolism are recorded in the periods following menstruation. In Subject III, after the menstrual drop, the metabolism reaches a plateau during the post- menstrual week. In the third period the metabolism rises very rapidly, followed by a slight lowering in the ore-mens- trual week. The different patterns of variance of metabolism of the four subjects during the menstrual cycle are clearly depicted in Figure I. T's ’1: N "'_) "'t . n' L ‘ f\ '-h'. “.4. n. A54. g a. I .. I a n . - ,TJ‘. Afi. A. A . L. A 4 . n w l l. _ n; Y r ~ A . .l .71 s... - _.¢._ ‘2‘?“7'7" 11“ w: .I T... T W. n u... 0 a; .3 +5 .vu -3 W h S a mu 3 _ n R u n 1. 1 C C G G 1 a , 1 . . y . .s . .. L r._ « fl . fill D1 . f a. ‘ AH II. I O w M 7. fl. 2; A. 0 e no , . . . . all“ . .. ~ 4 VI . . x _ T 7 \ .u s g r, a ..‘ r . - AIL; film ”7 a. l ‘l M. a l\. _ c i J. v i _ , H _ H . n1. . . 4 .. . . . w r. n \l n ‘x ,1 {1 V I". ‘ .l .. .rL \n J , , fl. .1. u .51 .unlH awuu fix 4 a 1k ‘ch 7.. T a: WL V at a T a n 7;. n. J a f r . “1... i 4‘ C k \ ._./ :oter are ah“ ‘I - em 01 54 { CR \ 3] L0 51 5f“ 29 T30 week ‘wfrre ”wastruqtiffl 1. anqtr‘ation mhe week fj-‘fl Tails ffiter r“ 3'1 U '7‘ “I .r‘i‘w H Al.‘ ~.,\ The res, of the ! '1 T" ‘ ‘7. L .I‘ 1’1”“- rfrslcr The subjects of the study were healthy individuals as proved by the absence of disease and by their ability to carry successfully a full tine college schedule. Also their pulse rate, respiration, body temperature, blood pressure and hemoglobin were within the range for normal women. All of them were moderately active individuals subject alike to the strains of a collerc life. They were under similar climatic conditions. Subject III was accustomed to a temperate climate, the rest were from trOpical or sub-trOpical regions, unused to the rigors of a hard winter. Subject IV was American but she came from Arkansas which has a warm climate. All of them had a short period to adjust themselves to the very changeable Tichigan weather. A question arises, concerning the satisfactory nutrition of the subjects because of the discrepancy noted between the energy expenditure as estimated from the activity records and the caloric intake as evaluated from food records. The average energy expenditure uer day for all the subjects was much greater than the average caloric intake. As stated be- fore the day's activities of a subject were summarized and according to the judgment of the investigator, best fitted into some of the categories of activities for which Sherman (1946) has listed factors. The total expenditure of calories per day was calculated from the summary by use of Sherman's table. The calorie intakes were based on food records kept by the participants and evaluated with the help of food tables. It is possible owing to lack of precise information on the recipes or size of portions of food eaten the caloric intake of food records may have been under estimated. Iowever low caloric intakes have been reported previously in surveys on non-emaciated normal women. Patterson and Ycfienry (1941) reported an average of 1950 calories per person in Toronto families. "11am (1942) reported 1577 calories for white women and 1445 calories for Negro women in Eorth Carolina. Winters and Leslie (1945, 1944) observed the averafe calories for American women of low or moderate income in the United States to be 1452 calories. Toreover the unpublished data in this laboratory1 suggest the energy values of weighed diets determined by the bomb calorimeter were close to cal- oric estimates, calculated from food records. Keys (1950) stated that there was no evidence or valid argument that the caloric intake data from surveys were generally or even frequently under estimates. Since clinical under nutrition with regard to calories was not characteristic of the persons studied in these surveys, it must be concluded that the - —.M - .- .- _——_-—--'-.o*-o.'—-——-——-— . o _. -_- 1 By courtesy of Dr. Tar recrrled caloric intakes were,ou the averase at leash equal to all caloric expenditures. The above statement is applic- able to caloric intake and outeo of subjects I, II, III, who maintained or increased in weight during the study. Tesides r caloric intakes as estimated were above their basal Ho tile expenditures by 159 calories, 52 calories and 292 calories respectively. however these margins for activities are small. Subject I and II were small women and caloric intakes of 1290 and 1425 were probably sufficient for the maintenance of their health. Subject III was a large woman but she had an averafe caloric intake per day of 1578 calories. As she gained weight it is surmised that she was not under nourished. Ert subject IV, who was also a large woman, lost weight dur- ing the perio of study and ate 69 fewer calories than re- quired to meet her measured basal needs. Therefore her average intake of 1150 indicate a deqree of undernourishment. Yer low basal metabolism and very small fat pads also point to this conclusion. The above discussion points to the fact that the present methocs of evaluation of energy expenditure are unsatisfactory and more basic information is necessary rewarding a precise evaluation of enerfiy output by individuals. The basal metabolic rates of the young women are com- pared in terms of calories per square meter per hour. Th predicted calories for this age group are 55.7. The average .1. J- heat production of all the other subjects is below prediction. The subjects are ranked below in order of their heat produc- tion. Calories per square reter per hour Subject I 55.09 Subject III 55,54 Subject I 32.40 Stbjeot I? 50.3A TLe above fifiures are in relation to actual we‘qht. The calories per square peter per hour computed by using the predicted weights yresent essentially the same picture (Table V, page 57). Gubject I? who probably was undernourished tends to have the lowest basal metabolic rate. Such a lower- ing of basal metabolic rate due to undernutrition has been observed by Talbot (1958). The percentafie deviation from the Aub and Dufois stand— ard is least for Subject II and most for ”ubject IV. From the Aub and DuFois standard Qubject I to Iv deviate minus 9.2 per cent, minus 2.7 per cent, minus 5.? per cent and minus 15 per cent respectively. The ieviation from standards for Subject I is close to what has been reported in previous studies namely 14 per cent telow the Aub and UuBois standard for a 21 year old Chinese girl studied by Ilunt and bye (1921) or 10.2 per cent below the same standard for six Chinese girls and two Japanese girls reported by Tacteod, Crofts and Toned’ct (1925). Subject II deviated less than v-\ the 17 per cent below the Aub and nu ois standard reported by Mason and Eenedict ( 951) and Yrishnan and Vareed (1952) for Indian woren. The data recorded for this subject agreed with Tose and he's (1954) investigation that Indian women on a mixed diet have a metabolism close to Tnfted States standards. The d viation shown by Tubject III is the same as that (D reported for normal Caucasian women, Tenedict (1953). The obser ation of a 15 per cent deviation from the Aub and Du- -._.‘ rois standard on Subject IV is very sirfler to that reported for American nefro women by Harwell and Wakeham (1945). This study confirrs to a surprising dejree the results obtained by previous investigators on subjects from the four races. This confirmation makes ore wonder wtether the dif- ferent races ea”? a fixed pattern of metabolism irdependent of enviroruental influences. however, daucasian women in Ana'ralia and in America also shcw deviations from the stand— Jwa ard wiich come within U1 ranges observed in the present ~ l study. lee present prediction standards probably are hich even for the populations for which they were intended to be 3 . \ - 0 . rseg. enedict (1928) stated that the studies on a Ier“e w-l V nurber of narral American wonen has led to ttc obvervation Q ‘resent standards are too hlffl and should be lowered d' h—J ;.J CD C‘?‘ ,L. gl :3“ (D f x by about five per cent. Eben such a five per cent correction for fron the standard became fractically negligible etzojt analtsis of U day to Ray comrared v.- J. ,. 1 P833 Cu u. b Stdaje lander than demonstrated by the other three subjects page 59). ’ihether the stability manifested by qubfect T individual trait or whether hard is women, the variations in the basal metabolism of as well as woren from Tte results of this method of pyroach to the with a to tell. 0 L) .‘h- 710'] other racial ( study 01 ('1 21" e the data in the present study the deviatiers vvriation of the basal metabolism from with one day of testint reveals that more uniform dejree of relaxation (Table VI, is an due to unusual amount of poise and repose it refresented a meneral characteristic of Chinese it would be of interest to explore other Chinese women ., - fl 01.193. inconclusive but the D racial differences of netabolism instifies further exploration. Li The variation of the basal metabolism of the subjects durinfi the menstrual cycle indicated a premenstrual rise and a lowering durinf menstrual the reports of Snell, Ford and Rowentree Z0 (19 5), Fenedict and (1930), Taxwell and Takeham (1. fieriod. Tu Obs Finn (lass , ervation is i r ‘x A x n accordance with (1920) wakeham Conk in and TecClendon 5). .L The tirhest metabolic rate in Subject IT appeared to occur during menstruation followed by a drop in the week following the cessation of menstruation. Euch a contradic- tory case has been reported in the literature by Conklin and Tacilendon (1950) and Wible (JTSlE. Since the menstrual cycle was divided arbitrarily into four oeriods, the occurrence of the high and low points in the different reriods for different subjects as indicated in Table VTT rays 50 and ;i:ure I, pare 61, probably is not imoortant, as these are thoughts to be related to the rhythrs of ovulation, which are not reasureable from the data of this study. The inportant observation in these data is that a rise and lowering of the basal metabolism occurred in all of the four subjects. AMMA)“ AifD Cox'o LT'QTP‘TC I--.‘ N-‘I'J 'H...~.n—‘v-ua The basal metabolism of four younc women of Tichigan Ttate Colle e belonji n3 to differert races ietween the ates Cf 50 to 55 years, was observed durina the winter months of 1950. “ixteen to 26 tests were made on each suoject. The snb’ects were physically fit and lived in a similar environ- intbrooo etric leasurements of the subjects showed that their body pronortions were within the averajes reported for Taucasian women. The averafe wei3hts of Subjects 1 to IV were 49.0 kg., 02.? hi., 61.1 (3., and 63. 9 k3. resnectivoly, and the predictsq weights in preportion to the bony size and denth and contour of the rat pads were 49. 5 kg 53 k3., 65 I k3., and 65 kc. ‘ The averafie basal metabolic rate evrres sec?; in calories per sQuare meter per hour was for Subject I, 52.40; subject 71, 55.09; Subject III, 35.54 and for Subject I? 50.34, according to actual wei3ht, and accordin3 to yreiicted weijht the rates were 52.?7, 37.39, 52.66, 29.90 resfectivelv. U The variation of basal metabolism from the Arb and Du- Tois standard was for °ubject I, -O.? per cent, Subject Ti, -2.7 per cent, Subject Iii, -5.3 per cent, and subject 1V, -lu. oer cent. An analysis of variance of basal m tabolic rate from (1) day to day compared with variance within one day of testin3 -59- 1 snowed that Qubfect T bad a more stable metabolism than the cther three subjects who showed almost the same defree oi variability. The basal metabolism of the subjects underwent cyclic variations. The “eneral trend showed a premenstrual rise, a lowering of metabolism duriny nenstruatior, and a post menstrual droy, followed by a 3radua1 rise thereafter. ‘0 defin’te conclusions were drawn from the data as the number Cf subjects studied were few. Deviations in the recorded studies were within the ranges found for American college women in different sections of the country. further studies in the pattern of this euneriment using a greater nuvber of subjects in each racial 3roup are sug- gested for investifisting the racial factor in metabolism. -70.. Almeide, 1924 Taldwin, 105 9 Tanergi, O51 Tenedict, 1927 Tenedict, 1928 5enedict, 1955 Tlunt, K. 1921 Tose, J. 1954 T 17113.33 :n 77.3”? m "171 7:" u-l-_.A....J.L.. J. .LL J - -5..._4.J 13. Co Te “ethnolimwe‘vxal de l'hmmmatropical. I Ibysiol. et Fsth. 3e1. 22, 12 ted by Wilson, a. i. 1943’“ :33 l metabolism from the standjoirt of racial anthropology. An. w. Phys. 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L T; , .1 1., w A I ‘14 TASL: VIII ASAL ESTA CIIC H T23 CF ST'JE“T I Date Calories P r hour Per square meter per hour Actual weight Predicted weight 1-19 50.6 55.71 55.71 47.0 51.51 51.50 1-26 46.2 51.05 50.82 48.0 52.22 52.01 2-2 47.9 51.55 51.55 47.C 51.94 51.94 2-9 45.5 50.51 50.51 45.7 29,15 29.15 2-16 48.6 52.57 52.57 46.3 51.19 51.19 51.5 54.42 54.19 5-2 46.5 51.01 51.01 47.4 51.61 51.61 5-9 49.0 52.19 51.97 49.0 52.19 51.9 5—25 49.5 55.46 52.09 50.5 54.01 55.56 5-25 55.2 54.?7 54.64 5-29 51.4 54.47 54.24 49.7 52.69 52.47 --.— ~.—-..o——.—.-—- -'-—w-—- --.—.—-__—-...--— ' — ‘- “ Kenstrual days . -—.—.~~.——o—-.~-_. ——.—. - TAL:..LLJ ._ . 43AL fiETAEOLlG TATLS 03 97” BPT II Date Calories Per hour Per square meter per hour Actual weight Predicted weight 1-21 55.9 54.09 56 54 52.0 51.75 5 05 1-29 51.5 51.26 5 51 57.5 55.04 5 56 2-4 57.5 54.95 7.44 56.4 54.40 56.87 2-11 54.0 55.15 55 50 68.0 41.72 4 45 2- 8 52.2 52.02 54 11 55.7 54.19 56. 2 2-25 57.9 55.21 57 75 56.0 54.11 56.57 5-5 60.4 56.58 5 44 64.7 59.19 42.26 5-11‘ 57.3 55.29 57 - 57.0 54.76 57 25 5-18 55.5 52.72 54.96 55.5 52.72 54.86 5-28 59.7 56.20 5» 04 61.4 57.24 40 6 58.6 55.55 59.52 4-5‘~ 55.3 40.41 4' 05 59., 56.16 56.52 42"_) 49.0 29.90 5? 05 55.5 55.74 56 17 __’“-Q__;f_genstrual days_ w‘_~__ _______ fine ’“7fifNP 'W“DAWKV‘ fl oft‘rmnm -r .‘4 .I.A.I -.J.JJ-A_‘.\-)L—-—J 511*-JJ Of .1 I "1.4%.. IJII Calories Per hour Per square meter per hour Actual weight Predicted weight 60.5 55.56 54.55 61.9 56.22 55.19 57.4 55.57 52.62 55.6 52.54 51.61 54.1 51.61 50.72 57.6 55.65 52.70 55.6 51.52 50.45 54.5 51.64 50.94 60.6 55.24 54.44 53.9 54.22 55.44 60.6 55.24 54.44 52.2 56.69 51.95 56.9 54.42 55.44 52.1 54.17 55.01 59.0 54.69 55.51 52.2 55.65 55.06 60.9 55.12 54.52 53.5 55.97 55.10 54.6 51.74 51.02 52.0 50.76 50.06 56.4 52.77 52.05 * Tenstrual days r-r- TM LE A ‘é?flL1*”“‘OLK)RA“‘3(HFSUEJIH?IV Date Calories Per hour Per square meter per hour Actual weight Predicted weight o- - -- 50.0 23.” 28.65 2.2* 51.2 29.61 29.44 56.0 60.66 60.45 2-9 46.4 26.95 26.64 51.6 29.99 29.65 51.9 60.20 29.25 2—26 57.2 66. 61 66.06 52.2 60.51 29.99 3—2* 50.1 29. 47 22.79 4:902 28.95 29.28’ 6-9 54.2 61.68 61.14 56.6 61.16 60.66 3‘13 52.5 50.96 50.15 51.6 60.65 29.65 \ o- “ Ienstrual days -—.-—.... c»- -- --~ .-..—._._.. - - Res. Name Date Record of Day's Activity Activity - - m-” ,_-_-, ,_ A.M. 6:00 - 7:30 7:30 - 8:00 __§:00 — 9:00 9:00 - 10:00 £199 ‘- 14500 -amnyw " ~:-__ P “if _. _12.~cg . 1:00 1:00 — 2:0 - - ”wan-flu; jflbhw .mg;oo - 8:00 8:00 - 9:00 9:00 - 10:00 10:03 - ‘ -. I .,. l u: Q I ‘ o . . ~v9v . -- no “r u ". . .I 04. '1 C C . V M. .. I .u' s “-0 —.~. I I « . . . . .5 a u I ’3 O a. .u. s... d l '0 0"! O o . c .- o- ‘ . - ~- ' J‘ o o -‘ . -a- I 1‘ .‘u-u“ - '00. .no:\ in. ~,. - t. o n - a. .~'I Ii.’I 0 ~ .s- '0‘. ‘. n. l \ o . . 0' g n g .P u o ’1' ~. 5 v .' - c 1. ,u r - n‘ I .- ... . u . .. — - \ u. .v-o .< n- i V , , , ., .. - .. . . .L . . _ ‘ - -c '1 ...-. ..-. r y. 'f—l .v. .‘ , I. - u ' ,0 a n n n .n‘ .a. . §c A t no» 0 a OH. O . .. a 0 o ‘ ‘.‘ u . - . ‘\ .0 0.." C" '0‘ .0 u I l -"" ...| . 5 “d' O _ . A . .- l . t .. ~0v“ ur-a C I h...- o . o . u I Res. Name Date Summary of Day's Activities j 0 . I No. hours i I Total actinty per day FaCtor Calorie S Sleeping, Sitting Standing Laboratory - Class Laundry - Ironing Walking slowly Active exercise Physical Education (gggrse: ) _ Rand as walking fast -Other activity: Total . a: ,: . -p~ Q . 4 - . v -. . I . ,u n' . \ . ' . ‘v x I -- up ~ .. ‘ . v H‘.‘v N-.- in - '00-‘- - a .- . o It "Or— .s - own- \ .- —‘ .fla.“ ~0 —- c o.- u l I ‘ I I' '- ---~I so. ' .0...‘ . .p . . 'wh— l—v. - I c ., — . .4 o . c u . ' 1 v ' - u-n . a. s .v .p . .l‘ . - ; .. < . , . - ~o . a. - . 'I O- F.— - . .- - -- t... 1" 0' Cu. §D-'-l a. “.n .4.”-—Q .5 Q ’0uh~/> o 0 CI. «b unv- - -~-- - n. v “-0—. o I-vu. I“-"-— ' '.... yr: . " un-qa...‘ own-u rm. - , c... . .— & . . .. w~a .'Q A“... v- ROOM USE O m 3‘LY ”w“... _..;u--—-t'1 ——-—- h