5AM ANAWSSS OF 73% 5295553455 a! . ' WALLACE a. FAR‘RXNGTOM GOVERNOR m :fiWAiL. 19214929. ' 1319323 {or flu Dam~ M M. A. . MICHIGAN sun Coma! ' ' ' "Herbbrt Liu 1952 I . i ' fifth-.14“ ' I- M d 4 \ my I. l ,‘g‘i‘ .. o M‘flgnl ‘ . "'» ’ f9 «_ .34". This it to certify that ,the E thesis entitled . ll ‘ 1. E . I An Analysis of The — . E Speeches of Wallace E . ,‘ mi der Farrington, ’ - ‘ Governor of Hawaii, ’- E 1921-mamd by x g 5 Herbert Liv. ‘ has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for l \ _M._A.._deqree in_S.pee.ch_ . .a’ 'j \ . r o I ‘- Major professor 3' E Date August 13, 1952 ' 3 ”35‘5““ i -. . ;‘ ‘ .- 7. .- 2‘ 1 g ’r AN ANAEYSIS OF THE SPEECHES 0F WALLACE R. FARRINGTON, GOVERNOR OF HAWAII, 1921-1929 BY Herbert Liu M A THESIS Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Speech, Dramatics, and Radio Education 1952 lo 'I ‘I‘ 5’?“ ’L’il' 6". wallaoe Rider Fbrrington C'Dlif‘fl dthfifilC; ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My debt of gratitude to all who have helped me pursue this theme is unlimited. During the summer of 1951 the idea for the dissertation grew out of several conferences with Drs. David Potter of Michigan State College and Lionel Cracker of Denison University. The author further acknowledges his debt of gratitude to his wife who shares the credit for any merits the thesis may have, without being in any sense liable for its errors. He is grateful to Drs. Wilson B. Paul and Max'Nelson, and Miss Beatrice Hartman for their interest aid encouragement. Personal interviews were graciously granted by Delegate Joseph Rider Farrington, Hawaii's delegate to the United States, former Governor Lawrence M. Judd of Hawaii, Miss Henrietta Freitas, Mr. A. J. Freitas, Mr.‘Walter'R. Coombs, Mr. Walter R. Dunham, mr. John F. Stone, mr. Henry P. Beckley, mr. Riley H. Allen, the late Dr. Arthur L. Dean, former President of the University of Hawaii, Mr. George H. Miranda, and Mr. Akiyoshi Hayashida. EABIB OF CONTENTS CHIPTER I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . II. BIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . Imaily background . . Education . . . . . . The newspapernan . . The Governor . . . . O O O O 0 III. ‘RIASGNS FOR IABBINGTON'S SUCCESS . . Personal attributes O. . Resourcefulness . . . T‘O t O O O O O O O O 0 .Ability to make and hold friends His interest in people Speaking ability . . . . Ability to analyze his .lbility to command the audience . . . . . . Types of proof . . . . llethod of organization Style . . . . . . . . .Delivery . . . . . . . Types of conclusions . Conclusion . . . . . . . and their audience attention pr ob lens . of his BIG! \OWPWWP l6 16 16 18 18 19 20 20 28 35 38 #5 50 51 53 CHAPTER PIC! IV. SUMMER! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 InauguralAddress................. 60 Americanisn is Real Issue Here . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Governor Urges Care for Welfare of People . . . . . 73 Rehabilitation to Open Door of Opportunity for Hawaiians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Territory of Hawaii (Message to the Legislature) . . 86 Addreseofwelcone.l................ 120 Hawaii'sAlohaisPeaccPower ........... 125 A list .of representative messages . . . . . . . . . 129 BIOGRAPHYOFTEEAUTHOR............... 131 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study is to disclose the stature of Governor Farrington as a public speaker. Such a study should be of interest to students of the spoken word for it shows how the sixth Governor of the important Territory of Hawaii met difficult situations and unraveled them through persuasion. This study is primarily an introductory treatment of a territorial governor's public speaking. In it the author has reviewed the speeches of Farrington throughout his gover- norship, 1921-1929. This has been done in order to point out the themes most generally used; to analyze the effectiveness of his use of the spoken word; and to show his relation to the speech situation, the audience and the occasion. In addition, a brief biographical sketch and an evaluation of his person- ality have been included in order to present a better balanced picture of the man. The author encountered considerable difficulty in ob- taining the speeches of Farrington from the Territorial Archives and the libraries in Hawaii for, up to 1929, the idea of collect- ing materials on Farrington had not been initiated. There is no available collection of Farrington's speeches during the period of his governorship. Farrington's private library was not made available for this study, consequently most of the textual material uncovered by the author was taken from.the messages to the Legislature, and from local Hawaiian news- papers and magazines for the years 1921 through 1929. Information concerning Farrington's educational back- ground was supplied by the Registrar of the University of Maine. The newspapers which were utilized are as follows: the Honolulu Stag-Bulletin, the Honolulu Advertiser, the M M £1; (now the Hawaii TM); the local magazines are: the Paradise 31: the Pacific, the Mid-Pacific Magazine, and _t_h_e. £313.99.- Speeches were also reported in material from the Territorial Archives, the Honolulu Star-Bulletin Library, the Hawaii Sugar Planters Association Library, the University of Hawaii Library, and the Library of Hawaii. CHAPTER II BIOGRAPHY Family background. Wallace Rider Farrington was born May 3, 1871 in what is now Mount Vernon House of the University of Maine, Orono, Maine.1 The Farringtons had six children, five sons and a daughter. In 1881, when‘Wallace was ten, his parents moved to Portland, Maine. Instead of taking Wallace with them, his parents sent him to live with his grandmother at Brewer, a village between Bangor and Orono, thinking it wiser that he grow up away from the environment of a state school for boys.2 He was of English descent. His family came to new England early in the seventeenth century. His father was Joseph Rider Farrington, whose family moved from.wrenthmn, massachusetts to Brewer, Heine immediately following the Revolutionary‘War. Through his father's notable work in ed- ucation and in agriculture at Heine State College and at the state school for boys, wallace gained much of his zeal for public welfare. "His mother was Ellen R. Holyokc whose ances- tors came to America on the Mayflower. . . . He was reared in an atmosphere of intense desire for knowledge and of manual 1 T. S. Hardy,‘Wallace Rider Farrington, Henolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 153., I955. p. 5. 2 Ibid., p. 6. labor which is the foundation of production. Small wonder, then, that on reaching maturity lallace, himself, lent of his labor with indefatigable zeal toward the betterment of human affairs."3 lducation. At the age of twenty in 1891, rarringtcn 'was graduated from the University of Maine with the degree of Bachelor of Science. The institution was then the Maine State College of Agriculture and the lbchanic Arts. He was one of several brothers who attended the University. In June 1931, the University conferred the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws upon him. Public speaking was not a part of the curriculum.at the thee he attended the university and debating had not been established. Ilr. Farrington.was, however, interested in speaking and in the business side of the college monthly news magazine. He was appointed to compete for the Prentiss Prize for the best Sophomore Declamation and during his Junior year he was appointed to deliver a theme at the Junior‘lxhibiticn. He spoke on “Our Scientific Colleges.” ‘He was elected to de- liver the prophecy on Class Day at the Commencement in 1891. He also delivered a Senior theme at the Commencement exercises when he spoke on fihgricultural Journaliaa." At the annual banquet of the editorial and business staff of ghg_ggggt in June 1891, he spoke on "The Influence of the Press.“ it the . 3 Iditorial, "Tribute to a.Life of.Aehievement," Paradise 2; the Pacific, Vol.-h5. No. 11, Hovember 1933. p. 3. end of his Sophomore year he was elected Assistant Business Manager of The Cadet and in June 1890, he was elected the Business Manager of The Cadet. He was chosen by the editors to represent The Cadet at the New England Intercollegiate Press Association in Boston on February 22, 1890. He was elected to the Executive Committee of the Association.‘ The following brief item on mr. Farrington appeared with articles of his fellow classmates prior to graduation: wallace R. Farrington of Cape Elizabeth may be said to be a son of the institution since he was born in Orono while his father was Superintendent of the mains State College Farm. He was prepared at Bridgton Aca- demy for entering college. He has served the Coburn Cadets as Corporal, 1st Sergeant and Captain of Co. A, and he also commanded the selected company which gave exhibition drills in Bangor and Orono in November 1890. The Cadet has had the benefit of his business ability, as he acted in the capacity of Assistant and Chief Business Manager, and his literary ability is known to those who were present gt the Sophomore and Junior exhibitions of his class. Th3 newspaperman. The greater part of Wallace Rider Farrington's active years was spent in the business of build- ing newspapers. Following his graduation from.college in 1891 he joined the staff of the Bangor News, "presumably as a cub reporter and left it the same year--the year of his graduation from.the State College--as night editor."6 h The information concerning Farrington's education ‘was sent to the author by Mr. James A. Gannett, Registrar, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, on July 8, 1952. s‘ng. cit. (letter of July 8, 1952) 6 Hardy, gp. cit., p. 14. Thereafter, with brief periods of "beginner's luck," Farrington held a succession of administrative positions. He was briefly "on the Staff” of the'Kennebec Journal at Augusta, the state capital of Maine. From.Augusta he went to Lewieton, Maine as "reporter and news editor” of the Sun. This Job lasted only a short time, for in the same year (1892) he blossomed as "associate editor" of the Phelps Publishing Company at Springfield,Massachusetts.7 In 1924 he wrote to Stuart Blythe of the Country Gentleman, regarding his employment by the Phelps Publishing Company: I secured my position with Herbert myrick back in 1892 by answering an advertisement in the Country Gentleman. This advertisement stated that an associate editor was needed for an agricultural publication, and those replying were requested to give a statement of their ideas as to the qualities necessary to 8 assure the success of an agricultural publication. Farrington got his Job on the strength of his written reply to the advertisement, but the job lasted only two years for in 1894 he was officially recorded as the editor and one of the founders of the Rockland (Maine) Daily Star. It would seem, however, that Harrington's ambition was greater than his experience. The Daily Star went out of business that same year. In 1894 he went to New‘York and worked as a re- porter for the New Yerk Commercial. 7 Ibid., p. 15. 81-22- 91.2- In New York an old friend, Charles R. Buckland, from Springfield, massachusetts introduced him.to Henry N. Castle, then editor of the Pacific Commercial Advertiser of Honolulu. Castle, a young man of thirty-two, was greatly attracted to Farrington and promptly offered him employment. Farrington, only twenty-three, immediately accepted his offer.9 Farrington stepped ashore in Honolulu on.November 22, 1894 and started as a waterfront reporter. On January 2, 1895, less than two months later, he assumed the editorship of the Pacific Commercial Advertiser. As a newspaperman Farrington learned many lessons, one in particular which stuck with him.for lifc--the meaning of "It can't be done.” .a quotation from.a part of one of his speeches regarding "It can't be done" follows: ‘We have a definite program.laid out for us. we have to prove that American principles and ideals and institutions will operate as successfully in this part of the United States, and that the ele- ments centering here in this outpost will operate as successfully as they have done in any other part of the United States. And you have a part in that program. When anyone says "It can't be done," just remember that is the thing for us to do. ‘Your problem is Just the same as mane, and that is to make the most of opportunities and demonstrate that we can do it as 1811 here as in any other part of the United States. Hr. Riley H. Allen, a close associate of Farrington said that he had never known him.to "start a row" with a 9 Ibid., p. 16. 1° Ibid., p. 136. competitor. But, if the competitor fired at him he did not hesitate, if he felt so moved, to return the fire. Farrington did not believe in "newspaper rows" and that is one of the reasons why he was greatly pleased when the Hawaiian Star and 11 Th3 Evening Bulletin merged in 1912. ‘Mr. Farrington always believed that the justification of a newspaper was its coverage of the news. Although his paper published the first comic strip and the first comic section in Hawaii and was the leader in many newspaper fea- tures, he never weakened in his conviction that the first duty of a newspaper was to publish the news, and all of the news. In following this conviction, he spent more for news than did any other publisher in Hawaii.12 He was quick to make use of the cable. Consequently, when the Commercial Pacific Cable Company commenced operations in the Islands thirty-four years ago, Farrington was the first to utilize its source. He adopted for Thg_Evenigg Bulletin the effective ex- pression, ”Today's News Today." Farrington had always been a skillful gatherer of news, being especially interested in the human element. For many years The Evenipg Bulletin carried a column with the heading "Loca1.and Personal" and daily Farrington added items.13 11 Riley H. Allen, wallace Rider Farrin ton, Newspaper- man, Henolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Ltd., §9§7. p. 15. 12 Ibid., p. 16. 13 Ibid., p. 17. To his news staff he said: ”Let the other fellow call names. It doesn't hurt you any unless they‘re true."1“ To his advertising and circulating staff he said: 1 ”Sell your own product--don't waste your customer's time talking about the other fellow. We‘re getting out a good newspaperuif you tell all its good points, you won't have any time left to talk about your competitor.'15 ' 2h; Governor. Farrington was first appointed to the governorship by President Warren G. Harding on June 2, 1921 and took the oath of office July 5, 1921. After his appoint- ment he called in former Governors, Sanford B. Dole and George R. Carter, to thank them for their support and to assure them that he valued their advice and cooperation. He also received the generous assistance and counsel of former Governor Walter 1'. Freer who was away from the Territory at the time of rarrington's inauguration.“ Governor rarrington took over the dities of governor at a time when a steady hand was particularly needed. Hawaii had expanded at a rate which exceeded even the highest desires and hopes of her business and industrial leaders. But accompanying this expansion were serious problems. Among the 1h Ibid., p. 15. 15 99.9.- 2.1.3;- 16 as... pp. $3., p. 166. 10 problems faced by Governor Farrington.during his eight years in office were: (1 The Japanese problem in 1923. (2 The marketing problem.in 1925. (3) The problems of growing Americans in 1927. (4) The major*problem.of taxation in 1929. In handling the Japanese problem.rarrington was very tactful, yet firm. He made it known that Hawaii was a Territory of the united States--an integral part of the American Union. He made known the opportunities for.American youth of alien ancestry in this land of the free. In the marketing problem.he recommended the establish- ment of a county agent system. The legislature did not approve so he secured the services of Uhiversity of Hawaii specialists. Then he requested an expansion in the budget for the extension service of the university. In the problems of the growing Americans, Farrington sought to help the native-born citizens who were seeking gainful occupation. ‘He recommended that local industry employ citizens of the Territory instead of importing labor- ers from.ather lands. To settle the problem of taxation Farrington suggested the authorization of a scientific method of valuation for the real and personal property of the Territory and, to further the financing of local self government, he asked Congress to permit a local gasoline tax.17 17 lallaoe a. Iarrington, “Message to the Legislature," Fifteenth Session, February 20, 1929. Honolulu: Paradise 2; the Pacific. p. 31. 11 Governor Farrington participated actively in politics. As he told a reporter of The Advertiser, "Good government starts right at home." The Governor felt that the first responsibility of every citizen was to get in touch with his own precinct organization. He believed this was a funda- mental necessity for good government. Farrington said also that there were at least forty precincts on the Island and that if every one had a good, live organization in which everyone took an interest, there would be no need to complain about the local government.18 In the days when political parties were first organized in Hawaii, Farrington worked for statehood. He drafted state- hood resolutions for’Republican conventions and sometimes for the legislature. Farrington knew that not everyone agreed statehood was a goal Hawaii wished to establish.19 Statehood ‘was foremost in his mind. For six years he preached it be- fore the subject became front page news in July 1927.20 Governor Farrington's achievements may be attributed to his perseverance as told by John J. Tigert, United States Commissioner of Education, in regard to Hawaii's Bill of Rights: "He was on the job night and day and performed all the functions from that of a dignified diplomat to a messenger 18 The Honolulu.Advertiser, September 12, 1923. 19 Hardy, 920 gin—ED, p. 1L5. 2° Ibid., p. 148. 12 boy in getting it through. So far as I know it was one of the very first measures put through the present Congress.”21 Outstanding among his achievements during the first of his two terms in office was the adoption by the Congress of the United States of Hawaii's Bill of Rights in 1924. Farring- ton recognized the discrimination on the part of the Federal Government against Hawaii, its failure to recognize the status of the Territory, and its failure to extend to the Islands the benefits of thousands of dollars in federal ex- penditures to which Hawaii felt it was entitled.22 The Bill of Rights was drafted in consultation with a few of the Governor's close advisors and was presented to the local legislature. It was adopted and finally sent to the Congress of the United States where it went through the long process of legislative enactment and became a law on March 10, 1924. Farrington assembled data on Hawaii's contributions to the federal treasury and took his case to washington. During the months that he sought to bring about the adoption of the bill he established personal contacts which have been of great value to the Territory.23 Hawaii's Bill of Rights was followed by extension to 21 Honolulu Star-Bulletin, June 2, 1924. 22 Ibid., June 29, 1929. 23 Lee. M. 13 her of federal aid for roads in the amount of $365,000 a year. The sum of $30,000 of federal monies became available annually under the Smith-Hughes Act for vocational education; also, under the Shepard-Towner Law, $13,500 per anum.was granted by the Federal Government to be matched by the Territory for edu- cation of mothers in maternal and infant hygiene.2h The Hawaii National Park was established in 1923, through a series of land exchanges which brought the total area of the park up to 141,895 acres, setting aside for tourist and natives alike some of the greatest scenic wonders of the world. With this has come large federal expenditures for the development of roadways through the park.25 Another outstanding accomplishment of Farrington's first administration was the creation of the territorial bureau of the budget, a step toward placing the territorial government upon a more modern and business-like basis.26 Governor Farrington's second administration had one vitally important accomplishment. It was the campaign that was waged for a better understanding with regard to recogni- tion by the federal immigration authorities of certificates of Hawaiian birth, issued principally to American citizens of Chinese and Japanese ancestry. O O p. d' O 2“ Loc. gig. 25 Egg. cit. 26 Loc 14 The immigration authorities had refused to recognize the birth certificates of United States passports carried by these American citizens, even though issued under full author- ity of the territorial government at Honolulu. In 1924 a judge of the Hawaiian fifth circuit,‘w. C. Achi, Jr., an Amer- ican citizen of Chinese-Hawaiian ancestry,'was stopped at San Francisco on his way to Cleveland as a delegate to the Republican National Convention. ”Prompt and unquestioned recognition of American citizens born in Hawaii, when travelling to any part of our country," said Governor Farrington, "is another step needed to complete the recognition of the Territory as a part of the United States. The immigration authorities at present disre- gard the birth certificates which are evidence of the American citizenship of persons of Oriental origin. The result is interference with their right to travel freely in their own country.”27 Governor Farrington praised the loyal Amsricanism of the Hawaiian-born of Oriental parentage. He said that the people of the Territory have a clear understanding of the military and naval importance of Hawaii to the nation and are 28 gratified by Congressional recognition of it. As a result of his personally directed campaign both in Hawaii and 27 Ibid., April 28, 1926. 28 Loc. gig. 15 washington, citizens of the Islands travelling in the United States have not been detained. It is interesting to note the growth during the two terms of the Farrington administration of certain features of government and public business: 1921 1928 Assessments of real and personal property $286,557,532 3390.558.491 Taxes collected 3 9,805,293 8 14,884,100 Bank deposits 3 51,181,404 $ 80,210,063 Fire insurance written 8 65,743,987 $115,379,705 Raw sugar produced 539,196 tons 904,040 Canned pineapple produced 5,262,503 cases 8,663,056 To summarize, the eight years of Farrington's admin- istration were marked by these definite achievements: (1) Hawaii's Bill of Rights. (2) Creation of a Territorial Bureau of the Budget. (3) Recognition by the federal immigration authorities of certificates of Hawaiian birth. (4) The establishment of the Hawaii National Park. It is no wonder that President Hoover offered him.a third termnwhich Farrington politely declined. CHAPTER III REASONS FOR FARRINGTON'S SUCCESS I. PERSONAL.ATTRIBUTES No study of Farrington would be complete without giving special consideration to his personal attributes: resourceful- ness, tact, ability to make and hold friends, and interest in people and their problems. Resourcefulness. Mr. Riley H. Allen, a close associate, said that Farrington never hesitated to handle detail, but did not let detail master him.29 Farrington never felt that a Job was too small for him. He worked long hours with speed and took work home to complete. The fact that Governor Farrington, throughout his many years of sojourn in Hawaii, had been a keen observer of current events and surrounded himself with facts regarding all of the major issues facing the Hawaiian Islands, gave him an advanta- geous background from which to step into the office of Governor.30 Farrington was a leader for he did not permit the armed forces to interfere with his position as chief executive of the territory, or to run Hawaii as they saw fit. He let it be known that Farrington was the highest civilian officer and expected 29 Allen, op. cit., p. 8. 30 Honolulu Star-Bulletin, June 29, 1929. 17 no interference or interruption.31 Riley H. Allen stated that the governor was a precise and an inspiring news executive. Accuracy was his watchword, for throughout his newspaper career he read the finished product as he did galley proofs, with a quick and discerning eye. He knew his business well and how to run it. Mr. Allen also stated: “Mr. Farrington combined quick reactions with deliberation of Judpent. He reached decisions with apparent quickness, but actually they were based on long founded con- victions and his store of experience."32 Dr. Hubert Work, a former Secretary of the, Interior, said that when he visited Hawaii Farrington's workwas of the highest order and his administration of theflcomplicated problems of the Islands was vigorous, sensible and productive. "Indeed his second appointment was predicated upon my recommendation for his reappcintnent."33 In a personal conversation with the author Hr. John 1'. Stone, former secretary to Governor Farrington, said: "I was impressed with the way he analyzed problems, almost immediate- 1".” 31 Personal conversation with llr. Henry P. Beckley, llay 1952. 32 Allen, 92. cit., p. 20. 33 Honolulu eta-manual, m. 29, 1929. 3‘ Personal conversation with )lr. John 1'. Stone, Hay 1952. 18 rarrington was an active worker and greatly aspired to the "power of ideas."35 He acquired it through his meetings in and out of the newspaper field; by his addresses before various audiences, as well as his messages to the legislature; and his association with influential statesmen. ga_¢_:_. While he was a reporter and an editor, Farrington associated with people both singly and in groups. Indivi- dually, he was noted for his diplomacy. As a governor, he was tactful in his associations with the legislators and the mem- bers of Congress. Hie tactfulness can be substantiated by one of many examples of testimony, that of Representative Louis C. Crampton of Michigan: "Governor Farrington has the remarks- ble combination of a charming personality and tactful approach at all times with abundance of will power and backbone. These qualities have made him an admirable executive for Hawaii where the problems are numerous and intricate."36 Ability _t_o_ m__a___ke and hold friends. Farrington made many friends during his life-time from practically every race and creed. To all with whom he associated he was ready to give advice and support: "The native vendor of leis at the dock, the newsboy on the corner, the visiting dignitary from a foreign land, the statesman from Iashington; all these alike 35 Hardy, 22. 243.. p. e. 36 Honolulu Star-Bulletin, June 29, 1929- 19 shared his friendly ccrdiality."37 The confidence of men such as Secretary-of the Interior, Dr. Hubert Work, and President Harding in Farrington proved valuable to Hawaii when he went to‘lashington in the interest of the Territory. Indeed, the origin of Parrington's repute was his talent for friendliness which rose above the plane of winning friends to use them. Throughout his life he made many friends. Mr. George lliranda, a press operator at the Honolulu wsulletin, in a personal conversation with the author, said: “Farrington was a steadfast man. He was the man who promoted and made Hawaii. He treated his employees extremely well, was exceed- 11181! friendly as a boss and very kindly as a menu!” _H_i_s_ interest _i_n_ Mi; Ln_d_ M problems. It was known that the governor had been particularly interested in education ever since he had been a resident of these islands. Before accepting the governorship, he served as a member of the Board of Education and also as one of the regents of the university. He had also been keenly interested in organization of public recreation, including procurement and establishment of beach space for public use. Here is another example of his interest in people and their problems. He spoke before the New Americans in August 1927 and said: ”Hy way of solving your problem is: get in and 37 Ibid., June 25, 1929. 38 Personal conversation with Hr. George H. Miranda, Hay 1952. 20 do your‘work; do what you think needs to be done in your commun- ity, always striving to go ahead. I have deep sympathy for anyone always running around in circles."39 II. SPENKING ABILITY The author considers Governor Farrington an exceedingly capable speaker. It was known that he addressed various audiences over a hundred times through the eight years he served as governor. Included in his audiences were the general public, the legislature, agricultural groups, clubs, church groups, schools, political rallys and dedications. Farrington usually spoke in a simple but forceful manner and was always considerate of his listeners. He was the type of speaker who prepared his audience for the message. ‘His effective use of words brought power to his language. Consequently, as a conversation'with Governor Earrings tcn's former secretary, Mr. John 1. Stone, indicated, the gover- nor was very convincing and had very attentive audiences.“o .Abilitz pg analyze gi§,audience. If we now turn our attention to Earrington's audiences, we will find that he had I to face many difficult problems. .An idea of the immensity of his task can be gained by_noticing briefly the Japanese lan- guage school problem; the shortage of land and homes for the 39 Hardy, 220 fie, I). 136. 5° Personal conversation with Mr. John P. Stone, 21 native Hawaiians; the welfare problem of the poor and needy; the problems of taxation and balancing of the budget with the legislature; the immigration of labor for the plantations; the unraveling of labor problems and strikes; and the finding of markets for local products. Harrington's legislative audience included lawyers, merchants, doctors, retired teachers and bankers. He made it a point to stress those things which he and his audience had in common. In his MESSAGE TO THE LEGISLATURE of February 21, 1923, he spoke to a relatively homogeneous group consisting mostly of older people, particularly men. Farrington used every effective means at his command to get his audience in a favorable frame of mind. His words throughout this message show how he identified himself with his audience: It is appropriate at this time to turn our thoughts and pay tribute to the leadership of one whose life was in a peculiar sense devoted unreservedly to the welfare of his country and whose influence throughout an active public career was invariably thrown into the balance for sound progress, conservative policies and a proper regard for the interests of all people composing the American citizenry of the Territory. On January 7th, 1922, Prince Jonah Kuhio Kalanianaole, for twenty years Delegate to Congress from Hawaii, passed from.this life. Physical monuments have been and.will be erected to the memory of the honored Prince. These will crumble with the passage of time. The great undying monument is the influence that the Prince exerted for high standards in public life, protection of the weak against the aggressiveness of the thoughtless and strong, keeping open the door of opportunity for those striving to improve their condition and establish comfortable and prosperous homes. Generation after generation will point to the Hawaiian pilot of this period whose guiding 22 ideals were of friendliness, tolerance, self-reliance and constructive progress. The problem before us is not an unusual one and the people of Hawaii have on every possible occasion registered their willingness and determination to keep their place in the forward march of the nation. we can meet the situa- tion by exercising Just a fraction of that loyalty, self- sacrifice and personal service that marked our war-period life. To do this, is the plain duty of an American citizen. A.Nation and a Territory that is good enough to die for, is certainly worth living for and striving for. I have no doubt as to the conclusion of the taxpayers, large and small, if they will take the time to become acquainted with and have a real understanding of the work of the various departments of the government of this Territory. The first essential of success is that we present an absolutely united front before Congress. It is there- fore suggested that this Legislature canvass the situation and adopt resolutions that will epitomize our desires and serve an effective medium for assembling support and presenting a convincing case. We must face the fact that while our population re- mains so overwhelmingly alien as at present the Federal government will move slowly in authorizing the final act in satisfying our ambition. No reasonable objection can be offered, however, to granting the representative of the Territory a vote in the House of Representatives as a further and amply Justified step toward the eventual goal. In all our relations with the Federal Government we gain inspiration from the friendly and commanding leader- ship of President Warren G. Harding. The aspirations of the Territory have been received with sympathetic interest in every executive department of the national administra- tion and as we continue true to the best interests of Hawaii's destiny in the scheme of American progress we shall not fail of reward through early recognition. I am.confident that as a result of your investiga- tions and deliberations you will Join me in praise for 23 the men and women who compose the executive directors and working staff of the Territorial organization. A.sincere spirit of cooperation prevails and if there be any ex- ceptions these can only prove more striking the rule of loyalty, efficizicy and prompt response to any cell to public service. ' If we re-examine this message, we find that Farrington leads his audience from.the familiar to the unfamiliar as the following examples illustrate: (Familiar) Though other parts of our common country have suffered from.labor shortage, it was only through a presentation of the exceptional conditions existing here and the grave responsibilities resting upon the people of this Territory in maintaining unquestioned American economic mastery and control, that the Delegate to Congress and the Commissioners were able to secure a thoughtful hearing. It was early evident to the Commissioners that the ques- tions involved called for a campaign of education as to the conditions existing within this Territory and espe- cially the situation emphasized by the effort made to carry on a nationalistic strike among the laborers of the sugar cane industry during 1920. (Unfamiliar) Following a thorough presentation of conditions prompting the action of the Hawaiian Legislature, the appeal was favorably received by Federal Executive leaders. The Commissioners remained in Washington through the Congressional session to present their cause to the appro- priate Committees of the United States Senate and House of ‘Representatives. .A favorable report was voted by the Immigration Committee of the House of Representatives. Certain labor organizations, feeling that the granting of Hawaii's appeal might open the door to extensive coolie labor importations, opposed the measure. This opposition was so definite and so obviously based on a.misapprehen- sion as to the motives of the Territorial Legislature and the misconception of conditions in the Islands, that the Delegate to Congress and the members of the Labor Emer- gency Commission urged the Governor to request that the Department of Labor should send to the Territory a #1 w. a. Farrington, message to the Le s1ature," Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Ltd., 1923. p. 1-37. 24 Commission representative of organized labor, a commission whose members would study the situation from a standpoint of the industrial worker and unbiased Americanism. Another example of his leading with the familiar and progressing to the unfamiliar paragraph follows: (Familiar) 'Ho commonwealth in our union of states possesses a broader‘welfare spirit or in proportion to population and wealth enjoys the benefits of.more philanthropic enterprises. This most commendable community charac- teristic is reflected in the adoption of many new ideas most of which are excellent but roll up a large bill of expense. (Unfamiliar) The immediate problem.before the Legislature of 1923 is to adjust the revenues to assure a continuation of the administrative program.established by the Legisla- ture of 1921 and at the same time prove elastic enough to meet the added demands of a growing Territory. The budget presented by the Governor is based on the theory that the Territory will return to its normal basis of revenues with the beginning of 1924. To hr the departmental activities within the revenue limitat on, it was found necessary to reduce estimates to a basis 10 percent below the 1921-23 appropriations. At the request of the Governor each department head readjusted his estimates on the basis of the cut and gave a state- .ment of the items which should be restored by an increased tax levy if necessary. 2 In another speech given at the centennial celebration of the'Hawaiahao Church on July 2, 1922, entitled REHABILITATIGH TO OPEN been or oppomm roe mums, Farrington addresses a heterogeneous audience of native Hawaiians. In it he empha- sized the opportunities available for the natives. Illustrations on how he identified himself with this audience follow: ‘2 151‘s, PD. 8, 3‘-35e 25 Here is great happiness spread before us, but the Bible says, and experience has taught, that we cannot get something for nothing. There are difficulties to be overcome, but the inheritance is the greatest of all human rewards-~a home. This brief summary presents my idea of the movement in which we are now engaged, to not only interest the people of Hawaii nei in regaining the lands of their forefathers, but to stay on those lands and retain the home after once becoming established. Homes for the people is not a new idea. We could spend the evening reviewing world history marked at every stage and in every populated area with the struggles to gain land and establish independent homes. The movement of the people to cities is older than the New Testament, and the lessons of civic degeneration as a result of the breaking up of what we now call the country population are centuries old. We have lessons by the score. We should now show that we have the in- telligence to profit by them. Many were sincere enough, but they did not know how. They were making mistakes that had been made by hundreds of others and no one was on hand to tell them. These became disgusted; they failed. And you and I and all the other people of the Territory paid for it. I am re- counting these details because we are quick to forget. Too often we forget that every citizen has an interest in government and government property, especially public land. If the property and the land are handled in a business-like manner our taxes are less and everyone profits to some extent; if the management is wasteful and reckless, if it is handled like a rich man's foolish son "blowing in" his father's money, then you and I and our children and our children's children suffer loss that cannot be regained for generations, and then only after great sacrifice and large expenditure of money. Too much of our public lands was treated like the easy money of the wasteful rich man's son. This is not said in criticism of officials, we all shared in the responsibility. Hard work, self-denial, study, sincerity, enthusiasm, and determination are all essential to success and we 26 must bring these to bear in this Territorial and national enterprise. Can the Hawaiians do it? I know they can if they will make up their minds to it. By no means the least of our problems is the market for the products to be raised. Study of this phase is now being made through the research staff of the University of Hawaii. we hope to enlist assistance and counsel from the best business minds of the Territory. Speaking for the Hawaiian Homes Commission, I am happy to say that we have found a most gratifying spirit of friendliness and practical cooperation from all ele- ments of our Territory, and of the nation. The movement is based on sound principles of business and government. I believe our people are capable of carrying it through. Adjustments in the law must be made from time to time to meet changing conditions as at Panaewa and'Keaukaha near Hilo. I believe that the Hawaiian Homes project will succeed. You have assembled during the week just past to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the founding of this church. As we go back over the years and contemplate what our forefathers did, the obstacles they overcame, the difficulties they conquered, certainly the task set for us seems small indeed. I am sure all members of this organization and this assembly will join in the pledge that in this new day with its new duties we will not fail to maintain the high standard set for us. We ‘will go forward and, overcoming each problem as it arises, reap the growing and glorious inheritance of prosperous homes, independent, loyal and contented people.“3 Governor Farrington was exceedingly adept in establishing a common ground with his audience. Notice how in his INAUGURAL ADDRESS, given on July 5, 1921, he molds the emotional ties of his hearers: The duty of the Executive is to study conditions, analyze situations, apply the test of practicality and suggest to his fellow citizens the lines of procedure ‘3 Honolulu Advertiser, July 3, 1922. 27 that his judgment prompts to be the most direct route to the desired and. Equally sincere and tolerant con- sideration of these conclusions by the citizens who see clearly and think straight, without becoming dogma- tic will give us a friendly unity and prompt results. ‘We have learned from our own experience how this strengthens our confidence in our fellowmen and ourselves so that we can look forward with pleasure to overcoming the new difficulties that seem almost insurmountable. To accomplish our purpose means a return to frugal living, careful discipline in business management, high regard for moral standards, intensive methods as distin- guished from the careless and reckless, simple justice and a fair return for the laborer and for the executive leader on whose industry, judgment and financial strength so much depends. The integrity of our business institu- tions, the intelligence of our citizenship and the atmos- phere of comradeship evidenced in the past, inspire confidence in the certainty of our success in adjustment to changed conditions and holding an advanced place in the march of events. Our supply of agricultural field labor will always be an acute problem as long as our industries thrive and immigration is restricted, while emigration is un- restricted. The control of our industry must ever remain in the hands of American citizens. No other part of our country is so remote from approved sources of labor supply. Until the position of the Territory and its industries is understood, proposals offered for Hawaii are regarded as almost fantastic. Once a member of Congress and his constituents appreciate the signifi- cance of the facts, opposition changes to support. men and women of Hawaii--we cannot escape the sweep of world currents and their bearing on our affairs. In the last analysis every move must be judged by its effect on Hawaii, the American outpost. Thrust far toward the continents of Asia and Australia; here the well intentioned stranger meets the first friendly welcome of America. Here we link up a chain in the friendship of English-speak- ing nations in the Pacific. Here we establish the first contact and perform the first experiments in determining how the Occident with its driving, humanizing and indivi- 28 dualizing civilization may come into cordial union with ages-old Oriental systems that deal with humanity in the mass and perpetuate the blight of caste and ignorance. Here we foster all the arts of peace and in these islands our country has erected those necessary barriers that will serve to stay the advance of an imaginary and remotely possible marauder. In no section of our common country are the interests of the army and the navy more vital, more closely watched or more entitled to exert a dominant influence in the surrounding civil life. Hawaii will march steadily forward, slowly at times but always forward. Its Americanism has stood the test and our hopeful outlook is justified from every angle. Greatly honored in our responsibilities, we are greatly favored in our environment. When the heat and burden of the day threaten to overpower the intensity of competi- tion and the perversity of human nature upset our compo- sure, the kindly spirit of the native Hawaiian sifts through the clouds as does the sunshine through the mists in our valleys and we are reminded that friendship can win vic- tories where the harsh and frigid methods fail. This spirit of Hawaii is expressed in the word that we all love and which, when properly interpreted, voices our attitude toward all those who would become a part of our community life-- bear a fair share in its responsibilities as well as enjoy its benefits and emoluments. As an outpost of the American nation, our message and our mission are found in the words of Hawaii, Aloha, Aloha Oe.h# Ability to command the attention of his audience. Accord- ing to Dr. William.Norwood Brigance, in his book Speech Composi- tion:h5 The speaker's first words are of uncommon importance. As he utters them, the audience is passing judgment upon him. If it finds him wanting, he loses ground that may never be regained. If he commands the situation, his task is henceforth lighter. How can he command the situation? Cicero fittingly answered this query twenty centuries ago. 44 Honolulu Star-Bulletin, July 5, 1921 45 William N. Brigance, S eech Composition. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1937. p. 67-68. 29 The speaker, he said, must "render the audience well dis- posed, and open to conviction." In other words, the speaker must, at all costs, gain favorable attention. Through favorable attention the interest of the hearers will be aroused, their indifference overcome, and their hostility toward the speaker or his subject (should any exist) met and softened. Throughout his utterances Farrington was able to hold attention because he prepared his listeners for the message that he wanted them to hear. The careful planning on his part of a brilliant introduction quite often gave him.the command of the situation. His use of simple language and a definite style helped in gaining attention. The author will illustrate by examples the types of introductions used by Farrington. In his INAUGURAL ADDRESS of July 5, 1921, Farrington used the "Reference to the Occasion" type of introduction. He addresses his audience in the following.manner: FELLOW CITIZENS OF THE TERRITORY OF HAWAII, on assuming the duties of Governor of the Territory of Hawaii it will be my aim to render to the people of the Territory and of our great nation a service in public administration that shall bespeak a practical application of the best American ideals. I shall strive by every means within the proper province of the executive to express through this office that kindly and friendly spirit of cooperation that has given immediate distinction to the wise and altogether successful leadership of'Warren G. Harding, President of the United States. Following the introduction he quickly begins his theme: I take my text from.the Christian faith of our Amer- ican fathers and mothers; from the lessons of American history and from the gospel of hard work. I call upon every American in this Territory to renew the pledge to enlist in civic service. I can see no place in Hawaii's scheme of life for the lazy and indifferent. I offer the people of Hawaii a message of action. I am.confident 30 that I strike a responsive chord in the civic spirit of these Islands when I say that our faces should always be to the front. Forward is the spirit of the hour. ‘we must build. There is great work to be done and citizens privi- leged to make their homes in this outpost of our country 'will accept the opportunity, marking performance with quiet courage, common sense, vigor and a patriotic deter- mination to do the plain duty of today, so that the marrow shall find us cheerfully :gd readily undertaking whatever new task is then at hand. In his address before the Cook sesquicentennial celebra- tion on Friday,.August 17, 1928, entitled HAIAII'S ALOHA IS PEACH POIHR, Farrington used the "Illustration or Comparison" type of introduction. Here is an example of how he sketches. the progress of the Islands from discovery to his time: Every period of history.has given us men fired with an ambition to break through the unknown. Especial honor is given to the comparative few who, as thewaent out, charted a course so that others might follow. Such leaders have usually made the greatest contributions and it is noted that with their courage they have possessed a sense of responsibility to others that is quite apart from reckless daring. Capt. James Cook, the explorer and geographer, in.whose honor the representatives of the English-speaking.nations are here assembled, had the ambition, the courage and the capacity for contagious inspiration that qualified him to be a successful leader destined to leave a permanent record. Few men in history have contributed more than he in placing new lands and new opportunities within the grasp of his own and succeeding generations. In this year, 1928, 150 years after Captain Cook and men of his ship's company set foot on these Islands, the descendants of the discoverers and of the discovered jgin happily in appropriate ceremonies to honor his memory. “6 Honolulu Star-Bulletin, July 5, 1921. 57 Ibid., August 17, 1928. 31 Speaking at the centennial celebration of the'Kawaiahao Church on July 2, 1922 on the topic REHABILITATION TO OPEN DOOR OF OPPORTUNITY FOR HAHAIIANS, Governor Farrington begins with the "Reference to the Theme" type of introduction in which he also makes use of the Scriptures: Rehabilitation, the Hawaiian Homes Law, is the open door of opportunity by which the Hawaiians may return to the possession of the land. Beside that open door stands the old Hawaii, the new Hawaii and the government of the United States of Amer- ica beckoning, urging the men and women of Hawaiian -lineage to come forward and take their proper place of leadership in populating the land. Above the door we may visualize this text from the book of Revelations, "He that overcometh shall inherit all things.” Here is great happiness spread before us, but the Bible says, and experience has taught, that we cannot get something for nothing. There are difficulties to overcome, but the inheritance is the greatest of all human rewards--a home. This brief summary presents my idea of the movement in which we are now engaged, to not only interest the people of Hawaii nei in regaining the lands of their forefathers, but to stay on those lanEg and retain the home after once becoming established. Another "Reference to the Theme" type of introduction is shown in Farrington's ADDRESS OF'WELCOME, given on Tuesday, June 30, 1925, welcoming the Institute of Pacific Relations conference. Farrington seemed to use more of this type of introduction. He begins by relating the friendliness of the people of Hawaii and gives a brief history of the Islands: “8 Honolulu Advertiser, July 3, 1922. 32 Hawaii as an adventure in friendliness has an almost inexhaustible supply of events of human interest and has furnished many lessons of value when we are considering the large field of world affairs. - Since their people were stirred by the spiritual awakening following new contacts with modern western civilization, these Islands have been a proving ground of friendship. Immigrants following the course of indus- try and commerce have centered here from widely divergent points of the Pacific area. Here they have founded homes, reared children and become a part of our community life. The stranger has found here a cordial welcome and has reciprocated by contributing to the general welfare. Welcome, indeed, then are leaders who now assemble with the purpose of conferring, studying, learning, through free exchange of opinions, more of what we need to know in order to render better service in an adjust- ment of ideas and institutions so that we may aid in all those things that aim at the elzgation of men and oppose whatever tends to degrade them. Another example of "Reference to the Theme" type of introduction is shown in his address entitled SOCIAL WELFARE-- AN ENTERPRISE ran company mom. He begins by'reference to the scriptures: - In selecting a text for the evening's discussion, I have found myself halting between two opinions. My first thought was an adaptation of "Am I My Brother's Keeper," so that it would read, "You are your brother's keeper and you cannot get away from it." And then it 4 seemed that the problem before the people of the Territory and on which the social welfare workers must specialize is well epitomized by one of Benjamin Franklin's terse sayings: "Being igngsant is not so much a shame as being unwilling.to learn." The "Unusual or Dramatic Introduction," was used by ‘9 W. R. Farrington, "AWelcome to the Institute of Pacific Relation ," The Mid-Pacific Ma azine, Vol. xxx, Ho. 4, October, 1925. 36733115? "'"'""" 5° Honolulu invertieer, April 17, 1922. 33 Farrington in his MESSAGE TO THE LEGISLATURE of February 21, 1923, Twelfth Session. We find him painting a vivid picture in the minds of his audience to prepare them for a favorable response: GENTLEMEN: Pilots of ancient Hawaii, sailing their craft on uncharted seas, learned that by setting their course by stable and dependable stars their destination was reached in safety. American missionaries whose influence definitely shaped the better destinies of Hawaii adapted the high ideals of Christian fellowship with the natural aloha of native Hawaii. Hence the demonstration in this parti- cular area that the modern pioneers of western civiliza- tion may move into new fields without destroying the independence or violating the traditions of the people with whom they come in contact. The advance guard of trade and commerce which joined in this western movement of America came definitely under the influence of these higher ideals that were an approach to the practical application of the Golden Rule in business. These leaders possessed daring, courage, initiative, and capacity to accomplish the impossible. In their constructive progress they were generally toler- ant, friendly, and their aggressiveness was tempered with that goodness of heart that is a characteristic of Hawaii nei. They hold true to high ideals when setting in motion the machinery of industry, exchange and commerce. The result is that conservative policies have guided the course of events. Thereby has Hawaii maintained dignity of position and warranted respect for its judg- ment in dealing with changing conditions. Placed geographically where the currents of great civilizations meet, sometimes to confuse but eventually to become adjusted and gain power through friendly fusion, the history of Hawaii tells us that the people, in dealing with these currents and making the adjustments of cross- currents, have held an even course by holding true to dependable principles with the result that the weak have not lacked protection and the strong have had ample scope to develop exceptional opportunities for human endeavor At this time When representatives of the people are assembled to provide for the future development of this 34 Territory and make such adjustments of cross-currents and varied influences as will enable our comonwealth to move forward under most favorable conditions, it is appropriate that we should contemplate, and gain inspiration and new courage from these influences of the past--influences that we may accept as being as well established and dependable as were the permanent stars and safe courses known to the mariners of old Hawaii. Christian civilization and conservatism in industry and commerce have given to the citizens of Hawaii a position in National and even international life that every citizen may contemplate with justifiable pride. And as the record of the past is such as to please and inspire, it places a serious responsibility on each individual citizen and especially upon the pilots who are chagiing the course and laying out the program for the future. Another example of the "Unusual or Dramatic Introduction," is in hie speech entitled micmrsn IS am. 1330: Hans, de- livered on September 2, 1921. Again he illustrates by painting a vivid picture in the minds of his listeners: An early incident of the great war comes to my mind when I address an audience of veterans. One of our tor- pedo boat destroyers operating in the North Sea was wrecked by a mine. It was every man for himself, for the disaster seemed complete. In the midst of the wreckage a husky American sailor came to the top, brushed the water out of his eyes, discovered himself alive and shouted to whatever survivors might be within range of his voice, Where do we go from here, boys? Where do we go from here?" This has always appealed to me as being typical of healthy, courageous Americanism. It bespeaks the readi- ness for any duty and the refusal to accept any passing disaster as the end of the journey. Finding that there is still the breath of life and the ener to go forward the American wants to be on the go, and l ke the sailor in the North Sea he has a pretty definite idea of how he will shape his course and what he ought to do.52 51 Farrington, 92. _c_i_t_.. PP 3-4. 52 Honolulu Star-Bulletin, September 2, 1921. 35 Types 9; 2322:. Farrington used all three types of proof but utilized the logical more than the emotional and the ethical. An example of his use of logical proof, in this case stressing the analogy, may be found in his address at the centennial celebration of the‘Kawaiahao Church, entitled REHA- BILITATION TO OPEN DOOR OF OPPORTUNITY FOR HAWAIIANS, delivered on July 2, 1922: The native-born Hawaiian wanted an opportunity to secure some land to take the place of the kuleanas he or his parents had sold. He had found that money is soon spent. A plot of land and a home is like money in the bank drawing interest. The Hawaiian wigaed the public land opened up to the small settler. Another example of his logical proof may be found in his speech to the teachers of the Normal School summer session of August 2, 1923, entitled ALIEN SCHOOLS GREATEST BAR TO STATE- HOOD. we find his use of deductive reasoning as follows: Having voluntarily conferred such extraordinary and unprecendented privileges to American-born children of alien parents, it follows logically and inevitably that it will be suicidal if our country does not make sure, so far as it is humanly possible, that this new citizen, with infinitely greater privileges and power than were ever possessed by their parents, must be fitted physically and mentally to intelligently exercise the extraordinary powers gratuitously conferred upon them. This must be done for their own protection as well as for the safe guarding of the American form of govern- ment and the American people. Our task in Hawaii is, therefore, so to regulate the influx of a vast number of new citizens of alien parentage, approximately one-half of the rising genera- tion in Hawaii, as not to thereby destroy the ggeals and principles of those very Americans themselves. 53 This address may be found on pp. 80-35 of the Appendix. 5h Honolulu Star-Bulletin, August 2, 1923. 36 An example of logical proof with the use of inductive reasoning can be found in his speech of February 21, 1923. entitled MESSAGE TO THE LEGISLATURE; Hawaii has a Japanese problem. To assume otherwise would be to deny the evidence of our senses. It is not, however, a problem which involves a failure on the part of the Territory to grant to all Japanese the privileges that are enjoyed by all other aliens and even American citizens. Hawaii's cordiality toward alien people is proverbial. Hawaii is free from race prejudice. It has developed, however, that among people coming to this Territory and enjoying our American freedom of thought and action, an element has arisen that interprets liberty as license and claims exceptional privileges as a right to be demanded. These malcontents and agitators have been more successggl among the Japanese than with other resident aliens. When a speaker stirs his audience, that is, when he moves them to laughter and tears and leads them to feel deeply about a problem, he is using emotional proof. Gover- nor Farrington used variations of proof to meet the needs of his listeners and the occasion. He had shown that he loved the Hawaiian people and their islands. His regard for them is easily seen in his speeches. The natives listened to him be- cause he spoke to their hearts and said what they longed to hear. In his speech entitled REHABILITATION TO OPEN DOOR OF OPPORTUNITY FOR HAWAIIANS of July 2, 1922, he demonstrates this mastery of persuasion: Rehabilitation, the Hawaiian Homes Law, is the open door of opportunity by which the Hawaiians may return to the possession of the land. 55 This address may be found on pp. 86-119 of the Appendix. 37 Beside that open door stands the old Hawaii, the new Hawaii and the government of the United States beckoning, urging the men and women of Hawaiian lineage to come for- ward and take ggeir proper place of leadership in popula- ting the land. In speaking to the members of the American Legion on Friday, September 2, 1921 on a topic entitled AHERICANISM IS REAL ISSUE HERE, he awakens their pride: The American Legion expresses a national desire and the determination of veterans to preserve and perpetuate all that is best in the courage, patriotism, and the sacrifice brought out by that great disaster. With be- coming modesty, comparatively little time is devoted to recording your own deeds of valor, though you see to it that the nation shall never forget those who made the supreme sacrifice. The cause, the history and the deeds of the men and women who gave their lives that we might live, are regarded with tender reverence.5 (Ethical proof) Farrington lived in Honolulu many years before he was appointed as governor. The islanders had ample opportunity to know him. Although he didn't have to shove himself and what he represented at his audience, never- theless, we find that his reputation did that for him as sub- stantiated by Albert Pierce Taylor, a fellow newspaperman serving on a rival newspaper, who stated: Throughout his long years as an editor he was sugges- ting and recommending elements of progress in a very up- to-date community. He advocated educational development in the public school system. It was he who carried on the idea of a college for Hawaii, which idea burst into 56 Honolulu Advertiser, July 3, 1922. 57 Honolulu Star-Bulletin, September 2, 1921. 38 flower and the initial institution has now become the splen- did University of Hawaii. His editorship, his mingling with the politicians, his contacts with those dealing with the problems of public education, his genial manner and engaging personality, kept him well to the forefront in community affairs, and thus he was especially well fitted go tfie58n the great responsibility of the governorship of an . 19.15.1193. 2; egg-anization. There are three types of organ- ization which Farrington uses in his speeches. His speeches to the legislature were, in general, topical. His speeches before other groups were either the problem-solution or the chronological types. In his MESSAGE TO THE IEGISIA'I'URI on February 21, 1923, we have the following topics-treated by Governor Farrington. The speech is an example of topical or- ganization: Introduction 1. Era of New Development 2. Leadership of Prince Kuhio 3. Hawaiian Homes Comission 1.. Labor Emergency Conission '5. Education 6. Alien Language Schools 7. Iindergartens in Public Schools 8. Hawaii's Japanese Problem 9. University of Hawaii 10. Inhainaluna School 11. Homesteads and Honesteading 12. Sugar Expert 13. Marketing Farm Products 1h. County Agent System 15. Land Department 16. Honolulu Artesian Water Supply 17. Our Main Industries 18. Farm Loan Board 58 Albert P. Taylor, ”The Farrington Administration," The rrie____n__d, Vol. ICII, No. 6, June, 1929. p. 128. 39 19. Territorial Fair 20. Territorial Industrial Schools and welfare Homes 21. Territorial Office Buildings 22. Public Property Returned to the Territory 23. Territorial Public Works 24. Harbor Commission 25. Washington Place 26. Archives Commission 27. Revised Laws 28. The Historical Commission 29. The Folklore Commission 30. Public Libraries 31. International Conferences 32. National Guard 33. Tourist Bureau 3h. Primary Law 35. Public Utilities Commission 36. Fish and Game Commission 37. Pensions 38. Health 39. Care and Treatment of Tuberculosis Patients 40. Insane Asylums Al. Revenues and Tax Administration 42. Bank Examiner 43. Territorial Budget AA. Bonded Debt and Loan Appropriation A5. Hawaii and the Nation His address of July 2, 1922 illustrates the problem- solution type of organization: I. PROBLEM: Rehabilitation, the Hawaiian Homes Law, is the open door of opportunity by which the Hawaiians may return to the possession of the land. Beside that open door stands the old Hawaii, the new Hawaii and the government of the United States of America beckoning, urging the men and women of Hawaiian lineage to come forward and take their proper place of leadership in populating the land. Above the door we may visualize this text from the book of Revelations, "He that over- cometh shall inherit all things.” Here is great happiness spread before us, but the Bible says, and experience has taught, that we cannot get something for nothing. There are difficulties to be over- come, but the inheritance is the greatest of all human rewards--a home. #0 This brief summary presents my idea of the movement in which we are now engaged, to not only interest the people of Hawaii in regaining the lands of their fore- fathers, but to stay on those lands and retain the home after once becoming established. II. SOLUTION: A. B. C. D. Homes for the people is not a new idea. 1. The movement of people to cities is older than the New Testament. 2. One of the immediate results of Hawaii being accepted as an integral part of the greatest of all republics, the United States of America, was to direct attention to public lands. 3. The native- born Hawaiian.wanted an oppor- tunity to secure some land to take the place of the kuleanas he or his parents sold. A. The native-born American wanted the public lands thrown open because that was the tra- ditional policy of the country. Under this double pressure our lands were offered for settlement. 1. Taking the situation as a whole, however, the general drift was towards a loss of in- come to the people through the breaking up of profitable sugar plantations and a failure to gain an equalizing increase in and benefit from the number of homesteaders living on and cultivating their own land. 2. Too many people in their rush to get hold of the fertile lands were more anxious to buy at a low figure and later lease or sell out at a high figure, than they were to make a home for themselves and their children. Unfortunately some think that anyone can be a farmer. 1. Many were sincere enough but they did not know how. 2. Too much of our public lands was treated like the easy man's son. Then came the awakening: business men sounded the warning note that the landwaste was leading to destruction. The era the and one 1. Al The rehabilitation movement was the result. The Hawaiian Homes Law was passed by our Legislature and by the United States Congress. Hawaiian Homes Law means the dawn of a new as definite as the admission of Hawaii into Union, the great land division-~mahele-- even of the unifying of all the lands under leader by the great Kamehameha. This law means that the government has regard for the men and women who want homes and no friendly consideration for the speculators who merely strive to buy the land cheap at your and my expense and sell at profit and, putting that profit in their own pockets, leave the Territory. Under the Hawaiian Homes Law the highly cultivated lands under lease are held under public control, as a source of revenue. A portion of this income is being used to open up other lands in a manner that will give to hard working, frugal men and women enough to maintain themselves and their families. The old agricultural homestead policy was to turn the ambitious farmer loose to work out his own destiny. a. The Hawaiian Hemes law provides for pre- paration of the soil, for an advisor, and superintendent whose experience en- ables him to render timely suggestions to the homemakers. He saves them costly and discouraging mistakes. I assume that you are acquainted with the general terms of the law. 1. The enterprise is in the hands of the Hawaiian Homes Commission of five members, the Governor as chairman, the others appointed by the Gov- ernor, three of these being citizens of 50 percent Hawaiian blood. The commission names an executive secretary who is the active manager. a. The commission has authority to engage employees for superintendence and general administration. G. L2 b. The income is derived from 30 percent of the moneys from sugar cane land leases and all the returns from general land and water leases. (1) This revenue amounts to approximate- ly $200,000 a year, and is converted into a revolving fund until the sum reaches $1,000,000. 0. The commission selects the homemaker from among those sufficiently interested to apply, and can qualify with 50 per- cent Hawaiian blood. Each homestead tract is not less than twenty acres. a. It is leased to the homemaker at $1.00 a year for 99 years. _ b. He is privileged to borrow from the com- mission to a limit of $3,000 for building his house and providing the farming equipment, including working animals. The interest charge is 5 percent and the payments distributed over a period of thirty years. The homesteader must live on the place, cultivate his land, pay his taxes and be a producer. The law is so framed that every influence the government can bring to bear shall help the home builder to help himself. 1. The general scheme of procedure is in keeping with the methods developed by those who have studied the great problem of bringing the people back to the land, satisfying the hun- ger for homes and for land, and at the same time giving the people in these homes a fair chance to make a good living. Do not lose sight of the broad significance of the readiness of the United States Con- gress to give the men and women of Hawaiian ancestry the first opportunity. This to me signalizes the day for the Hawaiian to step forward to assume the re- sponsibilities and privileges of his broader American citizenship and destiny. 43 III. CONCLUSION: A. Speaking for the Hawaiian Homes Commission I am happy to say that we have found a most gratify- ing spirit of friendliness and practical coopera- tion from all elements of our Territory, and of the Nation. B. You have assembled during the week just past to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the founding of this church. As we go back over the years and contemplate what our forefathers did, the obstacles they overcame, the difficulties they conquered, certainly the task set for us seems small indeed. C. I am sure all members of this organization and this assembly will join in the pledge that in this new day with its new duties we will not fail to maintain the high standard set for us. We will go forward and, overcoming each problem as it arises, reap the growing and glorious inheri- tance of prosperous hgges,--independent, loyal and contented people. In his speech before the Cook sesquicentennial celebra- tion of August 17, 1928, Farrington spoke on HAWAII'S ALOHA. This is an example of the Chronological type of organization. The time element is mentioned throughout the speech, comparing the past with the present and future:60 In this year, 1928, 150 years after Captain Cook and men of his ship's company set foot on these islands, the descendants of the discoverers and of the discovered Join happily in appropriate ceremonies to honor his memory. The people of Hawaii through their legislature, elected under universal suffrage, officially requested that the government of the United States, of which this Territory is an integral part, extend an invitation for the meeting here of the representatives of English-speaking nations and dominions. We are all beneficiaries in the new worlds 59 Honolulu Advertiser, July 3, 1922. 60 All underlining in this speech has been inserted by the author to indicate Farrington's use of the Chronological type of organization. 1+4 opened up by Captain Cook. While we unite in the tribute of honor to an heroic figure of the_past, we may find in this new inspiration for achievement in the present and for the future. Captain Cook opened the eyes of the then civilized world to new fields, the extent and conditions of which had not been pictured in the visions of even the dreamers. His charting of the hitherto unknown ocean and shore brought to Hawaii's people new counsellors. Barbarism was wiped out. Free scope was given to the normal friendly instincts of the native Hawaiian people. In a remarkable short period Hawaii and the Hawaiians moved into a position where they have exercised a reciprocal influence in fostering a more practical and sincere friendliness among all the peoples of the islands and the lands in and about the Pacific. TheAyears immediately followigg the arrival of Captain Cook were for Hawaii years of upheaval and turmoil. When conditions began to settle down, and orderly methods took the place of chaos, it is interesting, and we hope signi— ficant, to note the spirit of friendly cooperation that characterized the relations of the Hawaiians and the men and women of the English-speaking nations. As time went on, and constitutional government was fin- ally established, the ruler of Hawaii called to his assist- ance the Hon. Robert C. Nyllie, to serve as minister of foreign affairs. Mr. wyllie was a British subject who accepted Hawaiian citizenship and loyally served his adopted nation. The premier and adviser of equal authority in this period was Dr. Gerrit P. Judd, a citizen of the United States, who linked his fortunes with the Hawaiian kingdom. He gave the best years of his life in loyal service. About this time the Hawaiian people, moving into the sphere offinternational relations, adopted a national flag. You see this flag toda in the territorial emblem. It is a union of the British and the American flags. The British flag was the first national banner known to the Hawaiians. The union Jack was used. The eight stripes of the flag represent the eight principal islands of their kingdom, following the stripes of the flag of the United States, representing the thirteen original states. All along the course of events that has made history in the Pacific, the Hawaiians, the British, and the Americans of the United States have been in hearty accord. Not to suggest that never were there differences of opinion. Residents of these islands 1 O, 199 and 75 years ago were quite human. They were act ve and vigorous in the expression 1+5 of their opinion. He honor them for the balanced judgment that finally prevailed and for the good standards estab- lished to influence and largely control subsequent events. In Cgptain Cook's time, the venturesome men were seeking phys ca 'wor s tO-conquer. Toda , our central thought is to discover the most approve routes for arriving at permanent friendly rela- tionships. Having learned through Captain Cook how large our world is, we are engaged in the great adventures in- volved in learning that that world is big enough for all to live comfortably, with a fair share for each of the reasonp able prosperity that assures contentment. In the are active of‘a centur and a half, we can under- stand tEe goIIy of It EII. IEoEI out upon the future we have reason to highly resolve tEa% the understandings and friendships that have become traditional along the ocean routes of the Pacific shall be emphasized. 1 Style. Farrington used language that was readily under- stood by his listeners. His years of training as a newspaper man had made him.the master of rhythm, staple language, and the colloquial style. Note in the following the use of the phrase to tgg.62 to have reason to take pride in these fellow Americans that the'nainland critics are trying to t as aliens. Under all the tests to which thz;.have Been subjected they have proved good citizens. Hotice also in the following passage his skillful use of imagery: 61 Honolulu sea-summ, mm 17. 1923. 62 The underlining of the phrase to t has been inserted by the author to indicate-Farrington's use o oolloquialism. 63 W. R. Farrington, ”Are We Solving the Robles," The Friend, ‘Yol.‘zCVIII, no.-1, January, 1928. 5-8. - 46 An early incident of the great war comes to my mind when I address an audience of veterans. One of our torpedo boat destroyers operating in the North Sea was wrecked by a mine. It was every man for himself, for the disaster seemed complete. In the midst of the wreckage a husky American sailor came to the top, brushed the water out of his eyes, discovered himself alive and shouted to whatever survivors might be within range of his voice, "Whgre do we go from here, boys? Where do we go from here?" . In the following passage we see that Governor Farrington achieves a rhythm in his style through varying his sentence length. One sentence is fifty words in length, whereas the shortest one is six. An early incident of the great war comes to my mind when I address an audience of veterans. (18) One of our torpedo boat destroyers operating in the North Sea was wrecked by a mine. (16) It was every man for himself, for the disaster seemed complete. (11) In the midst of the wreckage a husky American sailor came to the top, brushed the water out of his eyes, discovered himself alive and shouted to whatever survivors might be within range of his voice, "where do we go from here, boys? (33) Where do we go from here?" (6) This has always appealed to me as being typical of healthy, courageous Americanism. (13) It bespeaks the readiness for any duty and the refusal to accept any passing disaster as the and of the journey. (21) Finding that there is still the breath of life and the energy to go forward the American wants to be on the go, and like the sailor in the North Sea he has a pretty definite idea of hag he will shape his course and what he ought to do. 50 Frequently Governor Farrington uses the apt quotation to enliven his style: Wendell Phillips, the Massachusetts orator states- man and patriot said, "Education is the only interest 6h Honolulu Star-Bulletin, September 2, 1921. 65 Loc. cit. L7 worthy of ghe deep, controlling anxiety of the thought- ful man." My attention was arrested not long ago by a quotation from the utterances of our navy hero Stephen Decatur, pre- sented in a speech by Honor Curtis B. wilbur, the Secre- tary of the Navy. Stephen Decatur said of the United States Government: "In an evil hour for my country did the French and Spanish abandon Louisiana to the United States. We were not sufficiently a country before and should we ever be mad enough to drive the English from Canada and her other North American provinces, we shall soon cease to be a country at all. ”Without local attachment, without local honor, we shall resemble a swarm of insects that settle on the fruits of the earth to corrupt and consume them, rather than men he love and cleave to the land of their fore- fathers.” Charles Austin Bates said: "It is generally the man who doesn't know any better whodoes things that can't ‘ be done. You see, the blamed idiot doesn't ow that it can't be done, so he goes ahead and does it." 3 "Being ignorant is not so much a shaze as being un- willing to learn.” (Benjamin Franklin) 9 As we have already seen, Farrington-was well acquainted with the Bible. Here are additional examples of his skillful use of the Scriptures: 66 I. R. Farrington, "Linking Hawaii's School with the Industries," 1h; Friend, Vol. ICII, No. 8, August, 1922. p. 171. ‘7 9.2. 2.1.2. 68 19.9. Honolulu Advertiser, April 17, 1922. 59 Ian 2.1.2- 48 Above the door we may visualize this text from the book of Revelations. "He that overcometh shall inherit all things.”70 If Adam and Eve had started their family life by per- manently bequeathing to humanity a rule of fresh air, good food, some play and plenty of work, instead of a legacy of forbidden fruits and serpents, everything would have been alright. But this was not done. Therefore, the fat and the prosperous and the comfortable will not bother to do more than comment on life's misfortpges, lay the blame on Adam and Eve and let it go at that. If I were to utter a prayer appropriate to this occasion, it would be,"Lord deliver us from parlor pa- triots who tell us what gught to be done; but as for themselves, do nothing.7 Farrington made frequent use of figures of speech. Notice his use of irony in the following quotation: Replying to your radiogram, the following are the em, ployes of the senate and house respectively, Alaska legis- lature, session 1927, as shown by the disbursing officer's accounts: Chief Clerk, assistant clerk, sergeant at arms, enrolling clerk, engrossing clerk, messenger, doorkeeper, watchman. Senate had eight employes and house a like number. Chief Clerk of respective houses paid $8 per day and other em- ployes at the rate of $5 per day. 70 Honolulu Advertiser, July 3, 1922. 71 Ibid., April 17, 1922. 72 Loc. cit. 73 Loc. cit. #9 Interior Department appropriation act covering Alaskan legislative expenses fixed the total amount payable salaried employes at $5,160 and legislature itself fixed rates paid such employes. To complete the comparison--the chief clerk of the senate here receives $20 a day and of the house £22.50; assistant clerks, $17.50; enrolling clerks $15; messengers, $8 and $7.50; doorkeepers, $5; sergeant-at-arms, $10 and $12.50; caretaker, corresponding to watchman, $7.50. as simile And there are 26 senate employes and IZ house employes, against 16 in Alaska for both houses. Farrington was particularly fond of the metaphor and the as illustrated in the following sentences: "Do we think of it as a chapter that has passed?"75 "Up to that time, Honolulu and the Island of Hawaii 6 had been a haven for Whalers, traders, the sea dogs7 of commerce and exploration."77 "Ten percent would admét it if they were not pig- headed and peculiar."7 "Kamehameha I is known as the Napoleon of the Pacific."79 by the 74 Honolulu Advertiser, March 7, 1929. 75 Honolulu Star-Bulletin, November ll, 1922. 76 The underlining in the quotation has been inserted author. 77 Honolulu Star-Bulletin, April 11, 1927. 78 Honolulu Advertiser, April 17, 1922. 79 The Mid-Pacific maggzine, Honolulu, Vol. XXX, No. A, October, 1925. p. 307. 50 Delivery. The author interviewed many people who listened to Farrington's speeches. Following are representa- tive evaluations: l. Delegate to Congress of the United States from Hawaii, Joseph R. Farrington: "He was a very effective speaker, having an ex- ceedingly fine speaking voice, very deep. He spoke with great earnestness and had an unusual sense of humor. His approach was the same to each group that he addressed. The speeches he delivered were prepared by himself in long hand and on his typewriter." Mr. Lawrence M. Judd, former Governor of Hawaii: "Farrington pulled no punches. He sincerely be- lieved in what he said. He said what he thought was the thing to say. He handled his audience in great shape to my judgment and was also an excellent presiding officer. In most cases his speeches were extemporaneous. He seldom used notes or text. I don't think he ever had to rely on notes." Mr. Henry P. Beckley, former Aide to Governor Farrington: "Farrington was to the point and had very friendly audiences. He may have memorized a few notes on special occasions." Mr. Akiyoshi Hayashida, teacher at W. R. Farrington High School: "He spoke slowly and carefully; with dignity and poise; always inspirational." Miss Henrietta Freitas, Department Chairman, English and Social Studies, at W. R. Farrington High School: "I had the opportunity to hear him in two or three different locales. The examples used to explain his points were simplified in some areas but the keynote of each speech was the same." The author has had the opportunity to hear Farrington speak on two occasions and from.memory recalls that the Governor 51 was of medium height, very dignified in appearance, and the possessor of a powerful voice. He did not have any notes be- fore him that the author could recall, and used few gestures. As he spoke, he achieved a pleasant informality and rapport with his audience. Types 9; conclusions. Farrington used different types of conclusions to suit the situation. In his speech of Feb- ruary 21, 1923, MESSAGE TO THE LEGISLATURE, TWelfth Session, he used the motivation type of conclusion: I am confident that as a result of your investiga- tion and deliberations you will join me in praise for the men and women who compose the executive directors and working staff of the Territorial organization. A sincere spirit of cooperation prevails and if there be any exceptions these can only prove more striking the rule of loyalty, efficiency and prompt response to any call to public service. Attention has been called to the necessity for keep- ing our plans within conservative lines. The record of Hawaii's past and the great opportunities of the future demand that we shall at the same time move steadily for- ward. Over all our deliberations there stands as a guide under all conditions, the message handed down to us by a great king of Hawaii and which is indelibly stamped on the life and progress of our people, "The life of the land is perpetuateg in righteousness." Ua HaufKe Ea o Ka Aina i'Ka Pono. 0 Farrington uses the "round out or dismiss the thought" type of conclusion in his ADDRESS OF WELCOME, given to the Institute of Pacific Relations conference on Tuesday, June 30, 1925. He has skillfully rounded out and completed his address: 80 Farrington, 92. cit., p. 37. 52 Hawaii has been frequently termed the laboratory of race relationships of the Pacific. we sometimes feel that we are specimens because we are so frequently analyzed and dissected with such varying conclusions ranging all the way from.the closest approach to earthly perfections to a horrible example of all that should not be and the beginning of earthly if not eternal disaster. Through it all, with the passage of time, Hawaii's people have.maintained and amplified the traditional spirit of friendliness. ‘Experience indicated that whatever successes have been gained find their secret in freedom from race prejudices; once racial antagonism.gets out of control, difficulties loom.that promise disaster. Hawaii has been and is an adventure in friendships and neighborliness. This is the friendly outpost of a friendly nation. we are proud of our achievements and acknowledge with humility our mistakes. Above all we are grateful for the opportunity of placing our blessings of happy natural surroundings and cosmopolitan good will at the disposal of delegates from all parts of the Pacific area, delegates engaged in.a sincere conference and helpful exchange of thought on what may prove the best avenues of approach and the most prac- tical lines of eventual advance to permanent friendships of race and nation that no man will strive to disturb and no nation allowed to destroy. On behalf of the people of the Territory 3{ Hawaii, I extend to you a cordial and sincere Aloha. In a speech to several hundred teachers given on August 2, 1923, entitled ALIEN SCHOOLS GREATEST BAR ‘IO sun- HOOD, Farrington used the Summary type of Conclusion. - He has stated his points throughout the message and in conclusion summarizes these points: Whatever the outcome of the pending litigation, I propose as governor of this Territory to seek every legitimate means, whether through appeal to the highest judicial authority, or through additional legislation by the local legislature or Congress, to endeavor to establish 81 The Mid-Pacific Magazine, Vol. xxx, No. A, October, 1925. p. 310. 53 by every means within the power of the local government, to accomplish the main object sought to be accomplished by the alien language school laws passed by the legisla- ture, which is to secure proper, adequate and healthful education for the children of this Territory, who will ultimately constitute the voters, prescribe and enact laws, and contrOl the government of Hawaii. Every move I make will be with the idea of rendering service to the people in hastening the day whgg Hawaii shall be considered ready for full statehood. III. CONCLUSION In examining the speeches of Farrington we discover, in the first place, that he was a man of unusual ability, and that he was extremely aware of his audience. He familiarized himself with the needs, wants, and desires of his hearers. His long sojourn in the Territory of Hawaii gave him a priceless know- ledge regarding local audiences and their problsms. In presenting his subject, he followed familiar types of introductions. His skill with the spoken word was illus- trated in his utilization of different types of introductions. He utilized first, the logical; secondly, the emotional; and lastly, the ethical type of proof. In the organization of his speeches we find the topical, the problem-solution, and the chronological. No doubt Farrington's preparation as a news- paper’man.molded his sentence structure. 'we discover various types of sentences of different lengths in his messages. ‘we A also notice his skillful employment of imagery and figures of speech and his utilization of colloquial speech. Farrington's 3‘" Honolulu Star-Bulletin, August 2, 1923. 5h training developed in him an awareness of the Scriptures for 'we find many references in his speeches, and we also find appropriate quotations from such speakers and writers as Wendell Phillips and Benjamin Franklin. CHAPTER IV SUMMARY Farrington's family came to New England early in the seventeenth century. He was born and educated there and began his life work as a newspaper man immediately upon leaving college. The schooling he received in New England, and his years of ex- perience as a journalist, fitted him.for the position that he was later to occupy as the sixth Governor of Hawaii. After his eight years of success as a governor, he could look back on outstanding achievements such as: (l) the enactment of Hawaii's Bill of Rights, (2) the creation of a Territorial Bureau of the Budget, (3) recognition by the Federal Immigration Authori- ties of certificates of Hawaiian birth, and (A) the establish- ment of the Hawaii National Park. It was no wonder that President Hoover offered him a third term, an offer which Farrington politely declined. In order to understand the reasons for Farrington's success one would have to give special consideration to his personal attributes: tact, ability to make and hold friends, and his interest in people and their problems. Farrington was popular with those who listened to him because of his speaking ability and his interest in his audience. He was considerate of his listeners and was the type of speaker who prepared his audience for his message. When speaking, he made it a point to stress those things which he and his hearers 56 had in common. He was able to identify himself with his var- ious audiences. Farrington used different types of introduc- tions and proof to make his speeches more effective. His method of organization stressed the topical, problem-solution, and the chronological, in that order. Farrington's style depended upon his audience. He was able to adapt his style to suit the occasion. We notice that he used quotations frequently. He was a man of medium height, dignified in appearance, and the possessor of a powerful voice. He did not have notes before him as far as the author can recall and, while he used few gestures, he still conveyed an impression of alertness and mental and physical animation. His conclusions varied according to his message, his audience, and the occasion. While not a spellbinder or great orator, Farrington was a skillful and powerful speaker always aware of the needs and problems of his beloved islands, always utilizing all his powers in behalf of his constituents. BIBLIOGRAPHY 58 Allen, Riley H., Wallace Rider Farrin ton, Newspaperman. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-BuIIetin, Ed” . 22 pp. Brigance, I. Norwood, S eech C osition. New York: Appleton- Century-Crofts, Inc., I93 . pp. - Farrington, Wallace R., "Message to the Legislature," Twelfth Session, February 21, 1923. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Ltd., 37 PP. ' , "Iessage to the Legislature," Fifteenth Session, February 20, 1929. Honolulu: Paradise cf the Pacific. Ht PP. , "Linking Hawaii's Schools with Her Industries," gag Friend, Vol. ICI, No. 8, August 1922. p. 171. ~ ', "Are We Solving the Problem," 2h; Friend, Vol. ICYIII, 3o..1, January 1928. Pp. 5-8. . . ‘ I . "A Nelcometo the Institute of Pacific Relations," The FAA-Pacific la azine, Vol. xxx, No. A, October 1925. .Pp 307-310. Hardy, Thornton S. , Iallace Rider Farriggton. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Ltd., I9 3. 2 pp. Taylor, Albert P., "The FarringtonPAdministration," The Friend, V01. En, HO. 6, I“. 1929a pe 127-129e . Editor1a1,."Tribute to a Life of Achievement," Paradise 9_f_ _t.l_l_a_ Pacific, Vol. #5. No. 11, November 1933. .p. . Honolulu (Hawaii) Advertiser, April 17, 1922 - larch 7, 1929. Honolulu (Hawaii) Star-Bulletin, July 5, 1921 - June 29, 1929. APPEIW IX 6O INABGURAI.ADDBE8883 Fellow citizens of the Territory of Hawaii: On assuming the duties of Governor of the Territory of Hawaii it will be my aim.to render to the people of the Terri- tory and of our great nation a service in public administration igatlshall bespeak a practical application of the best American ea s. I shall strive by every means within the proper province of the executive to express through this office that kindly and friendly spirit of cooperation that has given immediate distinc- tion to the wise and altogether successful leadership of‘warren G. Harding, President of the United States. I take my text from.the Christian faith of our American fathers and mothers; from the lessons of American history and from the gospel of hard work. I call upon every American in this Territory to renew the pledge to enlist in civic service. I can see no place in Hawaii's scheme of life for the lazy or indifferent. I offer the people of Hawaii a message of action. I am.confident that I strike a responsive chord in the civic spirit of these islands when I say that our faces should always be to the front. Forward is the spirit of the hour. 'we must build. There is great work to be done and citizens priviliged to make their.hmmes in this outpost of our country will accept the opportunity, marking performance with quiet courage, common sense, vigor and a patriotic determination to do the plain duty of today, so that the morrow shall find us cheerfully and readily undertaking whatever new task is then at hand. The promise of a policy of clean cut Americanism is a pledge to maintain the high standards set by our great national leaders, and reflected in the history of these islands by the public service of my.honored predecessors in office, whose re- cords are a challenge as well as an heritage. ‘we should never hesitate to renew our pledge to Americanism, Frequent repeti- tion of the tenets of our faith fires our enthusiasm and it has been well said that the world makes way for those who know exactly where they are going. Hewing to the line that has run consistently through the history of national and territorial administration under the ‘Republican Party from President Lincoln to President Harding, every effort will be centered on securing the highest possible 33 Honolulu Star-Bulletin, July 5, 1921. 61 standard of efficiency at the lowest possible cost. At the same thme there will be thoughtful regard for the adequate return to which the sincere and proficient public servants are entitled. we should not allow ourselves to drop into the careless and thoughtless attitude of assuming that a public office is synonymous with an undesirable brand of politics. The answer to the cry of cheap politics is universal and willing response to the call to public service. The surest panacea for community ills of this character is the devotion of so much of our time to driving forward with perfect team work in public activities that there will be no place for reck- less criticism.and the utterly useless wastage consequent to haggling by the wayside. The duty of the Executive is to study conditions, analyze situations, apply the test of practicality and suggest to his fellow citizens the lines of procedure that his judgment prompts to be the most direct route to the desired end. Equally sincere and tolerant consideration of these conclusions by the citizens who see clearly and think straight, without becoming dogmatic will give us a friendly unity and prompt results. we have learned from our own experience how this strengthens our confidence in our fellowmen and ourselves so that we can look forward with pleasure to overcoming the new difficulties that seem almost unsurmountable. Hawaii in the midst of the sweeping and compelling currents of world influences and power is driven forward whether it wills or not. The attention of the world has turned to the Pacific. The people of the Territory have therefore to deal with problems that seem.out of all proportion to island area in miles and the totals of our population. we cannot however, disguise the facts. Our relation to the course of developing events in this part Of the world admits of no evasion, no putting off till tomorrow, no slighting of the task. We must do the things that ought to be done and we must not weary in reminding our fellow citizens of the mainland of what is required to maintain our position. Our plain duty is to continually strengthen the organiza- tion of Hawaii as an outstanding American unit-~self reliant, self sustaining, governmentally efficient, commercially pro- gressive, industrially modern, financially sound, educationally awake, and morally clean. we shall thus bear file hall marks of preparedness. We can be relied upon to hold our own in the usual routine of pan-Pacific competition and confidently meet the issues of any emergency. International problems to which much discussion is devoted need not worry Hawaii if the American people of Hawaii keep their own house in order. 62 That we have work to do is brought home to everyone by the critical period through which the main industries of the - Territory are now passing. World upheavals and widespread un- rest are reflected in these islands by the sluggish movement of our principal products and the extraordinary reductions in revenue and values. In the midst of this situation, our assignment is to go forward. Conditions are unprecedented aid unexpected. The money available is reduced. The work that must be done is in- creased. No voice of complaint has yet been raised; no sign of cowardly fear appears. The challenge of the hour is accepted. It could not be otherwise when our thoughts turn to the lives of those noble men and women who made history in Hawaii by regis- tering victory in the face of adverse circumstances, who fbund the brightest joys of living in doing the things that could not be done. If any become fainthearted, think of the first “Kamehameha and'Kaahumanu, visualize the struggles of that wonder- ful band of missionaries of 1820, study the self sacrifice of a Father Damien, go over the periods in which men and women now living were called upon to sound to the full depth, their re- source in patriotic adherence to principle, unselfishness in political leadership, courage in finance, intelligence in the expansion of agricultural industry. Note well how those of more recent days made extraordinary records of accomplishments with physical equipment wholly inadequate, but possessed of a tremendous determination and unfaltering moral courage. Looking back on what they did for us, it is impossible that we can do other than meet our problems with a pledge to high endeavor. The present day task is nothing compared with that of former years but I would not suggest that we minimize what is in store. 'Face the issues cheerfully and with a business man's appreciation of how much hard work is demanded. Present industries must be maintained while carrying on a conservative expansion along new lines that will strengthen our.merchantile, commercial and financial resource. Governmental activities cannot be curtailed because of the pressing respon- sibilities following in the wake of growing population and the expansion in trans-Pacific traffic. To accomplish our purpose means a return to frugal living, careful discipline in business management, high regard fer moral standards, intensive methods as distinguished from.the careless and reckless, simple justice and a fair return for the laborer and for the executive leader on whose industry, judgment and financial strength so much depends. The integrity of our business institutions, the intelligence of our citizenship and the atmosphere of comradeship evidenced in the past, inspire 63 confidence in the certainty of our success in adjustment to Changed conditions and holding an advanced place in the march of events. The future of our great republic is guaranteed.when we prOtect the integrity of the American public school. Hawaii has proudly held its position in the front rank of educational ‘ achievement. The crying need of the hour is for more vocational training, with agriculture and the trades related to our.main industry, as the basis of school room plans. Efficient educa- tion means furnishing the child with an equipment to make a living and fulfill the responsibilities of American citizenship. It therefore should include training the mind to direct the hand in manual labor. Hawaii's children should be schooled in the dignity and opportunity of agriculture. The way should be made easy and attractive for pupils with natural aptitude for culti- vation of products of the soil. The investment value of such a course is found in the contentment of prosperous rural homes, a reduction in the number of misfits, and an increase in the surplus of clean living, healthy, self respecting, home loving Americans. The rehabilitation, or Hawaiian Homes Law, that will be put in operation by the incoming administration, represents an agreement by leaders of the Territory and of the Nation that the valuable public lands of the Territory under cultivation in sugar cane shall not be jeopardized by possible land speculators Operating through a lottery system. The law registers the solicit use of the Federal government for the American citizens of Hawaiian ancestry and also establishes the policy of the government to facilitate rather than hamper the legitimate activities of reputable corporations engaged in a large scale agricultural industry. The American of Hawaiian ancestry whose love for this land is the deep love of nativity has the profound respect and sincere support of all Americans. It is impossible to impress too forcefully upon the public the grave responsibility and excep- tional opportunity that this law offers. The nation has pro- tected existing industry and with this income endowed the enter- prise of selected families of Hawaiian ancestry; it has placed the stamp of approval on.their ambition to man the land and expressed its confidence in their ability. The Executive of the Territory will bend every energy to secure for the Hawaiian homes movement the complete success pictured in the minds of the most ardent supporters. No private enterprise could call for the exercise of greater accuracy in forethought, more exacting business managmnent or more efficient team work than this homesteading program that will soon be 6h launched. It is of the utmost importance that homesteaders and officials shall receive for the fulfillment of the promise the united support marshaled in the campaign to secure the passage of the law. Bear in mind that the real work has just begun. It will be helpful to study the Hawaiian Homes movement in its relation to what can be accomplished fer Hawaii when its people once unite in presenting to Congress plans for local development that are fundamentally sound. Hawaii's friends in the executive and legislative branches of the Federal government are legion. From friendly acts and warm words expressing their abiding love for Hawaii we know that we enjoy the active interest and sympathetic regard of the President and his helpful and accomplished wife. Coming in contact with the Federal authority through the Secretary of the Interior, we are especially fortu- nate in the present occupant of that high office. Secretary Fall has rendered distinguished legislative service which equips him as an experienced counsellor on matters proposed for Congressional action; the Secretary has learned from long ex- perience the conditions and the habits of mind peculiar to an American Territory. He brings to the consideration of our affairs a sympathetic understanding of what one less informed might at times put down as our excessive irritability. Given united forces at home, consistent work and intelligent energy in the presentation of our case, Hawaii can always secure from Congress the legislation that its needs justify. The crisis in the labor and industrial situation is now before Congress for a full investigation and action upon the proposal advanced through the Territorial Legislature. The Delegate to Congress and members of the Immigration Commission have assumed the herculean task of quickly picturing to Congress and the American people the character of who emergency, and con- vincing them of the necessity for immediate action. Our supply of agricultural field labor will always be an acute problem as long as our industries thrive and immigra- tion is restricted while emigration is unrestricted. The con- trol of our industry must ever remain in the hands of American citizens. No other part of our country is so remote from approved sources of labor supply. Until the position of the Territory and its industries is understood, proposals offered for Hawaii are regarded as almost fantastic. Once a member of Congress and his constituents appreciate the significance of the facts, opposition changes to support. Immigration legislation for Hawaii now before Congress should have unhesitating and cordial support from every American interest. 65 Growing commerce of the Pacific and the accmmodation of inter-island traffic forces a constructive policy in keeping with demands made upon the largest ports of call. Our harbors .must be safe and the port equipment such as will give prompt dispatch at low expense. Bonds have been authorized to forward this and other much needed public improvements. The bonds must be sold where his competition for money is most keen. In the face of adverse financial and industrial conditions at home and abroad, Hawaii has to carry an elaborate scheme of permanent construction, to care for the traffic that comes naturally to our shores. In the test of salesmanship and confidence in our own securities this period of readjustment should find a people eagerly responding with their money and moral support. The public health service has well satisfied the demands made upon it for outpost duty at this cross roads of Pacific passenger traffic. The cooperation between Federal, Territorial and municipal organizations.merits emulation in other depart- ments. The remarkable conquering of the scourge of leprosy has been so quietly woven into history that it seems to have been accepted as a matter of course. ‘We have here an evidence of the modesty of the scientist, also a lesson to the taxpayer that money should not be withheld from the men devoting their lives to painstaking, dreary and sometimes apparently unsuccessful scientific research. What such workers have added to human 'welfare and happiness cannot be expressed in money or the ordinary methods of perfunctory appreciation. Their best re- ward is in adequate equipment to do more work. Dedication of the Hawaii National Park is a notable step towards connecting up strong federal support for Hawaii as a world resort for scientist and traveller. These wonderful scenic areas will be forever preserved to the public and thus more certainly guarantee Hawaii's placement in the annual schedule of the tourist. The venturesome spirits who pioneered in the sugar and pineapple industries had no such basis of assured success as that which now Offers those legitimately commercializing Hawaii's tourist attractions. Men and women of Hawaii-~we cannot escape the sweep of ‘world currents and their bearing on our affairs. In the last analysis every move must be judged by its effect on Hawaii, the American outpost. Thrust far toward the continents of Asia and Australia, here the well intentioned stranger meets the first friendly welcome of America. Here we link up a chain in the friendship of English speaking nations in the Pacific. Here we establish the first contact and perform the first experiments 66 in determining how the Occident with its driving, humanizing and individualizing civilization may come into cordial union with ages-old Oriental systems that deal with humanity in the mass and perpetuate the blight of caste and ignorance. Here we fos- ter all the arts of peace and in these islands our country has erected those necessary barriers that will serve to stay the advance of an imaginary and remotely possible marauder. In no section of our common country are the interests of the army and the navy more vital, more closely watched or more entitled to exert a dominant influence in the surrounding civil life. Senator Lodge in one of his historical writings relates an incident of a crisis of the Revolutionary War. General ‘Washington when selecting an officer immediately following news of the desertion of Benedict Arnold, turned to the captain of the guard for the night and said, "I can trust you." I like to recall this incident and apply it as a test of the standard of our citizenship under all conditions. What an inspiring text may be made of it for unifying more permanently the groups that constitute our body politic. ‘What a slogan for the volunteers to civic service. Our struggles and problems are those of readjustment following a great war in which millions proved their right to the leader's confidence expressed in the phrase "I can trust you." Our privilege is to merit this benediction when we sense a lagging interest toward public affairs, details of govermment, politics and the business of the people. Hawaii will march steadily forward, slowly at times but always forward. Its Americanism.has stood the test and our hopeful outlook is justified from every angle. Greatly honored in our responsibilities, we are greatly favored in our environ- ment. When the heat and burden of the day threaten to over- power the intensity of competition and the perversity of human nature upset our composure, the kindly spirit of the native Hawaiian sifts through the clouds as does the sunshine through the mists in our valleys and we are reminded that friendship can win victories where the harsh and frigid methods fail. This spirit of Hawaii is expressed in the word that we all love and which when properly interpreted voices our attitude toward all those who would become a part of our community life, bear a fair share in its responsibilities as well as enjoy its bene- fits and emoluments. As an outpost of the American nation, our message and our mission are found in the words of Hawaii, Aloha, Aloha Oe. 67 maxcmxsu Is REAL Issus ‘34 .An early incident of the great war comes to my mind when I address an audience of veterans. One of our torpedo boat destroyers operating in the North Sea was wrecked by a mine. It was every man for himself, for the disaster seemed complete. In the midst of the wreckage a husky American sailor came to the top, brushed the water out of his eyes, discovered himself alive and shouted to whatever survivors might be within range of his voice, "Where do we go from here, boys? Where do 'we go from.here?" . This has always appealed to.me as being typical of healthy, courageous Americanism. It bespeaks the readiness for any duty and the refusal to accept any passing disaster as the and of the Journey. Finding that there is still the breath of life and the energy to go forward the American wants to be on the go, and like the sailor in the Nerth Sea he has a pretty definite idea of how he will shape his course and what he ought to do. The American Legion expresses a national desire and the determination of veterans to preserve and perpetuate all that is best in the courage, patriotism and the sacrifice brought out by that great disaster. ‘With becoming modesty, comparative- ly little time is devoted to recording your own deeds of valor, though you see to it that the nation shall never forget those who made the supreme sacrifice. The cause, the history and the deeds of the men and women who gave their lives that we might live are guarded with tender reverence. And when this is done, the big-souled, energetic, vigor- ous American cmnes to the top and demands that we move on, that we get to sane placenthat we go somewhere. It is a great privilege and I appreciate the honor of participating in this convention of the men who are not forget- ting the lessons of the great war andywho understand the impor- tance of organization in securing the greatest practical results from.those lessons. The Territory has the highest regard for the American Legion representing a physical proof that the men‘who responded in 1917 are equally ready for any future service in civic or military life. In many respects you have already answered the question, "Where 40". go frmn.here?" The American Legion has lost no thee in driving into civic responsibilities. Nb group of citizens is better able to understand that with every sunrise 3“ Honolulu Star-Bulletin, September 2, 1921. 68 there comes to every American a call to eternal vigilance in the display of courage, patriotism and, it may be, of self- sacrifioe. And this service may be more important to his country and humanity than any he had the opportunity to render on any drill ground or battle field. The man who thinks that all the great opportunities in life are in the water that has gone under the bridge needs a new angle on life and the things about him. Many of you assembled here went into the army with the hope of'getting into the thick of it,"’and quite a large share were delegated to guard duty at Schofield Barracks. This possibly occasioned some mental depression, although you knew and we all understand that you were placed where you were most needed. If any of you suffered a twinge of disappointment at being located on the eastern front of Hawaii rather than the western front of Europe, I am sure that your feelings may be fully soothed when you realize that you are now a factor in the work of national and international recuperation. You as leaders enjoy the added reward that is given to those who have proved their capacity for service. A writer of Lord Northcliffe's life has said that his reward for public service has always been more public service. The center of the stage has changed from the Atlantic to the Pacific. You are in the midst of the Pacific. Members of the legion have gained through military duty the lessons that furnish such excellent training for civil and community service. First the response to the call has been prompt and willing. You have not stopped to consider what you are going to "get out of it." You understand the value of loyal and efficient units. Your influence is not purchased at a trading value or money or patronage. You know that the highest service that can be rendered by one-hundred million Americans is obtained by concentration and cooperation in support of an ideal, rather than from.an exhibition of what will result from one-hundred million inde- pendent ideas operating in one-hundred million directions. You understand discipline, self-control and the meaning of mental balance when you are in the thick of the contest or waiting for something to happen. The soldier knows the power of patience. During a recent visit to the Library of Congress my attention was arrested by a photograph of one of our American 69 soldiers on outpost duty on the European front. The intensive, alert and fearless expression on the man's face mirrored American manhood in action with a perfection seldom caught by the photographer. I trust that some great artist or artists will be able to express on canvas or in marble the heroism of civic strife, with the same inspiring power that marks the many figures of war. My purpose today is to express.my appreciation of the active interest American Legion menbers are taking in the government of their country. The United States has need today of civic soldiers. Hawaii furnishes you a field for duty calling for more work than was experienced by many who were forced to do guard duty at Schofield or Fort Armstrong. we need men and women who prove their sense of civic responsibility by cordial service and who exercise self-control, common sense and unselfish patriotism in community affairs. We ought to help settle the problems of the precinct in which we live before spending much time talking of what ought to be done by our nation or other nations. Disarm sus- picion and prejudice in your own town. Bear in mind that the strength of America depends upon the efficiency and loyalty of its village, municipal, county, territorial and state units. Citizens of Hawaii have enough right here to keep them busy and amply supply any demand for an opportunity to do something worthwhile. To begin with, the average citizen can profit greatly by becoming acquainted with his own neighbors. This gives a new and broader point of view. Lack of such acquaintance has often explained why ambitious programs in public administration do not work out more smoothly and rapidly. ‘We all know how negligent we become of the responsibilities arising in our immediate vicinity. These everyday duties of everyday life open the way to better and greater achievement and it is natural that the men of the American Legion should be helpful leaders. As veterans of war you are retired or in the reserve, as citizens, you are always on duty. You aim to build, not destroy. Your ideals and achievements are a pledge that the boys and girls of every American family shall have the public schools and the land for homes and the wealth of opportunity that is universally re- garded as the greatest heritage of Americans. The American Legion of Hawaii has the force and ambition that, properly exerted, will give this Territory more and better schools, with courses of study that will equip our children with the right kind of education; an education that will help them 70 to make a living and start them in the direction which native talents and community surroundings indicate as worthwhile. Hawaii's schools should dignify manual labor through giving special prominence to vocational courses of study. Given this right kind of education, rising citizens expect to have a place to establish their homes. As citizens they are entitled to first consideration. I believe the American Legion will stand as it has always stood, a power behind the American boy and girl and the Amer- ican home, and be ready to protect them against any jostling or pushing aside by any alien force or alien interest. This does not mean fostering petty antagonism against foreigners and foreign interests. It does, however, express the deter- mination of Americans to care for their own and maintain the integrity of American institutions. we are entirely capable of running our own country and we are not in any sense unfriendly when we suggest to an aggressive or designing alien that he has gone Just as far as any courteous and privileged gentleman should go. When he ceases to be a gentleman the privilege is withdrawn. There is no doubt that the power of the American Legion will be swung into line to support the Hawaiian Homes movement. This pioneer enterprise deserves every possible assistance at your hands. It should receive that moral support from the community which will enthuse the leaders and hearten the pioneers during the days of difficulties that will surely come to them. Hawaii must have citizens on its lands whose purpose is to establish homes, not grab the lands and sell them to the highest bidder. The Hawaiian Homes law provides homes for citizens who have a desire and love for the land coupled with the ambition to be among the producers rather than the parasites. Certainly no one in Hawaii nei will question the propriety of giving the first opportunity to the American citizens of Hawaiian ancestry. In referring to free public schools and the American home, there is presented to your attention the outstanding institutions for which our ancestors struggled. To protect these you also went to war. They are the foundations of true Americanism. When we perform our full duty in maintaining the American home and the American public school it follows naturally that we will not fail in the ramifications 71 of business development and of moral progress to which the pursuit of health, wealth and happiness leads an ambitious, patriotic and friendly people. When assembled in convention we get new vision, and are thrilled with new life and high ambition. Returning home the same old problems are on our doorsteps, but we can approach them from new angles and with added courage. One of the greatest enemies we have to overcome in our community life is petty personality that breeds a narrow factionist, creates cliques, promotes strife and has never accomplished anything toward worthily winning a contest whether it be a war of arms or for civic advancement. Breadth of vision and generosity of spirit will wipe out the deadly damper of petty faction that blights enthusiasm and kills progress. Every citizen should be a factor for friendly, good natured, intelligent and efficient Americanism. By precept and example it becomes our personal duty to pry loose the parlor patriots from.the ease and narrow horizon of the solemn arm chair. Wake up and set to work these wise ones who tell what should be done but as for themselves do nothing. Given a wave of aroused citizenship there will be no time wasted in calling names and promoting factions. The greatest curse under which any American unit can suffer is prevalence of pin-headed personalities and political treachery. This will be quickly and effectively eliminated if we can enlist the thought and effort of people in forward movements, that get somewhere and build for greater things. The American Legion is nonpartisan and in this sense non- political, but in this country of ours, consistent, sincere par- ticipation in public affairs, sometimes defined as politics is the best and only guarantee of good government. Veterans of the war may safely be an agency as every other group should be, to root out, and stir up every American citizen, enlisting him in the game of his own government and having entered, play it square. Be Americans. Forget the prejudices that degrade and retard. Carry the thought that we citizens of Hawaii are working out an American destiny that is broader, mightier and grander than any the world or any race or other nationality now living has ever known. we are a part of this new world. To the United States of America the people of all other nations are turning. 72 we of Hawaii are units of the great organization and there rests upon us the direct and personal responsibility of doing our full share as whole souled, man sized Americans. 73 common users can run WELFARE ’or norm-.3 5 In selecting a text for the evening's discussion, I have found myself halting between two opinions. IMy first, thought was an adaptation of "Am.I my Brother's Keeper," so that it would read, "You are your brother's keeper and you cannot get away from it." .And then it seemed that the problem before the people of the Territory and on which the social ‘welfere workers.must specialize is well epitomized by one of Benjamin Franklin's terse sayings: "Being ignorant is not so much a shame as being unwilling to learn." If I were to utter a prayer appropriate to this occa- sion, it would be, "Lord deliver us from.parlor patriots who tell us what ought to be done but, as for themselves, do nothing." If I were to express an outstanding hope for the future, it'would be that every.American citizen.might engage in a daily routine of civic duty, and accept this as seriously, with the same enthusiasm, determination, and self-discipline as would mark his action if he were a soldier facing an armed fee. I have yet to learn any good reason why the citizens of a Republic should show great valor on the field of battle, and be supremely indifferent to conditions in their home town. Isn't it strange that we shed so much blood for our liberty and then expect liberty to take care of itself? The suggestion was offered that I might endeavor to present the responsibility of government for the welfare of its citizens. In a government that aspires to be of, by and for the people, responsibility is accurately determined. It is measured exactly by the degree of responsibility accepted and exercised by individual citizens. If I could make but one definite and permanent impression during a life time, I would choose the privilege of carrying home to the hearts of American citizens that they can get just as good a government as they deserve. Their government is a rifiiition of their own willingness to accept and share respon- s b ty. Governmental failures in our country are more the re- sult of indifference, selfishness and damn-right refusal to participate in anything but the beneficial products of welfare 35 Egg.Honolulu Advertiser, April 17, 1922. 7h movements, than they are of the wild and radical foolishness of freaks, zealots and brain-storm theorists. Save us from the parlor patriots, who do nothing but tell us how it ought to be done: The community enterprises generally grouped under the terminology of social welfare are a direct product of Christian civilization. They point the present—day route for bringing victory to the kingdom of righteousness. "Am I my brother's keeper" grates on the nerves of the fat, the prosperous and the comfortable, who think they have enough to do in caring for themselves. They tell us that nature provides for the survival of the fittest and there are too many other people in the world anyhow. They tell us the damage has been done and there is no use trying to mend it. If Adam and Eve had started their family life by per- manently bequeathing to humanity a rule of fresh air, good food, some play and plenty of work, instead of a legacy of forbidden fruits and serpents, everything would have been all right. But this was not done. Therefore the fat and the prosperous and the comfortable will not bother to do more than comment on life's misfortunes, lay the blame on Adam and Eve and let it go at that. The welfare worker, however, looks upon this situation as the dawning of a new day of opportunity, the opening of a mission in the cause of humanity. Practical business, developing under the influence of Christian civilization, is now found ready to declare and to demonstrate that to be "my brother's keeper" is good business. Practical business finds that the best returns on enlightened selfishness are obtained through creating every possible safe- guard to better guarantee human life, clean and healthful birth, plenty of fresh air and food, decent home environments, education suited to native intelligence, worthy ambitions and an opportunity to establish a home in keeping with one's capacity for hard work and frugality. Christ set the mark for our civilization in His concern for the child, the widow, the stranger within our gates, the despised and the overlooked. Taking their lesson from the record of the centuries since Christ was on earth, practical business men of today refuse to despise or overlook anything or anyone that prevents human or physical waste. 75 And so, approaching the problem from a mercenary angle, practical business discovers itself, swinging into line and keeping step with the great forward movement of Christian civilization. It is good business to look after the brother and all the members of his family. Soldiers of social service should never apologize to anyone for their existence, especially to the practical business man. You are his best friend and he knows it. Ninety percent believe in your work and a fair share help. Ten percent would admit it if they were not pig-headed and peculiar. Engineers of science and industry are concentrating on the reduction of needless waste. Social engineers and welfare workers are scheming and working to reduce human waste. They are the leaders and strategists in the righteous war against the crime of the ages, the claim.that "nothing is so cheap as human life.” we have learned, and social workers preach without ceasing, that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. Ordinary humanity prompts us to suocor the sick; plain business sense tells us to institute preventive measures for saving the waste resulting from sickness and suffering. Today's practical philanthropy is expended on healthful housing for the purpose of heading off extensions to hospitals. Leahi Home, for instance, is a splendid institution, represen- ting hundreds of thousands of dollars in equipment, dedicated to the halting of a needless waste of human life. I say "needless," because every citizen who can read and think, knows that Leahi Home could be practically put out of business through the exercise of a larger measure of Christian civilization in dealing with the homes and living conditions of Palama,‘Kakaako and all the other crowded tene- ment and unhealthful sections of Honolulu and Hawaii-nei. we know that a dollar of prevention is worth thousands of dollars of ours. we look about us and find conditions that indicate in no uncertain terms that the sound sense of this teaching has not thoroughly soaked in. Tuberculosis is definitely known to be a preventable disease. Yet it heads the death rate in our territory. I think the record shows that, in the months of our so-called epidemics of cholera, plague and even typhoid, tuberculosis headed the death rate. To wipe out cholera we tore down, re- built and reclaimed swamps, and guarded the town.with a splen- did corps of volunteer inspectors. The disease was conquered. 76 To check the plague we burned a good part of the city and, generally speaking, were willing to make the sacrifice. The first move towards checking the greatest destroyer, tuberculosis, is to improve, civilize and modernize the housing conditions available to people of limited means. Open the doors, let the sunlight in. I suggest that those of you.who have lived for some years in Hawaii make a mental review of what enthusiasm.and cooperation has rewarded the efforts to civilize our building laws, extend the fire limits, put through a zoning ordinance, carry out a reclamation plan for unsanitary lands, extend the sewers and give to the people of this city pure water and plenty of it. This is not called to your attention to make this an evening of unpleasant memories. Each of the measures mentioned is an all-important detail in erecting a barrier for successful and permanent control of tuberculosis. we have done much, but each month shows that tuberculosis is still about forty-five cases ahead. Contemplating the record, we are bound to recognize that we have not done all those things we ought to have done, and therefore the mission of the social welfare-workers is worthwhile. A tremendous amount remains to be done, and the doing of it is good business. .Another phase of welfare work deserving of attention is our governmental provision for mothers' pensions through boards of child welfare. The law establishing these boards was enacted in 1919. It appears that the boards are limited in their activi- ties by the law as to the necessity of funds for conducting their work. Mothers' pensions means money to be given to mothers, and there can be no pension without money. The boards are doing their conscientious work and mothers are not given more money than is absolutely necessary to feed and clothe and shelter their children. These boards are an- deavoring to conserve family life and to conserve the health of the children; but they seem to be thwarted in their efforts by the refusal of the appropriating bodies to provide sufficient money for this purpose. Here is an ounce of prevention that carries hundreds of thousands of pounds of living values, in so many different lines that it is difficult to enumerate them. It is conservation of life and health and morals and wholesome family living. 77 This record is not recalled in a spirit of complaint. The facts are patent. They are offered as a salesman would present an opportunity for absolutely sound investment returning dividends in hundreds of percent. There is direct return, through the red blood.and clear heads of healthy citizens, and direct savings through reduction in waste from death, disease, suffering, degradation, and the cursed and dangerous discontent of men, women and children who have not had a square deal. Money saved by refusal to invest in these community im- provements is more like blood money than like the proverbial "penny saved is a penny earned." Especially during this Easter season, when we are re- minded that there is no death, is it appropriate to take account of stock to see whether each has accepted the responsi- bility every American citizen has for government, whether we are taking the practical business view, whether we are doing anything to forward Christian civilization or rather waiting to be "carried to the skies on flowery beds of ease"--sympathizing with the poor devils that suffer, but hoping that none of them ‘will come around us and distribute their seeds of death. Are we really doing anything or are we telling and thinking of what others ought to do? There are evidences all about us that some very energetic women and men are accomplishing definite and gratifying results. This Territorial conference is a first proof. The playgrounds, the district nurses, the Social welfare Bureau, the various clinics for physical disease and mental study, the court of domestic relations, the comprehensive welfare program.of the sugar and pineapple industries--all declare the glory of an awakening that is genuine and permanent. This enables us to see what great wonders could be per- formed with relative ease if practical business and Christian civilization should move forward with a sustained "Onward Christian Soldier" swing. All this is a mere beginning, just touching the fringe of what plain common sense tells us is one of the most interesting and important community enterprises- for-profit that is offered today. IMay I offer a suggestion? Hard-headed business men can see in the playground too much play and.not enough work. They can see in the plantationpwelfare effort the beginning of dis- content that, through ignorance, becomes restlessness and ripens into uselessness. 78 I am sure you will all agree that one of the first duties of men and women on this earth is to preach the gospel of hard work. Parents who rear their children in comparative idleness because "we don't want them to work so hard as we did," are raising good candidates for failures. All through the scheme of social improvement there must run, especially with the youth, a clear-cut doctrine and prac- tice, that nothing can be gained in this world without hard incessant work. Remember, there is a marked difference between discontent with dirt and squalor, and the irrational shallow discontent with everything because it is. Preach the gospel of contentment, of home guilding and an improvement of surroundings; show them that they can.work harder and better by caring for their bodies, keeping their own physical equipment up to the mark. All this is a part of the plan of Christian civilization, and satisfies the hard-headed as well as the practical business man. Social workers have no easy task. They must not move more rapidly than average humanity can follow. Their ideals must be always to the fore, but they must keep their feet on the ground and be able to demonstrate at all times that the ideals are sound and permanent investments. Yet yours is a most attractive calling. You are dealing with the world's most interesting product--men, women, boys and girls-~humanity. You are helping them to help themselves. And this applies as well to the healthy, wealthy citizen as to the diseased victim of vice-breeding tenements or death- bearing swamps. Remember, that we are builders. we of today cannot do it all. Some may have the good fortune to work on the foundations; another may merely put a shingle on the roof to stop a leak; and others do the homely task of washing windows to let in more light. The rewards are in the joy of achievement. The fate of the social worker may be that of Lord North- cliffe, of whom it is written that his reward for good work has been--more work. And somexnay fit in the place described by the advertising and sales expert, Charles Austin Bates, who said, "It is generally the man who doesn't know any better who does things that can't be done. You see, the blamed idiot doesn't know that it can't be done, so he goes ahead and does it." 79 Our boys in the war did the things that couldn't be done. They and you are still soldiers of Christian civilization. To cheer us on our way we sing "Onward Christian Soldiers, Marching as to War." It is good for us to sing and to cheer. Let us see to it that we also keep on marching; that we continue the victories of peace, with the enthusiasm that marks our response to the call to war. so REHABILITATION TO OPEN DOOR or OPPORTUNITY FOR HAI'IAIIANS86 Rehabilitation, the Hawaiian Homes Law, is the open door of opportunity by which the Hawaiians may return to the posses- sion of the land. Beside that open door stands the Old Hawaii, the new Hawaii and the government of the united States of America beckoning, urging the men and women of Hawaiian lineage to come forwgrd and take their proper place of leadership in populating the and. ' Above the door we may visualize this text from the book of Revelations, "He that overcometh shall inherit all things." Here is great happiness spread before us, but the Bible says, and experience has taught, that we cannot get something for nothing. There are difficulties to be overcome, but the inheritance is the greatest of all human rewards-~a home. This brief summary presents my idea of the movement in which we are now engaged, to not only interest the people of Hawaii nei in regaining the lands of their forefathers, but to .stay on those lands and retain the home after once becoming established. Homes for the people is not a new idea. we could spend the evening reviewing world history marked at every stage and in every populated area with the struggles to gain land and establish independent homes. The movement of the people to cities is older than the new Testament, and the lessons of civic degeneration as a result of the breaking up of what we now call the country population are centuries Old. we have lessons by the score. ‘we should now show that we have the intelligence to profit by them. One of the immediate results of Hawaii being accepted as an integral part of the greatest of all republics, the Uhited States of America, was to direct attention to the public lands. The traditional policy of the Uhited States has been to be recklessly liberal with its undeveloped lands. The policy of the Hawaiian government has been to conserve large areas of public lands under the leasehold system, so that the title did not pass permanently from the people. The government of Hawaii, therefore, possessed large tracts of well-cultivated and highly developed public lands, many of which were controlled by pros- perous sugar corporations. These leases and the industries operating under them were an important source of income to the government. many of the old-time kuleanas, or homesteads, of old Hawaii had been sold and consolidated in large blocks. 8" 21.1.2 We Advertiser. my 3. 1922. 81 Consequently when Hawaii took its place in the American Union there was strong pressure from two directions to dispose of our public lands. The native-born Hawaiian wanted an opportunity to secure some land to take the place of the kuleanas he or his parents had sold. He had found that money is soon spent. A plot of land and a home is like money in the bank drawing interest. The Hawaiian wished the public land opened up to the small settler. The native-born American wanted the public lands thrown open because that was the traditional policy of the country; all the great west had been developed under this system, and he sincerely believed that putting people on the land in the old-fashioned way was the best method for Americanizing Hawaii. Under this double pressure our lands were offered for settlement. Some of the tracts that had been waste or pasture were turned into productive homesteads and new industry was established. Other tracts were divided in such a way that homesteading was merely a short route by which the land after a few years was transferred from.the government to a corpora- tion. Still other lands fulfilled the ideal and served as the permanent homes of the people of the soil, who cultivated and now live on their homesteads and are happy and prosperous. Taking the situation as a whole, however, the general drift was towards a loss of income to the people through the breaking up of profitable sugar plantations and a failure to gain an equalizing increase in and benefit from the number of homesteaders living on and cultivating their own land. Too many people in their rush to get hold of the fertile lands were more anxious to buy at a low figure and later lease or sell out at a high figure, than they were to make a home for themselves and their children. Unfortunately some think that anyone can be a farmer. Anyone can try it. Brains, energy and a love for land and growing crops are necessary to make a successful farmer. Many were sincere enough, but they did not know how. They were making mistakes that had been made by hundreds of others and no one was on hand to tell them. These became dis- gusted; they failed. And you and I and all the other people of the territory paid for it. I am recounting these details because we are quick to forget. Too often we forget that every citizen has an interest in government and government property, especially public land. If the property and the land are handled in a business like manner our taxes are less and every- 82 one profits to some extent; if the management is wasteful and reckless, if it is handled like a rich man's foolish son "blow- ing in" his father's money, then you and I and our d1ildren and our children's children suffer loss that cannot be regained for generations, and then only after great sacrifice and large expenditure of money. Too much of our public lands was treated like the easy .money of the wasteful rich man's son. This is not said in criticism of officials; we all shared in the responsibility. Then came an awakening. Prince Kalanianaole, Rev. Akana, mr. Duncan, Senator Wise, hr. Lane, Mr. Aluli, and their associates sounded the warning note to the citizens of Hawaiian lineage. Business men sounded the warning note that the land waste was leading to destruction. The rehabilitation movement was the result. These two elements just mentioned, starting out suspicious‘and rather critical of each other, finally saw that their interests were common, that each was working to promote the general welfare of all the people and they all were sincere in their desire to preserve Hawaii's lands to the best uses of the people. They reached an understanding and then made a common cause. The Hawaiian Homes Law was passed by our legislature and by the United States Congress. The Hawaiian Homes Law means the dawn of a new era as definite as the admission of Hawaii into the union, the great land devision--mahele--and even of the unifying of all the lands under one leader by the great Kamehameha. This law means that the government has regard for the men and women.who want homes, and no friendly consideration for the speculators who merely strive to buy the land cheap at your and my expense and sell at profit and, putting that profit in their own pockets, leave the Territory. Under the Hawaiian Homes Law the highly cultivated lands under lease are held under public control, as a source of revenue. A portion of this income is being used to open up other lands in a manner that will give to hard working frugal men and women enough to maintain themselves and their families. The old agricultural homestead policy was to turn the ambitious farmer loose to work out his own destiny. The Hawaiian Homes Law provides for preparation of the soil, for an advisor, and superintendent whose experience enables him.to 83 render timely suggestions to the home makers. He saves them costly and discouraging mistakes. He gives them the advantage of modern science applied to agriculture. He helps to make the life attractive, and create happy communities. Under the Hawaiian Homes Law we are contented with small beginnings. No attempt is made to provide a small sugar plan- tation, or hand over a tract to be cultivated under the direc- tion of a head luna while the homesteader sits on his lanai and smokes and sleeps. The area may seem small, but it is large enough. We are beginning on Molokai with three families. As soon as these homes are established, this group will be increased by four and five and six and seven and eight and so on till the avail- able land on the beautiful island of Molokai will be exhausted and we have to look about for more. I assume that you are acquainted with the general terms of the law, that the enterprise is in the hands of the Hawaiian Homes Commission of five members, the Governor as chairman, the others appointed by the Governor, three of these being citizens of 50 percent Hawaiian blood. The commission names an execu- tive secretary who is the active manager. The commission has authority to engage employes for superintendence and general administration. The income is derived from.30 percent of the moneys from sugar cane land leases and all the returns from general land and water leases. This revenue amounts to approx- imately $200,000 a year, and is converted into a revolving fund till the sum reaches $1,000,000. The commission selects the home maker from among those sufficiently interested to apply, and can qualify with 50 percent Hawaiian blood. Each homestead tract is not less than twenty acres. It is leased to the home maker at $1.00 a year for 99 Years. He is privileged to borrow from the commission to a limit of $3,000 for building his house and providing the farming equipment, including working animals. The interest charge is 5 percent and payments distributed over a period of thirty years. The home- steader must live on the place, cultivate his land, pay his taxes and be a producer. The law is so framed that every influence the government can bring to bear shall HELP the home builder to HELP HIMSELF. It is a wonderful opportunity. The general scheme of procedure is in keeping with the methods developed by those who have studied the great problem of bringing the people back to the land, satisfying the hunger for homes and for land, and at the same time giving the people in these homes a fair chance. to make a good living. 81+ Do not lose sight of the broad significance of the readiness of the United States Congress to give the men and women of Hawaiian ancestry the first opportunity. This to me signalizes the day for the Hawaiian to step forward to assume the responsibilities and privileges of his broader American citizenship and destiny. He loses none of his individuality as an Hawaiian; he is recognized as a responsible and dependable citizen of the greatest republic the world has ever known; he knows that the policy of his national government is to establish on the lands of this important outpost a citizen population; in this first application of modern business manage- ment to land settlement the citizen of Hawaiian ancestry is given the position of honor. This work, this enterprise, carries with it great respon- sibilities for the Hawaiian in his relation to his race, but also in his capacity as an American citizen playing his part in the fulfillment of the mission of a great nation. It is very well said that our work has just begun when the families move onto the land. This remark has been made by Dr. Mead, who has had broad experience in land settlement, and was invited by the commission to visit our lands and give us the benefit of his experience. No home building, agricultural project has ever gained success through planning it out on paper, writing pretty stories of description and then expecting it to "just naturally grow" like the lilies of the field. Hard work, self-denial, study, sincerity, enthusiasm, and determination are all essential to success and we must bring these to bear in this Territorial and national enterprise. Can the Hawaiians do it? I know they can if they will make up their minds to it. . By no means the least of our problems is the market for the products to be raised. Study of this phase is now being made through the research staff of the University of Hawaii. We hope to enlist assistance and counsel from the best business minds of the Territory. There is no place for an idle man or an idle moment any- where along the line. we must call into action the best business managers, the best scientists and the best conmunity welfare experience that the Territory possesses. These soldiers of the soil must have as sincere support as has ever been given to soldiers of military warfare. 85 If anyone tells you that this enterprise cannot succeed, ask him if that is the spirit with which the sugar industry was established, the pineapple industry started, ask him if that is the spirit which characterized citizens of Hawaii when they went into the war, and ask him if he thinks we have any less courage and endurance, any lower degree of patriotism for the splendid privileges of peace than we had for the ominous duties or ware Speaking for the Hawaiian Homes Commission, I am.happy to say that we have found a most gratifying spirit of friendliness and practical cooperation from all elements of our Territory, and of the nation. The movement is based on sound principles of business and government. I believe our people are capable of carrying it through. Adjustments in the law must be made from time to time to meet changing conditions as at Panaewa and Keaukaha near Hilo. I believe that the Hawaiian Homes project will succeed. YOu have assembled during the week just past to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the founding of this church.. As we go back over the years and contemplate what our forefathers did, the obstacles they overcame, the difficulties they conquered, certainly the task set for us seems small indeed. I am.sure all members of this organization and this assembly will join in the pledge that in this new day with its new duties we will not fail to maintain the high standard set for us. we will go for- 'ward and, overcoming each problem as it arises, reap the growing and glorious inheritance Of prosperous homes--indepen- dent, loyal and contented people. 86 marrow or HAWAII” Executive Chamber February 21, 1923 To the Legislature: Gentlemen: Pilots of ancient Hawaii, selling their craft on uncharted seas, learned that by setting their course by stable and dependable stars their destination was reached in safety. American missionaries whose influence definitely shaped the better destinies of Hawaii adapted the high ideals of Christian fellowship with the natural aloha of native Hawaii. Hence the demonstration in this particular area that the modern pioneers of western civilization may move into new fields with- out destroying the independence or violating the traditions of the people with whom they come in contact. The advance guard of trade and commerce which joined in this western movement of America came definitely under the in- fluence of these higher ideals that were an approach to the practical application of the Golden Rule in business. These leaders possessed daring, courage, initiative, and capacity to accomplish the impossible. In their constructive progress they were generally tolerant, friendly, and their aggressiveness was tempered with that goodness of heart that is a characteristic of Hawaii nei. They held true to high ideals when setting in motion the machinery of industry, exchange and commerce. The result is that conservative policies have guided the course of events. Thereby has Hawaii maintained dignity of position and warranted respect for its judgment in dealing*with changing conditions. Pieced geographically where the currents of great civil- izations meet, sometimes to confluse but eventually to become ad- justed and gain power through friendly fusion, the history of Hawaii tells us that the people, in dealing with these currents and making the adjustments of cross-currents, have held an even course by holding true to dependable principles with the result that the weak have not lacked protection and the strong have had ample scope to develop exceptional opportunities for human en- deavor. 87 w. R. Farrington, "Message to the Legislature," Twelfth Session, Honolulu: Henolulu StarbBulletin, Ltd., reb- ruary 21, 1923. 37 PP. 87 At this time when representatives of the people are assembled to provide for the future development of this Terri- tory and make such adjustments of cross-currents and varied in- fluences as will enable our commonwealth to move forward under most favorable conditions, it is appropriate that we should contemplate, and gain inspiration and new courage from these influences of the past-~influences that we may accept as being as well established and dependable as were the permanent stars and safe courses known to the mariners of old Hawaii. Christian civilization and conservatism in industry and commerce have given to the citizens of Hawaii a position in National and even international life that every citizen may contemplate with justifiable pride. And as the record of the past is such as to please and inspire, it places a serious responsibility on each individual citizen and especially upon the pilots who are charting the course and laying out the program for the future. Era 2; New Development The twelfth biennial session of the Legislature of the Territory of Hawaii enters upon its duties in the midst of a period of exceptional development within the Pacific area of which this Territory is a natural meeting place and distribu- ting center. We are just at the dawn of a new era of guaran- teed peace and commercial expansion. The widespread depression following the great world war has been reflected in the Territory's industry and finance and evidenced in decreased revenues available for public purposes. ‘With the general return to normal conditions of peace, the natural increase in the commerce of the Pacific will make heavy demands upon this Territory for the single purpose of keeping pace with the progress of events. It is impossible for the Territory of Hawaii to stand still. It is an outpost of the great Pacific coast of our Country and on the highway of the world's commerce. The resulting responsibilities are exceptional but cannot be slighted. The Territorial Administration is emerging from a period of reduced income and difficult industrial adjustments due to labor shortage, crops cultivated by high- priced labor, sold in depressed world markets. The Territory will be forced to draw to the limit on its material resources and financial ingenuity to provide the equipment vitally ne- cessary to the service which we are called upon to give in the certain expansion during the years immediately in prospect. An even balance must be maintained to keep step with advanced progress, and enable the Territory to carry through all that it undertakes, so that we may have a governmental organization not 88 excessively burdensome to industry; self-reliant, efficient and adequately meeting the demands of the best American ideals. Leadership g£.Prince‘Kuhio It is appropriate at this time to turn our thoughts and pay tribute to the leadership of one whose life was in a pecu- liar sense devoted unreservedly to the welfare of his country and whose influence throughout an active public career was in- variably thrown into the balance for sound progress, conserva- tive policies and a proper regard for the interests of all people composing the American citizenry of the Territory. On January 7th, 1922, Prince Jonah'Kuhio'Kalanianaole, for twenty years Delegate to Congress from Hawaii, passed from this life. Physical monuments have been and will be erected to the memory of the honored Prince. These will crumble with the passage of time. The great undying monument is the influence that the Prince exerted for high standards in public life, protection of the weak against the aggressiveness of the thoughtless and strong, keeping open the door of opportunity for those striving to improve their condition and establish comfortable and prosperous homes. Generation after generation will point to the Hawaiian pilot of this period whose guiding ideals were of friendliness, tolerance, self-reliance and con- structive progress. Honorable Harry A. Baldwin was elected at the special election called to fill the unexpired term of Delegate Kalanianaole, and his brief service has been marked by excep- tional success in securing adoption of Federal measures re- cognizing Territorial needs. Hawaiian Homes Commission The Eleventh Legislature commissioned the appropriate officers and representatives of the Territory with the respon- sibility of carrying out two vitally important projects requir- ing the approval of the Federal Government. These were the appeals to the United States Congress for an amendment of the Organic Act to make use of certain public lands of the Territory to establish the citizens of Hawaiian ancestry in permanent, healthful and prosperous homes; and an amendment of the Immigra- tion Laws of the nation to enable the Territory of Hawaii to draw from whatever source the judgment of proper Federal offi- cials might direct for a supply of manual labor capable of meeting any emergency in the principal agricultural industries 89 of the islands. Commissions appointed by the Governor pro- ceeded to the National Capitol and assisted the Delegate from Hawaii in further presenting these matters to the executive officers, the committees and members of Congress. The Hawaiian Homes Law was signed by the President July 9th, 1921. Thereby was launched a new departure for deal- ing with public lands that not only promises to meet the desire of the citizens of Hawaiian ancestry for land and a home in the agricultural districts, but also makes possible a program in keeping with the most advanced thought of the period for solving the problem of rural population, making farm life attractive and furnishing profitable employment by supplying our own food products. The vital principle of this law and the thought upper- most in the minds of those charged with its administration is the making of selections from among the applicants so that the public lands shall be made available to sincere and permanent homesteaders and thus put an end to the loss and waste that have proved almost inevitable in the lottery system.when applied to Hawaiian lands. Furthermore, we should not lose sight of the importance of increasing our sources of food supply which, because of our isolation, must be of first consideration in the event of any emergency interruption of connections with the Pacific Coast. The Hawaiian Homes Commission was promptly organized, the first appointee being Prince Jonah Kuhio'Kalanianaole, the leader through whose sincere and tireless effort the rehabilita- tion movement was crystallized into an accomplished fact. Dur- ing the final months and weeks of his active life the Prince gave to this great enterprise careful study, and a comprehensive grasp of practical methods of procedure that made the founda- tions broad and a guarantee of’permanent success. Other com- missioners appointed by the Governor were Honorable Rudolph Duncan and Rev. Akaiko Akana. Honorable George P. Cooke was selected as executive officer. Many who scoffed have become convinced and turned to praise and promote this great work. The'Kalanianaole Settlement is a fact. Homesteaders are on the land and will be increased in number slowly but surely as funds become available’and the conditions for cultivation are such as to give reasonable assurance of success. The methods adopted by the Commission and its staff have received enthu- siastic commendation from experts in similar lines of endeavor in other parts of this and other countries. Hawaii in this enter- prise is not only opening up a new and happy era for the sons and daughters ambitious to populate the land of their ancestors, it is demonstrating the practical application of modern and advanced theories in improving rural life and supplying the home markets with home grown products. The lands allotted to the 9O Hawaiian Homes Commission for the first settlement present. peculiar problems in irrigation and cultivation. This makes the advance more deliberate than would be the case if the available lands were favored with a dependable rainfall. No obstacles have been presented, however, that may not be over- come by applying the knowledge gained through the pioneer work of private enterprises in districts of somewhat similar soil and climatic conditions. There will be presented to this Legisla- ture proposals for the development of natural water resources and making water now running to waste available for industry. Never in the history of the Territory of Hawaii has there been placed before the people through the machinery of government an opportunity so rich with promise for better homes, at the same time preserving to the Territory the title in the land so that if any homesteader fails or any future settlement should not come up to expectation, the land reverts to the people who are then in a position to make disposition as their judgment of conditions deems best. As Governor of this Territory, I most sincerely counsel the native sons of Hawaii to exert their influence to prevent reckless disposal of the Territorial public lands. These are your birthright. As long as the title remains in the government of the Territory these lands belong to the people and they may be so administered as to become a reliable source of revenue. Though attractive arguments may be offered for transferring the title to private individuals, bear ever in mind that the history of these Islands has demonstrated the wisdom of the policy of the Hawaiian Homes Law, that the people of Hawaii shall retain the title to their public lands. The Kalanianaole Settlement is a center for studying and solving problems of field cultivation, marketing and community life. The results in this pioneer settlement will justify ex- pansion to other areas and the prosperity of Hawaii's future citizens be more completely guaranteed. Labor Emergengy Commission The Commission named to assist the Delegate in presenting to the United States Congress, Hawaii's Emergency labor Reso- lution, was charged with one of the most difficult tasks that has ever been assigned to a group of citizens seeking the con- sideration of the United States Congress. Though other parts of our common country have suffered from labor shortage, it was only through a presentation of the 91 exceptional conditions existing here and the grave responsibilities resting upon the people of this Territory in maintaining unques- tioned American economic mastery and control, that the Delegate to Congress and the Commissioners were able to secure a thought- ful hearing. It was early evident to the Commissioners that the questions involved called for a campaign of education as to the conditions existing within this Territory and especially the situation emphasized by the effort made to carry on a national- istic strike among the laborers of the sugar cane industry dur- ing 1920. Following a thorough presentation of conditions prompting the action of the Hawaiian Legislature, the appeal was favorably received by Federal Executive leaders. The Commissioners re- mained in washington through the Congressional session to pre- sent their cause to the appropriate Committees of the United States Senate and House of Representatives. A favorable report was voted by the Immigration Committee of the House of Representa- tives. Certain labor organizations, feeling that the granting of Hawaii's appeal might open the door to extensive coolie labor importations, opposed the measure. This opposition was so definite and so obviously based on a misapprehension as to the motives of the Territorial Legislature and the misconception of conditions in the Islands, that the Delegate to Congress and the members of the Labor Emergency Commission urged the Governor to request that the Department of Labor should send to the Territory a Commission representative of organized labor, a commission whose members would study the situation from a stand- point of the industrial worker and unbiased Americanism. Responding to the desires of the Delegate and Commission- ers and believing that this issue is one of commanding importance, the Executive made the request of the President and Secretary of Labor. It was hoped that this latter Commission would visit the Islands during the summer of 1922. Circumstances beyond local control delayed the tour until the middle of November. This Labor Commission was made up of men of National reputation in their respective organizations and possessing the full confidence of the Secretary of Labor and the President of the United States. The members visited the other islands, held hearings and secured a comprehensive knowledge of labor conditions and the trend of economic forces. They realized, as we of Hawaii understand, that, in studying our problems, we must have always in mind that, in this outpost of the United States, it is unthinkable to allow a condition to develop or continue to exist which in any sense tends to undermine the integrity of American control or weaken the domination of American ideals. In view of the work that had.been done and seemed in reasonable prospect of'completion, it was deemed advisable for the chairman of the Emergency Labor Commission to proceed to Washington and further assist the 92 Delegate in his presentation of Hawaii's appeal in this matter. Business engagements and official duties made it impossible for the other members of the Commission to accompany him. The Governor requested and secured permission for the Secretary of the Territory to proceed to washington to assist the Emergency Labor Commission and to present other important public matters to the attention of the Executive Departments. The crisis that existed in 1921 in the sugar industry has been temporarily met through the importation of Filipino laborers. Legislation by Congress should give the President of the United States and the Secretary of Labor authority to act promptly and effectively in connection with any crisis that may arise in Hawaii. Education "What we want in our nation we must put in our schools." I commend this sentence from.the prize winning essay prepared by a public school child of Hawaii in a contest that included £5,000 participants in all parts of the Union, to the attention of every citizen of this Territory. Hawaii has a splendid and nationally honored record in its treatment of public education and in maintaining high standards in its public schools. This Territory can not afford to retreat a single step from its tra- ditional policy of placing free public school education at the disposal of all its children. No taxpayer of this Territory can afford to save, at the price of reducing the opportunities given a single child. The additional financial burden caused by the rapid in- crease of Hawaii's public school population has focused public interest on the Department of Public Instruction. It is not only proper but desirable that the methods of procedure, the expenditures and the general policies of the Department of Public Instruction should be carefully scanned. A close ac- quaintance will inspire every American citizen to new endeavor, a better appreciation of the work done by loyal teachers and confirm Hawaii's reputation for high standards and intelligent administration of the public schools, as one of the most potent influences in giving our children training in the principles of good citizenship and all those greatly to be desired qualities that come under the general term of true Americanism. The present scheme for administering the public schools was established by the Territory during the term of Governor Walter F. Frear. Although the law has been amended, the funda- mental principle remains the same, namely, that the Territory shall provide for the appointment, discipline and payment of 93 the teaching staff and determine the course of study of the schools, while the local municipalities determine the housing and physical accommodation of the children. Money for the salaries is automatically provided by tax levy, thus placing education of first importance. The budget of the Department of Public Instruction is made up of a combination of Territorial and municipal officials meeting as a Board of Estimates and is thus a direct expression of the judgment of the local and Territorial officials on what provision should be made. The principle is sound and the procedure is a credit to the Terri- tory. The criticism that "schools educate boys and girls away from work" is not competently met by refusing or making more difficult to the boys and girls of this and future generations the opportunities for which the fathers and mothers of the former generation made such sacrifices. If there is a specific field of human effort toward which it is desired to direct the favorable attention of children, it is obvious that the methods and courses of study should be shaped to that end. It is a mistake to waste energy in condemnation when the same effort could be of community value if directed toward an intelligent program of readjustment and progress. With the purpose of bringing every possible influence to bear on the children of Hawaii so as to secure a more favorable attitude towards agricultural industry, the Governor called into conference leaders of education and industry to counsel on the effective introduction of methods, plans of approach, or revision of books better adapted to our agricultural en- vironment. A goodly number accepted appointment to a committee that has devoted much time to the study of the situation and has done valuable service in correlating the programs of various organizations, among which the American Legion holds a position of vigorous leadership. Present conclusions are that there is no necessity for greatly increasing the Depart- mental over-head to give more force to agricultural education. Given a few supplementary aids to the machinery we now have, the training can be shaped so that the children will see in the agricultural industries of the Islands the opportunities to which prejudice against the so-called coolie type of labor has unfortunately blinded them. No American community has a moral right to financially penalize a child or his parents because of a worthy ambition to secure an education. The government, however, is justified in adopting methods of taxation under which the burden of cost may be more evenly distributed among the adult population. In dealing with the budget prepared by the Board of Esti- mates, the Governor has requested the Department's suggestion 94 of items to be eliminated under a cut of 10 percent below the appropriations of the previous period. The Governor has no comment on the figures returned by the Board of Estimates under the Special Fund, the amounts having been determined by the representatives of the various counties. In dealing with the general fund, it is suggested that care should he taken against crippling the administrative staff of the Department. The office of Business Manager should be added to the executive staff of the Department of Public Instruction. One definite outstanding responsibility rests upon the people, and their representatives in legislative and executive authority. We should provide money, and that without hesita- tion, fiar the erection of ample school rooms so that the chil- dren of the public schools shall not continue to be housed in the buildings of alien language institutions. Ordinary self-respect demands prompt and positive action. During recent years, excellent permanent school buildings have been erected from money derived from current taxation. This is a sound policy in days of exceptional prosperity. A surplus cannot be turned to better purpose than the construc- tion of permanent buildings. It is a doubtful policy, however, in periods of depression.when.bonds may appropriately be author- ized. In dealing with this question it must be remembered that the Territory is rapidly approaching the legal limit of its bonded indebtedness. Alien Language Schools The Legislature of 1920 enacted laws for the supervision and control of alien language schools in order to better guar- antee the education of our children in the ideas and ideals of American institutions. The administration of this law has brought into striking relief the capacity of some of the aliens in this Territory to assimilate with Americans. Up to the present writing, it is not necessary to discuss whether some of these aliens can assimilate. If fineir defiant and discourteous actions mean anything, it is that they have no desire to assimilate. They apparently aim to dictate. Under such cir- cumstances it behooves the American people to take normal and definite steps to protect the education of our children and guard against the laying of fbundations in the minds of prospec- tive citizens of ideals inimical to the future of American wel- fare in this Territory. The authority of the Department of Public Instruction to enforce regulations under this law is now under consideration 95 by the courts. The majority of the alien language schools show a disposition to accept the regulations and follow the sugges- tion of Territorial authority. Those who are sincerely striving for cooperation should be given every possible friendly consi- deration. The Department of Public Instruction should be pro- vided with funds that will enable it to employ a staff of in- spectors to supervise these institutions. Having in mind future development and responsibilities peculiar to the Pacific area, work was begun on the preparation of Oriental language text books adapted to the needs of chil- dren whose normal method of expression is English. The alien language schools, by reason of the check of immigration and the traditional influence of the American public school, will even- tually pass off the stage. Closer contact between our country and the Orient will call for training in Oriental languages equal in all respects to that now given in European languages. Hawaii has a pioneer opportunity as well as a certain respon- sibility in preparing standard Oriental language text books, that will eventually be introduced in our public schools. I recommend a nominal appropriation to supply clerical assistance for an Oriental language text book committee made up of Hawaii's educational leaders. . Kindergartens In Public Schools One of the most powerful agencies for a better solution of the alien language school problem will be to include the kindergarten in the public school system. Private philanthropy has for a number of years carried on free kindergartens, so that the experimental stage may be said to have been passed. Hawaii's Japanese Problem Hawaii has a Japanese problem. To assume otherwise would be to deny the evidence of our senses. It is not, how- ever, a problem which involves a failure on the part of the Territory to grant to all Japanese the privileges unit are enjoyed by all other aliens and even American citizens. Hawaii's cordiality toward alien people is proverbial. Hawaii is free from race prejudice. It has developed, however, that among people coming to this Territory and enjoying our American freedom of thought and action, an element has arisen that inter- prets liberty as license and claims exceptional privilege as a right to be demanded. .These malcontents and agitators have been more successful among the Japanese than with other resident aliens. 96 A striking evidence of the operations of these agitators was the attempt in 1920 to organize a general strike among the Japanese for the purpose of dominating the laborers in the sugar industry. The spirit prompting the movement was voiced in vicious and insulting propaganda carried on by units of the Japanese language press. A natural result was conspiracy to destroy life and property. The people of the Territory are to be congratulated on the self-control shown in effectively deal- ing with this situation. More exacting laws became necessary to better protect fundamental American institutions. One re- sponse to this has been a campaign urging aliens to continued defiance of the procedure which the administration deems best suited to further American ideals and strengthen our American citizenship. These incidents in the life of Hawaii have served to identify and individualize those apparently engaged in striving to create and to maintain within these islands small but very definite alien principalities, centers of alien thought, cen- ters of scornful criticism of Americans and of the United States. This activity is almost exclusively among the Japanese. It does not include all Japanese. It does not yet appear to include the great body of the Japanese, but it is sufficiently definite and the purpose so thoroughly at variance with normal American development that it cannot be ignored. The insulting attitude of this alien element, its reckless statements directed against our American plan of progress tends to arouse bitter resentment and lead to radical legislation. Hawaii is a territory of the United States-~an integral part of the American Union. It is the purpose of the citizens of this Territory to maintain this high position. There is no occasion to offer any apologies for carrying this work forward. Our duty directs, however, that we be constantly on guard against allowing alien aggravation to result in a depar- ture from Hawaii's time—honored reputation for friendliness toward every race and nationality. Our responsibility is to retain our traditional self-control, shaping laws and adminis- trative policies so that the ideals of Americanism shall not be undermined nor balanced Judgment upset. Our mission is to make friends. The radical and insulting alien must be held in check through the normal exercise of police authority to deal with disturbers of the peace, but his law—abiding and altoge- ther desirable fellow national should not be ostracised or penalized. The opportunity should forever remain open espe- cially for the American youth of alien ancestry, and he should be encouraged in every way to join the loyal American ranks and cooperate in the advancement of our American commonwealth. 97 University 2; Hawaii The University of Hawaii is moving steadily forward in its great mission of scientific research and service to the youth of the Territory. The President and members of the faculty are in practical touch with community life and readily respond to calls for cooperation in community problems. The attendance is rapidly increasing, there being 297 candidates for degrees registered in September, 1922, against 158 in 1920 and 93 in 1918. The highest percentage of increase has been among applicants of Hawaiian ancestry--l70 percent. Extension work has been an interesting new development of the University. No Federal or specific aid for this has been received. The work needed to be done, and a small amount was taken from the general appropriation. There has been a notable response from the people of the Territory, and the University authorities believe there is real need for service. The Legislature of 1921 provided for a psychological clinic under the direction of the University. This started a little over a year ago and besides the extensive work in testing individuals for various private agencies, research is in progress of the characteristics of our school population, to secure the fundamental information necessary for wise public policy in education. The Experiment Station at Waiakea has made substantial progress. Gartley Hall, the new laboratory building, is completed and occupied, thus housing most valuable equipment that has for years been located in a structure of wood and corrugated iron. The value of the University inventory has more than doubled in the last two years and is now approximately $1,000,000. The University has now under its control tangible assets nearly equal to all the money appropriated by the Territory, plus the valuation of the lands assigned to the University at the time they were set aside. A study of the requests made by the Univer- sity for its future work indicates that the amount asked for is in keeping with a very conservative estimate. Lahainaluna School Renewed interest in our agricultural industries and the effort to direct the youth toward the farms develops an increasing 98 tendency to view lahainaluna School as one of the Territorial institutions in a position to render distinctive service es- pecially for the citizen youth of Hawaiian ancestry. Lahainaluna has a splendid plant of dormitories and shops and fertile fields available for cultivation. Its traditions go back to the best days of old Hawaii. Its proximity to a principal port of Maui and one of the great sugar enterprises of the Territory offers special opportunities for students to come in contact with prac- tical industry. It would seem that the administration of this school should logically fall within the scope of the Board of Regents of the University of Hawaii, making the course of study distinctly agricultural and open to boys who are not prepared to enter a university or high school. Homesteads and Homesteading For many years the people of Hawaii have endeavored to reach a satisfactory definition of.homesteads and homesteading in administering the public lands so as to promote the establish- ment of a population of independent farmers in the rural dis- tricts. Recent years have been a serious period for the owners of small agricultural areas. This applies with special force to the sugar cane homesteader, whose crop was planted with high priced labor and harvested under the low price of sugar. Many homesteaders did not put aside the surplus of 1920, with the result that all homesteaders in the cane growing districts have been heavily in debt, unable to promptly repay the advances made to them by mills and in many instances delinquent in their taxes and other payments to the Territorial Government. The'Waiakea homesteading enterprise was threatened with complete disaster, which was averted by the Territorial ad- ministration taking an active part in assisting the necessary adjustments between the homesteaders and the mill operators. It is to be regretted that so few homesteaders are personally engaged in cultivating their own fields. The administration had to decide between dispossessing the homesteader and allow- ing the cane fields to pass out of production during a period of reorganization, or work out a system of planting contract between the homesteader and the mill whereby the land would be cultivated, brought up to its full productivity and eventually enable the homesteader to pay his debts and come into full possession of his home. The administration has endeavored to render every possible assistance to the men and the families who are sincerely en- deavoring to maintain themselves and establish homes in the country districts. 99 The amendment of the Organic Act which places the cane lands under the administration of the land Commissioner and re— tains these areas as income bearing property for the benefit of all the people, has rescued the birthright of the Hawaiian people from reckless waste by homestead speculation. Sugar Expert The office of Sugar Expert has proved of great value to the sugar cane homesteader. The principal work has been ad- justing the cultivation and grinding contracts between home- steaders and the central mill. Much remains to be desired in the cultivation of homestead sugar cane areas by the homestead owner. In opening sugar cane lands to independent settlers, the hope and expectation of the government was to establish thereon individuals who would cultivate and live upon their lands. One of the most favorable influences assisting in the increase of the number of people so engaged will be reasonable, easily under- stood and well standardized grinding contracts. All that is said of sugar cane lands applies with equal force to pineapples and the relation of homesteaders to the canneries. The duties of the Sugar Expert are naturally correlated with the proposed county agents, the extension service of the University of Hawaii and the Hawaiian Homes Commission. The Sugar Expert has suggested the wisdom of changing the title to Agricultural Expert, indicating the broad scope of the interests this bureau is expected to cover. Marketing Farm Products Numerous panaceas have been offered for the marketing problems of the diversified farmer in Hawaii. Before applying panaceas it is the part of wisdom to determine exactly what we have to deal with. The marketing situation should be broadly surveyed; first to ascertain whether the present private markets are sympathetic with establishing local sources of supply; second, whether the farmers fully understand the needs of the trade and intelligently adopt plans of cultivation and prepara- tion of their products for the market; third, whether the trans- portation rates are fair and care is taken in the shipment and delivery of the goods of the small farmer; fourth, whether the contract between the marketmen and the consumer is such as to enable the consumer to know and take advantage of the periOdsh when large quantities of seasonable food products are in the ‘ market and may be obtained at a low figure, thus sprving the Wel- fare of the consumer, preventing food waste and protecting\the ‘ producer against needlessly heavy loss. g \ \~ ._ "U 100 A public market operating in the midst of a group of private enterprises is a.small unit in the solution of this problem. The Governor acting through the Hawaiian Homes Commission has requested the University of Hawaii to conduct a survey which, occupying sufficient time and carried on.with care, will determine the fundamental influences that are at work either for or against the small farmer, and it is hoped, may point the way to an intelligent distribution of the products of our farms. A very important link in this chain will be the county agricultural agent. If this new service is authorized by the Legislature, it should be possible in the next two years to make very definite strides towards improving the condition of the independent farmer. No one can seriously question that Hawaii is an attractive market, when the record shows that in one year the Territory purchased from outside sources eggs to the value of $600,000.00 and butter to the value of $900,000.00. County Agent System The County Agent System is a modern method of practical assistance and was tested during the war period and of demon- strated value in nearly every state in the Union. I have no hesitancy in recommending that the Legislature, in the inter- ests of diversified farming and providing our own food supply, appropriate for county agents as a part of the Extension De- partment of the University of Hawaii. These agents should be equipped to frequently visit farmers of their respective dis- tricts, furnish information on crops to cultivate, how to secure the best results from the soil, and suggest the best methods of marketing. The appropriation required to carry on this work will be returned to the Territory many fold, through improved conditions in the country districts following intelli- gent cultivation, and the increased prosperity that must inevi- tably result from supplying our home demands. Land Department The rapid growth in the business of the Land Department is indicated by the total receipts, which in 1915 and 1916 were $75A,387 and in 1921 and 1922 were $1,562,857. This increased business has been handled with a very slight increase in office force which is engaged in perfecting the office records so that the Territory will possess an intelligent inventory of its lands. The department should have the necessary staff to speedily complete this work. 101 Under the authority of the Hawaiian Homes Law the Land Department has leased the cane lands of Kekaha, Kauai; Wai- manalo, Oahu; and Piihonua, Hawaii, for a fifteen-year term. From this source the Territory derives a minimum annual income of approximately $125,000. It is estimated that the receipts from this and other cane lands soon available for lease will approximate a quarter of a million dollars annually. In the two years just past, 139 citizens, 80 of whom 'were of Hawaiian ancestry, have taken up homesteads. Seventeen homestead and house lot road projects were undertaken; twenty- four and four-tenths miles of road constructed at the cost of $366,042.25. The Division of Hydrography is making a most valuable record of stream flow at 76 gauging stations. Ninety percent of the stations maintained by this Division measure water owned and controlled by the Territory. These records are of exceptional value in determining the rentals for water licenses and land leases and furnishing data on which to base further water development projects. The annual income by the Territory from water licenses is $101,682. Good progress has been made in mapping the lands, by the 'United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the Terri- tory. An area of 1,232 miles including a complete survey of the Island of Molokai has been mapped during the biennial period. This is the third island in the group to be wholly mapped,'Kauai and Oahu having been already completed. The map of the Island of Hawaii is one-third completed and start has been made on the Island of Maui. The investment value of this 'work is already evident in the new projects resulting from the accurate information furnished by these surveys. Honolulu Artesian Water Supply Provision is made in the budget for an investigation of the artesian areas in Honolulu which constitute the basis of the water supply of the rapidly growing capital city and commer- cial center. Investigations have demonstrated that the draft on this source of water is constantly increasing and exceeds the flow. The situation is so serious that it admits of no neglect. The investigation should be continued and laws passed to control the artesian basins and prevent waste. There is lack of funds for law enforcement and for supervision, inspection and testing of existing wells. No provision is made for seal- ing abandoned wells. No pennit is required for drilling a well to insure its proper inspection and register. Property rights to this water supply constitute a problem. Regulation of the 102 use of water cannot be enforced and there are no public funds available for the sealing of abandoned wells. Our Main Industries Agricultural industry is the foundation of Hawaii's prosperity. When considering policies and adjustments that will satisfy our ambition to maintain traditional and ideal American conditions and environment, we must bear in mind that a too radical departure from the methods that have made our agricul- tural industries successful must certainly end in disaster. The main industries must be protected at the same time that every effort is being made to increase our rural population and foster diversified farming. Farm Loan Board The Farm Loan law has proved a timely and valuable aid to the small land holders. The administration has been effi- cient and not expensive. Your attention is called to the failure of the law to set the term of office for the members of the Board. The resources of this Board are derived from the setting aside for a term of five years of the rentals and other income received from Territorial public lands, and for a term of ten years setting aside 33 1-3% of the monies collec- ted for homestead purposes from all Territorial public lands. These funds are covered into the Farm Loan surplus fund. Appropriations from the surplus fund to the revolving fund available for loans to farmers have been made by the Legisla- ture to the amount of $500,000.00. As of December 31, 1922, the sum of $h8h,557.72 had been covered into the surplus fund and transferred to the revolving fund loaned out on mortgages. The total amount of money loaned during the three and a half years of the Board's operation has been $536,599.99. Collec- tions have been covered into the surplus at the rate of approx- imately $140,000 a year and it is estimated that this rate will increase to sl50,000 per annum in the next two years. It is therefore recommended that an additional appropriation of $250,000 be made to the revolving fund. This will increase the working capital to $750,000, giving a net income of approxi- mately h.23 percent. There is no reason why the expenses of this Board should increase. Territorial Fair Under the authority of the laws of 1921 the Executive Officer of the Territorial Fair Commission has placed in 103 excellent condition a very valuable area adjacent to Kapiolani Park. There now exists a field that can comfortably accommo- date the permanent and temporary structures of a Territorial Fair. The further development of this project is commended to your favorable consideration. ForestrypEducation Progressive advancement in the important work of protec- ting the water-conserving forests in our Territorial reserves depends very largely upon the personal efforts of properly trained and efficient field men with a sense of responsibility, self-reliance, and initiative, who can be depended upon, with infrequent inspections, to devote themselves honestly to this work and act with efficiency and dispatch on the ground. The Board of Agriculture and Forestry needs more of such men for this necessary work but finds them difficult to obtain. Young men of this Territory who are acquainted with local conditions from childhood are preferred and the proper place to give them the necessary fundamental training for forest work in the ser- vice of the Territory is at the University of Hawaii. Territorial Industrial Schools and Welfare Homes Steadily improving conditions have prevailed in the institutions under the Board of Industrial Schools. A striking change for the better is evident in the Boys' Industrial School, where reorganization and adequate supply of funds have made possible the conduct of the institution as a friendly home where the boys acquire habits of industry and specific vocations of permanent value. The Industrial School for Girls has been seriously crippled by lack of accommodations. In spite of its handicaps the school is performing a splendid service. The girls are well cared for, taught lessons of household order and thrift and, through the lauhala furniture factory developed by the teachers, are given an opportunity to earn money while in the school and a means of livelihood after leaving. The Board has not yet determined on the new site for the Girls' school owing to difficulties arising in connection with the site approved by the Legislature of 1921. It now seems possible that the Board may select an area of public land so that a considerable saving may be made. Adjustment should be made in thernanagement of the Honolulu Detention Home so that it will be definitely under 10h the administration of the Board of Industrial Schools or the Court of Domestic Relations. In view of the plan to move the Girls' Industrial School, some of these buildings could be used for the Detention Home and thus obviate the expense of pur- chasing private property. The Home for Feeble-Minded is well organized and equipped to perform its proper functions. The plant is complete and established under an economy of expenditure that is a credit to those responsible for its administration. Many more apply for admission than can be accommodated. The problem is, how rapidly the Territory can afford to proceed in caring for those who, in the interests of their own and general human welfare, should be allowed to enter the home. The Home for the Deaf and Blind is developing an ex- cellent organization. New buildings have been constructed and the administration is satisfactory. Territorial Office Buildings The physical housing and equipment of the Territorial Courts in the City of Honolulu demands special attention. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court has noted addi- tions that must be made to the law library and increases in staff necessary to enable the court to render its best service under conditions of steadily increasing responsibilities. The United States Congress, through the Hawaiian Homes Law, pro- vided for a Court of Domestic Relations. The presiding judge cannot do justice to himself or the community without a per- manent headquarters. This may be corrected by making avail- able funds for moving the Department of Public Instruction out of the Judiciary Building, which structure should eventually be devoted exclusively to the Judiciary department. The new office building authorized by the Legislature of 1921 is now being designed by the Department of Public werks and it is the plan of the Governor to include this item in the next allot- ment of loan funds. The Palace, now used as the Capitol and Administrative Building, should be protected against excessive depreciation and preserved as an historical landmark. Public Property Returned 39 the Territory The completion and occupancy of the Federal Office Building, vacated the Honolulu Post Office Building that was transferred to the Federal Government for Post Office use at the time of annexation. 105 It is gratifying to record that the Postmaster General was prompt to see the justice of returning this property to the public uses of the Territory when no longer required by his Department. The expenditure of a nominal sum for interior renovation will put this building in excellent condition for housing the Department of Public Instruction. Another gratifying precedent was established when the Federal Government, by Act of Congress, returned to the Terri- tory the land and buildings erected at Federal expense for the Federal Leprosarium at Kalaupapa. The appropriation of a rela- tively small amount of money will make these buildings available for housing and hospitalization at'Kalaupapa Settlement. It is to be hoped that when the Honolulu Federal Building is completed and accommodates all departments of the Honolulu Custom House, the old Custom House will be returned to the Territory, and enter into the scheme of the great harbor terminal planned in connection with Piers 8, 9 and 10. The Sixty-seventh Congress at the 1922 session passed an act giving authority for land exchanges that may facilitate the dealings of the Territory and the war Department with private interests. Valuable lands on the Island of Oahu were planned by a previous administration to come within this law. The details are being considered by the Governor and the Commanding General of the Hawaiian Department of the United States Army. There can be no doubt that every foot of land needed in the Territory of Hawaii to properly provide for the national defense would be readily donated by the people of the Territory if such action is an obvious duty. The Territory will do all that needs to be done to assist and accommodate the movements of the national troops stationed at this outpost. It is an open question, however, whether it would not be sound public policy for the Territory to condemn private property needed by the War Department, pay for it through general appropriations and present it to the Federal Government rather than to carry out a program of land exchanges in which the valuations are established by citizens not intimately acquainted with Hawaiian land values. The Governor is not ready to commit the Territory to a policy of paying a high price in land or money for the return of land originally transferred by executive order to the uses of Federal departments. The only question necessary to discuss is the use to which land shall be put to best serve the interests of the United States, accommodate productive industry and liberally provide for the public defense. There is every 106 promise that the sympathetic cooperation of the Departments interested will secure the return to the Territory of produc- tive land not immediately needed for Federal purposes, and transfer to Federal departments land that is of vital importance to the national program. Territorial Public werks In dealing with the Public werks under the direction of the Territory, a policy has been attempted of providing definite estimates so that the Legislature may act intelligently when authorizing appropriations. The Waikiki Reclamation project, the largest and most important ever undertaken by this Department, is well under way and Units 1 and 2 will be completed before the end of the period. An additional $100,000 for the revolving fund is re~ quested by the Department to hasten the completion of the work. The construction and supervision under this department include buildings at the Home for Feeble—Minded Persons, the School for Physically Defective, Territorial Trade School, Animal Quarantine Station, reconstruction of Washington Place, the Executive Mansion, plans and specifications for the Univer- sity of Hawaii Library, wells for Boys' Industrial School water system, examination and approval of plans for the'Waimanalo road, Kamehameha Highway second unit, waipahu Sewer System and Waianae road--all on the island of Oahu. 0n the Island of Hawaii, besides repairs to public buildings, the Department has supervised alterations and repairs to the Hilo armory and the armory at Honomu, also the frame and concrete fumigating plant at Hilo. TWO units of the Ponahawai Sanitation project and the Ponahawai Street have been completed. Surveys and plans for the embankments at Hiilawe Stream, Waipio Valley, have been completed. The allotting of the contract awaits the acquiring of the necessary right of way. Details of right of way for the extension of the Volcano Concrete road have been completed and contract awarded. Plans for various concrete bridge projects under the Loan Fund have been approved. On the Island of Maui, the department has supplied new furnishings for the Territorial Fair Building and examined and approved the plans and specifications for the Iao Valley road and,the belt road toward Kakipi Gulch, to be constructed from Loan fund. On the Island of'Kauai, plans and specifications were prepared and bids called for constructing an embankment along 107 the Waimea River but no bids were received. Reinforcement on the Hanalei Wharf has been completed. Plans and specifications for the Puukapele Road have been examined and approved. The Public Works Department in conjunction with the Board of Harbor Commissioners has in projects under contract, to be contracted for and to be performed by day labor from funds already available, approximately $3,500,000 worth of work. All of this has been carried on with a very low overhead cost. Harbor Commission The Board of Harbor Commissioners continues to add, in the order of pressing importance, units, that are completing a permanent and.most comprehensive system of docks and ware- houses for facilitating the inter-island and transpacific com- merce of our ports. Projects completed and in progress under the direction of the Harbor Commission amount to $2,520,756. These include improvements and completion of piers in Honolulu Harbor, concrete wharves at Hana, Lahaina, and'Kahului, Maui, wharf construction and repair at Hilo, survey and sound- ings at Kailua, Hawaii; and at Keawenui and Kaunakakai, Molokai. Harbor Commission receipts from all sources will approximate $500,000 annually. Under the law of 1921 a schedule of tolls on freight passing over Territorial wharves was put in effect March 1, 1922. No difficulties have been encountered in collecting the tolls. The present income from this source is approximately $7,000 a month. The value of the projects planned by the Harbor Com- mission cannot be doubted. The Territory has merely to decide how rapidly it can afford to proceed. Washington Place The Legislature of 1921 provided an executive mansion through the purchase of historic Washington Place, home of the late Queen Liliuokalani. The appropriation for the reconstruc- tion of the building was insufficient owing to the destructive work of wood borers. Plans having been started, the project was completed with funds made available from the Governor's Contingent Fund and the Department of Public Works. Washington Place is now a well constructed, dignified and appropriate home for the Governor of the Territory. The amount of money appropriated for furnishings was inadequate. If it is the purpose of the Territory to fully round out the plan inaugurated by the Legislature of 1921, it will be necessary 108 to make appropriations for fUrnishings and household equip- ment. The deficiency is now supplied from the personal prop- erty and the private purse of the Governor. Archives Commission The investment value of accurate compilation of statis- tical information has been amply demonstrated by the work of the Archives Commission in preserving and classifying histor- ical and official records. The service is efficient, inexpen- sive and a substantial aid in the transaction of public and private business. The Commission has practically completed the new HCWdiian dictionary. The routine of its duty is most im- portant and should be given ample financial support. Revised Laws An appropriation will be asked for the preparation of the revised laws to be ready for enactment at the 1925 session. Territorial War Memorial Carrying out the provisions of the 1921 Legislature, the Territorial War memorial Commission held an architectural com- petition for the design of a memorial to the men and women of Hawaii who served during the great war. In making the award, the Commission secured the services of Mr; Maybeck of San Francisco, Mr. Lawrence of Portland, Oregon, and Mr. Wilcox of Seattle, Washington, architects of national reputation. These with the local officials provided for by law were unan- imous in awarding the first prize to Mr. Lewis P. Hobart of San Francisco. The Treasurer.has sold the bonds at a very advantageous figure and the Superintendent of Public Works has entered into a contract with the successful architect to pre- pare finished plans and specifications. These will soon be available so that the work of construction may proceed on a structure that will be a dignified monument designed with an exceptional interpretation of the spirit of Hawaii. The Historical Commission The Historical Commission appointed under authority of the law of 1921 has organized.with Mr. R. S. Kuykendall employed as! executive secretary, and good progress has been made on the 109 undertaking. Under the present law the Historical Commission is only required to collect material of Hawaii's war history. It is not specifically instructed either to publish such a history or to prepare the material for publication. It is therefore a matter for the members of the Legislature to decide whether this material is to be compiled and published and if so, what form this record should take. The Commission has undertaken an investigation and marking of places of historical interest. The preparation of the first draft of the revised school history of Hawaii has begun. The Folklore Commission The Folklore Commission has organized and has in pre- paration publications that will make available to the children in modern form a presentation of the ancient and interesting folklore of Hawaii. Public Libraries The Library of Hawaii and the branches throughout the Territory have made splendid progress. There is a steadily increasing demand for books from the children of the schools and the population of the rural districts. To satisfy the natural demands made upon them by our youth and the increasing population the public libraries will require increased appro- priations. International Conferences The Press Congress of the WOrld and the Pan-Pacific Educational and Commercial Conferences held notable sessions in the city of Honolulu in 1921 and 1922. The attendance of delegates and the widespread attention given the deliberations of these conferences are the best evidence of the wisdom of appropriating for this purpose, and attest the great public service rendered in placing at the disposal of the nations bordering on the Pacific the natural advantages of this cross-roads meeting place. It is to be hoped that success will crown the efforts of the Pan-Pacific Union in securing permanent national recognition and appropriations for further conferences of this character. Hawaii can well afford to lend a helping hand during the formative period of this movement, which under proper management, bids fair to be a most beneficial influence in promoting friendly understanding among races and nationalities in the Pacific area. 110 National Guard The National Guard in eighteen months has been built up from a strength of 36 officers and 637 enlisted men to 63 officers and 1,307 enlisted men. New units have been organized and armories repaired and erected so that except for the Island of Kauai the Guard is fully organized under present plans and fairly well housed on all Islands. The usual camps of instruction and rifle practice have been held by the various units and a most successful series of fifteen day encampments were held last fall. Hawaii is most fortunate in being in immediate contact with the largest and most complete Department of the United States Army under the American flag. Officers and men of the National Guard enjoy the sympathy and interest of regular army officers of national and international reputation, and it is gratifying to record that an increasing number of our young men are taking advan- tage of this splendid school of discipline and organization re- lating to national defense. Under direction of the Governor, the Adjutant General of Hawaii, in May, 1922, visited the headquarters of the Militia Bureau in Washington to secure an adjustment of a war-period property shortage of approximately $9,400.00, secure the assign- ment of trucks for transporting men of various units, arrange representation from the officers of the Guard at the Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia, and obtain recognition for a rifle team to compete in the National matches at Camp Perry, Ohio. The property shortage has been cancelled, trucks are in use, the National Guard is now represented at Fort Benning by Captain Gordon C. Ross, First Infantry, Hawaii National Guard. The National Guard should be maintained._ This can be done during the coming biennial period at some reduction from the expenses of the previous years. Hawaii enjoys the privilege and distinction of including in its community life, officers and men of the largest and most thoroughly equipped Department of the United States Army and one of the largest naval bases of the United States Navy. These officers and men are here in the service of the nation, and a clear cut duty devolves upon their fellow citizens of the civi- lian population, in creating an environment of friendly accommo- dation and cooperation, not forgetting law enforcement, that will promote their comfort, inspire patriotism and safeguard the health and general welfare of those assigned to our islands. Our relations with every Federal service are ideal and it is 111 pleasing to express appreciation of the high character and sterling patriotism of these fellow citizens on outpost duty. Hawaii National Park The Hawaii National Park is an accomplished fact and the Territory is beginning to derive the benefits which na- turally follow from the great scenic centers of these islands coming under the administration of the National Park system of the United States. Ninety thousand acres of land have been conveyed to the Federal Government. The National Park at Kilauea is under the direction of an energetic and capable superintendent. Development plans include a road to Mauna Lea and another to the see so that the highways of the park system will be adjusted to the highways of the County of Hawaii, to enable visitors to view the volcanic wonders at Kilauea, and include a tour of the Island that offers exceptional scenic attractions and centers for rest and recreation. Tourist Bureau Reference to the place Hawaii has taken in the National Park system naturally leads to a discussion of the development of Hawaii's greatest natural assets, ideal climatic conditions, scenic grandeur and beauty. The Hawaii Tourist Bureau is charged with the duties of presenting the attractions of Hawaii to the traveling public and so correlating the public and private agencies operating to serve the traveler, that visitors may be fully informed on points of interest and reach them comfortably and at reasonable expense. The enterprise in which the Tourist Bureau is engaged is a source of increasing public revenue and at the same time Hawaii is rendering public service by making known to those who travel for rest and recreation, or in search of health, the conditions that satisfy the most exacting. To secure the best returns the Hawaii Tourist Bureau should be granted an appropriation in keeping with the size and the importance of its task. I can not recommend that the addi- tional amount asked by the Tourist Bureau shall be secured at the expense of a sacrifice in some other department of the government. Experience has demonstrated that the Legislature would be amply justified in levying a specific tax to meet the Tourist Bureau budget for a definite period of years. Increase in passenger accommodations on the steamships plying between 112 the ports of Hawaii and the Pacific coast are indications of the expectations of mainland business leaders engaged in serving the traveling public. Hawaii stands like a fertile field awaiting cultivation under the direction of men with initiative and busi- ness courage. Primary_Law Declarations in party platforms indicate a general de- sire for an amendment of the Primary Law so that it will be less burdensome and more effective. The principle of the Primary law is sound, but perfect law to meet all situations has yet to be devised. The attention of the Legislature is drawn to the desirability of so amending the law that the primary vote will be invoked only when there is a desire of a considerable number of electors to appeal from the action of party nomina- ting conventions. There is much in our political history to indicate that revision on these lines would save unnecessary balloting and fully safeguard the people through the privilege of referendum. Public Utilities Commission The Public Utilities Commission has been conducted on an economical basis and continues to render splendid service to the public notwithstanding its scope has been limited by the removal of the telephone and wireless companies from its juris- diction. All public utilities of the Territory will eventually come under the supervision of this Commission. The assumption of this authority should be very gradual so that the Territory may be saved costly experiments resulting from inexperience. Fish and Game Commission The Fish and Game Commission is well established and is successfully forwarding the study of food fishes and an increase of game birds. The Commission will present to the Legislature a law fer the control of commercial fishing that is entitled to favorable consideration and if approved will provide an income to make this service self-supporting. Pensions Fulfilling the universal desire of the people of Hawaii the budget of the Governor proposes a pension for Princess Kalanianaole in keeping with the great service rendered by her late husband, her honored position in the Royal family of Hawaii and her place in the hearts of the people. Princess 113 Kalanianaole has accepted appointment to the Hawaiian Homes Commission, in the place of her late husband and is unselfishly devoting her life to assisting in this great work and in every way promoting the welfare of the Hawaiians. Hawaii should have a general pension law that will ade- quately provide for the men and women who have given the best of their lives in public service. It is a sad commentary on our civil administration that no definite provision is made for the retirement of officers after they have given their best years to public service. A definite age for retiranent and re- tirement pay will put into government service a humanity that it does not now enjoy. Health Hawaii has fortunately escaped serious outbreaks of contagious diseases and the general health of the Territory has been excellent. Steady progress is being made in the treatment and care of patients afflicted with leprosy. The revolution wrought by the men of Hawaii who made possible the use of the ethyl esters of chaulmoogra oil is moving steadily around the world. The results gained at the Kalihi Hospital and at the Kalaupapa Settlement are so gratifying that every possible assistance should be given to those engaged in carrying on the research work and further perfecting the treatment. Provision has been made during the year for treatment of patients that have re- turned to their homes under parole. Surgeon H. E. Hasseltine of the United States Public Health Service, surgeon at the Kalihi Hospital states in his annual report that in this Terri- tory conditions are peculiarly adapted to the parole of cases that have responded to treatment and the subsequent observation and treatment of the same. To do this will require funds not now provided but which should be at the earliest possible date. I am sure that the people of the Territory will never retreat from their time honored position of supplying all the money and effort that is needed in the winning campaign that is being waged against this disease. Care and Treatment 2: Tuberculosis Patients The care and treatment of Tuberculosis patients will occupy a permanent place in your deliberations, and I cannot too strongly urge providing for public health nurses throughout all the districts for combined school, tuberculosis, and welfare service. It is necessary to render additional aid to the tuber- culosis sanitoriums. There are indications that the progress 114 of this disease has been definitely checked, but it must be continually fought if the gain is to be made permanent. The obvious needs of the Bureau of Vital Statistics, Food and Drug Bureau, Bureau of Sanitary Engineering and the Venereal Clinic are brought to your attention through the re- port of the President of the Board of Health. Insane Asylum The Territorial Insane Asylum has been a subject of dis- cussion for years. Definite steps should be taken to house the patients of this institution in modern buildings and in an environment that will alleviate rather than increase their suffering. The Legislature of 1921 provided an item in the loan appropriation for additional land and buildings. There imme- diately arose the problem of securing more lands and extending the buildings on the present site or moving to a section of Oahu where modern buildings could be erected and ample fer- tile land would furnish an opportunity for the patients to carry on agricultural pursuits, be in a measure self-supporting and live a more nearly normal life. The health department is completing comprehensive plans and estimates for the construction of new buildings adapted to any one of the new sites under discussion. The record of past years indicates that this very much needed and universally approved improvement in our public ser- vice is likely to drag on for years unless the Legislature makes definite provision for a definite program. I therefore recommend that your body participate in de- termining a new site for this Territorial institution, appro- priate from Loan Funds on the basis of a broad building program, and authorize the levying of a special tax, the return from which shall be sufficient to carry on the Asylum and give the patients modern treatment. No difficulties of private or public finance are threatening this Territory that can possibly justify a continuation of a half-hearted and non-effective policy in meeting the needs of this hospital. Revenues and Tax Administration The relation of present revenues to the broadening pro- grams for governmental activities command immediate attention. We have today a seven million dollar Territorial program.with a six million dollar income. 115 The Legislature of 1920 provided an emergency tax for Territorial purposes, of one quarter of one percent on real and personal property. Recourse has been taken to this emergency tax for two years, owing to the extraordinary reduction in the taxable incomes of corporations. Conservative policies of the past are responsible for a surplus that helped carry over the period of depression. In the province of taxation the executive presents a general statement that in his estimation applies in practically all branches of government. we need not so much new laws and more of them as we do an adjustment to changed conditions of present laws, and a more sincere spirit in the observance and enforcement. The Legislature is urged to accept the recommendations of the Territorial Treasurer for reorganizing the tax bureau, to give that vital revenue branch of the government a staff and a system of accounting commensurate to the task as judged by modern business methods. Especially in the first taxation division covering the City of Honolulu is there a crying need for revision and survey of valuations. It is believed that this can be successfully accomplished under the plan of the Treasurer to appropriate for a given number of deputies to be assigned separately to duties of valuation and collection as efficient internal organization indicates. Indeed the principal responsibility of the next biennial period would seem to be not so much an increase of the tax rate as a balancing of values and assurance that those liable to taxation pay their proper share. A closer approach to the budget system should result from a law revision for making and levying the tax rate on the valuations of the current year. The glaring fault of the present law was emphasized in 1922 when the tax rate made up on 1921 valuations, failed to produce the revenue necessary to meet the county budgets. Steps have already been taken to modernize the accounting system of the tax bureau. Two years will give time for modern accounting and staff reorganization to demonstrate whether fur- ther changes are needed. Bank Examiner The first serious bank failure of Hawaii's history occurred in 1922, thus emphasizing the necessity for a closer supervision of the banks and fiduciary institutions of the Territory. The staff of the Treasury Department is entirely inadequate, and here we have failed in our public administration 116 to keep pace with events. The cause of the bank failure was operation on unsound banking principles. The plan proposed by the Treasurer is believed to be one that will safeguard the future. During the critical months of 1921-1922 there were prospects of a period of excitement that would jeopardize public confidence in all financial institutions. The Territory was fortunate to have at that time in the office of Treasurer, Honorable A. Lewis, Jr., whose experience in banking was inval- uable. The lessons of that period were so clear that nothing further would seem necessary to impress the necessity of provi- ding a staff of deputy bank examiners equal to the efficient examination of our banks, trust companies and all fiduciary corporations. An increase of fees which would readily be accepted by institutions subject to examination would reduce the draft on the general revenues. Territorial Budget Hawaii is carrying burdens and meeting problems that are common to all rapidly growing communities forced to expand and take on new activities to keep step with the progress of events. This is brought home with compelling force when contemplating the budget of expense for the biennial period. No commonwealth in our union of states possesses a broader welfare spirit or in proportion to population and wealth enjoys the benefits of more philanthropic enterprises. This most commendable community characteristic is reflected in the adoption of many new ideas most of which are excellent but roll up a large bill of expense. , The immediate problem before the Legislature of 1923 is to adjust the revenues to assure a continuation of the adminis- trative program established by the Legislature of 1921 and at the same time prove elastic enough to meet the added demands of a growing Territory. The budget presented by the Governor is based on the theory that the Territory will return to its normal basis of revenues with the beginning of l92h. To bring the departmental activities within the revenue limitation, it was found necessary to reduce estimates to a basis 10 percent below the 1921-23 appropriations. At the request of the Governor each department head readjusted his estimates on the basis of the cut and gave a statement of the items which should be restored by an increased tax levy if necessary. 117 Salary reductions as well as salary increases have been eliminated by the Governor, believing that the salary schedule is not new higher than is paid in civil life for positions calling for the same service and responsibility. The budget framed to come within the Treasurers' estimate of revenues for 1923-25 will definitely cripple the Territorial administration. There has therefore been provided for your consideration a summary of the original estimates made by the various departments and a statement of the amount required for the Territory to move forward on its present basis. The latter calls for approximately $6,800,000.00. The problem before us is not an unusual one and the people of Hawaii have on every possible occasion registered their willingness and determination to keep their place in the forward march of the nation. We can meet the situation by exercising just a fraction of that loyalty, self-sacrifice and personal service that marked our war-period life. To do this, is the plain duty of an American citizen. A.Nation and a Territory that is good enough to die for, is certainly worth living for and striving for. I have no doubt as to the conclu- sion of the taxpayers, large and small, if they will take the time to become acquainted with and have a real understanding of the work of the various departments of the government of this Territory. Bonded Debt and Loan Apprgpriation A marked change in the New York bond market early in 1922 enabled the Territory to advantageously dispose of approx- imately $750,000 of bonds allotted by the previous administra- tion and float a new loan of $1,350,000.00 under the Loan Act of 1921. There was included in the allotment for the year 1922, the additional issue authorized to complete the War Memorial. The latter were taken up by local financiers at a very favor- able figure. It is proposed to float an additional loan of approx- imately $1,800,000 during the year 1923, to provide for addi- tional items under the loan appropriation of 1921. In considering the somewhat extensive projects that will be advanced for harbor improvement, for road construction and other public works, it is timely to review the loan liabilities and the steady approach to the 10 percent limitation of assessed valuations provided by the Organic Act. The total loans guar- anteed by the Territory amount to $14,515,000. Of this there has been allotted for county purposes g5,055,39h.92, leaving $9,459,605.08 for which the Territory must directly provrde interest and sinking fund. The net assessed value of real and 118 personal property is placed at $256,201,395 for 1922. The limi- tation placed on Territorial loans by Act 12, Session Laws of 1921, was fil7,500,000.00. It thus appears that the Territory has assumed obligations within approximately $3,000,000 of the limitation placed by the Legislature of 1921 and has used more than half of the amount that it is authorized to issue under the terms of the Organic Act. Hawaii and the Nation Hawaii's fate in general appropriations made by the United States Congress has forced upon our attention a new and most unfortunate misunderstanding of Hawaii's status as a Territory, an integral part of the United States entitled to participate in benefits, since we bear all the burdens of a state through taxation and other obligations to the Federal government. Unless Hawaii speaks for itself and forcefully presents its cause, it is threatened with being permanently classified among the "possessions" gained through conquest or purchase. A vigorous campaign should be conducted to restore Territorial prestige and position in the Federal scheme of appropriation and administration. Splendid active and moral support in this cause has come to us through the officers and organization of the War Department, which has a particular in- terest in our main highways as related to plans of defense. Hawaii must educate and convince, so that in future legislation it shall be automatically included, instead of excluded. The first essential of success is that we present an absolutely united front before Congress. It is therefore sugges- ted that this Legislature canvass the situation and adopt resolu- tions that will epitomize our desires and serve an effective medium for assembling support and presenting a convincing case. I commend to your favorable consideration a petition to Congress for legislation giving the Delegate from Hawaii a vote in the House of Representatives. The eventual destiny of Hawaii is to enter the family of states with the full rights of statehood. Hawaii's history as an independent nation previous to its voluntary annexation to the United States, the high standards of our administration, our financial integrity and governmental stability are unanswerable arguments in support of our claim to this high station. We must face the fact that while our population remains so overwhelmingly alien as at present the Federal government will move slowly in authorizing the final act in satisfying our 119 ambition. No reasonable objection can be offered, however, to granting the representative of the Territory a vote in the House of Representatives as a further and amply justified step toward the eventual goal. In all our relations with the Federal Government we gain inspiration from the friendly and commanding leadership of President warren G. Harding. The aspirations of the Territory have been received with sympathetic interest in every executive department of the national administration and as we continue true to the best interests of Hawaii's destiny in the scheme of American progress we shall not fail of reward through early recognition. Conclusion I am confident that as a result of your investigations and deliberations you will join with me in praise for the men and women who compose the executive directors and working staff of the Territorial organization. A sincere spirit of cooperation prevails and if there be any exceptions these can only prove more striking the rule of loyalty, efficiency and prompt response to any call to public service. Attention has been called to the necessity for keeping our plans within conservative lines. The record of Hawaii's past and the great Opportunities of the future demand that we shall at the same time move steadily forward. Over all our deliberations there stands as a guide under all conditions, the message handed down to us by a great king of Hawaii and which is indelibly stamped on the life and progress of our people, "The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness." Ua Mau Ke Ea o‘Ka Aina i'Ka Pono. 120 mosses or venom” Hawaii as an adventure in friendliness has an almost in- exhaustible supply of events of humn interest and hes furnished many lessons of value when we are considering the large field of world affairs. Since their people were stirred by the spiri tuel awaken- ing following new contacts with modern western civilization, these Islands have been a proving ground of friendmip. Immi- grants following the course of industry and commerce have. centered here from widely divergent points of the Pacific ares. Here they have founded homes, reared children and become s part of our community life. The stronger has found here an cordial welcome and hes reciprocated by contributing to the general welfare. Welcome, indeed, then are leaders who now assemble with the purpose of conferring, studying, learning, through free ex- change of opinions, more of what we need to know in order to render better service in an adjustment of ideas and institutions so that we may aid in all those things that aim at the elevation of men and oppose whatever tends to degrade then. The earliest visitors to these Islands were given e kindly reception by the native population. If there were varie- tions from this generality, they were the exceptions that prove the rule. Throughout all the changes that have come with the in- crease of traffic, and wider human relationships, this spirit of friendliness has exercised a very definite influence and one that we are to believe has extended beyond the imediste bound- aries of the Islands and had e hand in shaping events in the great Pacific sres. of those long resident here feel that if peoples about this Pacific area can maintain neighborly relations as happily and comfortably as their representatives have done in the community life of Hawaii, we may properlylcok forward to an era of development in this pert of the world that will in an very large measure reward the hopes and prayers of those working for the day when goodwill shell reign and certain pence prevail throughout all the earth. The Mid-Pacific W, Vol. not, No. A, October, 19250 FPO-56723100 121 Our people are about as free from racial and national pre- judices as it is possible for us to expect members of the human family to be. We have a background of tolerance. Our history is marked by many successful religious, social and economic adjustments that have been revolutionary but peace- ful. The changes have come about gradually so that the final result has not attracted the attention given the somewhat pic- turesque incidents associated with tottering thrones. Attempted restoration of intolerance and racial prejudice is what caused the thrones to fall. You are met here during a period that is filled with centennial dates marking most radical changes. Revolution in religion, from idol worship to Christianity; revolution in governmental administration, from feudal overlordism to a written constitution with popular representation; revolution in land control, from all-for-theéKing to the King-for-all with a division of lands among the common people. All this was brought about in twenty-five years,.much of it through the pressure of new relationships with the out- side world. But'King, Counsellors and people kept their heads, balanced judgment prevailed, so that what they did one-hundred years ago is a challenge to those of us who stand today looking out upon broader horizons and greater opportunities. Kamehameha I is known as the Napoleon of the Pacific. He consolidated the people under one King. Equal honor and even wider interest attaches to the reign of his successor, Kamehameha III, on whose shoulders fell the burden of organiza- tion and adjustment a century ago. Christianity had come and the people were breaking away from the old traditions and super- stitions. Schools followed the church. whaling fleets, mer- chant ships in the East Indian and China trade made Honolulu the fair haven that its name signifies. There was not much of the Golden Rule in business in those days. The native people needed calm leadership and wise counsel to save them from reck- less exploitation. Through trades, ship masters and naval officers, the diplomatic offices of the earth came to appreciate the strategic value of this island cross-roads. As we look back, it is not difficult to visualize the greed and jealousy operating through the contending influences with which the people in these islands struggled from 1825 to 1850. The glory of it is that, generally speaking, peace reigned. Industry was fostered and prosperity prevailed. The more one studies this period of development, change and revolu- tion, the more he is filled with admiration for the courage and 122 common sense of the people of that day. We can easily discern a Divine Providence exercising a guiding hand that here in these Islands of Hawaii, there should be staged in concentrated form a demonstration of the working out of a great purpose; here peoples of the earth have been brought together by a course of events sometimes called inevitable destiny, and the result has been mutual improvement through a normal elimination of the destructive social poisons. Chinese were the earliest voyagers to Hawaii, calling here for shipments of sandalwood, once the basis of an indus- try now practically unknown. Following the discovery of the Islands by Captain Cook, the great explorer of the Pacific, sailors from America and Europe dropped off the ships passing the Islands and were well treated by the Hawaiians. From 1800 to 1820, many of these left their ships to take permanent residence in the Islands. Kamehameha's interpreter was an Englishman; his physician, a Portuguese; many valuable fruit trees were introduced by a Spaniard. The first American missionary families of the Congrega- tional faith arrived in 1820. Trading vessels arrived in in- creasing numbers to transport supplies for resident merchants and the Oriental trade. The whaling ship are from 1830 to 1861 brought the motley mixture of men, traditionally characteristic of the, hundreds of ships making up the whaling fleet of the "roaring forties." The first Portuguese to reside in Hawaii were from whaling ships. The first Japanese were castaways from Japanese junks picked up at sea and brought to Honolulu. Some remained but these people did not come in any numbers until later as assisted immigrants. Expanding agricultural industry demanded more laborers. The first immigration of Chinese laborers was in 1852. An official Board of Immigration was established in 1865, and in July of that year 500 laborers arrived from China. This immi- gration continued until the excessive numbers resulted in a popular agitation and cessation under legislative direction in 1888. One-hundred and forty-eight Japanese laborers arrived in 1868. 123 The pioneer Portuguese labor immigration came from the Azores and Madeira in 1878. About this time Gilbert Islanders were brought in but proved unsatisfactory. Few remained. Japan consented in 1884 to allow its people to emi- grate to Hawaii under government supervision. The first com- pany arrived in February of 1885. Many thousands left Japan in this wave of emigration. After the annexation of Hawaii to the United States in 1898, hundreds of the Japanese laborers stopped in Hawaii only long enough to earn enough money to pay transportation to the Pacific coast. Russians, Galicians, Norwegians, Spaniards, Porto Ricans, American Southern Negro and Filipinos have been added to the population in response to the needs of agricultural industry, till today our population of 300,000 is made up in its racial and national classification as follows: American, British, German,and Russian, 34,272; Portuguese, 26,790; Porto Rican, 6,347; Spanish, 1,939; Chinese, 24,522; Filipinos, 39,608; Hawaiian, 21,272; Japanese, 125,368; Korean, 5,817; Caucasian-Hawaiian, 13,134; Asiatic-Hawaiian, 7,816; and all others, 215. Approximately 183,000 of the total 300,000 are citizens of the United States. The racial statistical tables give the classification of American citizens as follows: American, British, German, and Russian, 33,972; Portuguese, 23,090; Porto Rican, 6,347; Spanish, 1,080; Chinese, 12,689; Hawaiian, 21,271; Japanese, 66,647; Korean, 2,720; Caucasian-Hawaiian, 13,134; Asiatic-Hawaiian, 7,816; and all others, 135. Hawaii was admitted to the United States on its own petition in 1898. Its government was than fully organized and internationally recognized. The Organic Act passed by Con- gress gave a full Territorial form of government, similar to that granted the Western Territories that have the Judicial officers appointed by the President of the United States. The Legislature and municipal officers are elected under universal suffrage. All Federal taxes of internal revenue and customs duties are paid into the Federal Treasury and we share in Federal money only through appropriation by Congress. Our status in this respect is similar to that of a State. The Territory maintains its Territorial and Municipal govern- ments through legislative levy of taxes on incomes, real and personal property and various licenses. Hawaii is moving forward as a natural normal unit and integral part of the United States of America. Though we entered the Union in 1898, the dominant influence for more than a hundred years has been American.--American in business, in education, in religion. 124 The children of every race and nationality born in these islands since annexation enjoy all the constitutional rights and privileges of American citizenship. Our citizen population of 183,000 classified by race and nationality makes interesting reading and study as a fore- runner of the future cosmopolitan citizenship of the Pacific area. English has been the compulsory language of the public schools for more than fifty years, thus giving us an English- speaking, European-Oriental-Polynesianized population of American citizens. I say Polynesianized because the kindly nature of the Polynesian, guided by council typified by the Scotchman wyllie, the down-East Yankee, Dr. Gerrit P. Judd and Rev. Hiram Bingham, has been a living, definitely traceable force. Hawaii has been frequently termed the laboratory of race relationships of the Pacific. we sometimes feel that we are specimens because we are so frequently analyzed and dissected with such varying conclusions ranging all the way from the closest approach to earthly perfections to a horrible example of all that should not be and the beginning of earthly, if not eternal disaster. Through it all, with the passage of time, Hawaii's people have maintained and amplified the traditional spirit of friendliness. Experience indicated that whatever successes have been gained, find their secret in freedom from race preju- dices; once racial antagonisms get out of control, difficulties loom that promise disaster. Hawaii has been and is an adventure in friendships and neighborliness. This is the friendly outpost of a friendly nation. We are proud of our achievements and acknowledge with humility our mistakes. Above all we are grateful for the opportunity of placing our blessings of happy natural surroundings and cosmopolitan good will at the disposal of delegates from all parts of the Pacific area, delegates engaged in a sincere conference and helpful exchange of thought on what may prove the best avenues of approach and the most practical lines of eventual advance to permanent friendships of race and nation that no man will strive to disturb and no nation allowed to destroy. On behalf of the people of the Territory of Hawaii, I extend to you a cordial and sincere Aloha. 125 HAIAII'S ALOHA IS mos Pawn” ‘Every period of history has given us men fired with an ambition to break through the unknown. ‘Especial honor is given to the comparative few who, as they went out, charted a course so that others might follow. Such leaders have usually made the greatest contributions and it is noted that with their courage they have possessed a sense 2f i:sponsibility to others that is quite apart from.reckless ar g. Capt. James Cook, the explorer and geographer, in whose honor the representatives of the‘nnglish speaking nations are here assembled, had the ambition, the courage and the capacity for contagious inspiration that qualified him to be a success- ful leader destined to leave a permanent record. raw men in history have contributed.more than he in placing new lands and new opportunities within the grasp of his own and succeeding generations. In this year, 1928, one-hundred and fifty years after Captain Cook and men of his ship's company set foot on these islands, the descendants of the discoverers and of the dis- covered join happily in appropriate ceremonies to honor his memory. The people of Hawaii through their'lsgislative, elected under universal suffrage, officially requested that the govern- ment of the Uhited States, of which this territory is an in~ tegral part, extend an invitation for the meeting here of the representatives of English speaking nations and dominions. ‘we are all beneficiaries in the new worlds opened up by Captain Cook. ‘lhile we unite in the tribute of honor to an heroic figure of the past, we may find in this new inspiration for achievement in the present and for the future. Captain Cook opened the eyes of the then civilized world to new fields, the extent and conditions of which had not been pictured in the visions of even the dreamers. His charting of the hitherto unknown ocean and shore brought to Hawaii's people new counsellors. Barbarism was wiped out. Free scope was given to the normal friendly instincts of the native Hawaiian people. In a remarkably short period Hawaii and the Hawaiians moved into a position.where they have exercised a reciprocal 39 Honolulu Star-Bulletin, August 17, 1928. 126 influence in fostering a more practical and sincere friendli- ness among all the peoples of the islands and the lands in and about the Pacific. Other speakers will sketch the steps in the path of historical events that have brought us to the generally happy conditions of the present time. My pleasant duty and privilege is to extend the welcome, the aloha of Hawaii, on behalf of the citizens and residents of the territory of Hawaii and especially of the citizens of native Hawaiian ancestry. The years immediately following the arrival of Captain Cook were for Hawaii years of unheaval and turmoil. When condi— tions began to settle down and orderly methods took the place of chaos, it is interesting, and we hope significant, to note the spirit of friendly cooperation that characterized the rela- tions of the Hawaiians and the men and women of the English- speaking nations. The Hawaiian monarch, Kamehameha I., retained John Young, who helped very materially in the successful battles fought by the king. As time went on, and constitutional government was finally established, the ruler of Hawaii called to his assis- tance the Hon. Robert C. Wyllie, to serve as minister of foreign affairs. Mr.‘Wyllie was a British subject who accepted Hawaiian citizenship and loyally served his adopted nation. The premier and adviser of equal authority in this period was Dr. Gerrit P. Judd, a citizen of the United States who linked his fortunes with the Hawaiian kingdom. He gave the best years of his life in loyal service. These men were united in their purpose to support and maintain the integrity of the Hawaiians. About this time the Hawaiian people, moving into the sphere of international relations, adopted a national flag. You see this flag today in the territorial emblem. It is a union of the British and the American flags. The British flag was the first national banner known to the Hawaiians. The union Jack was used. The eight stripes of the flag represent the eight principal islands of their kingdom, following the stripes of the flag of the United States, representing the thirteen original states. There is no historical record that this design was ever changed or even the subject of any bitter differences of opinion that are so often reflected in a national emblem. When the United States accepted the petition of Hawaii for annexation, there was no breath of opposition to the 127 adoption of the former national flag as the emblem of the territory. All along the course of events that has made history in the Pacific, the Hawaiians, the British, and the Americans of the United States have been in hearty accord. Not to sug- gest that never were there differences of opinion. Residents of these islands one-hundred and fifty, one-hundred and seventy- five years ago were quite human. They were active and vigorous in the expression of their opinion. We honor them for the balanced judgment that finally prevailed and for the good standards established to influence and largely control subse- quent events. In Captain Cook's time, the venturesome men were seeking physical worlds to conquer. Today, our central thought is to discover the most approved routes for arriving at permanent friendly relation- ships. Having learned through Captain Cook how large our world is, we are engaged in the great adventures involved in learning that that world is big enough for all to live com- fortably, with a fair share for each of the reasonable pros- perity that assures contentment. The disaster in Captain Cook's last voyage to Hawaii is not without a guiding thought. Ignorance and misunderstanding, superstition and fear, shaped the incidents that led up to the death of the great explorer. Looking back, we have a feeling of pity for the benighted people who first deified as their god Lono, the visitor from the great unknown; then, finding their mistake, destroyed him. In the perspective of a century and a half, we can understand the folly of it all. Looking out upon the future we have reason to highly resolve that the understanding and friendships that have become traditional along the ocean routes of the Pacific shall be emphasized. The late Lord Bryce in his "Modern Democracies," quotes from Disraeli where a character in one of his novels says, "Few ideas are correct ones, and what are correct no one can ascertain; but with words we govern men." The aloha of Hawaii, the word of friendliness, has had continuing power. Suspicion and intrigue have scored destruc- tive failures. As the people of Hawaii voice the national greeting of a kind hearted race, it carries the thought that this meeting 128 and your stay in these islands will be more far reaching than a mere pleasant memory. A timely word can control the minds of men. Courage to strike out into new fields in human relationships may well be expressed in a determination to use words and be prompt to perform the deeds that will strengthen old friendships and build new friendships. Profiting by the past, we will exercise the intelligence born of our present day enlightenment so as to make those friendships permanent landmarks for charting the pro- gress of the new world of our day. 129 A LIST or MATH! W or Governor Farrington "Kerry Ines: Hessage ochvernor Farrington to the People of the Territory.” Honolulu Advertiser, December 23, 1921. P. is . Governor Harrington's Address to the Graduating Class of the University of Hawaii. Honolulu Advertiser, June 6, 1922. p. 1. Birthday Message. , Honolulu-Star-Bulletin, Ray 3, 1922. p. 1. From the Governor to the Graduates. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, June 6, 1922. p. 6. Hessage tothe Legislature. (thirteenth se's ion) Honolulu Advertiser, February 19, 1925. . 6-7. ., eSruary 25, l925. p. 8. Dedication Message of the Opening of Radio Station xcu. Honolulu Advertiseg, llarch 29, 1925. p. l. The Governor’sAddressto the Governors egall States and Alaska. HgnoluluAdvertiseg, April ll, 1925. . l, 9. Governor Farringtoan Address to Educators Honolulu Advertiser, December 30, 1925. p. 9. lessage to the Legislature. (fourteenth sessfign) Honolulu Advertiser, February 18, 1927. . 12-15. Governor FarringtonGives StirringIndependence Day dress On Big Island. Honolulu Advertiser, July 4, 1927. l-2. Governor-rarrington's Address . to ‘ the Pan-Pacific Hdueatic Conference. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, April ll, 1927. p. l, 5. Hessage to the P.T.A. Banquet. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, June 26, 1928. Pp. 1, 7. Iorld's Greatest Need is Hen Trained to serve Peace. Honolulu Advertiser, llay 31, 1929. . l-2. 130 Keep your Land, is Advice Given to Kamehameha Alumni #- Governor Stresses Future of Hawaiians in Agriculture in Reunion Address. Honolulu §___tar-Bulletin, June 6, l929. p. 16. Harrington in Final Address on 4th of July. Retiring Governor gives I.H.C.A. Talk. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, July 5, 1929. Greetings fr: Washington D. C. Agdress till the Pan-Pacifigi Club of Honol u November 21,192 The d-Peci ic a ne Honolulu. Hal. xxxv, Ho. 2, Iebru‘e‘i’y‘3 ‘32.! ‘5. 35111" An Hawaiian Contribution to Trade and Social Relations. (at fifth Western Division meeting, Chamber of Commerce of U. S .A.) The lid- cific Ila azine, Honolulu. Vol. mv Ho. 5. uni-I 923‘ mam. 7561‘" ' Fourth of July Oration at Haili Church Centennial, Hilo, Hawaii. . gradise 9_f_ the Pacific, August 1924. Vol. IIIVII, Ho. 8. Hawaiiis not a % gseggilon, Governor Tells Hasterners. ‘ Paradise _o_f_ e c 2, January 1924, Vol. xxxvn, No. l. P- - "Selling“ Hawaii to its Own People. (An address to the Honolulu Realty Board) Pagadise of the ,§_e_____cific September 1927, Vol. 40, No.9. p. Happy Hawaii's Radiating Influence. ggadise_ of the Pac___L__fic, December l927, Vol. 40,110. 12. r9 BIOGRAPHY OF THE AUTHOR The author, Herbert Liu, was born in Waipouli Village, Island of Kauai, Territory of Hawaii, October 10, 1915. He attended the'Kapaa School through the sixth grade, then moved to Honolulu and attended the Hawaiian Mission Academy through the ninth grade. During his Sophomore year he transferred to the Honolulu Senior Academy, and in 1934 sailed from Honolulu to attend Shelton Academy in Nebraska where he graduated in June 1936. He then attended Union College in Lincoln, Nebraska and Walla Walla College in College Place, Washington and was graduated from the latter in August, 1942 with a B. A. Degree. After one year of post-graduate work, Mr. Liu returned to his native Hawaii as an instructor in Speech at the Hawaiian Mission Academy in 1943. He was there for two years and in the summer of 1945 left to accept a position with the Konawaena High School, Kealakekua, Hawaii. In the fall of 1946 he re- turned to Oahu to accept a position with the Leilehua Inter- mediate School, where he acted as vice-principal for two months. He was then asked to accept a teaching position at the wallace Rider Farrington High School in the field of Public Speaking and Speech, a position he still holds. He started work toward a Master of Arts Degree at Mich- igan State College in the summer of 1947. In the fall of 1948 he met Miss Minnie Wong at Farrington High School and married 132 her during the sumsr of 1949. He returned to Michigan State College for the summer sessions of 1950, 1951 and 1952 and com- pleted his course work in August, 1952.