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BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE
RED-BROWN BUTT ROT FUNGUS,
FOLYPOR‘US scam/51mm FR.

Thesis for than Degree of M. S.

MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE
Tf‘imtmas Charles Nelson

E947

JHast

I'I‘I'EII'IE'I I \ .

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il‘lDII' 1 ‘

1‘ '1 city" 163‘. t

This is to certifg that the

thesis entitled

"Biological Studies of the red—brown, butt--rot fungus,
Polyporus tchweinflzii Fr."

presented bg

Thomas Charles Nelson

has been accepted towards fulfillment

of the requirements for

ME ”degree in __ @0333): End Plant Pathology

 

May 22, 1947

Date

 

M-795

Sfibmitted tn tn. 3
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"<

A THESIS

r te Schonl of

C“ate College ¢f erricultvre end A
cience in U rtl fulfillment of the
requirerente f r the fieqree of

h

Deoertment 0*p Botehv and Plant Patholozy

II
III

IV

VI
VII
VIII
IX

XI
XII
XIII

Index

Acknowledgements
Introduction

Review of Literrture
Hoets
Syuouony

Gulturee

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end Lutrcuce or use Dieeoee

Varioue

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oletlon

Suenerjr rue

Literature Citefi

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99 e cruee o Eieeeee in young conifer nlrntetioue (:0

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further kno lei”

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covered in this etudV. This White hine plrntetion
convicting of three Fnu one—helf tore? wee ulrntei
in the eerie; of 1330 t"itii five ve~r old trees. It
ie the oldect white -ine elentetinn in th. etete of
licfiieen (10). The oreeent etuéy “99 corriefl out
-e fiftieth veer of the stand. Thu: etunve
irtv-yerr t iuginr were "v ilehle for p
etuey of the iuoifetee of the dice ee.

The hietory o: Uhe EIHQEUfi ie relrtivelv conulete
end nunereue etufiiee on soil tyne, eite in ioee end

rrowtn inerenente ere eveileble find nrve nroveu to he

ct

of invelurble rid in :ie etudy.

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growth of thic 9660189.

The velvet—ton funeue, ?oly“orve eotmeinitrii Fr
is the ceuee of ref—brown butt rot of conifere Thie
rot ie eorettmes refeinée“l to re brownecuticel tutt pnfi
I‘Ofit T013 (.9). It 318 F190 ”teen Cr-‘lle'j rel—gzvrgyuce 51992.20
(31).

Ree—lro n butt rot nse lon: teen oeneifiered o nvjor

eilvioulturel end trtholoricel Urotlen in the ”orthreet

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-orect region of tne United Stotee. Eovoe (3) coneiflere

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it the noet eerinue cu

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5tp+eg eotn re a? e_e nun e: e? treee ~tt ckefi \ne the

wood in the butt lee, infectefl tree: rre r199 gutaect

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to Winfit‘r“ . -
Ennhreis he? teen nlrcefi on ttie root 'nd lutt—rot
in th, Eoetern Uniteé Stetee only during the nect

twenty veere.

Until the “or

‘ 1 "r m «2 r12 A». f:
5 of fork, .e l, r1” en 1;: (.l),
Poly“orve echmeiniteii wee obeervei only on olfler trees.

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ennreoiecle fieoey until the tree re Ghee p neriOA or

decline. This eje is nlnced "t enwroxinttelv eixty to

J.

eienty veers. Etrlier renorts in the liter ture le-d

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one to believe that Polyeorue eon ein

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whicn effects nature end overn"tnre treee. However,
York TE‘H end Chilfis (El) olcerved geriqunlv drtezed

o J. V-‘—! I w-- .L. 1“” -“ a I. .
i1“e “#39 (-lAJQ P-TFJwe L.) 9nd Ted nine

 

 

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bn7t 1?"r wee reerrefl rceeriinf tn +Fe f®17omie?
for:1ule:
93 gr. nelt extrect
17 gr. Beet
1777 cc. fiUUiIIefi mater
The mrlt 9:2r wee eutoelevad :or rifteen :inutee rt
-ifteen U0 Hi? areeeure. “he 50% iav Wee F5[Uefiee fly
the uee of filute ltctie ecifl end flilvte eoiiun nyfiroriee
$roee changes in UH were determinee by Uee of .nec

'- - . x A r- 4“ '\ r x \ .‘ 7—1 l 1 " ' r" 'n 1-er wk J. 0’1 u n --r c‘ n .0
Ltl. laiine.or upper. : gecna l we ME~FL rr~ heed ior

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prenrturely.

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pH fron 2.0 to 17.7. Further filentinjs for teetinf pH
were made uein: the sfirinq techdique of11n1for1 e7nntin
(12). T378 CUltures Were erown an pear elrnte in turee.
”lien covered with myeeiin eiort err nae o: Cetfinn
string (?—3 cm. in length) which Were DTQViOUPly Futo—
clrved in e nrlt salution Were Uleced on +11e =Ur ‘ce of
the GUI aUre slrnte. AZter {U rorin'tely tWO Wee?

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1ycelin Uiiforaly c)W ec the etrinis.

A? tFe tine 0? ~111ti12, foreewe ererilitefl WV flin—
min? in #100301 find flefiinr were U195 fin exfreer fhe
FfiT173° :re1 rhe cwltUre tufiee. ”ith v sherile eeieéoro,
ihort "iece1 e? tie etr11“ :w1r0"1 We7v *Wo ni771netere

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durptlnn for age 'Ur/OEG of exvnia tien .t h‘O :IJIQTeflh

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arrive rt 9 veli: “F vrer" :or Tefimeen UV Fetmeei

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cultures, #12 Inreiycuioa Let eea Culturee 11 n3.

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of ‘rqet» 1L V“TLOUQ an levele w7fl aeLween ~98 C“1UUT99

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ennrn refluctlnn 11 erovt; rLeve 7d g., .rn~oteg Lmrbuer

J- ‘ q ‘ "L ‘ V 3! 'L 1- '-. J' . ~ - ‘ ".6 1~ ~ Cw . J" 7" 3‘ r- J- ~
stag¢ to meter Lne use 0_ Int“ .H 1h» :0re ex CU1e¢C.

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h Perlee of "lrtee veryLng me Hi frog 3.? to L.)

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hetite 0L "cceecinne nee Lee: eVewn in firevious work,

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bde “*v~ fIQH “Me >3 no? 0 Lu 4.J Perlee e.e _nulyhefl

severnteiy. The frtr eni fnflyeie for gccecqiqn 23 1g
nreeeqtef in bele 3. '

Unfier t1e ceniitimne of tVie e: ev‘ ett, the“e
moo no eigaifie ‘1': 51;:etegce tetHeeq remth from 1.3

In in effort to 0 thin the 10~er extent of tfip
outignn rrn‘e of 3H for CIOTtH a eeries of ml teL were
set my st C.1 ti wilt intervele. Hemever, it mpg

c . ‘ ‘ J" ' ‘ f‘ 'L '. "' 'L“ . NA ‘ J‘ n' ', q r - q - r.
f; c,lt to ~tu?id tale refL e equ r37 1t own he 9&H}

frog tLe 6”te 1n fr .:le 4 thtt reeulte inflierte oniv

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Lneee : u- reog U0 lnulc Je p deelglte Q0 n.rrd
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trene in .TO DA ~e10» w“ ‘.e. ID n V .e Cfififilwqefl nJ,t

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31th the P%u>1v Ciflw*ticrnt eiffereqce tpawopn
retljccteg 1: “£33, v18”eetmeen RefiliC'tee Vericnce"
tern Wt: nee: in CchUlgtii9 the F rslue for tetreen DH.

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FUUQIEE euleu*nt1"ue vile lfirorn.uwen. eqzlro (4),
~—. - " - x '* ' J” -. "H 4—: ‘ . 1 3—21. -.c .L.
upl‘fi ‘ gUf-\T€“ 1‘1Uli evqtdeth ecte we e1 . 51f.eren.

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sane of hie cultures {iree rit": tde reevitg attridefi in

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eeualee were :"therefl rt the toee of invefiefi

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trees end en eanl nvtter of etherently herlthv trees.

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No difference in hfl‘tetween the two “T0”fig Wye notefl

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The tH nerr ope e C? Cr inflecte n U39 -e»l

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Pinetum rented fron 4.3 to 2.

VIII Teneerwture

r” 4- ... A ~' ~‘ Jun 1 J. F“ - ‘_' _I c .
reeue 'ert‘ CO.1:\UC'.;“O b0 ..‘€i.€7‘.’11.3'le 3.117 7117.31, '2’17-3‘71’3'1U",

4-. - w~q '4- ‘ ‘ r‘ "q "\ '-' __._ 1 , ‘ '
ad 015 .11“; ten 5‘3“; 1Tb? f”)? ..T_"J-t:1 of PnTV-dqr‘m pc’r"ejr~1fe

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eeurnechlzfi v.506. grovified :erne for ?TU:yi?T tkie
environmental fcctar.

The reeulte ottriued from UK etudiee ehowefl u
significsnt fiifferenc cue to interectifiu or culture

. .-. 1 ‘ ‘ m. . 1 L
ene 3H. Thereiore e eln,1e caLtu
.9 . P . J. ' . - ‘ - r- J" _ 7w
end 40hr lratln»e cer L1~Le es u
f‘ F U - ‘ _1_\ - O
drowth reecrn e ecroee tue c1
were m"5€ 9t [our @eye eel f‘eju
q o _ ‘ I) F ~ .3- f-' o 4 . a
dc? renalnl Icllorea eettrllsgueut
‘ 1- M ' n m m m: 1.1 4—
1m tue Meet r{reserve ouruures.

chceen enetle "ccurcte re"€i Is

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et sud: fieye. TE: four
cf vizcnous "refit;

A eix dey reri‘cr woe

tee over rem

eech other. Elntee 8:0”iflf no frout“ :’ six 69 e rere
left In teneerrture cautrile -9r 9 fieriod of ten fibre
folio";n“ the l'et re'dinq.

Iaitifj tFets were rede Ft the ‘cllnrinr Gettiéraje
teasereturee; 0,14,2°,?”, 25,23,3?,??,74. Thece
ter ere uree were Heed beceuee GVUijnefit m,; ”veilrele
et theee incre'tente.

iPeeulte ere=¢zmy61 ’T“”}lcfljjf'ifl Figure¢:'3 vxa 7,
Anslyeie ef the a ”e cellected Pt the enfl of ferr €~ye

I

is Ureeentefi in Tf‘le 3.

It cen 3e oee: from *Eie firte thyt there in r
eiynificnnt diffsrence in the .ncunt c? wrorth hetreen
tempereturee f 9490., 23”., end QEQC. The Ottiuum

l7

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An ere1"ei= “3 the ‘ete Ce‘Teefee '* Cir 323?
ywe149 f‘1§"‘€fifi5l7v *ze croe 'q”orrt-4«w rm in grggpn:ai
in T"“1¢ 7. Si‘-i“iC"dc fi£"erefie; 1\:*’3“'ee="‘ firdvfih
"4:: $90., 2:63., F‘I’ld 5-3500. "W‘ifl £'*""’~‘35I‘s, C:\‘5;i‘1‘11‘1 "T”,fl'f‘j
“"69 PM 23030

Growtn * s 0*eervei in th wlcfec ¢n*jeeted in 3?°?.
tenfierefiure rfter 2 neriod 0f nix *rv=. AItHeurR +Ee 1/03.
an“ 7403. elftes were checTefl for a fieriofl O? Sixteen drye,

“ 9W4‘ ‘ ' r ' J" _. '3 ‘ v *1“. t? -D 1% . f' L - ‘1 'q 7 ‘ . _q
no “TO‘wn "‘9 n3u61. Ac CJF PF: Or + 9 Slxkeeq (“j §€TjC:,

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:rnmth of FOIYVATVO £7379ifiiffii. At 771? levpl tTP

 

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1" f‘ . a. J--.- a n p1 . a Q - A i . wa '\ - .1 ~
(fife (l:‘f> ,F'g) 1'1 wit ~P«1I=w TR 01_,.PQKT (nfirct¢;o
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Culture 4

DlflhelVl CTYFb518 WP*€ 75596 to ten of the Vl”t€9
f e? h .ccesmion,the remainin? ten 719799 contniied no

1

n7

" ‘ - -- .1.
oionngl crye,:lt.

finite oifie tiseue Tent 1‘? were hefle from rerione

of 5ecey following surf ce sterilizetion h? barrier

,

elcohol. Aoproxinetely fifteen rillizrehe of t“e

cryetele were lrced in eech teet «late. E19 e: with

rnfl without diwhenvl crvetel. were elpntei rlternetelv

to minitise exeeritentel error. Check oletee were invereee;

tee filrtée were left uorirht. Reemlte ere tehuisted in
Teble 2.
It Gen he eeeo from Tehle 12 thet ed‘ition of

dielehvl cryetsls eieed in the ieolrtion of Polytorte

 

‘

ecuweinit7ii in ell ceeee. TTe ieoletee otteined Witq

 

the uee of fliwhenyl were escier to eeoerete fron :ny
contenantion in the plete.
A oeriod of eooroxinetely ten deys ie nPCegpery for

Polgporue echweioitrii to develoo the ch

".7

recterietic

 

yellow color eufficiently to be recognizehle. rhe
coloration of cultures has been described es beriun
yellow with thickenet ereee honey vellow to buckthorn
brown to vivid when exposed to lieh. (13). Gtilfie uees
over twenty color deeignetions in e etuov of verirhilitv
of ieoletee (9).

The oletee ”ltfl dioheoyl crystele added seen to
retein more fielieete ehedee then those Y"ithout einhenvl
crystrle. However, these chedes ere not wronounoed

H

enough to ceuee difiiculty in ifientificetioe.

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Previous work in "hich the infection of see? linre

5 n w a “1/
end two yeer old ‘lente Wee ovteined turourn the roote(wo)

ii.)

and the 009 tione of Boyce (3) leed one to believe thet

roivwoyue ccb'F‘filEIll ie crne tzle of :rowth in the soil.

A

Consequently, e.eeriee 0: er ce ri rerte wee instigated to
test the growth of the orgenien in eoil.

Soil for not file ntin 9 1"es obteined fron the fieel
Pinetun. Ten eight—inch note were filled with soil
frot the A horizonl, ten note were filled with e fixture
of 'he A and B horieone, eni ten note Twere fillefl With

q

eenfl eteem—eterilizee for one hour.

finite vine eeede 0w "weed fre1 the Scene Foreet

Hureerv, bicnifen Stete College were treeted with n

:l?CO eoiution of mercuric chloride for three minutes

I».J

end meshed three times with eterile meter. Seede were

plente‘ thirty to e not end covered with e snellow

The note were left in the greenhouse for e neriod of

"0

five routhe. Geruinetion end emereence of see: Elin: e we

rocd. Ho ever, denoing Off of neny of t1_e nlente

r

occurred during the course of the exoerinent. Tieeue

nlentinee were made fron dying nlrnte. Fueoriufl.cneciee
were ieoleted in e cor eidereble nuncer of canes. Fruit—
in; bodies of fungi of he Order Nioul eri lee were found

1 o w - 0 ~ .a. . h. "\ _ , .5 ._y ‘4'
Hor17one es cef1ned 1n ”acile end L81” UscA Yrbr., lw~1.

growing on the eoil sue on not lehels in e nnmher of

i wee not ieoleted in

'40

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lngtcncee. Poly orue ecn e.iit7

 

eny ceee from the tissue lrntin“e neie fron thece
dying nl-nte.

fittention wee then eirected to tFe noecitility o:
erovth of the orgrnieu in soil uneer coitro lled 11rorc+ OTV
conditions. A numcer of fectore were teeteo in en

“.1 . 1. a, . J—‘a *7 "“1 - . * 0v :1 'IF‘ . o— . . . V‘
effort to o-teln iiovtn or rolHnorue ec31e-11t111 la

 

vitro. Different l yere of the eo’l wrofile were checkeo.

1

Verioue teC11iduer of hen 11.; the coil me

Ch

.1? were

'2le

investizeted in en etten t to find one thet would eunnort
erowth. Soil olteined fro1 different olentetione were
check (ed.
In View of eucceeeful erowth in p neefile—ouff seer
h,

medi: +5), ecnplee conjoeej for the meet fi'rt of the

A00, A0 end A1 horizons ”ere chlected fro: the Tmite

1.1.

nine etend in the seninill Plentetion, Rich

M 5.1.4.1.
,~."-‘;|_ t-Uf‘ue
I

Oollere. No evidence of the nreeence of Polyworue

 

sohweiniteii hes ever teen found in tLie 'lentetion.

 

These soil eonoles were collectee on Decenter 1° 943
fellovin? en inch reinfell ourin: the nrecefliny twenty
four hours. The soil sen lee co ollectefl from the A00
horizon h"d e moisture content such thet no moieture
eéuition wee fleeted neceee'rv. The eOend A1 horieon
9011 Pet lee were Metered with eterile weter. Th meter

wee ellored to uercolete for e oeriod of five hours before

These Pail ¢:n>lee eere then zl‘ced in sterilieed
covered 0 neule jers. ieelve rezlicetes of etc: horizon
Vere areoered. Six of the revlicetes were sterilieee 1n
the eutocleve for tlirty ninetee et fifteen round
pressure; six were not sterilizefl. Aeri‘l eycelivr freq
*1?’1+i1’1?? on O"‘t 1".“ng 129317.157, "37'0"”? in one 4377.“.7‘1gr‘2nd (#111313
centeéeter Erle never flecks provifiei the inoeulur ”hi,h
wre fro» ;cceeeioi hunter 35. The myceliun res nlsnted

et the ed”e of the eieh rnfl its location nerkei with

W'X nenoil. The censule jers were then elecei in 95 3.
tehnereture incu’etions. These “lentinrs were n"fle on
Decether 13, l?h5. A55ition of sterile reter Wee found
neceesrry rt the end of the firet n‘nth to nnintsin s
suiteble hOiSt oonoition in the Gen ule jers.

it the end of three v'eelrs, growth wan notefi i~ onlv
fine jvr. A sinzle re licete of sterilizee £1 horieon

u.

soil shore? erowtn of one to two millimeters fron th,

\I

orivinsl \lentine. Jere were checked 9* ten 67v interrsl.

1
’

finsl inseection mes mode st tie end of seventy fire

3‘-

dayc. Any mecrosconic growth of fun i on the so‘l

wee renlented on melt e

1;"

"\ ,4‘ “'0 4-15 4-..A F <«J‘ . '
er ulstes. with the exceit on

of the cree fleecrihed, no growth of Polynorue sehweiiitz.-

 

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”S f uni -r,n b~9~€ cuuen ts to I61901r$€ it.
- . A. "' . J. “‘3 l‘ ' \' .I‘ u . 2 fi ‘
illeY'g evcoees ’lpu - teet tule teoniieue for t-e

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growth of Fomes endosue in soil (P4) swqrested nossieilitier

 

of e eotevhpt sitilfr

' . ,.. - JP 4- — ,3 .4. 3-: 1 4.. .1. .9 ,-
A rnFll olur oi cotton “es ;lvee st ,ze eooton oi ezch

PLE‘lPS were "toured- in to 2 de «Sh o

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. __,.:. .1. ‘ . ,4— J-‘- .. 7. J-‘ - - .. _'-.:1 5-2. .1.-. c
ello'ew .o -ezcol~ e u rem ufle eoxl Lo it J.e eo.tou

-A .- .— ~- ‘p: ‘-:~,-. ' ‘ \. - ' I. A: v- .0 --'~- --—1 ,- ex 1‘
were est u, co-u .-iu. 51 ”011701 so 1. six o .“r “1.:9

~ 1. —'~-~ ~1-..,.- -,. -'—~ - ' n —--- -, ....z. -- .1-..
7'97“ FL'F'IHLA-laxk» '9 1‘1- iu-‘t, CUE-VIOL‘; C-’.”.¥€I’l.€"ik: CT}: L11.L._,tr~

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Pee r.s were orserren -t Ire qt int—1 sis. Finel
' \ v‘v -\ N m‘ I h. ' - '1‘ .--V F! a vvv: ‘ "M J‘~“1 '. '~‘ . . I' ':
otgerv~tion= «ere ; me sixty 4.3: folio in: the i iti-t ’

’ ~70 ‘5“ _:\ P o 0 . J- -5! ‘ 1 a ‘9 a V "1‘ -- I: A "4-.

-ro-t» suizic1en ior 'HOUO-r"IC14 * e etioenu, growth
0' .N . 4‘ . .- “ v." . fl ‘ a? J“.\ A -. w . v- r:

of m ite ngce71un mas observed in low? 01 the ptgritlée,

tubes. Plentinqe were mede from these tLhes which showed

in.

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“Vceilzi JTOVbh 1% rrue uo ceoert in wtether the ”rowtn

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vee t1€t of JOLX‘QTUF scheern-t7 1 or or 9 cont tinsat.

 

 

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Poivoorur sehjeinit—ii vee reieoleted fron three of these

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In en «it.m,t to erreeu 1dve1se eiviroi e L-l

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reletions e series of ulsntin1s .15 “(49 in.»e T]

cotton lenmfir. Distilled.'W'*o?'"re t ri‘fiJ/=‘ on th» soii

 

 

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effort to

che01_ifua ~rowth.cm .VkaHQruw “w? ei-Wi :ii :51 soils ”ith
fiiffereg' UH 1€v01c and t0 test for v:ricti©n in rbilfi. tv
to row fin soil 7etween vrriaus cces si and. A sari 99
wps 9190 innuyvrgfied to ; 36: W1 t. er Accession 43
mighf hpve 10?t its vicviliiy 71 C”1CW“Q on fi"1t nfrr.
Sterili 79d 9%“ un¢*erfili?ed 9? “199 of 9011 of the
A0 hfirifflfl v: v33“ in UH "ere 698 ed for Tom*7 4f
P07vv¢w"‘e QC‘ C1"1_w*i' 13 th :2” 7° soil ffiju.'bflé DH

 

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o .Ee 9011 Ed

113 reve selficted th

incofpr 'c *PQ .os¢i*1e. T"ble l? shnvg
ObtPifled.

3rowth of Ty‘hae 2t 0H 4.2 in the
m?9 noted to be rhnut three nillineterq fron t]
of the pltnted fun us. Simil~r growtfi w?s not
qterilized serlas a. p' 5.} 9n0 UK 5.9. it UH
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to check iflz 'rcwth of‘ crazer Decegsi~vm~ggq file evenj
thfifi acceFSifii 3": er F; ni”ht hvve %i;f€rsnt rrowth
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- 4 Juli! -: ' . 'L' “ I" v -— o P. n‘fi.-.“ -, - cl. . .
too 0: Lu4 9.;1 1n tne uuze. 401; Crib ty; 3*11 :1]

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all trunk-[1‘37 3.1!: 30731114710119

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F’FT ve5iuv sre <. fn‘lfi :; crystpi violet, 1:31,TC“;

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iPOlétiPn WP? N‘fle fr§d ti? fPfd concernifif 051C€fifir”fifihe
oernittin: growth of Polywnruc cchwe3fiitcii gqfi O“¢eIVf—

*rowth of eecqnflvry inveders. 3‘7"Chit€

creen tariflrvine cvlciui :rOnrinn fie, sogifin wro-

isolotions. Cry.; 1 viulet, hrll‘inn :reen, “n5 COU‘ET

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