A SURVEY OF THE SP‘ERMATO’PHYTES \N THE ISLAND LAKE STATE RECREATION AREA Thai: for flu: Door“ oi M. S. MTCNGAN STATE COLLEGE Daniel Matthow Lynch Jr. 1948 Date Thiehtoeertifgthntthe thesis entitled A Survey of the spemtOphytee 1n the Island. Lake State Recreation Area presented by Daniel. Matthew Lynch, Jr. has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for L 5. degree LBOtW Major profeuor “£117. L248 _ .~——_—._v__._ ,— ’$ . Hm!“ A SURVEY OF THE SPERMATOPHYTES IN THE ISLAND LAKE ’ STATE RECREATION AREA by DANIEL MATTHEW Ema JR. A THESIS Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Botany and Plant Pathology 1948 TH ESIS é/¢?/‘+3 ACKNOWLEDGELIENT The author wishes to thank Dr. William B. Drew of the Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Michigan State College for his invaluable guidance and assistance in making determinations within difficult groups of plants, and Dr. Frederick J. Hermann of the Division of Plant Exploration and Introduction, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture for his assistance with the genus Carex. £34 3304 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction and Background Location and Description of the Area ... History of Land Use .................... Climate ................................ TOpography and Glacial History ......... Drainage ............................... 80118 00.00000000..00..0.0.0.00.00.0.000 \O'fim-b-UJNI—J Plant Communities ...................... DisCUSSion 0000000....00000000000000.000 21+ hiethOdS 0.0.000...0.0..0...0000.00....00 26 maps 0000000000000000.0000000.00.0000... 31 synOptic List Of Plants 00.0.0.0.0000000..0 33 Figures .00....0.0000000..0...00.00.0000119 Index to Plants ........................ 123 Bibliography 000000000000000000000000000000 143 I N T R.O D U C T I O R A N D B A C3K'G R O U I'D Lgcation and Description 2; the Area The Island Lake State Recreation Area is situated in - Geenoak Township in the southeast corner of Livingston County, Michigan. Development of the area is under the Department of Conservation. It is estimated that #,320 acres at length will have been incorporated into a park to provide caaping, hunting and fishing for the general public. In view of the attention that will be given this area by persons interested in a general knowledge of native plants, and of the opportunity afforded to establish new distribution records in a part of Livingston County not hitherto studied, it was thought that a survey of the Speraatophytes would be worthwhile. 0f the #,320 acres included in the preposed.boundaries of the park (Map 1), 1,700 are in the possession of the state and are open to caaping and.hunting. The remaining 2,620 acres are broken up into farms, small plots around homes and a large gravel pit Operated by the.Anerican Aggregates Corpor- ation. .At the south end of Island.Lake there is centered the nucleus of the area consisting of camping grounds, a swimming beach and.picnic grounds. This is the Island Lake State Park prOper, which has been in use for 20 years. To expand recre- ational facilities, a group camp consisting of old 600 bar- racks is being built on the south side of the Huron.River about three-quarters of a mile east of Pleasant Valley Road. Adjacent to the beach and picnic grounds is a resort area centered around Fonda, Island and Briggs Lakes. Al- though not a part of the park, it is mentioned here on account of the number of persons it attracts to the general vicinity. West of the Junction of the Pere Marquette Rail- road with Silver Lake Road is the village of Greenoak, now consisting of only a small cluster of houses with small acreages of land around them and no longer a factor in the disturbance of vegetation (Map 1.). History f Land Use Wheeting and Bergquist (1923) give the following account of the history of Livingston County. The first white settler is reported to have come to the county in 1828. In 1830, Greenoak Township was settled, and in the years following the whole county was gradually cpened to farming. At first corn, wheat, and potatoes were grown largely as subsistence crOps. These were in part succeeded by hOps, broomcorn, tobacco, sweet potatoes and flax. In 1880, the pOpulation of the county reached its peak, and agriculture was built around pro- ducing corn, oats, wheat and rye for market. At this time, dairy products played a minor role, being consumed mostly at home. Since 1880, the pOpulation has decreased, and the growing of grain crOps for cash has given way to dairying. Twenty-five years ago Livingston County was one of the largest Holstein-Friesian centers in the United States. Today it is still a dairy county, with.75% of the agricultural income caning from the sale of milk (Livingston County Extension Service, 19h7.Annual Report). Climate Being one of the interior counties of Michigan, Livingston possesses a climate alternating between continental and semi-marine. The former is characterised by hot weather in summer and bitter cold in winter and occurs when there is no wind. When a strong wind blows off the Lakes, temperatures are modified.and weather of a semi-marine type prevails. Pre- vailing winds are from the southwest and average eight to 10 miles per hour for the year. Three P. M. is the hour of greatest daily velocity, the yearly average for this period being 10 to 12 mph. (Bingham, 1945). The average growing season over a 21-year period at Howell, the county seat, is 151 days with the last killing frost in the spring for the same number of years coming on May 9, and the average date for the first killing frost in the fall occurring on October 7. The average January tem- perature for a 25—year period is 21.8 degrees F. and the average July temperature for the same period.71.4 F. .April generally marks the beginning of plant growth, although the first spring plants often appear as early as midpnarch. Growth has generally stepped by November. ‘Winters are three to four months long, the coldest weather coming in.February. Snowfall is usually lighter than in other parts of the state. 4 Snow is generally on the ground from early December to the latter part of‘larch. Bingham (1945) reports that of the total amount of sunshine available during the spring, only 50% to 60% is received in Oakland County which is adjacent to Livingston on the east. The figure rises in.summer to 60%to 70%, and drops back to 40% to 50% in the fall. Much cloudiness pre- vails over the whole of Michigan during the winter. Relative humidity is correspondingly high during the winter.months, but becomes moderate during the summer. The average number of days with rain for the whole state is 107 a year. At Howell, the average annual precipitation for a 29-year period is 28.58 inches, with the heaviest rainfall coming in.May. The average precipitation for the months of plant growth, April to October inclusive, is 19.49 inches (Wills, 1941). Tnggraphy and Glacial History Livingston Chunty lies in the south-central part of the Lower Peninsula, being the third county west cf Lake St. Clair and the third county north of the Michigan-Ohio line. It is located in the southern hardwood section of Kichigan, in what is known as the Thumb Upland. Till plains, terminal moraines and outwash.p1ains and, in the southern half, lakes with associated.marshes and.swamps comprise the main physiographic features of the county (Wheeting and Bergquist, 1923). ‘Veatch (1931) places Greenoak Township 5 and the southeastern half of the county in the Hillsdale- Lapeer sandy highland which extends in a southwesterly direction from the southern part of Tuscola County through Lapeer, Oakland, Livingston, Ingham and Jackson Counties, and into‘lashtenaw, Hillsdale and Calhoun counties. With the addition of the Huron River Valley, which is the domi- nant physiographic feature in the park, Veatch's description of the Hillsdale-Lapeer sandy highland is applicable to the preposed recreation area: ”...1ight-colored sandy loans and sand; medium to low fertility; in part stony; large aggre- gate of muck. ..Rolling and hilly highland with included level and.pitted dry sand.plains; lakes and swamps character- istic...Hardwood forest; mainly oak—hickory." Outwash plain and.kame are the most prominent geological formations in the recreation area. Situated at the Junction of the Saginaw and Huron-Erie lobes of the‘Wisconsin Ice Sheet, the area was the first land uncovered in southeastern Michigan by the recession of the ice at the close of the Pleistocene period. Outwash plains were deposited during the fonmation of terminal moraines by the Saginaw and Huron-Erie lobes and antedats the first Lake Maumee. They are large, flat areas formed by the washing of material from the moraines. The predominance of sand and gravel is noticeable. Kettle holes or basins in the plains, occupied largely by bogs and lakes, were formed.by the melting of blocks of ice broken off from the retreating ice sheet. Outwash gravels were deposited evenly over them. As the ice melted the surface gravel sank, and lakes were formed. Transeau (1905) also attributes the pitting of outwash plains to the differential settling of glacial deposits due to their heterogeneity. Outwash plain occupies roughly that part of the park north of the Huron River, and is a part of the Huron.Valley Plain which extends southwestward to Portage Lake (Bay, 1938). Kames are outwash formations differing from plains in being.mound~like. Leverett (1915) believes kames associated with the Huron‘Valley Plain were formed along the line of the Saginaw and.Huron-Erie lobes before they had.withdrawn and, therefore, are older than outwash plains and.moraines. The contour of the hens in the park has been obliterated by the gravel pit. W The Huron.River, with its headwaters north of Pontiac, flows through Oakland, Livingston,‘Washtenaw and Monroe Chunties and.empties into Lake Erie below Grosse Isle. It forms one of the major drainage channels of the Erie-St. Clair Basin of southeastern Michigan. The Huron‘Valley Plain, being the first uncovered by the ice, was the first land in the Erie-St. Clair Basin on which drainage features were developed. 'Waters of the early Huron River flowed west from the Island Lake area through the Pinckney Channel, marked by the present village of Pinckney, where they merged with streams of the Lake Michigan lobe, which drained into 7 the Mississippi River. The present Huron.River in the park is a slow, meandering stream about 60 to 80 feet wide bordered by bogs, marshes and flood.plains, or by steep banks covered with oak and hickory. In the park, it is fed by three small streams, one coursing through a marsh whereas the others are largely wooded on their borders. Soils The soils of southern.uichigan are classified in the gray-brown forest group as opposed to the podsols of the northern part of the state. The southern soils are light brown and have a thicker humus than the podzols. Host of the gray-brown soils have developed from unconsolidated rocks deposited during the‘Wisconsin glaciation (Bingham, 1945). Soundings of lakes in the Huron'valley Plain have recorded depths of 150 feet, indicating that glacial deposits are at least that deep over the bed rock (Bay, 1938). In Livingston Chunty, a wide variety of rocks is rep- resented, but limestone occurs in nearly all places. Soils in the park area might be classified by the drainage systems under which they develOped. Taking them thus, they fall into two broad groups: (a) those deve10ping under good drainage conditions, and (b) those developing under poor conditions. The former include: liami loam, Bellefontaine sandy loam, Coloma loamy sand, Fox sandy loan and Fox loamy sand. In the latter group are: Newton sandy loam, Carlisle muck, Rifle peat and Greenwood.peat. For distribution of soils in the recreation area, reference is made to Map 2. Descriptions of soils occurring in the area are from‘Wheeting and Bergquist (1923). Hiami loam, with a high water-holding capacity, is a valuable agricultural soil. It is alkaline in reaction, the glacial drift underneath containing a considerable amount of lime carbonate. Stones occur in all horizons of Bellefontaine soils. The substratum is porous and gravelly and consequently well drained. Because Bellefontaine sandy loam has developed where the surface is rolling to hilly, erosion is often a serious problem. Fox sandy loam occurs in large areas with surfaces from level to undulating with shallow depressions. Because of the scattered tree growth and eveness of the terrain, these areas were the first farmed by settlers in Livingston ' County. Today, in the park, they are represented by aban- doned fields. Fox loamy sand is quite similar to Fox sandy loam except that the latter occurs in larger areas. Coloma loamy sand.is extremely sandy throughout, and drainage is excessive. The supply of organic matter is consequently low. Coloma loamy sand occurs in small, scat- tered areas where the surface is usually rolling. The pH reaction is acid . Newton sandy loam occurs in poorly drained.situations. 9 This has resulted in the accumulation of organic matter in the surface layer and a generally acid reaction. It supports ash, elm, maple and some black and red oak. Carlisle muck is an organic soil, low in mineral con- tent, and with a pH range from alkaline to moderately acid. It supports a swamp-type growth of timber, or a more open growth of tamarack, aspen and shrubs. In Rifle peat, the water table is higher than in Carlisle muck, and the state of decomposition is intermediate between it and.Greenwood.peat. Decomposition does not extend below a depth of a few inches. The pH reaction is more var- iable than in either of the other organic soils. 0pen.marsh and tamarack bags characterize land occupied by Rifle peat. Greenwood.peat is composed of plant materials in an early stage of decomposition. It is strongly acid with the water table at or near the surface throughout the year. Greenwood peat commonly supports a hog vegetation typified by Sphagnum and.Hypnum mosses, Leatherleaf and Blueberries. PLAN T mMMUNIIIES The plant communities which evolve in an area are the product of many factors, important among which are: climate, topography, drainage and soils. The most important and.most unstable of these factors is climate. The number of plants of a given species at a station will vary from season to season depending on meteorological conditions. The climate 10 of southern Hichigan favors a broad-leaf mesophytic forest type of vegetation of which the beech-maple association is the climax. The principal criterion of the climax is that it is able to perpetuate itself without radical change, and that it is in equilibrium with the climate. In the area studied, there are several plant communities representing stages in succession in a hydrarch or xerarch series. They are in the process of evolution towards the beech-maple forest, or are being held back indefinitely by environmental conditions. In the following discussion of plant communities, the descriptions of: lake, pond, bank of stream, marsh and ballast are based on Deam (1940). The definition of a hog is from Gates (1942). Lake Lake: a body of water deeper than eight feet, usually with an inlet and outlet. The shore may be gravelly and sandy, or muddy. A lake may be natural or artificial. Natural lakes in or adjacent to the Island Lake State Recreation Area are: Island, Fonda and Briggs Lakes, and three small lakes on the east side of U. S. Highway 23. Hold (1904), in a study of the Three-Sister Lakes near Ann.Arbor, found the bottoms composed mainly of blue clay with a thin coating of organic material. The clay was derived from eroded material that had washed.into the bottom.before peat had accumulated. The organic layer over the clay had 11 been washed from peat at the edges of the lakes. Reed (1902), in studying the bottom of Big.Sister Lake, one of the Three- Sister Lakes, found.no plants beyond a depth of 20 feet. He attributed the absence of plants to the feeble light at that depth. Prom.six to 18 feet Chara and.Potamogeton zosterae- folius were dominant. g. moons also occurred in this zone. Collections were made in the south end of Island Lake to a depth of five feet. The species were: gotamogetonpampl_- folius, 3. gramineus, g. illinoensis and g. pectinatus. An artificial lake occurs in the gravel pit.} As yet there appear to be no higher plants in it (Figure 10, page 122). A second artificial lake was made in the spring of 1947 by damning the Huron River about three-quarters of a mile below the point at which it enters the proposed recrea- tion area (Map 1.). No collections were made along the shores of the second lake, as the lake level fluctuated as work pro- gressed, and.not enough time had elapsed for aquatic vegeta- tion to ecize. 229.21 Pond: a natural or artificial body of water, shallower than a lake, and scarcely if ever becoming dry. Artificial ponds occur in the gravel pit Operated by the American Aggregate Company. Vegetation supported depends largely on the age of the pond. Vallisneria americana seems to be one of the first plants to become established. A pond that was old enough to permit a rich growth of aquatics was 12 dominated by Chara from the middle. which was about five feet deep. to a depth of about two feet where Pondweeds be- came dominant. [gypha latifolia and 1. angustifolia grew at a shallow end. Pogulus balsamifera var. virginiana and.§gli§ sp. (Figure 12, page 122) are quick to establish themselves in the gravel at the edges of these ponds. Natural ponds are found in depressions frequently bordered by ash, elm and.soft maple which support a luxuriant growth of wild grapevines. Two other trees occurring at the edges of natural ponds are Populus balsamifera var. virginiana and ‘E. tremuloides. On the wet ground at their bases §2ll£ interior frequently forms dense thickets. Two grasses which were found only in ponds are Glyceria canadensis and g. 922- tentrionalis. Lgmna minor is a common aquatic (Figure 6, page 120). Marsh Marsh: often referred to as a wet meadow: a flat, tree- less area supporting mostly sedges and.grasses with willows. dogwood and other shrubs around the edges. The largest expanse of marsh extends from one to several hundred feet back to high ground on either side of‘Spring Creek (Figure 5, page 120). The limits of this marsh are represented by the distribution of Rifle peat in Map 2. Marshes also occur along the Huron River (Figures 2 and 3, page 119). Sparganium.eurycarpum is common in marshes where there 13 is water on the surface. Associated with it are Juncus canadensis and.g. effusus var. solutus. Two sedges that are frequent in less wet parts are gage; hystricina and g. 532- pggig. ggggug ciliatus is a frequent grass. Elygus virgin - 333 is frequent around thickets at the edges. Forbs char- acteristic of marshes are: Alisma subcordatum, Sagittaria latifolia, Polygonum amphibium var. stipulaceum f. fluitans, Ludwigia palustris, ilobium gglgggtum,'§£g§gllggi§ epilobifolia and chopus uniflorus. The most common dogwood around.marshes is Cornus stolonifera. .9. racemosa is frequent and‘g. obligua occasional. galix discolor and.§, rigida are the most common willows. A frequent shrub, often growing in shallow water, is Cephalan- thus occidentalis. Stream Stream: that part of a stream containing water at the time the collection is made. Streams in the park, with the exception of Spring Creek, have sandy bottoms. The bottom of Spring Greek is mucky. Because the bed of this stream did not afford a safe footing, it was not studied. In the category of stream is included the Huron River. Growing in sluggish water in the Huron.River where silt has accumulated are: gotamogeton nodosus, g. gramineus and f g, pectinatus. Thick, buoyant masses of vegetation are formed 14 by Ceratophzllum demersum in embayments where there is very little current. 35433 flexilis and Vallisneria americana are common in shallow streams and in the river. Other aquatics are: Sagittaria latifolia, gontederia cordata (Figure 3, page 1E», Nuphar advena and Nymphaea tuberosa. Bank 2; Stream Bank of stream: the land from the edge of the water, up the slope of the channel and as far back as moisture and light differentiate the vegetation. Banks of the Huron River are either steep and.high sup- porting a predominance of oak in the black oak group with white oak frequent and.hickories scattered, or are low expanding - into flood.p1ains, marshes and senescent begs. Spring Creek is bounded on either side by marsh. The banks of the other two streams (Map l.) are wooded. The vegetation is like that of the flood plain. 3293218112 Flood plain: a broad, alluvial area bordering a stream and forested with elm, ash and soft maple; actually a part of the bank. Flood.p1ains might also be called wooded swamps. In the synoptic list of plants, the expression floodpplain for- est is frequently used. These areas are called forests because they are more or less continuous along streams and 15 are more extensive than oak-hickory associations, which are called woods. The latter are called woods, because for the most part they are broken up into small units. Acer rubrum is generally a dominant tree. Fraxinus americana and F. pennsylvanica are often co-dominants with it. At one place, Ulmus americana and.PoEulus grandidentata share the dominance . Shrubs associated with the flood.p1ain community reach their greatest abundance near the edges where light is more plentiful. Sambucus canadcnsis is one of the most frequent. Others are Benzoin aestivale and grossularia gynosbat . On the edges of streams, Eitig riparia frequently grows into the crowns of trees. Herbaceous plants of the flood-plain forest are: gzgplocarpus foetidus, Caltha palustris,‘§gum laciniatum, Impatiens biflora, gigla papilionacea, y. sororia, Galium Aparine and Q. triflorum. 223 Bog: a plant community which grows out over open water at the edge of a stream, pond, or lake and slowly covers the water with a floating mat characterized.by Sphagnum and other acid-loving plants. The mat eventually is grounded and sup- ports shrubs and trees. A typical Sphagnum bog occurs on Greenwood.peat on the 16 south side of McCabe Road near Placeway Road. The floating mat stage is no longer present. The principal phase of development is the shrub stage. Around the edges are found Nemoganthus mucronata, Ilgg_verticillata, Aronia melanocarpa and Cornus stolonifera. The first three shrubs form dense, almost impenetrable, thickets. Shrubs abruptly give way to a zone of sedges and grasses composed of gags; trisperma, .9. comosa, g. intumescens, Glyceria pallida, Sphenopholis intermedia and Alepecurus aegualis. Here is probably the youngest part of the bag. Inside of this zone and continuous to a high mound out in the bog, the shrub stage again dominates. Vaccinium corymbosum is the dominant shrub in this inner zone. Scattered among the dense growth of Blueberry are patches of Chamaedaphne calyculata which is being crowded out. Apparently the bog developed from both the perimeter of the depression and the high mound, the mats meeting where the sedge-grass zone now occurs. The mound in the bog was no doubt surrounded by water at one time. It is roughly 80 to 100 feet across with its highest part at least four feet above the level of the hog, and supports a rather thick stand of oaks. Running as far back as one-half mile from the Huron River are broad, wet areas of grasses and sedges grown up with L553; laricina and Rhea vernix, which are dominants among the trees and shrubs respectively. Other woody plants in these wet areas are glgug americana, Betula pumila, §2ll£ species and Cornus stolonifera. Although Sphagnum and other typical bog plants are lacking in.many parts, these V 17 areas are believed to be bogs (Figure 4, page ED). They occupy the wide band of Rifle peat bordering the Huron.River, sharing it with flood.p1ains and.marshes. Transeau (1905) says that marl and.peat are commonly found tagether in the Huron River Valley. He notes the absence of Sphagnum from local bOgs, but says it cannot be attributed to the presence of calcium salts. The bogs in the proposed recreation area are best described as senescent. At the edge of one beg, extending into the river on the west side, there is a floating mat on which was found Sarracenia pugpurea, an indicator of acidity. The mat is narrow, forming a small depression in the forward edge of the bog. According to Gates (1942), an association of gaggx lasiocarpa is required for the development of a floating mat. Its rhizomes do not maintain a certain depth below the lake or stream bottom,t3ut grow out into the water, interlacing and forming a mat. Harshes and wooded swamps, rather than bogs, are likely to follow associations of Scirpus validus, S. americanus and similar aquatics. Beg societies are relicts of the northeastern conifer forest which once covered southern Michigan in the wake of the retreating ice. The habitat is essentially boreal in that the water under the mat remains cold throughout the summer months even though surface water may become warm. Swamp societies, on the other hand, are extensions of the southeastern broad—leaved forest, which is now the dominant 18 forest type in southern.lichigan. A rich growth of Chamaedaphne calyculata is the most favorable cover for'Sphagnum. In the Huron.River Valley, a Leather leaf-Sphagnum association is typical. LEElE laricina, giggg mariana and.§iggg strobus are the only trees success— fully invading bogs where the Leather leaf-Sphagnum associa- tion occurs. Where other trees are choked out by the upward deve10pment of the moss, these send out adventitious roots from their stems (Transeau, 1905). Ballast_ Ballast: the filledpin or built-up part of a railroad right-of-way. The Detroit to Grand Rapids track of the Pere Marquette Railroad cuts diagonally across the park for a distance of about three and one-half miles. Collections 'were made from ballast between the south end of Island Lake and the Huron.River. Ballast plants are mostly weedy annuals, mostly due to the efforts of the railroad company to keep the right-of-way free of plant growth. A common grass along the Pere Marquette track is Setaria lutescens. .§g§.§ngu§ also occurs but is not common" Stipa spartea has established itself in a colony about 40 feet across. Railroads probably are the chief dis- tribution channels of this grass in Michigan which is on the eastern end of its range. Ballast forbs are: Chenopodium uglbgm, Sisymbrium.a1tissimum, Alyssum alyssoides, Lespedeaa capitata, Euphorbia corollata, Hypericum perforatum, Ambrosia l9 elatior, Sonchus m, Lactuca Scariola and L. canadensis. The above plants are not restricted to the ballast community but invade it from old fields and denuded areas . Ghaenorrhinum 2.4.9.29. is an exception in the park since it occurs only in ballast. It is a weed immigrant which is being spread by railroads. Schrankia Nuttallii, which is native to the southern United States, coming as far north as Virginia, southern Illinois and Iowa (Robinson and Fernald, 1908), is well established on dry, sandy ground about 80 feet from the Pere Marquette track. Schaffner (1928) does not include it (1940) report it from Indiana. This is believed to be the first record of the plant in Michigan. Roads 1 de Roadside: the land from the edge of the road to 10 or 20 feet on either side, or back to the fence. Trees typical of the roadside community are Quercus £1199 Q. velutina, 5933 Neggndo and Prunus virginiana. 3932 carolina and Sambucus canadens is are frequent shrubs . _rj__arthenocissus cinquefolia is a frequent vine on fences and trees. 22; pratensis is abundant, being the dominant grass in many places . 0n disturbed ground, especially near the edge of the road, Bromus tectorum is common. Later in the season, Digitaria Ischaemum occurs on the same soil. 20 Roadside forbs are: Amaranthus ggaecizans, A, albus, EUphorbia supina, Daucus garota, Cirsium arvense, Sonchus asper and Lactuca Scariola. ‘ 22292225222 Denuded area: land.scraped.within the last two seasons for purposes of grading. In the resort section at the north end of Island Lake, several acres of land have been scraped apparently for landscaping prior to real estate develOpment. Bromus tectorum is abundant in denuded areas where it quickly establishes itself in the spring. Setaria lutescens is common, as is Digitaria Ischaemum. Weeds which rapidly spread over the bare ground are: Polygonum Convolvulus, Mollugo Iggticillata, Lepidium campestre, Euphorbia maculata and Erigeron canadensis. 33233 flagellaris is successfully invading from old fields. One mode of prepagation is by the sending out of horizontal canes which take root. One cane was measured.and found to be eight feet long. Gravel Pit Gravel pit: a conglomerate of habitats embracing steep, eroded slopes, large piles of subsoil, gravel “dunes”, ponds and a lake. Vegetation in the gravel pit is in the main like that of denuded areas, except for the ponds and lake. Rumex Acetosella, Salsola pestifer and Cirsium vulgare are common on the piles of subsoil. Pioneering on gravel "dunes" are 21 Silene antirrhina and Polanisia graveolens. mammals Fallow field: a field not planted to creps within the last two or three seasons, but not out of use long enough to be called an old field. Vegetation in fallow fields is again weedy and.embraces many of the plants mentioned in connection with ballast and denuded areas. Old Field Old field: an abandoned field of low fertility, generally on Fox sandy loam; may be high or somewhat low supporting willows at its lower edge, level or slightly rolling. 01d fields comprise the bulk of the uplands in the park area. That the land was once heavily farmed is evidenced by the abandoned homesites, seven of which were found north of McCabe Road and west of Butcher Road. Of these, five were marked only by cobblestone cellars or shrubbery, indicating that the fields had been out of production for a number of years. Plants occurring in abandoned fields are generally of widespread distribution in North America within the limits of the principal cltmaxes. ‘With allowances for phytogeo- graphic differences in floras in widely separated areas and differences in regional climates and soil types, old field associations show remarkable uniformity from one part of the country to the other (Drew, 1942). 22 Pg; pratensis is the dominant grass in old fields during the early summer. ,Associated with it is g. compressa. As the season advances Setaria viridis (Figure 7. page 12D, Agrostis hyemalis,‘Leptoloma cognatum and Panicum huachucae form the major ground cover. Plantago aristata is probably the most common forb. In one field it forms a consocies several acres in extent. It is believed that the soil is so poor that this is the only plant it will support. De- pauperate specimens are the rule in the field, whereas normal-sized.members of the species are common elsewhere in the park. Drew (1942) found this plant abundant in fields in central Missouri formerly planted to small grains. Other broad—1eaved.plants of old fields are: Fragaria virginiana, Potentilla 32235, which is abundant in several places, 3. intermedia, which is more or less restricted in Michigan to Washtenaw and Livingston Counties, Desmodium illinoense, Q. canadensis, Oxalis stricta, Euphorbia corollata, Verbascum Thapsus (Figure 7, page 121), Solidago I1uncea, g. nemoralis, 5533; praealtus var. angustior in low places, Antennaria neglects, A, plantaginifolia and Achillea Millefolium. The most common shrub is 32225 flagellaris. ‘3. allegheniensis is frequent. [Rhug typhina and g. glabra frequently form colonies on gently sleping ground. Oak-hi ckory Mg Oak-hickory woods: woods in which the dominant trees are oaks and.hickories. 23 Oak-hickory woods occur on high banks of the Huron River and as scattered woodlots on sandy, upland soil types . The percentage of hickories ranges from almost zero on low ground to nearly 100 in a hickory consocies on the north side of the Huron River west of the dam. The black oaks are the most abundant trees in the oak- hickory association. Of them, Quercus velutina probably is the most frequent. Collections indicate that the typical form of Q. borealis is more frequent than var. maxima. The common form of white oak is Q. 1122 f. latiloba. Billington (191:3) says g. prinoides is restricted to the southern half of the lower peninsula where it is infrequent. However, it is a frequent shrub around the edges of upland woods in the park. The two hickories that are co—dominants with the cake are 2212 m and Q. ovalis . The latter is quite variable, being represented by the typical form, two varieties and one form of a variety. The most common shrub is Hamamelis virginiana. 3.1233 incana is frequent in woods along the Huron River. Herbaceous plants associated with the oak- hickory woods are: Anemone virginiana, Anemonella pig-alig- troides, which is often found growing with Hepatica Egg;— i_9_a_r_i_a;_, Taenidia integerrima, Galium boreale, A313}; gagge- phyllus, A. sagittifolius var. urgphyllus and Helianthus divari catus . The beech-maple association is absent from the Island Lake State Recreation Area. An explanation for this is to 24 be found in the sandy character of the upland soil, which does not favor beech-maple ecesis. Quick (1924), making a study in the vicinity of Ann Arbor, found A25; saccharum occurred two to one on clay soils over sand. E3533 ggandi- gglig grows best on clay, but will grow on sand upon which a fair humus layer has developed if water is not insufficient. Clay soils hold.enough water for humus to deve10p quickly. Humus tends to make the soil more mesOphytic by holding water in originally dry soils and by aiding in aerating soils that were originally saturated.“ Sandy soils, being low in organic matter and.mineral content, favor a xeric associa- tion. One individual of Eggu§_grandifolia was observed at the foot of a slope in an oak-hickory woodland. It was the only beech seen in the park. No shrubby or herbaceous elements of the beech-maple association appeared to be peculiar to the area in which the tree was found. :AESE saccharum occurs along roadsides and.around homesites where it apparently has been.planted4 An individual standing at the edge of an old field near a flood plain forest is the only one the author can recall that apparently was not planted. Discussion Studies by Kenoyer (1934, 1940) support the belief that the edaphic conditions prevailing in the park area are not atypical for southern Michigan. Through the use of the original land surveys, he was able to plot within one-half 25 mile the boundaries of the forests in the southwest part of the lower peninsula. Along Lake Michigan, the beech-maple association tends to occur on outwash plains and other poor soils. Inland, toward the center of Van Buren County, it occurs on till plains and terminal moraines, and the oak- hickory grows on the outwash plains. A soil survey by Veatch (1932) run in strips one-half mile wide at irregular intervals over five counties of southern Michigan and covering 528 square miles reveals the following data as to the soil preferences of beech-maple, oak-hickory and.oak. Each figure represents the number of forests or woodlots encountered. Figures are given only for soil types occurring in the park. SOIL FOREST TZPE Beech-maple Oak-hickory Oak Miami 109 18 2O Bellefontaine Coloma 25 3 , 71 Fox 3 O 13 Newton 2 O l The oak-hickory association is a subclimax due either to edaphic conditions, or to grazing or fire. Although the area was once farmed, it does not seem possible that the absence of the beech-maple association could be attributed to grazing. At the time Greenoak Township was settled by farmers, the production of grains and not dairying was the main industry in Livingston County. ‘No burn scars were 26 noticed on any of the trees. However, no borings were made in trunks to determine whether fires had taken place and the scars had healed over. It is the author's belief that the general sandiness of the soil with the consequent leach- ing and low amount of mineral and organic materials is the factor witholding the ecesis of the beech-maple association. mamas Trips were made to the.Is1and Lake State Recreation Area on the average of once a week from April 14th to October 11th, 19H7. The first trip consisted of a general survey in which the author drove over all roads with a car and.made a cover map from observation. All trips from that date were made for the purposes of collecting specimens and photographing habitat groups. Being'without a car for all but a few trips, the author restricted collecting, except when a car was available, to that part of the area north of Mccabe Road. It was thought that time spent walking to the south end of the park could be spent better making collections, inasmuch as the general physiography of both north and.south parts was the same. Moreover, it is to be noted that none of the land south of McCabe Road is in the possession of the State of Michigan. In.many cases, the land is posted against trespassers. Two or three specimens were taken except in cases of plants that appeared to be rare. Data on the genera Salix and Crataegus are incomplete due to the fact that tags 27 tied on the stems at flowering time to mark trees for later collection of leaves or fruits disintegrated in most cases, leaving no visible remains. In both genera, col- lections were made the second time from trees in the same general location. Inasmuch as it was difficult to match leaves with flowering parts in the genus Sglig, a fair share of the material could not be identified.with any certainty. For this reason, there are no doubt more species of Salix in the park than are included in this paper. In the case of Crataegus, only a few trees were found, and it was not difficult to ascertain with a reasonable degree of certainty which were the trees from which flowers had been collected, except for one tree which could not be found the second time . As the author was not always sure that a plant had been collected on a previous trip, duplication occurred in many instances resulting in a better representation of the species and more information on the habitat. At this point it might be mentioned that no attempt was made to study the detailed distribution of each species nor to determine its frequency. Such an undertaking would require more than one season of work. Abundance classes appearing with habitat descriptions- in the Synaptic List of Plants were arrived at by observation and estimation based on the number of specimens collected and the number of dates on which collected, each date represent- ing a trip to a different part of the park. 28 The following descriptions of abundance classes are from Deam (1940). Abundant: occurring in large numbers in various places. Common: plentiful in all parts. Frequent: evenly distributed but not plentiful. Infrequent: o ccas ional . Before work had pregressed very far, it was realized that the limits as to types of the plants to be studied would have to be set. Inasmuch as the study was to be of a taxonomic and ecological nature, the author saw no value in including plants which were obviously recent garden escapes and gave no evidence of having established them- selves permanently. Conifers planted by the Civilian Con- servation Corps and the Department of Conservation are included because they are maintaining themselves even though they are not spreading. Trees and shrubs, and in some instances, herbs which have persisted and even spread from early plantings are included. All identifications, except in the case of a few easily recOgnizable species, were made from material brought to the laboratory. 'Where identification was made in the field, mention is made with the description of the habitat in the Synoptic List of Plants. Representatives of all species collected will be placed in the Michigan State College Herbarium. On account of the numerous revisions of genera and re- naming of species since the publication of the 7th edition 29 of Gray's Manual 9; Botany by Robinson and Fernald in 1908, it was decided not to use that manual as a basis for identifi- cation, except in keying a plant to the family and for cross- checking with other manuals. Deam's £1232 _o_f_ Indiana (1940) was largely used for the identification of herbaceous plants with the exception of the genera: Potamogeton, _Ca_1_;_e_x, Liatris and Erigeron. Determinations in the latter groups were made largely from: _Tp_e_ Broad-leaved Species 91 Potamogeton g; m America M pf Mexico, Ogden (1943); 1113 Q2225 993335 3p Michig_a_n, Hermann (1941); 1133 5331135 Liatris, Gaiser (1946); and Revision of the North American Species 91 Erigeron 21223.2 3; Mexico, Cronquist (1947). Hitchcock's Manual pf ppp _o_f Ediana in working out the grasses . Deam was also used for shrubs except in the genus 33:229.: Here the author re- ferred to Species pg ppg w 332.22 Occurripg _i_r_l pp: gppgp £1593 Region by Darlington and Culver (1939) . Descriptions and illustrations in Billington's Shrubs 2! Michigan (1943), especially in the genera 2212).! end 2.1.2.13 , were found helpful. The basis for identification of trees is Sargent's Manual 2; _F_‘10_g_a 2; Indiana. In nearly every instance, a check on recent nomenclature was made with the 121939 9_f_ Kalamazoo County by Hanes and Renee, published in January, 1947. In some cases where Renee and Hanes differed from Deam or Sargent, the latter authors were followed. The spermatOphytes in the Island Lake State Recreation 30 Area present a taxonomically diverse flora. Ninety-five families are represented, the largest being the Compositae with 72 Species and varieties. The second largest is the Gramineae with 61 Species, varieties and forms. Of the 289 genera, the genus ggpgg is the largest with 24 Species and varieties. §Ell§: Panicum and Solidago are second with 11 each. Altogether 599 Species, varieties and forms were determined. Doubtless further study would reveal a greater number. However, it is believed that the plants reported in the SynOptic List of Plants represent the great majority of the SpermatOphytes in the area. Moo 895 .3 endgame .... .mm cascaded: 0.8m .m ammo mocha .0 1 p. .3 case «2er .m demeaning e a M 2cm mofisausou .u xooao woaamm .o .3 08302 .w sebam nonsm ..n .3 e333 .m is Hearse on Sea .a .3 2382a .3 £3 afloaflta .n .3 some: seaweeds .m ease emote .o 3 233m .m .p .N 33 233 .m mu 233m ...... .p .H ccas Seen .4 secs 33m 1 WM 3 soauoaoo soapstousoo sswanoaz Song @0334 o I C. ICH 3:: no case... . . .- . H w o . e - J l .‘ W A \ MSq312. poem meanneoae some 3.3m Moss canaaamo adoa “and: smoa hogan souamz as ea meson osampoomoaaom dome mecca macaoo 32 omen base." Hoh asoa momma Mom amasumaom dam ”daemons aces Sconces mead: Ho odsom 33 SYNOPTIC LIST OF PLANTS PINACEAE Lindl. Pine Family. Pinus [Tournj L. Pine. Pinus Strobus L. Northem White Pine. Represented 5y plantings at the south end of Island Lake. N0 naturally occurring trees were found. Pinus Banksiana Lamb. Gray Pine. Jack Pine . Planted on a steep slope at the south end of Island Lake. No seedlings were observed to indicate that this tree is spreading. Pinus sylvestris L. Scotch Pine. Scotch Fir. Planted on a well-drained, sandy slope just inside the park fence west of Island Lake. An old tree was found near a cellar on abandoned farmland. Pinus Laricio Poir. var. austriaca Endl. Austrian Pine. P. nigra Arnold) Planted in the picnic grounds and adjacent to the cup grounds at the south end of Island Lake. Larix [TournE] Mill. Larch. Larix laricina (Du Roi.) Koch. American Larch. Tamarack. The dominant tree in senescent bags. See Figure 4. Fre- quently associated with Rhus vernix. Picea Link. Spruce. Picea Abies (L.) Karst. Norway Spruce. Planted in farmyards . A large tree stands in an abandoned yard on Pleasant Road one-quarter mile north of the Pere Marquette track. Juniperus- [Tournfl L. Juniper. Juniperus communis L. var. depressa Pursh. Prostrate funiper. A low, Spreading shrub on exposed sandy slopes . Grows weakly under white oak and in tamarack bogs . Not as common as g . virginiana. _._T_uniperus virginiana L. Red Cedar. Frequent to common on grassy, well-drained slapes and alon the margins of oak-hickory woods . It also occurs in acne cent tamarack bOgs . 34 TYPHACEAE J. St. Hil. Cattail Family. Typha B‘ournfl L. Cattail M? latifolia L. Common Cattail. Common :1 very wet situations in marshes and ditches along roads . . ha anggstifolia L. Narrow-leaved Cattail. Col ected at the shallow end of a pond in the gravel pit. Growing with g. latifolia. SPARGANIA CEAE Agardh. Bur-reed Family. Sparganium [Tournfl L. Bur-reed. Sparganium euxI'ycappum Engelm. Giant Bur-reed. Canon in situat one with water on the surface in senescent tamarack bags and marshes . POTAMOGETONA CEAE Engl . Pondweed Family . Potamogeton LTournfl L. Pondweed Potamo eton nodosus Poir. (g. americanus Chem. and Schlecht. ‘ In sluggish water in the Huron River. It is found mostly in streams, and less often in lakes...." (Deam; p. 78 Infrequent in Kalamazoo County (Hanes, p. 14 Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerm. Large-leaved Pon wee . Collected at the south end of Island Lake in five feet of witer. Frequent locally in Kalamazoo County (Hanes, De 1 e Potamo eton ramineus L. var. t icus Ogden. Occurs n Is an Lake to a depth of at east five feet. Hanes (p. 14) describes the typical form as frequent in Kalamazoo County. Potamo eton ramineus var. mypiOphyllus Ogden. Grow ng slugg s water in the Huron River. Infrequent in Kalamazoo County (Hanes, p. 15) . Potamogeton Allinoensis Morong. . Found n s x feet of water in Island Lake. Frequent in lakes and streams in Kalamazoo County (Hanes, p. 15) Infre- quent in the lakes throughout the lake area of Indiana. (Deam, pe 79)e 35 Potamo eton ectinatus L. Collected Id IsE and Lake and.in sluggish water in the Huron River. Frequent throughout the state (Beal, p. 41). NAJADACEAE Lindl. Najaa Le Nalad. Na as flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. and Schmidt. Cemmon n shaiiow, sandy streams, the Huron River, and in Island Lake from a depth of a few inches to at least six feet. JUNCAGINACEAE Lindl. .Arrow-grass Family. Triglechin ERivg] L..Arrow-grass. Tri lochin maritima L. Seaside Arrow-grass. Collected at only one station, in a senescent beg. Walpole (p. 13) reports it from the shores of marl lakes in‘Washtenaw County. "Infrequent in swamps where marl is near the surface," (Hanes, p. 17). ALJSMACEAE DC. ‘Water-plantain Family. Alisma L. 'Water-plantain. Alisma subcordatum Raf. American‘Water Plantain. (5. Plants e-aguatica of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Frequent n sha low water in.marshes and en reedy shores of Island Lake. It was also found in a drained beg. Sagittaria L. ,Arrowhead Sagittaria latifolia'Willd. Bread-leaved.Arrowhead, 'Cdmmen Arrowhead . Common in marshes, senescent bogs, and en the muddy banks of streams. Sagittaria latifolia f. gracilis (Pursh.) Rob. Same habitat as above, but not as frequent. HYDROCHARITACEAE Asch. FrOgbit Family. Anacharis Bab. & Planch. Waterweed. 36 Anacharis canadcnsis (Michx. ) Planch. Waterweed. (Elodea canadcnsis of Gray' S Man., ed. 7. ) Collected in five feet of water at the south end of Island Lake and on a muddy bottom in the Huron River. Common throughout the state (Beal, p. 42). Vallisneria [Michell] L. Vallisneria americana Michx. ‘Wild Celery. (V. Splralis of Gray' s Man., ed. 7. ) Common. Occurs in ponds in the gravel pit, in Shallow streams and in the Huron River. GRAMINEAE Juss. Grass Family. Bromus L. Bromegrass. Bromus tectorum L. Downy Chess. An abundant weedy grass in old fields, along roadsides, and in denuded areas. Bromus inermis Leyss. Smooth Brome. Collected along the edge of a gravel road, apparently escaping from cultivation. An alfalfa-brome field was found in the vicinity. Bromus ciliatus L. Fringed Brome. Frequent in epen places in senescent bogs and in marshes. Bromus ciliatus f. denudatus Wiegand. A form with glabrous sheaths; regarded by Fernald as the typical form of the Species. Collected at only one station, in a senescent beg. Bpomus seealinus L. Chess. Cheat. Collected in a wheatfield. Vulpia K. C. Gmelin Vul ia octeflera (Walt.) Rhydb. var. tenella Willd.) Fern. (Festuca octeflera var. tenella Willa?) Fern.) . Collected in an alfalfa field, and in an oak woods. A frequent grass in dry sterile soil in Kalamazoo County (Hanes, p. 21). 37 Festuca L. Fescue Grass. Festuca ovina L. Sheep Fescue. Occasional on sandy slopes in light shade and in denuded areas. Infrequent in pastures and grassy lands in Wash- tenaw County (Walpole, p. 18). Glyceria R. Br. Mannagrass G1 ceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc. Fowl Mannagrass. G. nervata Ifilldg] Trin. and Panicularia nervata [ill-MT Ktze.) ......— Commen in senescent bogs . It also occurs in elm-maple flood plain forest. G1 ceria canadcnsis (Michx.) Trin. Canada Mannagrass. (ganlcularia canadcnsis [Micth] Ktze.) Collected in shallow water at the edge of a pond with a muddy bottom. Frequent in.Washtenaw County in swales and on riverbanks (Walpole, p. 18). G1 ceria allida (Torr.) Trin. Pale Mannagrass. (ganlcularlg pallida [Torr. Ktze.) Growing in the ”Sphagnum beg on cCabe Rd. Also found floating in a pond. Infrequent in swales and along streams in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 18). Rare in wet places in the southern part of the state (Beal, p. 48). G1 ceria se tentrionalis Hitchc. an cu aria se tentrionalis Hitchc. Bickn.) Growing In water at Dfie edge of a pond. Frequent in wet places in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 18) . Pea L. Bluegrass. Pea annua L. Low Spear Grass. Frequent In cultivated fields and railroad.ballast. Pea autumnalis Muhl. Flexuous Spear Grass. eolIE'étT‘t'Te a on y one station, in a thicket at the edge of a bog. Deam (p. 105) describes its habitat as slightly acid and in deep shade. ,All his Specimens are from southern Indiana but it has been reported from Michigan (Beal, p. 48). Pea compressa L. Canada Bluegrass. A common grass in old fields and along roadsides. It was also collected in denuded areas and oak-hickory woods. 38 Pea alustris L. Fowl Bluegrass. (3. trifiera Gilib. of Gray's Man., ed. 7. and Britten and Brown Illus. Flora, ed. 2) Collected in the sedge-grass stage of a senescent bog. Doubtless this species is more frequent than collections indicate. "Frequent in wet meadows," (Hanes, p. 23). Pea pretensis L. June Grass. Kentucky Bluegrass. A very abun nt grass in old fields and along roadsides. Occurs also in senescent bogs. Eragrestis Host. Levegrass. Era estis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. Purple Lovegrass. (g. pectinacea of Gray's Man., ed. 7. and Britten and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Collected in a hickory consocies in which there was no underbrush due probably to grazing. Infrequent in dry fields in'Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 17). Era restis ectinacea (Michx.)iNees. (g. PurshEI Schrad. and g. caroliniana [SprengZ] Scribn. Along roadsides in epen, sand situations. Also in a cultivated field. Walpole (p. 1;) describes as infrequent in moist places g. ilesa (L.) Beauv. JAccerding to Hermann (1938, p. 18), this re erence is to g. pectinacea (Michxo) Nees. Dactylis L. Dactylis glemerata L. Orchard Grass. Frequent along roadsides in light shade. Phragmites Trin. Phragmites cemmunis Trin. var. Berlandieri (Feurn.) Fern.. Common Reed. Occurs 1n.marshes and wet meadows, forming small patches. Spreads mostly by roots, as it rarely produces seeds. The tallest of our native grasses. cu1ms in the park average about 7 feet. Hanes (p. 25) reports culms lk feet high from Kalamazoo Co., and prostrate culms measuring 30 feet in length along U. S. Highway 131 east of Sugarleaf Lake. Agrepyron Gaertn. ‘Wheatgrass. Agrogygon repens (L.) Beauv. Quackgrass. A weedy grass in fallow and old fields. 39 A re ron re ens f. aristatum (Schum.) Helmb. The awne erm o Quackgrass. Collected along a roadside in a low situation, and in the sedge-grass stage of a senescent bog. Elymus L. Wild—rye. Elymus virginicus L. Virginia‘Wild-rye. In elm-maple flood.p1ain forest, and in marshes in the shrub stage of development. E1 us virginicus var. intermedius (Vasey) Bush. g. virginicus var. hirsutiglumis EScribnE] Hitchc. and E. hirsutigmmia'firian In epen places on mucky banks of the Ruron.River. .Alse collected on a low, shaded roadside. ' Elymus virginicus var. jejunus (Ramaley) Bush A specimen which keys out to t 3 form in.Deam's Flora lg; Indiana was found in a low, wet field. Dean (p. 1 says: "This rare form is known only from Umbach's specmmen collected 'en the sands at Pine,' Lake County, [Indiana] on June 29, 1898." Hystrix Meench Hystrix atula Meenoh. Bottle-brush Grass. Infrequent. CEIIected in an oak weeds, and under oak on low ground.above the edge of a marsh. Frequent on wooded slopes in'lashtenaw County (Walpole, p. 19). SphenOpholis Scribn. Wedgegrass. S heno holis intermedia (Rydb.) Rydb. Slender Wedgegrass. Frequent in senescent begs. It also occurs in the sphagnum bog on the south side of lcCabe Read. Calanagrostis Adana. Reedgrass. Calmmagggstis canadcnsis (Michx.) Beauv. BlueJoint. Common In senescent bogs where it frequently is the dominant grass in epen situations. Agrostis L. Bentgrass. A restis Balustris Rude. (5. aIba L. var. maritima Lam. G. F. W. Mey., A- 2.2.1:...— itima Lam) . Occasional in senescent tamarack bogs, and on wet ground.genera11y. 40 Agrostis scabra‘Willd. Hair Grass. Northern Ticklegrass. \ In open situations in senescent bogs. A restis h emalis (Walt.) B»S.P. Hair Grass. Common In old fields. Cinna L. Cinna arundinacea L. Wood.Reed Grass. Collected In a marsh, and in an elm-maple flood plain forest. It also occurs on muddy banks of the Huron River. Frequent in.meist woods in‘Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 16). Alepecurus L. Foxtail. Ale ecurus ae ualis Sobol. (E. genIcuIatus L. var. gristulatus Torr. of Gray'8 Man., e . 7. and.A. aristulatus MIEhx. of Britten. and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Collected at the edge of a pond and among sedges in.a Sphagnum beg. Phleum.L. Phleum pretense L. Timothy Frequenf a eng roadsides. Also found at the edge of a pond. Stips L. Needlegrass. Sti a s artea Trin. Porcupine Grass. A co eny about 30 feet across was found in ballast on nearly level ground. Infrequent in dry, sandy places in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 16). Hanes (p. 32) says it is scarce in.Kalamazoo County and gives the habitat as roadsides and railways. Michigan is on the eastern end of the range of this grass (Robinson and Fernald, p. 124 and Deam, p. 138). Bouteloua Lag. Grama Grass. Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr» Side-eats Grama. (Anthero e on curtipendulus (Michx.) Feurn.) Collected In grout 3T"a cottage on dry ground.under oak. Not planted. Rare on dry, sandy hillsides in Washtenaw Count (Walpole, p. 17). Rare in Kalamazoo County (Hanes, p. 33). Beal (p. #7) gives the habitat as dry plains of southern.Michigan. 41 Phalaris L. Canary Grass. Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed Canary Grass. Common In senescent begs, seeming to prefer epen, mucky situations from the edge of the river back to about 30 feet. Leersia Sw. Leersia virginica‘Willd. White Grass. 'THo‘m'alocenchr-us virginicus [Willdg] Britt.) In a flood plain forest of elm, maple and ash. Frequent in swampy woods in'Washtenaw County (Walpole, p- 15 . Leersia oryzeides (L.) Sw. Rice Cut Grass. Homalocenchrus orygoides LE] Poll.) Collected in a marsh. 'Walpole p. 15) describes it as frequent in epen wet places in Washtenaw Cbunty. Zizania L. ‘Wild Rice. Zizania a uatica L. var. angustifolia Hitchc. Northern W 1 Rice. Collected at only one station, in a shady situation at the edge of a stream. Frequent in shallow water in Washtenaw county (Walpole, p. 15). Digitaria'Heist. Crabgrass. Digitariallgchaemum.(Schreb.) Muhl. Smooth Grabgrass. A common weedy grass along roadsides in open places and in sandy denuded areas. Digitaria san inalis (L.) Seep. Large Crab Grass. Frequent in raiIroad ballast and in sandy denuded areas. Leptoloma Chase Le toloma co atum (Schultes) Chase Fall‘Witch Grass. Common In.3§y old elds. - Panicum L. Panicum. zanicum dichotomiflerum.Michx. Fall Panicum. Found in waste ground. Not reported by Bingham (p. 89) from Oakland County, nor by Walpole (p. 15) from'Washtenaw County. ”Infrequent at present but becoming more common in fields and gardens and along roadsides," (Hanes, p. 35). "...an infrequent to frequent grass in all parts of the state, Indiang being.much.mere frequent in the southern part,“ ( a“: p’ 156) 42 Panicum capillare L. Old Witch Grass. Frequent along dry, sandy roadsides. Panicum vir atum L. Switch Grass. Wild.Red Tep. GrowIng In re lroa ballast. Frequent in dry or wet soil in‘Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 15). Hanes (p. 35) gives the habitat in.Kalamazoo County as: ”...roadsides, railways, and near sandy lake shores." Panicum,perlongumHNash. OccasIenaI on gentle slepes in old fields. "This is a prairie grass reaching its eastern limit in.Michigan.” (Ha-nee, p e 36) - Panicum linearifolium_Scrian Slender-leaved Panic Grass. Found in a low field. Infrequent in dry soil in‘Wash- tenaw County (Walpole, p. 15). Infrequent in.Kalamazeo County (Hanes, p. 36). Panicum meridionale Ashe. Matted Panic Grass. ColIected in an old erld. Frequent in.Kalamazoo County (Hanes, p. 36). Panicum huachucae Ashe. Hairy Panic Grass. Common in dry, sterile fields. Also found on wet ground in a low field. Panicum huachucae var. fasciculatum (Torr.) F. T. Hubb. g. anuginesum var. fascIculatum Fern. and g. huachucae var. silvicela Hitchc. and Chase) Growing in a marsh. Deam (p. 168) doubts whether this is distinct from the typical form. Panicum villosissimum Nash. ColIected in an old erI . Infrequent in.Kalamazoo County (Hanes, p. 36). Panicum,Scribnerianum,Nash. (g, oligosanthes Schultes var. Scribnerianum (Nash.) Fern.) Occasional in old fields. Frequent in light, sandy soil in'Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 15). Frequent in the same habitat throughout the state (Beal, p. 43). Panicum latifolium L. OccasIonaI in oak-hickory woods. Frequent in dry woods in‘Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 15). Echinochloa Beauv. Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. Barnyard Grass. Frequent in sandy denuded areas, along roadsides, and in marshes. 43 Setaria Beauv. Setaria lutescens (Wiegel) F. To Hubb. Yellow Foxtail. Pigeon Grass. . (g. lauca (L.) Beauv.) Common in enu ed areas, ballast, and.cultivated ground. Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. Green Foxtail. A common weedy grass in plowed fields, railroad ballast, gardens and old fields. (See Figure 3, p. 119.) Cenchrus L . Cenchrus len is inus (Hackel) Fern. Sandbur. (g. pauci orus Benth.) In dry epen situations at the edges of dirt roads, and in sandy denuded areas. Andropogon L. .Andrepegon scoparius Michx. Prairie Beard Grass. Broomsedge. Not as common.as A. Gerardi. Found in old fields in low situations. ' AndrOpogon Gerardi Vitman. Big Bluestem. Blue-Joint. ‘Turkeyifoot. (A. fureatus Muhl.) Scattered throughout old fields, and in epen situations along roadsides. Culms up to seven feet tall were collected in the shrub stage of a senescent bog where the ground cover was largely Osmunda regalis. . SerghastrumiNash Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash Indian Grass. Collected at only one station, in a low, mucky place along the Huron River. Frequent on dry banks in‘Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 14). CYI’ERAGEAE J. St. H11. Sedge Family. Dulichium‘Pers. Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britt. Collected In a Sphagnum beg. common throughout the state on the borders of swamps and ponds (Beal, p. 51). 44 Cyperus [Tourni] L. Cyperug rivularis Kunth. Shining Cyperus. Found on a sand bar off the smaller island in Island Lake. Frequent in Midhigan (Beal, p. 50). Cyperus filiculmis Vahl. var. macilentus Fern. Frequent in old fields; grows in dry situations. Cyperug Engelmanni Steud. Collected in three inches of water on a sand bar off the smaller island at the south end of Island Lake. Walpole (p. 19) does not report it from Washtenaw County, nor Bingham.(p. 93) from Oakland County. Rare in Michi- gan (Beal, p. 50). Cyperus strigosus L. Straw—colored Cyperus. Along sandy shores, Island Lake. Common on low ground in central and southern Michigan (Beal, p. 51). Eriephorum L. Cotton Grass. Eriephorum viridi-carinatum (Engelm.) Fern. Collected in a very wet part of a senescent tamarack beg. Walpole (p. 20) describes this Cotton Grass as fre- quent in bogs and wet meadows in Washtenaw County. Scirpus [Tourng] L. Bulrush. Scigpus americanus Pers. Chairmakers-rush. Growing in.water along sandy shores, Island Lake. Common throughout the state along the borders of ponds (Beal, p. 52). Scigpus acutus Muhl. Lake Bulrush. (g. occidentalis [Wats. Chase.) Common on sandy or mucky be one of the Huron River in water one feet deep; also in the reed-sedge stage of senes- cent begs. Scirpus atrovirens Willd. Dark-green Bulrush. (S. atrovirens Muhl.) In epen situations in senescent bogs. Common in wet meadows (Beal, p. 52). Scirpus lineatus Michx. Reddish Bulrush. On low, muddy banks of the Huron River. Infrequent in swamps and wet ditches in'Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 20). Infrequent in Kalamazoo County (Hanes, p. 44). The most common bulrush in Indiana (Deam, p. 196). 45 Scirpus cypeginus (L.) Kunth Wool Grass. Collected in a Sphagnum beg. Walpole (p. 20) describes this Species as common in Washtenaw County in marshes and wet meadows. Eleocharis R. Br. Spikerush. Eleocharis intermedia (Muh1.) Schultes. Matted Spikerush. In muck at the forward edge of a senescent bog along the Huron River. Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schultes. Blunt Spikerush. Forming a thick cover over a drained beg. Wet grounds throughout the state (Beal, p. 51). gleocharis acicularis (L.) R. and S. var. typica Svenson 'Needle Spikerush. Forming dense mats on the south shore of the smaller island in Island Lake. It also occurs on shallow muddy bottoms of the Huron River. Carex Dill. L. Sedge. Carex siccata Dewey Determined by F. J. Hermann. Collected only once, in dry, sandy soil. “Frequent in the southern half of the Lower Peninsula" (Hermann, 1941, p. 7). Carex convoluta Mack. _ In senescent tamarack begs along the Huron River. Her- mann (1941, p. 10) gives the habitat as deciduous woods on generally rich soils. Specimens collected at the park were compared with Specimens in the Michigan State College Herbarium annotated by him and were found to agree. Carex Muhlenbergii Schkuhr. On a sandy slepe at the edge of an oak woods, and in an old field. Common in the southern half of the Lower Peninsula in sandy soils in epen places and in dry, epen oak woods (Her- mann,194l, p. 10) Carex vulpinoidea Michx." Growing at the edge of a pond and in 0 en, wet areas gener- ally. "Very common throughout the state.' (Hermann, 1941, p. 12). Deam (p. 225) describes this sedge as one of the most common in swampy places in Indiana. Carex prairea Dewey Frequent in senescent tamarack bogs. It also occurs in marshes. 45 Carex stipitata Muhl. In senescent tamarack bogs, and in low, wet fields back of the Huron.River. A very common sedge in.Michigan (Hermann 1941, p. 13). Care: trisperma Dewey In the sedge-grass stage of a sphagnum bog. "Common throughout the state in acid soils of swampy weeds and bogs. (Hermann 1941, p. 15)- Carex interior Bailey _. scIrpoIdes Schkuhr. in.part, not Q. scirpoides Michx.) Common in senescent tamarack bogs along the Huroaniver. Carex scoparia Schkuhr. Frequent n.marshes; also occurring in wet meadows. Carex ennsylvanica Lam. Frequent n oak-hickory woods where it is either scattered or common forming a ground cover. It also occurs on epen, sandy slepes in old fields. Carex aurea Nutt. Found at onIy one station, in a low old field. "Common in swamps and begs, wet woods and thickets, and in low peat meadows; frequent on wet sandy shores.“ (Hermann.l941, p. 37) Carex paupercula Michx, Found only once. Unfortunately the habitat record was lost. Hermann (1941, p. 53) gives the habitat as bogs, mossy borders of pools and conglomerate shores, and says this species is rare in southern Michigan, probably being absent from the counties south of Livingston. Carex Haleana Olney g. granuIaris Muhl. var. Haleana Olnei] Porter; .g. Shriveri Britt., and g, granuIa 8 var. Shriveri Britt. Collected at only one station, in a wet field back of the Huron River. Reported by Hermann (1941, p. 43) as common in Southern.nichigan. Carex viridula Michx. f. intermedia (Dudley) Hermann g. Oede_r_-_i var. molifera H. B. Lord; 9. Oederi f. intermedia Dudley; g. chlorOphila Mack.) Growing in four inches of water on a sand bar off the smaller island at the south end.of Island.Lake. “Common on wet sandy er marly borders of lakes... infrequent in marshes.” (Hermann 1941, p. 49) . Carex flava L. In senescent tamarack bogs. Frequent to fairly common in the state (Hermann 1941, p. 50). 47 Carex lasioca a Ehrh. (C. IIIIIormIE of authors, not L.) Collected at.only one station. Reported by Hermann (1941, p. 52) as fairly common south of Roscommon Co., occurring in begs, swamps, marshes and wet meadows. It is one of the mat-forming sedges in young begs. Carex substricta (Kukenth) Mack. (g. aguatilis of most authors) Determine by F. J. Hermann. Collected in a senescent tamarack beg. Infrequent in the park. "Fairly common in the eastern part of both the Lower and.Upper Peninsulas.“ (Hermann 1941, pe 56) . Carex stricta Lam. var. strictior (Dewey) Carey (9. strIctior Dewey) Frequent in low fields back of the Huron River and in senescent tamarack bogs. Carsxjhystricina Muhl. (g.‘h tricina var. Dudleyi Bailey) Occurs in senescent tamarack begs, in.marshes along streams, and in low fields back of the Huron River. V common south of Saginaw Bay...” (Hermann 1941, p. 59)- ery Carex comosa Boott g. Pseudo-Cyperus L. var. americana Hochst.) In the Sphagnum beg on the south sIde of McCabe Road, and in.senescent he 8 along the Huron River. "Cemmon south of Saginaw Bay..." Hermann 1941, p. 60) Carex rostrata Stokes (C. utrIcuIata Boott and g. rostrata var. utriculata ootfii BaIIey) Frequent in senescent tamarack begs. Carex retrorsa Schwein. ColIected at onIy one station, in a marsh. Frequent in the southern part of the state, becoming fairly common north- warda (Hermann 1941, p. 64) Carex intumescens Rudge Collected in the sedge-grass stage of a Sphagnum beg. "Frequent to fairly common south of Saginaw Bay...." (Her- mann 1941, p. 65) p . Carex lu ulina Muhl. (g. IupuIIna var. pedunculata Gray) Elm-maple oo plain forest, and.at the edges of ponds in flood plains. ”Fairly common to locally common south of Saginaw Bay...." (Hermann 1941, p. 65) 48 ARA CEAE Neck. Arum Family. Symplocarpus Salisb. S locarpus foetidus (L.) Nutt. Skunk Cabbage. pathyema IoetIda L. Raf.) In muck along the edge of the Huron River, and in senescent begs. It grows abundantly in an elm-maple flood plain forest one-quarter of a mile northeast of the bridge at Placeway Road and the Huron River. Calla L. Calla palustris L. Wild Calla. Frequent where the shrub stage and sedge-grass stage intermingle in a Sphagnum bog on the south side of McCabe Road where it is joined by Butcher Road. Reported by Walpole (p. 23) as frequent in Washtenaw County, by Hanes (p. 62) as rare in Kalamazoo County. Arisaema Martius Arisaema tri h llum (L.) Schott. Jack-in-the-Pulpit. IndIan IEEE£E° (A. triphyllun (L.) Torr. Infrequent in elm-maple flood plain forest. At the time this plant was in flower, the author was unaware of the species complex that apparently exists. The spathe of the specimen collected is green both inside and out. Doubtless, plants with a spathe purple on the inside also occur. Both are reduced to A, tri h llum in Gray's Manual, 7th ed. Deam (p. 279) reports A. puIsillum (Peck.) Nash., which in Indiana is restricted to bogs and has a spathe purplish brown on both sides. This he regards as an extreme form of A} tri h llum. Hanes (p. 62) reports A. atrorubens (Ait.) Blume. forms zebrinum (Sims.) Fern., a form wIth llong, purple stripes" on the inside of the spathe, and says it is synonymous with A. triphyllum of recent authors, not (L.) Schott. A. atrorubens forma viride (Engler.) Fern. is the name applied by Hanes to the form with the green spathe, or "with only faint stripes.” LEMNA CEAE Dumort . Duckweed Family. Lemna L. Lemna minor L. Lesser Duckweed. Cemmon in stagnant water in ponds. It also occurs in Island.Lake and about springs. 49 PONTEDERIACEAE Dumort. Pickerelweed Family. Pontederia L- Pontederia cordata L.- Pickerel Weed Common in the Huron River. One collection might be f. latifolia (Farw.) House. Deam (p. 288) says there is so much integration between f. latifolia and the typical form that it is doubtful whether the former should be maintained. (See Figure 3. p. 119.) JUNCACEAE Vent. Rush Family Juncus [ll‘ourni] L. Juncus effusus L. var. selutus Fern. and Wieg. In Iow, weI epen laces. Common throughout Kalamazoo County (Hanes, p. 65). , Juncus effusus varu Pylaei (Laharpe) Fern. and Wieg. Collected In.a marsh. Hanes (p. 65) reports it as scarce in Kalamazoo County. Juncus balticus Willd. var. littoralis Engelm. Common In shaIIow.water around the Islands at the south end of Island Lake. Juncus macer S. F. Gray f. Williamsii (Fern.) Hermann In low, shaded situations on MIami soIl. No plants were found on other soils. Juncug Dudleyi Wieg. In senescent tamarack begs and wet meadows. Infrequent on damp soil in'Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 24). Juncus canadcnsis J. Gay ‘g. canadensis var. longicaudatus Engelm.) Collected in a marsh and in water on a sandy shore of Island Lake. Frequent in marshy fields in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p . 25) . Juncus articulatus L. var. obtusatus Engelm. OccasIonal in marshes, and in water on sandy shores of Island Lake. ‘Not reported by Bingham (p- 99) nor Hanes (p. 67) as occurring in either Oakland.or Kalamazoo Counties. Fassett (p. 180) gives the range from Nova Scotia to New Jersey. Collections agree with specimens determined by F. J. Hermann in the M1chigan State College Herbarium. 50 Luzula DC. ‘Wood Rush. Luzula multiflora (Retz.) LeJeune (E. campestrIs L. ZDC. var. multiflora (Ehrh. Celak) . . In low, old fields; frequent. Common in oak woodlands in.Kalamazoo County (Hanes, p. 67). Bingham (p. 99) re- ports it also from marshes and begs in Oakland County. LILIACEAE Adans. Lily Family. Tofieldia Huds. [Tofieldia glutinosa (Michx.) Pers. False Asphodel. Collected at only one station, in an epen spot in a senescent bog. Frequent throughout the state (Beal, p. 60). Uvularia L. Uvularia grandiflora J. E. Smith Large-flowered Bellwort. Infrequent or rare. Seen at only two stations, only two plants occurring at one. Both habitats were similar: in light shade, in somewhat moist, sleping soil near a pond or stream. Frequent in rich woods in.Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 26). Uvularia sessilifolia L. Little Merrybells. (Oakesia sessilIfolia (L.) Watts.) Collected in grass along a road on somewhat low ground. Infrequent in moist woods in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 26). Reported.by Bingham (p. 100) from oak-hickory woods in Oakland Count . Not reported from Kalamazoo County by Hanes (p. 68 . Hemerocallis L. Day Lily. Hemerocallis fulva L. Tawny Day Lily. Found at abandoned homesites where it has persisted and spread from early plantings. Allium L- Allium canadense L. Meadow Garlic. Found on a shaded sandy stream bank. Frequent in moist meadows in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 25). Gem- mon in Michigan (Beal, p. 60). 51 Lilium L. Lily . Lilium michiganense Farwell Michigan Wild Lily. Occasional in an elm, maple, birch flood-plain forest, and.in thickets at the edges of marshes. Asparagus [Tourng] L. Asparagus officinalis L. Garden Asparagus. Infrequent. Occurring along the edges of oak-hickory woods, and along roadsides. Smilacina Desf. Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. var. cylindrata Fern. False Solomon‘s-seal. (Vagnera racemosa £Lé] Morong in part) A variety thch grades n o S. racemosa, which is the northern form of the species. According to Fernald, as reported by Hanes, the southern counties of Michigan might be regarded as a transition belt between the "extreme northern Smilacina racemosg and the more southern variety gylindrata..."—(Hanes, p. 70). Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf. Starry False Solomon's- Seal. (Vagnera stellata Lg] Morong) Collected in a senescen bog. Apparently infrequent in the6park. Common throughout the state on moist banks (Beal, pe 2 e Maianthemum Efleber in] Wiggers Maianthemum canadense Desf. var. interius Fern. ‘Wild fIIy-of—the-Valley. Two-leaved Solomon's—seal. (Unifolium canadense Desf. Greene) Common in shady situations in senescent bogs and flood- plain forests. A number of specimens were examined in the field, but all were pubescent on the under side of the leaves, a characteristic of the variety. Polygonatum [Tourng] Hill Polygonatum pubescens (Willd.) Pursh. Hairy Solomon's- seal. (g. biflorum of recent authors) Collected in a shady situation at the edge of a road. Common in woods in.Ka1amazoo County (Hanes, p. 71). 52 Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell. Smooth Solomon's- seal. (3. commutatum Shultes f. A. Dietrich) Collected at the edge of a road in light shade. Regarded by Deam (p. 320) as a species complex which he divides into “...tall plants with wide leaves usually along roadsides and fences and in epen p1aces...the small plants with narrow leaves are generally found in moist woodland." The Specimen collected was four feet tall and with broad leaves. Trillium L. Trillium grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb. Large-flowered Trillium. GIant Wake Robin. Frequent in elm-maple flood-plain forests. Often mentioned in pepular literature as becoming rare. Hanes (p. 72) reperts it as common throughout Kalamazoo County. Walpole (p. 27) finds it common in'Washtenaw. Reported by Deam (p. 323) as frequent in northeastern Indiana. Smilax [Tournz] L. Smilax ecirrhata (Engelm.) Wats. Upright Smilax. Infrequent on shaded muddy banks of streams. Hanes (p. 73) describes the habitat as "moist places which are subject to flOOding 0“ . Smilax rotundifolia L. Round-leaved Greenbrier. Infrequent. Collected in an oak-hickory woods. Hanes (p. 73) reports it as rare in Kalamazoo County. Reported by Walpole (p. 27) as common in Washtenaw County. AMARYLLIDACEAE Lindl. Amaryllls Family. Hypoxis L. Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville Yellow Star Grass. One specimen was collected in the marsh along Spring Creek. Apparently infrequent or rare. Hanes (p. 73) reports it as common in.Kalamazoo County. Walpole (p. 27) also reports it as common. Giles (p. 32) does not report it from the area within a 10-mile radius of East Lansing. DIOSCOREACEAE Lindl. Yam Family. Dies corea [Plumierj L . Dioscorea villosg L. Wild Yam-root. Collected in a thicket at the edge of a marsh. Fre- quent in central and southern Michigan (Beal, p. 63). IRIDACEAE Lindl. Iris Family. Iris [Tourng] L. Iris. Iris virginica L. var. Shrevei (Small) E. Anderson Blue Flag. (Iris versicolor in part of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Infrequent in the park area. Only a few plants were noted. A specimen was collected on a wooded bank at the edge of the Huron River. Walpole (p. 27) reports it as common in Washtenaw County. Giles (p. 32) says it requires epen situations and is rarely found in wooded areas. Sisyrinchium L. Blue-eyed Grass. Sisypinchium albidum Raf. White Blue-eyed Grass. Frequent in old fields and oak-hickory woods. Giles (p. 33) was unable to find it in the East Lansing area, although Beal had reported it there in 1904. Bingham (p. 102) reports it from tamarack bogs in Oakland County. Deam (p- 334) finds it most abundant in Indiana in prairie habitats. ORCHIDACEAE Lindl. Orchid Family. Cypripedium L. Lady's-slipper. Cypripedium reginae Walt. Showy Lady's-slipper. (g. hirsutum Mill.) Frequent in senescent tamarack begs, usually occurring in groups of three to 10 plants. It would be worthwhile to keep a record from year to year on the frequency of this orchid as the park becomes used more and more by the public. Giles (p. 33) did not see it in the East Lansing area. Walpole (p. 28) reports it as frequent in Washtenaw County. Cypripedium candidum Muhl. White Lady's-slipper. On marshy ground grown up with shrubs. A single plant with two stems bearing one flower each was found” At first it was regarded as an albino form of Small Yellow Lady's- slipper which grew all around it. However, purple spots on the petals indicated it was C. candidum. A specimen was taken, but it Spoiled before it could be pressed. Bingham (p. 102) describes its occurrence in Oakland 54 County as infrequent in "...wet marly meadows and cedar tamarack begs." Hanes (p. 75) reports it as infrequent in Kalamazoo County. Cypripedium Calceolus L. var. parviflorum (Salisb.) Fern. Small Yellow Lady's-slipper. (g. parviflorum Salisb.) Common in a marshy situation grown-up with shrubs on the west side of the Huron River south of Pleasant Valley Road. This is the only locals in which the author found this plant. In 1904, Beal (p. 64; reported it as frequent throughout the state. Giles (p. 33 does not list it as occurring within a lO-mile radius of Michigan State College. Walpole (p. 28) reports it as infrequent in Washtenaw County. Reported by Hanes (p. 74) as rare in Kalamazoo County. Habenaria Willd. Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Gray Tall White Beg Orchis (Limnorchis dilatata Pursh Rydb.) Collected at only one stat on, n a senescent tamarack bog. Bingham(p. 102) reports it as not common in Oakland County. Deam (p. 341) regards the northern counties of Indiana bordering on Lake Michigan as the extreme southern limit of its range. Spiranthes Richard Ladies' Tresses. Spiranthes cernua (L.) Richard. Nodding Ladies' Tresses. Occasional on wet ground. Common on wet soil in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 29). Ca10p0gon R. Br. Calopogon pulchellus (Salisb.) R. Br. Grass-pink. Orchid. Infrequent to frequent in open situations in senescent begs. Corallorrhiza E—Ialler] Chatelain. Corallorrhiza maculata Raf. Large or Spotted Coral Root. Collected at only one station, in light shade under oak. Deam reports it only from oak woods in northern Indiana. Giles (p- 37) found it in beech-maple forest in deep humus in Baker Woodlot, Michigan.State College, where Epifagus virginiana was common. 55 5.0.le CEAE Lindl. Willow Family. Pepulus [Tourng] L. Peplar. Pepulus alba L. Silver-leaved Peplar. Persisting in deserted farmyards from early plantings. Pepulus balsamifera L. var. Virginians Sarg. (P. deltoidea Marsh. and P. ni ra,g Virginians Castiglione at least in part In ravine bottoms around ponds and on low, sandy ground generally. Pepulus grandidentata Michx. Large-toothedespen. A frequent to common tree in low, sandy soil in the epen and.along the edges of woods. Also found as a co- dominant with Ulmus americana in a low, wet woods along a stream. Pepulus tremuloides Michx. Quaking Aspen. American Aspen. This is a common tree around the edges of marshes, ponds and begs. Trees mostly one to two inches D.B.H. form a thicket on a drained bog three-eighths of a mile west of Kensington Road and 600 feet north of the gravel pit. It is frequent along roadsides, on slepes in rolling fields, and in epen ravines. It was found also in a tamarack bog with a Sphagnum ground cover and along the edges of oak- hickory woodlands. Salix [Tour-n] L. Willow. Salix nigra Marsh. Black Willow. Infrequent. A large tree was found growing at the edge of a marsh in a depression in a sandy field. Along streams throughout the state (Beal, p. 68). No individuals were observed along the Huron River, or in the bogs and marshes bordering it where willows reach their greatest concentration. Salix serissima (Bailey) Fern. Autumn Willow. Collected in a senescent bog. Infrequent. Infrequent in swamps in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 30). Infrequent in Kalamazoo County (Hanes, p. 81). Salix lucida Muhl. Shining‘Willow. Collected in water near the edge of a pond. Infrequent. Common throughout the state (Billington, p. 57). 55 Salix alba L. var. viggllina (L.) Stokes. Golden Willow. Frequenf along the Huron River, probably having spread from cultivated trees by branchlets which broke off and floated downstream. Deam (p. 361) believes it is more common in Indiana than the species. ‘ Salix interior Rowlee Sand Bar Willow. _. Ionglfolia Muhl.) Common. Low banks of the Huron River, and around.the edges of ponds. Salix discolor Muhl. Pussy Willow. A very common willow on low banks of the Huron River. Salix discolor var. latifolia Anders. Same Habitat as the species but apparently not as common. Salix humilis Marsh. Prairie Willow. Infrequent in dry upland.soil under scattered oak and in fence rows. Frequent throughout the state (Billington, p. 67). Salix Bebbiana Sarg. Bebb's Willow. (S. rostrata Richardson). Frequent on low banks of the Huron River, in marshes and in senescent begs. Salix candida Flugge Sage Willow Infrequent. Occurs in senescent begs. Some specimens collected resembled.S. candida var. denudata Anders. How- ever, the characters were not definite enough to transfer them to the variety. Deam (p. 364) describes the variety thus: "...leaves...glabrate or glabrescent on both sides, especially above, and sometimes glaucescent beneath.” Leaves of the species are pubescent above. Common throughout Michi- gan (Billington, p. 71). Salix rigida Muhl. Heartleaf Willow. _. cordata Muhl.) Very common on low banks of the Huron River. .Apparently it is hybridizing with other species. Anthers are described by Deam (p. 356-357) as being yellow. Specimens collected showed anthers from red to yellow with varying proportions of red and.yellow between. For this reason, crosses would seem to be with.S. candida or S. humilis. However, neither of these species was observed in the same habitat. Deam (p. 365) reports Heartleaf Willow crossing with S, nigra and S, sericea. JUGLANDA CEAE Lindl. Walnut Family. Juglans L. ‘Walnut. 57 Ju lans cinerea L. Butternut. Collected in a low, old field. This tree is not as frequent in the park as J. ni ra. Deam (p. 366) describes the habitat as "...terraces an banks of streams...ravines and rarely in tamarack bogs." Bingham (p.105) reports it as "occasional in oak-hickory, but found more often in beech-maple forests.” Juglans nigra L. Black Walnut. Infrequent where it occurs naturally. It appears to have been planted along some of the roads. Bingham (p. 105) describes the habitat in Oakland County as "birch swamps, dry meadows, and.flood plains, mixed hardwood, and beech- maple forests." No collection was made. "Lower Peninsula as far north as Bay City..." (Otis, p. 97). Carya Nutt. Hickory. Car a ovata (Mill.) K- Koch Shagbark Hickory. (HIcorIa ovata [Mill. Britt.) Common In oa -EIckory woo . Car a tomentosa (Lam.)‘Nutt. (g. alba . K. Koch and.Hicoria alba g%. jBritt.) This is a deub fu determination, as It Is n easily separated from C. ovalis and might be a variety of it. Also, only one tree was found. Ca a ovalis (Wang. ) Sarg. Small-fruited Hickory. (c. microcarpa Nutt. in part) This specIEs and Its varieties are common in oak- hickory woods. They are generally tall, somewhat narrow trees. Frequently they are found in fields where the ground is rolling or sleping and probably never cultivated. Deam reports three varieties and two fbrms of varieties of this hickory as occurring in Indiana. Ca a ovalis var. odorata (Marsh .) Sarg. (C. microcarpa Darl. in.part; Hicoria microca a Britt. in part; 5. labra var. odorata Sarg. In.parto ) Distinguished from the specIes by the resInous odor of the husk. In the same habitat as the typical form. Car a ovalis var. obcordata (Muhl.) Sarg. (g. mIcrocarpa Darl; In part; Hicoria microcarpg Britt. in part.) Apparently the same distribution in the park as the species. 58 Carya ovalis var. obcordatg f. vestita Sarg. This determination is doubtful, as material was col- lected from only one tree. However, it agrees with Deam's description (p. 368). - BETULACEAE Agardh. Birch Family. Carpinus [Tourngl L. Cagpinus caggliniana'Walt. var. virginiana (Marsh) Fern.. Blue Beech._ (g. virginiana of authors) Collected at only one station, at the foot of a north slope covered.with Hamamelis virginiana. Deam says this tree "...prefers a moist, rlch sell but has a range of habitats in the state Indiana from the tamarack beg to the dry, black and whi e oak s epe.” Ostrya [Michell] Seep. Ostr a virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch. Hep Hernbeam. Ianequent.on woodéd slepes and in low woods. Common in thickets in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 31). “Common throughout the entire state.” (Otis, p. 113) - Corylus Fournfl L. Corylus americana Walt. American Hazelnut. Infrequent. At the edges of marshes with Cornus stolonifera, and in low partly shaded situations. Common ln thickets in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 31). Betula LTournE] L. Birch. etula lutea Michx. f. Yellow Birch. (g. alleghaniensis Britt.) Found at two stations where it was growing at the edges of flood-plain forest. All material collected of this birch was found to belong to the typical form, no var. macrolepsis Fern. was noted. Throughout the state, but more abundant and of larger size northward." (Otis, p. 121) Betula pumila L. var. glandulifera Regal. Dwarf Birch. Frequent in senescent tamarack bogs. Studies of the leaves of several scattered plants revealed resinous dots in varying amounts, characteristic of the variety. Hanes (p. 86) reports the species as common in Kalamazoo County. Billington (p. 75) says that northward in Michigan the variety is more common than the species. 59 Alnus [Tour-m] H111. Alder. Alnus crispa (Ait.) Pursh. Green or Mountain Alder. One plant was.found in a senescent bog in a situation dominated by Poison Sumac. Billington (p. 77) does not report it from counties in the lower peninsula. Alnus incana (L.) Moench. var. americana Regel. Speckled or Hoary Alder. (A. incana of Gray's Man., ed. 7. and of Britten and Brown Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Frequent on wooded slepes along the Huron River. Also forms thickets along roadsides on low, sandy ground. FAGACEAE Drude Beech Family. Fagus [Tourng] L. Beech. Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. American Beech. Not collected. One small tree at the foot of a slepe in an oak-hidkory woods was the only specimen observed. QuercustTournJ L. Oak. Q. uercus alba L. White Oak. Infrequent to frequent, generally in somewhat low ground. Quercus alba f. latiloba (Sarg.) Palmer and Steyermark Common. Apparently more abundant than the species in southern Michigan. This is a form with the sinuses indenting less than half way to the midrib. Quercus prinoides Willd. Dwarf Chinquapin Oak. Frequent along roadsides and at the edges of oak-hickory woods. Hanes (p. 87) describes it as rare in Michigan. According to Billington,(p. 81) it is restricted to the southern half of the lower peninsula where it is infrequent. guercus bicolor Willd. Swamp White Oak. Collected at the foot of a northwest slope which ran down into a flood-plain forest. Observed on the wooded bank of a stream. Infrequent in the park. Infrequent on moist soil in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 31). "Restricted to the southern half of the Lower Peninsula." (Otis, p. 137) Quercus macrocarpg Michx. Bur Oak. Mossycup Oak. Frequent on banks of streams, in depressions in old fields and in low situations along roadsides. Acorns were examined to determine whether g. macrocarpa var. olivaeformis (Michx. f.) Gray occurred in the park, but no specimens fitting Deam's description were collected. “common throughout both peninsulas." (011.18, p e 135) 60 Quercus borealis Michx. f. Red Oak. In oak-hickory woods and fencerows. From the collections made, it would appear that the Species is more common than the variety. Hanes (p. 88) says the reverse probably is the case in.Kalamazoo County. Deam (p. 385) does not report the species from Indiana. guercus borealis var. maxima Ashe. Red Oak. (Q. rubra of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Sargent (p. 242) mentions variations in the size of the nut and depth of the cup as grading from the species to the variety, thus making it difficult to separate the two. Only one tree bearing the typical large acorns with flat cups typical of the variety was found. However, it was a bad year for acorns, and few from any species were found. Quercus velutina Lam. Black Oak. Common in oak-hickory woods and along roadsides. In some instances it probably was confused with Q. ellipsoidalis E. J. Hill, as both have a yellowish inner bark and acorns were scarce. Restricted to the southern half of the Lower Penin- sula (Otis, p. 151). Quercus coccinea Muench. Scarlet Oak. Collected—from a tree standing by itself on somewhat low ground. Often confused with g. ellipsoidalis, which differs in having a yellow inner bark. Hanes (p. 88) reports Scarlet Oak as very rare, southern Michigan being on the northwest end of its range. ULMACEAE Mirbel Elm Family. Ulmus [Toumj L. Elm. Ulmus rubra Muhl. Slippery Elm. Red Elm. (S. fulva Michx.) Infrequent. Collected on a low, wooded bank of a stream. Frequent throughout the state on rich soil (Beal, p. 70). Ulmus americana L. American Elm. White Elm. A common tree in flood-plains and low fields. It also occurs around the edges of marshes and senescent be s. Fernald now recognizes three forms of this species Rhodora 47: 132-135. 1945). No attempt was made to distinguish the forms occurring in the park area. MORACEAE Lindl. Mulberry Family. Maclura'Nutt. 61 Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneider Osage Orange. (Toyylon pomiferum Raf. of Britten and.Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2. ) Planted by early farmers in fence rows where it has persisted. URTICACEAE Reichenb. Nettle Family. Urtica [Tourni] L. Nettle Urtica rocera Muhl. in‘Willd. Tall Nettle. U. racIlIs of authors) Frequent on low, epen ground sapecially along roads. Laportea Gaud. La ortea canadcnsis (L.) Gaud. Canada Nettle. (UrtIcastrum.divaricatum (L.) Ktze. Frequent in elm-maple flood-plain forests. Boehmeria Jaoq. Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. False Nettle. Frequent to common in flood-plain forests, along the edges of marshes, and on wet, shaded ground generally. Boehmeria cylindrica var. Drummondiana Weddell. False Nettle._ (B. cylindrica var. scabra Porter of Gray' s Man., .7 I _ Open situations in senescent begs. SANTALACEAE R. Sandalwood Family. Comandra Nutt . Comandra Richardsoniana Fern. Bastard Toadflax. (C. umbellata in part of Britten and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Rare, sandy epen places and oak woods. One specimen was collected in a senescent tamarack bog. Deam (p. 402) reports a plant from a drained tamarack bog in Indiana. As a rule, it is a plant of dry, sandy soil. Common in an epen oak woods in Washtenaw County (Hermann 1938, p. 20). 62 POLXGONACEAE Lindl. Buckwheat Family. Rumex L. Docks and Sorrels. Rumex Acetosella L. Field Sorrel. Very common in old fields. It also occurs on piles of subsoil at the gravel pit and in denuded areas. Rumex orbiculatus Gray Great Water Deck. (5” Sritannica of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Frequent in marshes. - Rumex cris us L. Curly Dock. A common, weedy.plant in shaded situations along roads, in wet soil and on waste ground. Polygonum [Tourng] L. Knotweedt Smartweed. Polygonum aviculare L. Doorweed. Knotweed. Common along roadsides and on waste ground. “The com- monest of weeds." (Beal, p. 72). . Polygonum tenue Michx. Slender Knotweed. Grodlng In railroad ballast. Frequent in dry soil in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 34). Also frequent in the Grand Rapids area (Cole, p. 62)., Pol onum amphibium L. var. stipulaceum Coleman f. Iluitans (Eaton)_Fern. (3. natans A. Eaton f. genuinum Stanford) Frequent in marshes and on lake shores. Plants with stems up to four feet high were collected in a marsh where grasses offered support and also competed heavily for light. Pol onum punctatum Ell. Water Smartweed. (3. acre H.B.K., g. acre var. leptostachyum Meisn. and.§ersicaria punctata (Ell.) Small.) In marshes and sluggish water in the Huron River. Common in swamps in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 34). Frequent in the Lower Peninsula (Beal, p. 72). Pol onum Persicaria L. Lady's Thumb. Apparently InIFEquent In the park. A collection was made on Miami soil at the edge of a thicket. "Very common in cultivated fields and waste ground, especially where the soil is slightly moist." (Darlington, Bessey and Megee, p. 67) Polygonum arifolium L. var. pubescens (Keller) Fern. Ha berd- saved Tearthumb. (g. arifolium L. var. lentiforme Fern. and Grisc. and Traecaulon arifolium [L51 Raf.) Infrequent in elm-maple flood-plain forests. Infrequent in 63 wet places in Washtenaw County (Walpole,p .34). Frequent in swamps in.Kalamazoo County (Hanes, p. 94). Beal (p. 72) describes this plant as frequent in the Lower Peninsula. Polygonum Convolvulus L. Black Bindweed. Frequent to common in sterile fields and denuded areas. CHENOPODIACEAE Dumort. Goosefoot Family. Chenepodium Tourn. L. Pigweed. Goosefoot. Chenepodium album L. Lamb's—quarters. Pigweed. Goosefoot. . Common in old fields, cultivated fields, railroad ballast and waste ound. Deam (p. 423) says C Berlandieri ssp. Zschackei Murr) Zobel. has often been mis- named'C. album y co ectors. Chenepodium gigantospermum Aellen Maple-leaved Goosefoot. (g. hybridum of American authors not L.) Found on shaded waste ground. Common in gardens in Kalamazoo County (Hanes, p. 96). Salsola L. Saltwort. Russian Thistle. Salsola estifer.A. Nelson Russian Thistle. (S. Hall L. var. tenuifolia G. F. W. Mey) Common on piles of subsoil at the gravel pit. It also occurs in railroad ballast. . AMARANTHACEAE J. St. Hil. Amaranth Family. Amaranthus [Tourng] L. Amaranth. Amaranthus graecizans L. Prostrate Amaranth. (A. blitoides‘Wats. ) Frequent along dry, sandy roadsides. Amaranthus albus L. Tumbleweed. (A. graecizans of authors) Frequent on waste ground and along dry, sandy roadsides. NYCTAGINACEAE Lindl. Four-o'clock Family. Oxybaphus L'Her. Umbrella-wort. 64 0 ba hus nyctagineus (Michx.) Sweet. Heart-leaved UmbreEIa-wort. (Allionia nyctaginea Michx.) Infrequent along.roadsides and in railroad ballast. Hanes (p. 97) reports this plant from ballast only in Kalamazoo County. Deam (p. 433) has seen it only twice in situations other than ballast, once along a very sandy roadside and once in a very sandy oat field. Giles (p. 46) notes that southern Michigan is near the eastern limit of its range and that its occurrence along railroad tracks would indicate its path of introduction. AIZOACEAE A. Br. Carpet—weed Family. Mollugo L o Mollugo verticillata L. Carpet-weed. Common in cultivated fields and denuded areas. PORTULACACEAE Reichenb. Purslane Family. Claytonia [Gronovg] L. Spring Beauty. ggaytonia virginica L. Spring Beauty. Collected at only one.station, at the edge of an elm- maple flood-plain forest. It is believed that the scarcity gt this plant is due to the absence of the beech-maple orest. Portulaca [Eourng] L. gortulaca oleracea L. Common Purslane. Collected only once, in a cornfield. Doubtless more common in the park than records indicate. Hanes (p. 98) describes it as very common in gardens. Giles (p. 47) describes it as occasional within a lO-mile radius of East Lansing. Deam (pp. 435, 436) says it was once a common weed in gardens and cornfields in Indiana but is now rare. He has no way of accounting for its decline. GARYOPHYLLACEAE Reichenb. Pink Family. Stellaria L. Chickweeds and.Stitchworts. Stellaria longifolia Muhl. Long-leaved.Stitchwort. Frequent under tamarack in senescent bogs. Deam (p. 457) reports it as infrequent to rare in Indiana. Giles (p. 48) 55 suggests that it may be becoming rare in the East Lansing area. He was unable to find it, and the number of specimens collected by earlier botanists would indicate it was once quite common. This might be due to the draining of bogs. Stellaria media (L.) Cyril. Common Chickweed. Found.in the oak grove inside the entrance to the park north of the bath house. This plant probably is frequent to common in the resort section around cottages. Cerastium L. Mouse-ear Chickweed. Cerastium vulggtum L. var. hirsutum Fries. Common Mouse-ear Chickweed. Collected in the oak woods in the camping ground, and in a low, shady situation. Apparently infrequent. "Abundant in dogryards, fields, and gardens" in Kalamazoo County (Hanss, P- 99 . - Arenaria L. Sandwort . Arenaria segpyllifolia L. Thyme-leaved.Sandwort. Frequent. Collections were made from a lawn, sunny roadbank, oak woods and waste ground. Silene L. Catchfly. Silene Oncubalus'Wibel. Bladder Catchfly. (S. latifolia (Mill.) Britton and.Rend1e) Occasional in railroad ballast and shady and cpen situa- tions along roadsides. .Giles (p. 50) did not see it in the East Lansing area. Silene antirrhina L. Sleepy Catchfly. Infrequent in dry, sandy fields. Plants collected on a gravel "dune“ in the gravel pit might be described as pioneer- ing. They were very thinly scattered on its lepe, having advanced upward from the water further than any other species. Common in Michigan (Beal, p. 75) . Lychnis [Tourn. L. Campion. Lychnis alba Mill. Evening or'White Campion. Common along roadsides, around buildings and in old fields. Saponaria L. Saponaria officinalis L. Soapwort. Bouncing Bet. Frequent along roadsides and in soil that has been dis- turbed recently. 66 NYMPHAEACEAE DC. Water Lily Family. Nymphaea Eoumg L. Water Lily. N haea tuberosa Paine. Ma olia‘Water Lily. (Castalia tuberosa (Paine. Greene.) As there was no means.of getting out onto the river, this plant could not be collected. A specimen from the edge of a senescent bog keys out to N. odorata in Deam, but its leaves are like those of N. tuberosa according to Hanes. As these two species are difficult to se arate, g. odorata is not being included. Hanes (p. 102? reports the latter as rare in.Kalamazoo County. Giles (p. 51) does not believe it occurs in the East Lansing area. Bingham (p. 110) lists it as having been reported from Oakland County. Walpole (p. 38) does not report it from Washtenaw County. Nuphar Smith Nu har advena Ait. Yellow Spatterdock. (A Tymphaea advena Ait.) Common a ong the Huron River at the edges of marshes and bogs. CERATOPHYLLACEAE Gray CeratOphyllum L. Ceratophyllum demersum L. Hornwort. Common in sluggish water in the Huron River. RANUNCULACEAE Juss. Crowfoot Family. Caltha [Buppg] L. Marsh Marigold. Caltha palustris L. Marsh Marigold. In muck along the Huron River and streams. Frequent. Hanes (p. 103) reports it frequently blossoming in the fall, sometimes as late as December. C0ptis Salisb. Co tis groenlandica (Oeder. ) Fern. Goldthread. (C. trifolia of Gray' 3 Man., ed. 7. ) Growing around the roots of shrubs in a Sphagnum bog in a spot near the edge of a cleared path, Just off the edge of a mound of sandy soil covered.with oak. Rare in the park. Rare in damp, beggy woods in‘Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 38). 67 Actaea L. Baneberry. Actaea rubra (Ait.) Willd. Red Baneberry. Occasional on wooded slopes along the river, generally near the bottom. Hanes (p. lO3) reports it as less fre- quent than.é, ach oda Ell. A. alba L. Hill. which was not found. GIEes (p. 53) also describes the red species as less frequent than the white Aquilegia [Tourn.] L. Aquilegia canadcnsis L. American Columbine. Collected and.aeen at only one station, under a sugar maple at the low edge of an old field. The reason for the scarcity of this plant in the park is not known. Perhaps its association with.Acer saccharum is significant. Anemone [Tourni] L. .Anemone. Anemone cylindrica Gray Long-fruited or Candle Anemone. .. Frequent in oak-hickory woods. It also occurs in old fields and.low Open places. Anemone virginiana L. Tall Anemone. Frequent to common in wooded ravines and oak-hickory woods. . Anemonella Spach Anemonella thalictroides (L.) Spach Rue Anemone. Frequent on wooded lepes under oak where shrubs and seedling trees are spares or absent. This plant often is found with Hepatica americana. Hepatica. [Ruppfl Hill Hepatica. Hepatica americana (DC) Ker. Round-leaved Hepatica. (g. triloba of Gray's Man., ed. 7, not Chaix) On sandy, well-drained slopes under oak. This plant is frequent in the oak-hickory forest along the Huron River. Ranunculus [Tourn;] L. Buttercup. Ranunculus abortivus L. Small-flowered Crowfoot. Collected at only one station, but probably more common than records indicate. Hanes (p. 106) and Bingham (p. 111) describe it as common in Kalamazoo and Oakland Counties respectively. It occurs in flood-plain forests and marshes. 68 Ranunculus sceleratus L. Cursed Crowfoot. Apparently infrequent. A Specimen was found growing in water in a marsh. Common in swamps and.wet ditches in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 39). Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. Hooked Crowfoot. Collected at only one station, but probably frequent in the area, occurring in low woods. This plant is common in‘Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 39). Ranunculus fascicularis Muhl. Early Crowfoot. Infrequent to Tiequent on sandy slopes under oak, generally near the bases. Also found in low, Open situations along the Huron River. Giles (p. 57) was unable to find this species within a lO-mile radius of East Lansing, although it was col- lected in this area in 1939. Beal (p. 79) describes it as infrequent in the southern half of the Lower Peninsula. Ranunculus pennsylvanicus L. f. Pennsylvania Buttercup. Bristly Crowfoot. . Collected in a thicket at the edge of a bog, and.in a marsh. Bingham reports it as occurring also along roadsides (p.111). Frequent throughout the state (Beal, p.79). Ranunculus hispidus Michx. Bristly or Hispid Buttercup. This plant is found in low, Open situations where it is apparently infrequent. Deam (pp. 471, 472) suggests it may be a species complex, the foliage being highly variable. Frequent in‘Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 39). Thalictrum [Tourng] L. Meadow Rue. Thalictrum dioicum L. Early Meadow Rue. Collected.on the side of a ravine in light shade under oak. Apparently infrequent. "Common along river banks. " (Beal, p-79 . Thalictrum dasyparpum Fisch. and Lall. Tall or Purple Meadow Rue. Frequent to common in senescent tamarack bogs. BERBERIDACEAE T. and G. Barberry Family. PodOphyllum L. May Apple. PodOthllum peltatum L. Common May Apple. Infrequent to rare. Collected at only one station, at the edge of an elm-maple flood-plain forest. The absence of the beech-maple association and.the general sandiness of the soil probably is the reason for the scarcity of this plant. It was found associated with Claytonia virginiana, which was seen at only this station. 69 MENISPERMACEAE DC. Moonseed Family. Menispe rmum [Tourn.] L . Menispermum canadense L. Moonseed. Occasional in wet woods. .Frequent in woods and moist thickets in Midhigan (Beal, p. 80). LAURACEAE Lindl. Laurel Family. Sassafras Nees. Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) lees. var. molle (Raf.) Fern. Sassafras. Occurs in oak-hickory woods. The lower surface of the leaves is pubescent. The species was not found, however no particular effort was made to collect it. Hanes (p. 109) reports the species as common in Kalamazoo County and the variety as infrequent. Deam (p. 480) finds the reverse to be the case in Indiana. Benzoin Fabricius Benzoin aestivale (L. ) Nees. Spicebush. L(Lindera Benzoin m£lg£ Blume.) Collected IE am forest where it was frequent. CRUCIFERAE B. Juss. Mustard Family. 3 . JL Lepidium campestre (L.) R. Br. Field Peppergrass. Common in denuded areas and disturbed soil. Lepidium [Tourn Lepidium virginicum L. var. typicum C. L. Hitchc. Peppergrass. Collected in denuded areas and in the oak grove north of the bath house. This plant occurs in the latter area probably because the natural vegetation has been replaced by grass and weeds. Sisymbrium [Tourn. L. Sisrmbrium altissimgm L. Tumble Mustard. (Norta altissima L. Britt.) Common in railroad ballast and denuded areas. ”... troublesome along some of the railroad rights-of-way." (Darlington,B Bessey and.Megee, p.105) 7O Brassica [Tourni] L. Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. Black Mustard. Apparently infrequent in the park. Specimens are from a plowed field and.an oatfield. Beal (p. 82) describes it as common throughout the state. Barbarea R. Br- Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. Yellow Rocket. (B. strigpa.Andrz. of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Collected in an oatfield. Infrequent along roadsides and.in waste places in Kalamazoo County (Hanes, p. 112). Barbarea vulgaris var. arcuata (J. and C. Presl.) Fries. (g. 331 aris of Gray's Man., ed. 7. Occasional in fields and waste places. 'Becomin common in fields, along roadsides, and in waste ground." %Darling- ton, Bessey and.Megee, p. 89) Rorippa Scop. Rorippa islandica Borbas var. microcarpa (Regel.) Fern. Marsh Cress. Yellow Watercress. (Radicula palustris [Lg Moench.) Collected at only one station, in a drained bog. Common in wet places in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 41). Nasturtium R. Br. Nasturtium officinale R- Br. True Watercress. (Radicula Nasturtium-aquaticum of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) This plant occurs on mucky banks*of streams. Common in wet ditches in‘Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 41). )- Cardamine [Tourni] L. Bittercress. Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb.) BSP. Bulb Bittercress. (g. rhomboidea DC.) Found at only one station, at the edge of a pond. This plant is doubtless more common than collections indicate. Common throughout the state (Beal, p. 82). Capsella Medic. Capsella Bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. Shepherd's Purse. Collected in the lawn to the north of the bath house. This plant probably is common in dooryards in the resort area. It was not seen in denuded areas or at the gravel pit. 71 Camelina Crantz Camelina microcar a Andrz. Small-fruited False Flax. Collected in a fallow field planted last to corn, and also in a denuded area. This plant robably is to be found also in railroad ballast. Beal (p. 83) describes it as "becoming naturalized from EurOpe." . Draba [:DillE] L. Draba verna L. Vernal'Whitlow Grass. This plant was collected twice. In both cases, the habitat was the sunny bank of a road where the soil was loose and sandy, and there was no sod. Hanes (p. 114) reports it as rare in Kalamazoo County. Reported by Beal (p. 83) as rare in Michigan. Arabis L. Arabia hirsuta (L.) Scop. var. adpressipilis (Hopkins) Rollins. ... . (A. pycnocarpa Hapkins var. ad ressi ilisHOpkins.) Collected at the edge of a s10pe in an oak-hickory woods. Giles (p. 66) was unable to find this species within a lO-mile radius of Michigan State College. Hanes (p. 115) has only one collection from Kalamazoo County, "...in some- what moist soil...“ . Infrequent to requent in old fields. It also occurs in denuded areas. Beal (p. 83) describes this plant as infre- quent throughout the state. Arabia glabra (L.) Bernh. Tower Mustard. Alyssum [Tourn.—j L. Alyssum alyssoides L. Yellow Alyssum. Common n railroad ballast and waste ground. Berteroa D C . Berteroa incana (L.) DC. Hoary Alyssum. Frequent In waste ground and fallow fields. A few years ago this plant overran alfalfa and clover fields near Clarkston and Lake Orion in Oakland.County. L.‘W. Kephart, senior agronomist with the U. S. Department of Agriculture, named as a possible cause of its sudden abundance, the drought in the western states which increased seed production of this weed. The account of this infestation was carried in one of the Detroit papers. The date and name of the paper are missing from the clipping. 72 CAPPARIDACEAE Lindl. Caper Family. Polanisia Raf. Pglanisia graveoleng Raf. Clammyweed. A pioneer.on gravellfldunes" in the gravel pit. Individual plants are scattered eight to 20 feet apart. No other vegeta- tion occurs on the "dunes" from which collections were made, except for plants at the base. Rare in Kalamazoo County, occurring in railroad ballast. (Hanes, p. 116). Beal (p. 84) reports it as growing along the shores of the Great Lakes. SARRACENIACEAE La Pyl. Pitcher-plant Family. Sarracenia [TournE] L. Sarracenia purpurea L. Pitcher Plant. Collected at only one station, in Open, mucky soil near the edge of the Huron River in a senescent bog. Bingham (p. 114) describes this species as plentiful in Oakland County. CRASSULACEAE DC. Orpine Family. Penthorum L. Penthorum sedoides L. Ditch.Stonecrop. Occasional In marshes and.the very wet parts of senescent bOgs. Common in ditches and swamps in‘Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 44). Frequent in the Lower Peninsula (Beal, po 85)- SAXIFRAGACEAE Dumort. Saxifrage Family. Saxifraga [Tourng] L. Saxifrage. Saxifraga pennsylvanica L. Swamp Saxifrage. Infrequent In senescent tamarack bogs. Common in bOgs throughout the state (Beal, p. 85). Heuchera L. Alumroot. Heuchera Richardsonii R. Br. var. Grayana Rosendahl, Butters, and Lakela Alumroot. . (H. his ida of most authors) Collected on the north slope of a ravine lightly shaded by oak and largely grassy, except at the bottom. It shared 73 the habitat with Anemonella thalictroides and.Hepatica triloba. However, in other localities where these plants were frequent or common, Alumroot was not found. It is not reported by Bingham (p. 115) from Oakland County, nor by Giles (p. 69) from the East Lansing area. Walpole (p. 44) describes g. his ida Pursh. which is probably the same Species as “frequent along the hills of the Huron River" in'Washtenaw County. Mitella [Tourng L . Mitella diphylla L. BishOp's-cap. Infrequent in elm-maple flood-plain forests. Very common throughout the state (Beal, p. 85). Parnassia [Tournz] L. Parnassia glauca Raf. Grass of Parnassus. '(g. caroliniana of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Infrequent on marshy ground.- Frequent in swamps in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 44). GROSSULARIACEAE Dumort. Gooseberry Family. Ribes L. Currant. Ribes americanum Mill. American Black Currant. (.8- 31221922 L'Her-) Infrequent in senescent tamarack bags. Common throughout the state (Billington, p. 89). Ribes nigrum L. Black Currant. Doubtless an escape. This is the cultivated current. Infrequent in the park. Grossularia [Tourng] Mill. Gooseberry. Grossularia Cynosbati (L.) Mill. Prickly Gooseberry. (Ribes Cynosbati L. of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Frequent In flood-plain forests. Grossularia hirtella (Michx.) Spach. Low Wild Gooseberry. (Ribes oxycanthoides L., in part, of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Frequent in senescent tamarack bOgs. Walpole (p. 45) reports this species as rare in'Washtenaw County. 74 HAMAMELIDACEAE Lindl. 'Witch-hazel Family. Hamamelis L. Hamamelis virginiana L. ‘Witch-hazel. Frequent to common in the oak-hickory woods on high banks of the Huron River. PLATANACEAE Lindl. Plane-tree Family. Platanus [Tourng] L. Platanus occidentalis L. Sycamore. Buttonwood. American Planetree. A tree stands on the edge of the bank at the south end of Island Lake. Inasmuch as it is not on prOperty that was ever a lawn or cultivated, it probably was not planted. IROSACEAE B. Juss. Rose Family. Physocarpus.Maxhn. Physocarpus opulifolius (L. ) Maxim. Ninebark. Frequent in low edges oflfields along the Huron River. Spiraea [Tourng] L. Spiraea. S iraea alba Du Roi Meadowsweet. Meadow Spiraea. (S. salicifolia L. in part of Gray' 3 Man., ed. 7. ) Frequent to common along the edges of marshes and bOgs. This plant also occurs in ditches along roads. Billington (p. 95) describes it as common in Michigan. Malus Mill. Apple. Malus coronaria (L.) Mill. American Crab Ap 1e. Pyrus coronaria L. of Gray's Man., ed. 7. A fair—sized tree, with smaller ones forming a thicket around, it was found on a low, shaded bank of the Huron . River. Apparently infrequent. Bingham (p. 116) lists the habitat as flood-plain forests and.roadsides. "Southern portion" of the Lower Peninsula as far north as Roscommon County.' (Otis, p. 177) Malus pumila L. Common Apple . Persisting in abandoned orchards. This tree is also occasional along roadsides. 75 Aronia Medic. Chokeberry. Aronia melanocarpa (Michx. ) E11. Black Chekeberry. (Pyrus melanocarpa ichx.W111d.) Collected on a grassy s1 e ab e wet ground. Billington (p 99) describes it as occurring in swamps and low grounds throughout the state. Aronia prunifolia (Marsh.) Rehder. Purple Chokeber (Pyrus arbutifolia var. atrOpurpurea Britt. ROb 0 Common in a Sphagnum bog where it was associated with Vaccinium corymbosum. Amelanchier Medic. Amelanchier humilis Wieg. Low Juneberry. Collected at the edge of an oak woods. This plant is doubtless more frequent than records indicate. Deam (p. 523) describes it as growing “...in colonies in very sandy soil in woods and along fencerows and roadsides." Amelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Fern. Juneberry. Servlce Berry. Shadbush. (A. canadensis sensu Wieg ) A small tree under oak and.hickory, frequent throughout the park. Amelandhier 1aevis Wieg. Shadbush. Service Berry. Juneberry. Only one collection was made, and the habitat note was lost. Hanes (p. 122) describes it as common on hillsides in Kalamazoo County. Deam (pp. 532 and 533) reports it from tamarack bogs and.the low and.high banks of streams. Crataegus L. Hawthorn. Crataegus crus-galli L. Cockspur Thorn. (C. arduennae Sarg., C. attenuata Ashe., C. trahax Ashe.) Infrequent in old fields. Infrequent in Kalamazoo County, usually occurring in moist places (Hanes, p. 122) Crataegus punctata Jacq. Dotted.Haw. White Thorn. Infrequent in fields. Infrequent in thickets in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 47) Common in the lower part of Michigan (Billington, p. 105). Crataegus sp. This collection lies in the group Rotundifoliae Eggl. and probably is C. Mar aretta Ashe. (C. chrysocama Eggl. and C Brownei Britt ) The most common Hawthorn in Kalamazoo County, occurring in fencerows, thickets and abandoned fields (Hanes, p. 122). 76 Crataegus 3p. Several specimens key out to the group Intricatae Sarg. One collection probably is C. intricate Lange (C meticulosa Sarg. ) It was collected on a wooded slope. However, it was a small tree, whereas Deam (p. 543) describes it as a straggling shrub. Hanes (p. 123) says it is rare in Kalamazoo County, occurring in woods. RUBUS (Tourn2] L. RaSpberries and Blackberries. Rubus (B- Frequent Rubus Frequent low woods. Rubus (a- Frequent Rubus (R. The most pubescens Raf. triflorus Richards of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) in senescent bOgs. occidentalis L. Black Raspberry. to common in low thickets, in fencerows, and in strigosus Michx. ‘Wild Red Raspberry. idaeus L. var. strigosus Michx. Maxim.) in senescent bogs. flagellaris Willd. Northern Dewberry. villosus Ait.) common Rubus in the park, occurring in dry and somewhat moist old fields, denuded areas where a cane eight feet long was found, and in oak-hickory woods. Rubus allegheniensis Porter. Frequent in old fields. Allegheny Blackberry. Canes measuring up to nine feet in height were found in a thicket on low, rich soil. This collection lies closest to R. abactus Bailey in Deam' 8 Flora of Indiana, but the characters are not definite enough to warrant placing it there. Fragaria [Tourng] L. Strawberry. Fragaria virginiana Duchesne Wild Strawberry. Common in old fields where it forms large patches. Potentilla fruticosa L. Potentilla L. Cinquefoil. Shrubby Cinquefoil. A frequent to common shrub around the-edges of marshes and senescent bogs. Potentilla arguta Pursh. Occasanal lfi old fields. sides in.Kalamazoo County (Hanes, Tall or Glandular Cinquefoil. Infrequent along prairie road- pe 158) e 77 Potentilla Anserina L. Silverweed. On the shore of the smaller island at the south end of Island Lake. "Frequent alon the Great Lakes, but rare in the interior."-.(Bea1, p. 87 Potentilla recta L. Rough- -fruited Cinquefoil. Very common in old, sterile fields. In one such field it was massed in a consocies roughly 100 feet across in any direction. Potentilla intermedia L. Frequent to common in sterile, abandoned fields. Hanes (p. 159) does not report it from Kalamazoo County nor Giles p. 70) from the East Lansing area. Deam (p. 567) does not report it from Indiana. Beal (p.88) says: "Well established in Livingston and Washtenaw Counties...“ This is an immigrant from EurOpe which establishes itself only locally. Potentilla argentea L. Silver Cinquefoil. Frequent in dry fields and around dooryards where it in- vades coarse lawns. Potentilla simplex Michx. var. typica Fern. Common Cinquefoil. (P. canadensis L. of Gray' 8 Man., ed. 7. and of Britton and Brown Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Common in low fields and along the edges of marshes. Deam (p. 568) describes this plant as becoming abundant in old, fallow fields. This character was not observed in the park. Geum L. Avens. Geum canadense Jacq. White Avens. Occasional in low woods. Common in the Lower Peninsula (8631, p o 88) o Geum aleppicum Jacq. var. strictum (Ait.) Fem. Yéllow.Avens. ""“" (g. strictum Ait.) Infrequent In the park. Collected at the fbot of a wooded s10pe that ended in a senescent b0g. Hanes (p. 159) reports this plant as frequent in Kalamazoo County. Giles (p. 71) saw it only once in the East Lansing area, and that was along the Looking Glass River, where it was occasional. Bingham (p. 118) describes it as the most widespread avens in Oakland County. Geum laciniatum Murr. var. trichocarpum Fern. Rough Avens. (G. virginianum L. in part of Gray' 9 Man. ed. 7. and of Britton and Brown Illus. Flora, ed. 2. Frequent, occurring in low thickets andmwoods, marshes, and along low, shaded roadsides. - ...-.. 78 Agrimonia [Iourng] L. Agrimony. Agrimonia gryposepala'Wallr. Tall.Agrimony. Infrequent on sIOpes in oak-hickory woods. Common in thickets in.Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 46) Agrimonia pubescens Wallr. Soft Agrimony. - (A. mollis CE. and.q3 Britt.) Collected at the ow edge of a field among shrubs that bordered on a bOg. Hanes (p. 160) describes this species as "frequent in dry white oak woods.“ Deam (p. 573) describes the habitat in Indiana as dry soil in woodlands. Agrimonia parviflora.Ait. Small-flowered Agrimony. Infrequent in and around low thickets. Common in thickets and ravines in'Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 46). Not plenti- ful in Oakland County (Bingham, p. 119) Rosa [Fourng] L. Rose Rosa palustris Marsh. Swamp Rose. (R. carolina L. of Gray' 3 Man., ed. 2.) Occasional in thickets in senescent begs. Common through- out the state (Billington, p. 127). Rosa carolina L. (R. humiIIs Marsh. of Gray' s Man., ed. 7. and R. virginiana *Mill. of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2 .) Frequent to common along shaded roadsides, in Open oak- hickory woods and railroad ballast. Rosa suffulta Greene (R. pratincola Greene) Infrequent in the park. Found at the edge of Kensington Road where it crosses the gravel pit, and on low ground in the gravel pit. Rare in Kalamazoo County (Hanes, p. 162). Not reported b Bingham (p. 120) from Oakland County, nor by Walpole (p. 46 from Washtenaw County. Prunus [rourng] L. Cherries and.Plums. Prunus americana Marsh. Wild.Plum. An infrequent tree along roadsides, in dry soil. All the trees in a dense thicket at one place exhibited the distorted fruit known as plum pockets, caused by Taphrina pruni (Fcl.) Tul. Prunus virginiana L. Choke Cherry. A common shrub or tree along roadsides and in low, shaded places. It also occurs in senescent bOgs. 79 Prunus institia L. Bullace Plum. A collection was made from a tree probably growing along a roadside. Unfortunately the record on this species was lost. No mention of its occurrence in Michigan was found in the literature. It is indigenous to Eurasia. Robinson and Fernald (p. 498) describe the habitat and distribution as: "Roadsides and.waste places, N.E. and perhaps occasionp ally in the Middle States.” Prunus serotina Ehrh. Wild Black Cherry. A common tree on low banks of the Huron River and in low, moist soil. It also occurs in fencerows. ~Prunus persica (L.) Stokes. Peach. An infrequent escape along roads. LEGUMINOSAE Juss. Pea Family. Schrankia‘Willd. Sensitive Brier. Schrankia Nuttallii (DC.) Standley Bashful Brier. (g. uncinata'WilI .) . A well-estabIIshed colony about 40 feet across was found on drm,sandy soil in an old field about 80 feet from the Pere Marquette track. This is believed to be the first instance of S, Nuttallii being reported from Michigan. "Dry prairies and open woods, Va. to Fla. and Tex.; north- west in Miss. basin to Ia. and Ill." (Robinson and Fernald, p. 504). Deam does not report it from Indiana, nor does Schaffner (p. 319) include it in his keys to Ohio plants. Gleditsia L. Honey LocuSt. Gleditsia triacanthos L. Honey Locust. A few trees were found growing along U. S. Highway No. 16. They probably were planted or grew from seed accident- ally drOpped.on the site. Lupinus [Tourng L. Lupinus perennis L. ‘Wild Lupine.. Infrequent near the edges of oak-hickory woods. Deam (p. 593) describes it as a plant of dry, sandy soil. Fre— quent in dry, sandy soil in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 48). . Medicago [IournE] L. Medicago sativa L. Alfalfa. A frequent escape along roadsides and in waste ground. 80 Medicagg lupulina L. Black Medic. Collected at.only one station, in railroad ballast. Walpole (p. 48) describes this species as infrequent in Washtenaw County. Medica o lupulina var. glandulosa Neilr. ColIected In a shallow depression in an old field. Melilotus [Tourng] L. Melilotus alba Desv. 'White Sweet Clover. Frequent In waste places. "By far the more abundant of the two species in the county [Oakland]." (Bingham, p. 121) Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. Yellow Sweet Clover. Infrequent In the park, occurring in waste places. Trifolium [Tourn.] L. Clover. Trifolium pretense In Red Clover. Frequent in denuded areas and in soil that has been disturbed recently. Trifolium repens L. White Clover. Collected in waste ground near cottages. This plant probably is an escape from lawns. grifolium procumbens L. Low Hap Clover. Collected in an Open oak woods near the cottages at the south end of Briggs Lake. This is also a plant of ballast, fallow fields and.roadsides, although it was not found in these habitats in the park. Infrequent in central and southern Michigan (Beal, p. 92). Robinia L. Robinia Pseudochacia L. Black Locust. Common, often forming small groves. This tree has spread from cultivation in Michigan, being indigenous to southern Ohio. . Desmodium Desv. gesmodium nudiflorum (L.) DC. Naked-flowered Tick Trefoil. (Meibomia nudiflora (L.) Ktze.) Found in an oak woods. One specimen appears to be f. foliolatum (Farw.) Fassett. Common in the central and southern part of the state (Beal, p. 93). 81 Desmodium glutinosum (Muhl.) Wood. Pointed-leaved TIck Trefoil. (D. acuminatum [Michxi] DC., Meibomia grandiflora Malta KtzeW . . , Frequent in oak woods. A specimen was collected near Island Lake in a low, shady spot. Deam (p. 606) reports it as rarely occurring in a moist habitat. Desmodium illinoense Gray Illinois Tick Trefoil. (Meibomia illinoensis [gray] Ktze.) Common'In old.fie1ds. Desmodium canadense (L. DC. Canada Tickclover. (Meibomia canadensis LI] Kutze.) Common in old fields. It a so occurs in low Open places and along roadsides in light shade. Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC. Panicled Tick Trefoil. Frequent on low ground In light shade. Lespedeza Michx. Bushclover. Lespedeza capitata Michx. Round-headed Bushclover. Occasional to frequent in old fields and railroad ballast. LeSpedeza capitata var. velutina (Bickn.) Fern. Same habitat as above. It is not known whether the variety of the typical form.is more frequent in the park. _Lespedeza hirta (L.) Hornem. Hairy Bushclover. Frequent in old fields. LeSpedeza intermedia (Watts.) Britt. Wand-like Bush- clover. . (L. frutescens gLé] Britt.) Frequent in low, sha e places and along the banks of the Huron River. Vicia [Tourng] L. Vetch. Vicia villosa Roth. Hairy or‘Winter Vetch. Infrequent In oId fields, having escaped from cultivation or persisted after the fields were abandoned. Vicia caroliniana Walt. Carolina Vetch. Collected at only one station, in an oak-hickory woods. Beal (p. 94) describes this species as common on dry soil in the central and.aouthern part of the state. 82 Vicia americana Muhl. American Vetch. Collected at only one station. Infrequent in the park. Bingham (p. 122) gives the habitat in Oakland County as: "...dogwood-holly marshes and mixed hardwood and oak-hickory forests where oak is dominant." Hanes (p. 171) describes it as occurring in fencerows and railroad ballast. Deam (p. 617) says it is infrequent in northern Indiana, occurring on low or wet ground. Lathyrus [Tourng] L. Pea. Lathyrus venosus Muhl. var. intonsus Butters and.St. John Hairy Veiny Pea. (L. venosus Muhl. in part, of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) This plant is frequent to common, generally occurring on sloping well drained ground. Specimens were collected near thickets in fields, on steep, eroded s10pes in the gravel pit, and in railroad ballast. Lath rus palustris L. var. linearifolius Ser. Slender- 1eaved Marsh Pea. A Frequent in cpen situations in senescent tamarack begs. All specimens collected appear to belong to the variety. No doubt the species occurs in the park, as it is reported by both Deam (p. 619) and.Hanes (p. 171) as being more common than the variety. Hanes says of the Species: "Typical speci- mens are only occasionally found." ,. Lathyrus latifolius L. Perennial Pea. An occasional garden escape which appears to establish itself successfully. Amphicarpa Ell. Hog Peanut. Amphicarpa bracteata (L.) Fern. Wild Peanut. Hog Peanut. (A: monoica [1.] E11. and Falcata comosa L} Kuntze) Found only once, on marshy ground in light sha e. Frequent in moist thickets in‘Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 50). Frequent in Oakland County (Bingham, p. 122). Apios [Boerhg] Ludwig Apios americana Medic. Potato Bean. Ground-nut. Collected at only one station, in a low field grown up with shrubs. Common in Michigan (Beal, p. 94). GERANIACEAE J. St. Hil. Geranium Family. 83 Geranium [Tourng] L. Cranesbill. Geranium maculatum L. ‘Wild Cranesbill. Infrequent to frequent in oak-hickory woods, and in thickets. OXALIDACEAE Lindl. 'WOOd Sorrel Family. Oxalis L. Wood Sorrel. Oxalis stricta L. Yellow Wood Sorrel. Common In old fields. RUTACEAE Juss. Rue Family. Zanthoxylum L. Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. Northern Prickly Ash. Collected at only one station, under tamarack in a senescent bog. Infrequent in the park. Not observed in . dry woods, although it is frequently found in them. SIMARUBACEAE DC. Quassia Family. Ailanthus Desf. Ailanthus altissima (Mill. ) Swingle Tree-of-Heaven. (A. glandulosa Desf.) A collection was made near U S. Highway 116 from a tree that had either been planted or had escaped from cultivation. POLYGALACEAE Reichenb. Milkwort Family. Polygala [Tourng] L. Polygala pglygama Walt. var. obtusata Chodat. Racemed Milkwort. Collected on a western sandy lepe in an old field, and on an eastern slope which ran down into a b0g. Walpole (p.52) describes this plant as rare in Washtenaw County. Reported by Hanes (pp. 174 and 175) as frequent at several stations in Kalamazoo County. Cole (p. 100) describes it as infrequent in the vicinity of Grand Rapids. Not reported by Giles (p. 82) in the East Lansing area. 84 P01 ala verticillata L. Whorled Milkwort. (g. PretziI Pennell) Collected on marshy ground. Bingham (p. 123) describes the habitat in Oakland County as: "...oak-hickory forests where oak predominates." Infrequent in dry soil in Washe tenaw County (Walpole, p. 52). Hanes (p. 175) reports it from semi-moist soil in.Kalamazoo County. _. viridescens L.) Found in a low erId. Beal (p. 96) describes it as: "local, but usually abundant when found at all." Pol ala sanguinea L. Field Milkwort. Purple Milkwort. (P EUPHORBIACEAE J. St. H11. Spurge Family. Acalypha L. Three-seeded Mercury. Acalypha rhomboid¥§ Raf. ) (A. vir Inica 0 recent authors a I I Found In ow f eld. Common in fields and.waste places in Washtenaw Count (Walpole, p. 52). Common throughout the state (Beal, p. 96). Euphorbia L. Spurge. Euphorbia maculata L. Nodding Spurge. (g. nutans Lag. and g. Preslii [Gussz] Arth.) Frequent to common in denuded areas and in railroad ballast- Eu horbia supina Raf. g. maculata of authors) Frequent to common along open, sandy roadsides. Euphorbia corollata L. Flowering Spurge. Common in old fields and in ballast along the Pere Marquette tracks. Also occurs in oak-hickory woods. Euphorbia Cyparissias L. Cypress Spurge. Spreading through an unkept cemetery on Silver Lake Road. A colony was also seen along U. S. Highway 116 near‘Ken- sington Road. This plant Spreads mostly by rootstocks. Deam (p. 646) says it rarely produces seeds. ANA CARDIACEAE Dumort . Cashew Family . Rhus L . Sumac . 85 Rhus Vernilc L. Poison Sumac. ..(Toxicodendron Vernix [LE] Kyte.) Frequently a dominant shrub n senescent tamarack bogs. Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac. Frequent in dry fields, generally forming colonies on sleping ground. Rhus typhina L. Staghorn Sumac. Same habitat as above. No effort was made to determine which was the more common of the two. Billington (p. 141) says: "In Michigan the Smooth Sumac seems to be less common than the Staghorn." Rhus radicans L. Poison Ivy. (5. ToxIcodendron L.) Common, generally climbing on trees. The habit of growth is variable depending on the site. Specimens were collected from erect stems covering the bottom of a shallow ravine littered with oak leaves. They may be of var. Rydbergii (Sma11.) Rehder. As the collection was made before the leaves had come out, a determination could not be made. Rhus aromatics Ait. Fragrant or Aromatic Sumac. (E. canadensis Marsh.) Frequent on thinly wooded lepes under oak. AQUIFOLIACEAE Lowe. ‘Holly Family. Ilex Lo Holly. Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray. Black Alder. ‘Winterberry. A common shrub in the Sphagnum bog on the south side of McCabe Road at Butcher Road. It also occurs in senescent tamarack bogs. NemOpanthus Raf. Nemoganthus mucronata (L.) Trel. Mountain Holly. Common n the Sphagnum bog on McCabe Road. CEIASTRACEAE Lindl. Staff-tree Family. Evonymus [Tournzl L. Evon mus obovatus Nutt. Running Evonymus. Running Strawberry Bush. . Collected at only one station, at the foot of a tree in a flood plain forest dominated by elm. Walpole (p. 53) reports it as common in low woods in‘Washtenaw County. 86 Celastrus L. Celastrus scandens L. .American Bittersweet. Collected at only one station. Doubtless more common than records indicate. Billington (p. 151) describes the habitat as banks of streams and in thickets, and reports it as common throughout the state. ACERACEAE St. H11. Maple Family. Acer [TournE] L. Acer Negundo L. Box Elder. Ash-1eaved.Maple. Frequent throughout the park, growing along roadsides, in wooded ravines under oak, and along the edges of marshes. Acer rubrum L. Red.Map1e. Scarlet Maple. A co-dominant with American Elm in flood-plain forests along the Huron River. This tree occurs around the edges of bogs and marshes and on low, sandy ground under oak. Acer saccharum Marsh” Sugar or Rock Maple. This tree has been planted along roadsides where individuals attain a large size, but no seedling trees are reproduced. A large tree, which appeared to be growing naturally, was found at the low edge of an old field adjacent to a flood- plain forest. BAISAMINACEAE Lindl. Touch—me-not Family. Impatiens [Riving] L. Impatiens biflora Walt. Spotted Touch-me-not. Jewel- weed. Frequent in flood-plain forests along the Huron River. RHAMNACEAE Dumort. Budkthorn Family. Rhamnus [Tourng] L. Buckthorn. Rhamnus cathartica L. Common Buckthorn. Collected at only one station, doubtlessly having escaped from cultivation. 87 Ceanothus L. Ceanothus americanus L. New Jersey Tea. Collected on the east slope of a field being invaded by oak, on low shaded ground, and in railroad ballast. Walpole (p. 54) describes this plant as frequent in dry, Open soil in'Washtenaw County. Specimens collected by Hanes (p. 181) indicate that southwestern Michigan is in the transition zone between the species and the western form, var. Pitcheri T. and G. VITACEAE Lindl. Grape Family. Vitis [Tourng] L. Grape. Vitis aestivalis Michx. Pigeon Grape. Collected in a low woods. Billington (p. 163) says this grape is restricted to the southern part of the Lower Penin- sula. Walpole (p. 54) describes it as infrequent in Wash- tenaw County. Authors usually describe the habit of growth as in thickets and along fences. Vitis aestivalis var. argentifolia (Munson.) Fern. (y. bicolor Le Contei) Collected in an oak-hickory woods. The under surfaces of the leaves are bluish glaucous, whereas those of the typical form are green. Inasmuch as his Specimens Show integrading, Deam (p. 663) regards this as merely a form of the species. Billington (p. 162) describes it as in- frequent in the central and southern parts of the Lower Peninsula. Vitis ri aria Michx. River-bank Grape. (E. vquina L. of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Frequent along the Huron River and in low, rich soil. Vines which had climbed into the crowns of trees 30 feet tall were observed at the edge of a flood-plain. Parthenocissus Planch. Parthenociggus quinqgefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia Creeper. Five-leaf Ivy. (Pgedera quinquefolia [LE] Greene of Gray's Man., ed. 7. A frequent vine along roadsides, growing on shrubs, trees and.fences. Walpole (p. 54) describes this plant as infre- quent in‘Washtenaw County. 88 TILIACEAE Juss. Linden Family. Tilia [mourn] L . Tilia americana L. American Linden. Basswood. .(1. glabra Vent.) A frequent tree in low, moist soil. ' MALVACEAE Neck. Mallow Family. Malva [Tourn. L. Mallow. Malva neglecta‘Wallr. (M. rotundifolia of authors) Collected in a cornfield. Infrequent to frequent in cultivated fields. Hanes (p. 183) describes it as abundant in gardens in Kalamazoo County. HYPERICACEAE Lindl. St. John's-wort Family. Hypericum [Toumg L. St. John's-wort. Hypericum prolificum L. Shrubby St. John's-wort. Frequent in a low field back of the Huron River. Infre- quent elsewhere in the park. Billington (p. 166) describes the habitat as sandy or rocky soil. Infrequent in swamps in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 55). Hypericum perforatum L. Common St. John's-wort. Frequent to common in ballast along the Pere Marquette track and in old fields. Hypericum punctatum Lam. Spotted St. John's-wort. Occasional In marshes and on marshy shores of lakes. Infrequent in moist soil in'Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 55). Hypericum canadense L. Found at only one station, on low, shaded ground at the east side of Island Lake. Giles (p. 86) did not see this plant in the East Lansing area and believes it is rare if present at all. Hanes (p. 184) reports it from only two places, both marshy, in.Kalamazoo County. Very rare in CHSTACEAE Lindl. Rockrose Family. Helianthemum [Tourng] Mill. Rockrose. 89 Helianthemum canadense (L.) Michx. (Crocanthemum canadense [L3 Britt.) CollectIons were made on a sandy s10pe at the edge of a woods and in an Old field. Walpole (p. 55) describes it as common on dry hillsides in Washtenaw County. Giles (p. 87) did not see it in the East Lansing area, although earlier reports indicate it was once frequent. Lechea [Wald] L. Pinweed. Lechea villosa E11. Hairy Pinweed. Occasional in old fields. Common in dry soil in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 56). A common plant on poor soil in the central and southern part of the state (Beal, p. 101). VIOLACEAE DC. V101et Family. Viola [TournE] L. Violet. Viola pedata L. Bird-foot Violet. A small patch was found in cut-over oak on upland soil. The patch is located one-quarter of a mile east of the group camp on the south side of the Huron River. The plants were dwarfed perhaps due to grazing. Scapes and leaves were only one and one-quarter to two inches long. Burn scars on the trees indicated that the area had been burned over. Hanes (p. 186) lists only var. lineariloba DC. as occur- ring in Kalamazoo County. Deam (pp. 686 and 687) describes this as: "A form with all of the leaf-segments linear... with flowers, having all of the petals of the same color." The upper and lower petals of Specimens after pressing are of the same color, but not all of the leaf segments are linear. No notes were taken on the color of the petals at the time of collecting. Viola triloba Schwein. Three-lobed Violet. Infrequent in oak woods. Hanes (p. 187) describes this plant as occasional in dry oak woods. Deam (p. 687) says: 'Rather frequent in the southern part of the state, [Indiana becoming infrequent or absent in the northern part." Viola cucullata Ait. Marsh Violet. Collected under aSpen near the landward edge of a senescent bog along the Huron River. The Specimens indicate hybridiza- tion with y. papilionacea or y. sororia. Hanes (p. 186) describes this violet as common in wet tamarack swamps and Springy places. Walpole (p. 56) reports it as frequent in wet woods in Washtenaw County. 90 Viola papilionacea Pursh. Butterfl Violet. Frequent in lOW‘WOOdSo Walpole (p. 56 describes the habitat as moist fields. Hanes (p. 187) says Of this Species: "...our common early blue violet.‘ ‘ Viola sororia Willd. Downy Blue Violet. Frequent in low woods. Giles (p. 88) describes the habitat as fields, woods, roadsides and riverbanks. This violet closely resembles y. papilionacea and frequently is mistaken for it. . Viola pallens (Banks) Brainard. Smooth‘White Violet. ‘ Growing on hummocks in a wooded swamp of principally Ulmus americana and Pppulus grandidentata. Plants were frequent at this station. Hanes (p. 188) describes the habitat as tamarack bOgs and swamps. However, no plants were observed in the tamarack bogs along the Huron River. Viola eriocarpa Schwein. Stemmed Mellow Violet. 1. scabrIuscula Schwein.) Infrequent to frequent in oak-hickory woods. Giles (p. 89) describes this violet as frequent to common in nearly all woodlands within a lO-mile radius of East Lansing where there were sufficient shade and moisture. Walpole (p. 56) describes it as common in wet woods in Washtenaw County. This species is difficult to separate from y. pubescens Ait. ELEAGNACEAE Lindl. Oleaster Family. Eleagnus [Tournfl L. Elea us angustifolia L. Russian Olive. A sIngle tree was found on Open, sandy ground about 40 feet from U. S. Highway 23. Doubtless an escape from culti- vation. "It makes an excellent low windbreak and is useful to bind shifting sand and.to prevent erosion...“ (Otis, p. 265) ONAGRACEAE Dumort. Evening Primrose Family. Iudwigia L. Ludwigia palustris (L.) Ell. var. americana (DC.) Fern. and Grisc. Marsh Purslane. In.marshes along the Huron River. Frequent on muddy flats in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 57). Common in the Lower Peninsula (Beal, p. 102). 91 Epilobium L. Epilobium coloratum Biehler Purple-leaved.Willowherb. - (§.coloratum Muhl.) Frequent in marshes and elm-maple flood-plain forests. Oenothera L. Oenothera pycnocarpa Atkins. and Bartl. Evening Primrose. (g. biennis L. in part.) Frequent in old fields. It also occurs in low, Open places and.marshes. Circaea [TournE] L. Circaea quadrisulcata (Maxim.) Franch. and.Sav. var. canadensis (L.) Hara. (9. IatIfolia Hill. and g. lutetiana L. of Gray's mane, ea. :0, . Occasional in the park. Found in a wooded ravine and on wet, shaded 8011 near the east shore of Island.Lake. Very common throughout the state (Beal, p. 103). HALORAGIDACEAE Klotsch and Garcke. ‘Water-milfoil Family. MyriOphyllum: [Va111.] L. Water-milfoil. Myriaphyllum Sp. Found in six feet of water at the south end of Island Lake. Because the floral leaves were absent from the Specimens col- lected, a satisfactory determination could not be made. Proserpinaca L. Proserpinaca palustris L. var. creba Fern. and Grisc. MermaidflWeed. (2. palustris in part of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Infrequent in the very wet parts of marshes and senescent bogs. Infrequent in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 58). UMBELLIFERAE B. Juss. Parsley Family. Sanicula L. Sanicle. 92 Sanicula marilandica L. Black Snakeroot. Frequent at the foot.of s10pes in oak woods and in wooded ravines. Common in rich woods in‘Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 58). Giles (p. 95) describes this Species as quite frequent in both beech—maple and oak woods within a lO-mile radius of Michigan State College. Conium L. Conium maculatum L. Poison Hemlock. Only one collection was made, in light shade near the edge of a Sphagnum bog. ‘Walpole (p. 59) reports this plant as common in waste places in Washtenaw County. Hanes (p. 198) reports it as an infrequent escape from cultivation in Kalamazoo County. Cicuta L. Cicuta maculata L. Water Hemlock. Spotted Cowbane. Infrequent to frequent around thickets in senescent bogs and at the edges of marshes. Walpole (p. 59) describes it as common in wet places in Washtenaw County. According to Cole (p. 114), it is also common in the vicinity of Grand Rapids. Taenidia Drude Taenidia integerrima (L.) Drude Yellow Pimpernel. Frequent In oak-hickory woods. Beal (p. 105) reports this plant as occurring throughout the state and says it is very abundant in the GrandeSaginaw Valley. According to Deam (p. 723) it is infrequent to rare in all parts of Indiana. Daucus Crourng L. _ Daucus Carota L. Common Carrot. Queen.Anne' s- lace. Frequent to common in fields and alOng roadsides. "...will rapidly take possession of entire fields... This weed has become wideSpread throughout the state." (Darling- ton, Bessey and.Megee, p. 139) . CORNACEAE Link. Dogwood Family . Cornus [Tourn.] L. 93 Cornus stolonifera Michx. Red-osier Dogwood. Common In senescent bOgS, around the edges of marshes, and along the banks of streams. Billington (p. 181) describes this dogwood as common throughout the state. Deam (p. 781) says it is infrequent to rare in Indiana, occurring mostly in the northern part of the state. Cornus racemosa Lam. - (g. paniculata IflHer.) Frequent in marshes, senescent bogs, and at the edges of low woods. A Specimen was also collected in a dry field. Billington (p. 181) describes it as one of our most common shrubs, and adds to the habitats already men- tioned roadsides and fencerows. Cornus obligua Raf. Pale Dngood. g, Amomum of most authors.) Occasional In low, wet situations along streams and along the edges of marshes. ERICACEAE DC. Heath Family. Chamaedaphne Moench. Chamaedaphne calyculata (L.) Moench. Leatherleaf. In Openings of Vaccinium corymbosum in the Sphagnum bog on the south side 3f McCabe Road at Butcher Road, and in a drained bog where it is a dominant shrub. Hanes (p. 203) reports var. angustifolia (Ait.) Rehder as the only repre- sentative in Kalamazoo County. Doubtless it is the same as what is here called.the typical form. Billington (p. 189) says it is common throughout the state. Gaylussacia HBK- Gaylussacia baccata (Wang.) K. Koch. Huckleberry. Infrequent to frequent on.810pes in oak-hickory woods. Billington (p. 193) describes the habitat as: "rocky wood- lands, swamps and bogs." He reports this shrub as common throughout the state. Vaccinium L. Blueberry and Cranberry. Vaccinium stamineum L. var. neglectum (Sma11.) Deam Found only at one station, in a senescent bog. Deam (p. 742) says this is the glabrous form of the species. Billington (p. 197) describes the habitat of the typical form as dry woods and thickets and says it has been reported only from‘Washtenaw County. 94 Vaccinium corymbosum L. Northern Highbush Blueberry. A dominant shrub in the Sphagnum bog on the southiside of McCabe Road at Butcher Road. Billington (p. 201) describes it as "...the common blueberry of our swamp areas..." He treats the varieties under the typical form, maintaining that they completely integrade. Hanes (p. 205) apparently adOpts the same point of view, because he reports only the species, then mentions the variations covered by it. Vaccinium vacillans Kalm. ex Torrey Dryland Blueberry. Late Low Blueberry. Collected at only one station, in an oak-hickory woods. Probabl more frequent than records indicate. Billington (p. 199 describes this blueberry as occurring in dry places throughout the state. Vaccinium vacillans var. crinitum Fern. Collected under oak at the foot of a lepe which partly rimmed a senescent bog. Deam (p. 743) reports this variety from both northern and southern Indiana, but does not know its general range. PRIMULACEAE Vent. Primrose Family. Lysimachia [Tourng] L. Lysimachia thyrsiflora L. ‘Water Loosestrife. (Naumbergia thyrsiflora LE] Duby) Infrequent in bogs and probab y marshes. Collections were made at the edge of a senescent tamarack bog and.in a Sphagnum bog. ‘Nalpole describes this species as frequent in Washtenaw County. Giles (p. 102) did not find it within a 10-mile radius of East Lansing, although it had been re— ported.previously from that area. Lysimachiagguadrifolia L. Whorled Loosestrife. Infrequent in low, shaded situations. Specimens were collected at three stations, each on low, wooded lepes. Deam (p. 748) says this Species is associated generally with dry soil. He reports it from old fields, but no plants were seen in the fields at the park. Hanes (p. 206) reports it with one exception from the borders of swamps. It was found on high, sandy knolls in a field. Walpole (p. 61) describes it as infrequent in sandy soil in Washtenaw County. Giles (p. 102) found it in only one place within a 10-mile radius of Michigan State College. Lygimachia terrestris (L.) BSP. Swamp Candle. Infrequent in senescent tamarack bOgs. Frequent in moist thickets in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 62). Giles (p. 102) describes it as quite frequent at the edges of streams and marshes in the vicinity of East Lansing. Hanes (p. 206) says 95 this Species has not been found in Kalamazoo County, but reports as rare L. roducta (Gray) Fern. which is a fertile hybrid of L._guadriIolia and L. terrestris. ‘Lysimachia ciliata L. Fringed Loosestrife. (SteIronema cIliatum ELI] Raf.) Common In low thickets and On moist ground in light shade. Lysimachia longifolia Pursh. Narrow-leaved Loosestrife. (Steironema quadriflorum Simsa Hitchc.) Infrequent on low ground. Fre uent along streams in‘Wash- tenaw County (Walpole, p. 62) . OLEACEAE Lindl. Olive Family. Fraxinus [Tourni] L. Ash. Fraxinus americana L. ‘White Ash. Frequent at the edges of oak woods, along roadsides and on low, wet soil in flood-plains and.around the edges of marshes and bogs. Beal (p. 110) describes it as common throughout the State. Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. Red.ASh. A frequent tree in low, rich soil at the edges of marshes and also in flood-plain forests. It is also invading a field from the edge of a woods on sandy soil above a flood-plain forest. Bingham (p. 132) says Red Ash is not plentiful in Oakland County. Walpole describes it as.infrequent in Wash- tenaw County. Cole (p. 123) reports it as well distributed but not abundant in the Grand Rapids area. Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. lanceolata (Borkh.) Sarg. Green Ash. Collected along a roadside. Apparently infrequent in the park area. Hanes (p. 207) describes it as rare in Kalamazoo County. Fraxinus ni ra Marsh. Black Ash. Infrequent to requent in elm-maple flood-plain forests. Reported by Beal (p. 110) as common throughout the state. Deam (p. 754) gives the authorship to Linnaeus and apparently the same Species is meant. Marsh is not mentioned as a second author. Sargent and.Hobinson and Fernald give the authorship to Marsh. Syringa L. Lilac. Syringa vulgaris L. Common Lilac. Persisting in abandoned farmyards and occasionally occur- ring along roadsides. 96 GENTIANACEAE Dumort. Gentian Family. Gentiana [Tourng], L. Gentian. Gentiana procegg‘Holm. Smaller Fringed Gentian. Found only once, in a senescent bog. Infrequent in wet places in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 62) Gentiana.Andrewsii Griseb. Closed Gentian. Collected In one station where it was plentiful in and around a low thicket; local in the park as a whole. Bingham (p. 133) says the Closed Gentian is very infrequent in Oak- land County. Cole (p. 123) says it is frequent around Grand.RapidS. Hanes (p. 209) lists it as frequent in Kalamazoo County. According to Deam (p. 758) it is infre- quent throughout Indiana. APOCYNACEAE Lindl. DOgbane Family. Apocynum L. Indian Hemp. Dogbane. Apgcynum androsaemifolium L. Honey Bloom. Spreading Dogbane. Frequent along roadsides and in fencerows and low fields. Common throughout the state, (Beal, p. 112). Deam (p. 762) says it is more or less infrequent in northern Indiana, becoming rare to very rare in the south. Apocynum cannabinum L. var. glaberrimum A. DC. Hemp Dogbane. _ Collected in a low, old field. Not as frequent as A. androsaemifolium. Along roadsides and in railroad ballast In the East Lansing area (Giles p. 106). Frequent in Kalamazoo County (Hanes, p. 210). ASCLEPIADACEAE Lindl. Milkweed Family. Asclepias L. Milkweed. Asclepias tuberosa L. Butterfly Weed. Pleurisy Root. Infrequent in dry fields. Hanes (p. 211) reCOgnizes SSp. tuberosa'Woodson, the eastern form, and SSp. interior Woodson, the western form. The leaves of the former are broadest above the middle and cuneate at the base, while those of the latter are broadest below the middle and cordate at the base. Speci- mens collected at the park belong to SSp. interior Woodson, which Hanes describes as common in Kalamazoo County. 97 Asclepias amplexicaulis J. E. Smith Clasping-leaved Milkweed. Found only once, in ballast along the Pere Marquette track. Infrequent in Oakland County (Bingham, p. 134). Not reported by Walpole (p. 63) from Washtenaw County. Frequent in roughly the western third of Kalamazoo County (Hanes, p. 212). Asclepias incarnata L. Swamp Milkweed. Infrequent to frequent along streams and around the shores of lakes. Beal (p. 112) reports it as common throughout the state. Asclepias syriaca L. Common Milkweed. Frequent in old fields. Common throughout the state (Beal, p0 112) o CONVOLVULACEAE Vent. Morning-glory Family. Cuscuta [Tourn.] L. Dodder. Cuscuta Gronovii‘Willd. Gronovius Dodder. Common Dodder. (C. Gronovii var. vulvivaga Engelm.) Frequent In marshes and low thickets. Convolvulus [TournZ] L. Bindweed. Convolvulus sepium L. var. communis R. M. Tryon. Hedge BIndweed. . . (g. sepium L. of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) In marshes and senescent bOgS, apparently infrequent. Its habit of infesting fields and becoming a serious pest was not observed in the park. Convolvulus arvensis L. Field Bindweed. Occurring in railroad ballast. Not common in the park, but a troublesome weed in the state. POLEMONIACEAE DC. Phlox Family. Phlox L. Phlox . Phlox pilosa L. Downy or Red Phlox. Occasional along the borders of oak-hickory woods. Walpole (p. 64) says it is frequent on hillsides along the Huron River in Washtenaw County. 98 BORAG INACEAE Lindl. Borage Family. Lappula [Riving] Moench. Lappula echinata Gilbert EurOpean Stickseed. (L. La ula LIIé] Karst ) Infrequent in rai ad ballast. Deam (p. 789) reports it also from roadsides, waste places and fallow fields, but it was not found.in any of these habitats in the park. Myosotis [Ruppi] L. Forget-me-not. Myosotis Scorpioides L. Forget-me-not. A small colony was found growing in marshy ground at the edge of the Huron River. Probably local in marshes along the river and.Sprdng Creek. Walpole (p. 64) says it is frequent in ditches in Washtenaw County. The few reports in the literature indicate that this plant is established only locally in Michigan. Myosotis versicolor (Pers.) Sm. Probably collected In a field. Unfortunately the habitat record was lost. This is an eastern Species of Forget-me- not, having immigrated from EurOpe. Restricted in Gray' s Man., ed. 7. (p. 684) to New York and Delaware. NO records of its having been collected in Michigan were found in the literature. Myosotis micrantha Pallas Blue Scorpion Grass. Found at only one station, in an oak-hickory woods. Probably infrequent in the park. Hanes (p. 215) describes this Species as local in Kalamazoo County. Well'established near Portage Lake, Washtenaw County (Hermann 1937, p. 93). Gray's Man., ed. 7. (p. 684) says it occurs from Massachu- setts to Ontario and Ohio. LithOSpermum [Tourng] L. Gromwell. LithOSpermum arvense L. Corn Gromwell. Redroot. Infrequent to frequent in old fields and in ballast along the Pere Marquette track. Giles (p. 111) describes it as a plant of more or less dry, Open places. LithOSpermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm. Puccoon. Infrequent in Open oak-hickory woods. ‘Walpole (p. 65) reports this species as frequent in dry soil in Washtenaw County. According to Cole (p. 127), it is common in the Grand Rapids area. 99 VERBENACEAE Jo St. Hil. Vervain Family. Verbena [Iourng] L. Vervain. Verbena urticaefolia L. White Vervain. Along roadsides. Frequent in fields and waste places in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 65). Common throughout the state in waste places (Beal, p. 115). Verbena hastata L. Blue Vervain. Occasional in marshes and senescent bOgs. Common in fields and waste places in‘Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 65). Hanes (p. 217) describes it as abundant in marshes in Kalamazoo County. Verbena stricta Vent. Hoary Vervain. Infrequent to frequent in abandoned, sterile fields. A collection was also made in a field being invaded by oak. According to Walpole (p. 65), it is rare in‘Washtenaw County. Infrequent in Kalamazoo County (Hanes, p. 217). Verbena bracteata Lag. and.Hodr. Large-bracted Vervain. *(y. bracteosa Michx.) Along dry, sandy roadsides. Infrequent in waste places in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 65). Not reported by Bingham (p. 135) from Oakland County. Robinson and Fernald (p. 689) give the range as Virginia to Ohio, westward and southward. LABIATAE B. Juss. Mint Family. Teucrium [Mournz] L. Germander. Teucrium occidentale Gray var. boreale (Bickn.) Fern. CollEcted only at Island Lake, on the marshy shore of the larger island at the south end of the lake and on a low, shaded shore of the lake prOper. Infrequent in the park. Hanes (p. 217) describes this mint as frequent at several stations in Kalamazoo County. Bingham (p. 135) does not report it from Oakland County, nor Giles (p. 113) from the East Lansing area. According to Deam (p. 801), it is in- frequent to rare in Indiana. Scutellaria [Riving] L. Skullcap. Scutellaria epilobifolia A. Hamilton Marsh Skullcap. (g. galericulata L.) Common in grass-sedge areas of senescent bOgs and in marshes. A collection was also made on a marshy shore of Island Lake. Beal (p. 115) describes it as common through- out the state. lOO Scutellaria lateriflora L. Skullcap. Common in low thickets and in shaded.parts of senescent tamarack bOgs. According to Beal (p. 115), it is common throughout.the state. Nepeta [Riving] L. Nepeta Cataria L. Catnip. In shaded situations and around dumping places on low ground. A large colony was found in a grove of Black Locust. This usually common mint is more or less local in the park. Prunella L. Prunella vulgaris L. var. lanceolata (Bart.) Fern. Selfheal. Infrequent to frequent in low, shaded places. Beal (p.116) describes P. vulgaris L. as common throughout the state. This is the form introduced from EurOpe. Inasmuch as Michigan Flora was written before Fernald named the variety, Which is native, many of the reports used by Beal should be referred to the variety. Lamium [Tourn.] L. Dead Nettle Lamium amplexicaule L. Henbit. Found in a cultivated field. Probably infrequent in the park. Bingham (p. 135) reports this mint as uncommon in Oakland County. Walpole (p. 66) describes it as infrequent in cultivated soil in Washtenaw County. .According to Hanes (p. 219), it is also infrequent in.Kalamazoo County. Leonurus L. Motherwort. Leonurus Cardiaca L. Common Motherwort. Growing at the edge of a dump. Apparently local in the park. Beal (p.116) describes it as a common plant on waste ground. Monarda L. Beebalm. Monarda fistulosa L. var. mollis (L.) Benth. Wild Bergamot. '_—‘—‘ (M. mollis L.) In occasional colonies in oak-hickory woods and on s10pes in fields. Bingham (p. 136) describes this variety as not plentiful in oakland County. According to Walpole (p. 66), it is frequent in‘Washtenaw County, occurring in dry soil. Hanes (p. 221) reports it as infrequent in Kalamazoo County. lOl Hedeoma Pers. Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. American Pennyroyal. Probably infrequent.i Collected at only one station, in low, shaded Miami soil. According to Walpole (p. 66) it is rare in‘Washtenaw County, occurring in dry soil. Hanes (p. 221) reports this mint as infrequent in Kalamazoo County. Deam (p. 817) says it is frequent to common in dry soil in all parts of Indiana. Hedeoma hiSpida Pursh Rough Pennyroyal. Infrequent in sterile, abandoned fields. Walpole (p. 66) reports this Species as rare in Washtenaw County. Pycnanthemum Michx. Mountain Mint. Pycnanthemum virginianum (L.) Durand and Jackson Virginia Mountain Mint.. Infrequent to frequent in marshes and low thickets. Wal- pole (p. 67) reports this Species as frequent in Washtenaw County. Giles (p. 116) believes it is occasional in the vicinity of East Lansing. According to Hanes (p. 222), it is common in Kalamazoo County. LchpuS [IournE] L. Bugleweed. Lycopus uniflorus Michx. Bugleweed. A frequent to common mint in marshes. Beal (p. 117) describes it as common in the Lower Peninsula. LJCOQUS rubellus Moench. Water Horehound. Found only once, in a marsh. Walpole (p. 67) describes this plant as common in wet ditches in Washtenaw County. LyCOpus americanus Muhl. American'Wateerorehound. American Bugleweed. Infrequent to frequent in marshes. Plants growing in five inches of wateerere found.on a sand bar off the smaller iSland at the south end of Island Lake. LyQOpus americanus var. Longii Benner Collected along a low, shaded roadside. According to Deam (p. 823), the variety generally prefers a wetter habitat than the typical form. Mentha [Tournz'] L. Mint. Mentha piperata L. Peppermint. Collected on a low bank of the Huron River. This mint is probably an occasional escape in the park. No mint fields were seen in or near the area. 102 Mentha arvensis L. Field Mint. Frequent on low, wet shores of Island Lake, in marshes, and in senescent bOgs. It seems to prefer a lightly shaded habitat. SOLANACEAE Pers. Nightshade Family. Physalis L. Groundcherry. Physalis subglabrata Mack. and Bush. Smooth Ground- cherry. Infrequent in cultivated fields. Hanes (p. 223) reports it mainly from railroad ballast in Kalamazoo County. The most common Groundcherry in Indiana (Deam, p. 828). Physalis virginiana Mill. Virginia Groundcherry. Common in old fields and in ballast along the Pere Marquette track. Physalis ambigua (Gray) Rydb. Infrequent in old.fields. Also found at the edge of a dump. Frequent along roadsides and in fields in Kalamazoo County (Hanes, p. 224). This Species is easily confused with P. heterophylla Nees. . Solanum [:I‘oumi] L. Nightshade. Solanum carolinense L. Horse Nettle. Infrequent in fields. Walpole (p. 67) describes this plant as infrequent in dry fields in'Washtenaw Count . Intro- duced into Michigan from the southwest (Beal, p. 118). "...a serious weed...es ecially in the southwestern counties of the Lower Peninsula.' (Darlington, Bessey and Megee, p. 155) Solanum nigrum L. Black Nightshade. In gardens. Infrequent in the area. A common plant in moist, cultivated fields (Beal, p. 118). Solanum Dulcamara L. Bitter Nightshade. Bittersweet. Common in senescent bogs and frequent along low, shaded roadsides. SCROPHULARIACEAE Lindl. Figwort Family. Verbascum [Bauhin] L. Mullein. Verbascum Thapsus L. Common Mullein. Common in old fields. In one field of several acres, it is the dominant broad—leaved plant in late summer. (See Figure 7, page 121.) 103 Linaria [Bauhin] Mill. Toadflax. Linariaw wlgaris Hill. Common Toadflax. Butter-and- eggs.-- Infrequent along roadsides. Not nearly as common as generally reported from Michigan. "A well- known weed of cultivated areas in the eastern part of the United States and Canada..." (Darlington, Bessey and Megee, p. 163) Chaenorrhinum Reich. Chaenorrhinum minus (L. ) Lange (Linaria minor gLé] Desf. ) Collected in railroa allast where it apparently is thinly scattered. This plant is an immigrant, having come into this country from Europe in 1874. It is more or less restricted to railroad ballast and.made land in the eastern and middle states (Deam, p. 836; Robinson and Fernald, p. 720). Chelone [TournE] L. Turtlehead. Chelone glabra L. var. linifolia Coleman. Turtlehead. Occasional on marshy ground along streams. Giles (p. 124) describes it as more or less frequent in swamps and roadside ditches in the vicinity of East Lansing. Mimulus L. Monkey Flower. Mimulgg rin ens L. IMonkey Flower. Infrequent in marshes. Beal (p. 119) describes it as common.throughout the state. Veronica [Bauhié] L. Speedwell. Veronica peregrina L. var. xalapensis (HBK. ) Pennell. Collected at only one station. Unfortunately the habitat note was lost. Hanes (p. 228) describes it as a frequent plant in moist fields. Veronica arvensis L. Corn Speedwell. Infrequent to frequent in old fields and oak-hickory woods. Veronicastrum [Heistg] Fabricius Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw. Culver's Physic. (VeroniCa virginica L. and Leptandra L. Nutt. ) Occasional’In moiSt thiCkets, low oak woods and low fields. "Its moisture requirements vary from those of a marsh to a 104 dry, wooded SlOpe." (Deam, p. 849) According to Walpole (p. 69), it is common on moist soil in Washtenaw County. Hanes (p. 229) describes its occurrence in Kalamazoo County as generally along highways and railroads, and often in woods. Aureolaria Raf. Aureolaria flava (L.) Farw. var. typica Pennell Smooth False Foxglove. . (Gerardia virginica (L.) BSP. in part, of Gray's Man., ed. 7. and Dasystoma virginica (L.) Brit. in part, of Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Occasional in oak-hickory woods. Hanes (p. 230) reports this foxglove as frequent in woods and along lake Shores in Kalamazoo County. Beal (p. 120) describes it as frequent in oak woods. Pedicularis [Sauhirfi L. Pedicularis lanceolata Michx. Swamp Wood Betony. Swamp Lousewort. Collected at only one place, near the edge of the Huron River in a senescent bog. Apparently infrequent. Giles _ (p. 126) saw it only once in the area within a lO-mile radius of Michigan State College. According to Walpole (p. 69), it is frequent in swampy situations in Washtenaw County. Fre- quent in Kalamazoo County (Hanes, p. 231). LENTIBUIARIACEAE Lindl. Bladderwort Family. Utricularia L. Utricularia vulgaris L. Greater Bladderwort. (U. vulgaris L. var. americana Gray of Gray’s Man., ed. 7 and.g. macrorhiza Le Conte of Deam's Flora of Indiana) Frequent in sluggish water in the Huron River. PLANTAGINACEAE Lindl. Plantain Family. Plantago [Tourng] L. Plantain. Plantago major L. Common Plantain. In fencerows and in the oak grove at the entrance to the park on the east side of Island Lake. The most frequent Plantain in Oakland County (Bingham, p. 139)- 105 Plantago Rugelii Dcne. var. aSperula Farw. Rugel Plantain. Red-stalked.Plantain. Growing in marshy ground. Infrequent in Kalamazoo County (Hanes, p. 234). Doubtless the typical form also occurs in the park. Plantago aristata Michx. Bracted Plantain. A very common plant in dry, sterile fields where it fre- quently affords a thin covering several acres in extent. Plantagg lanceolata L. Buckhorn. English Plantain. Occasional in old fields. This plant, which generally is a troublesome weed in Michigan, probably is frequent to com- mon in cottage lawns in the northwest corner of the recreation area. RUBIACEAE B. Juss. Madder Family. Cephalanthus L. Buttonbush. Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Common Buttonbush. Frequent along the east shore of Island Lake and around the edges-of marshes. . Mitchella L. Partridgeberry. Mitchella repens L. Partridgeberry. Collected in a low oak woods. Infrequent in the park. "Prefers beech and maple, hemlock, or pine woods, and is seldom found under oaks.' (Beal, p. 123) He describes it as common throughout the state. Galium L. Bedstraw. galium pilosum Ait. Hairy Bedstraw. Found at the foot of a wooded slope covered.with oak. Bingham (p. 139) gives the habitat in Oakland County as mixed hardwood.forests. Infrequent in dry thickets in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 71). ‘ Galium boreale L. var. typicum Beck von Man. Collected in an oak woods. Giles (p. 130) does not report this variety from the East Lansing area, nor does Hanes (p. 236) report it from Kalamazoo County. Galium boreale var. intermedium DC. Found in a low thicket and in an unkept cemetery. Infre- quent in Oakland County (Bingham, . 140). Also infrequent in Kalamazoo County (Hanes, p. 236 . lO6 Galium boreale var. hyssopifolium (Hoffm.) DC. In light shade in oak-hickory woods. This is the common form of Northern Bedstraw in Kalamazoo County (Hanes, p. 236). "Most frequently found in oak-hickory forests where oaks are dominant." (Bingham, p. 139) Galium Aparine L. Cleavers. Frequent in low woods. Galium triflorum Michx. Sweet-scented Bedstraw. Frequent in 10w woods. It also occurs in senescent tamarack bogs. Galium obtusum Bigel. 'Wild Madder. (g. tinctorium L. of Gray's Man., ed. 7. and Britton and Brown Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Occurring in low thickets. Infrequent in damp soil in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 72). Infrequent in Kalamazoo County (Hanes, p. 236). Galium concinnum T. and G. Pretty Bedstraw. Found only once. Unfortunately the habitat record was lost. Infrequent in dry woods in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 72). Not reported by Bingham (p. 140) from Oakland County. Hanes (p. 236) describes it as common in Kalamazoo County. Galium labradoricum Wieg. Labrador Bedstraw. Found in a shaded Spot in a senescent tamarack bOg. "Generally in Sphagnum in tamarack bOgS, marshes, and sedge borders of lakes.“ (Deam, p. 878) Reported from Oakland County (Bingham p. 140), but not from Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 72). Galium tinctorium L. Marsh Bedstraw. (g. Claytoni Michx.) Growing in water on a marshy shore on the east side of Island Lake. Not reported by Walpole (p. 72) from Washtenaw County. Frequent, eSpecially about the margins of lakes, in the Grand Rapids area (Cole, p. 140). Frequent in marshes in Kalamazoo County (Hanes, p. 236). CAPRIFOLIACEAE Vent. Honeysuckle Family. Sambucus [Tourng] L. Elder. Sambucus canadensis L. Common Elder. Frequent along low roadsides, eSpecially in ditches and at the edges of low woods. 107 Sambucus pubens Michx. (S. racemosa L. of Gray's Man., ed. 7 and Britton and Brown, Illus. Flora, ed. 2.) Collected on low ground.under oak. Occasional in the park. Common throughout the state (Billington, p. 232). Viburnum [Tourni] L. Viburnum. Viburnum trilobum Marsh. High—bush Cranberry. Cramp Bark. (g. Opulus L. var. americana Mill. Ait.) Collected on low ground along a st eam. Infrequent. Bingham (p. 141) gives the habitat in Oakland County as: "...tamarack, cedar—tamaradk, and Spruce-tamarack bOgs and flood-plain and oak-hickory forests; along roadsides.“ According to Billington (p. 217), it is common throughout the state. Viburnum Lentagg L. Nannyberry. Frequent in senescent tamarack bogs and in 10W'8011 along roadsides. Lonicera L. Honeysuckle. Lonicera tatarica L. Tartarian Honeysuckle. An occasional escape along roadsides. Lonicera oblongifolia (Goldie) Hook. Swamp Fly Honey- suckle. Infrequent in the park. Collected in Open oak woods and on a shrubby slope. The plants found were out of their natural environment, as this is a Species of bOgs and.wet soil generally. Very rare in Kalamazoo County (Hanes, p. 239). Billington (p. 213) describes its distribution in the state as: "...frequent except in the extreme southern counties." Lonicera dioica L. Limber Honeysuckle. Occasional in senescent tamarack bOgs. Common throughout the state (Billington, p. 217). Lonicera dioica var. glaucescens (Rydb.) Butters. (L. glaucescens Rydb.) Collected in an oak woods near a bog. It probably also occurs in senescent tamarack bOgs. VALERIANACEAE Batsch Valerian Family. Valeriana [fournz] L. Valerian. 108 Valeriana ciliata T. and G. Edible Valerian. (y; edulis Nutt. of Gray's Man., ed. 7.) Frequent in Open situations in marshes and senescent bOgs. Valeriana uliginosa (T. and G.) Rydb. Swamp Valerian. Frequent in marshes and in sedge-grass areas in senescent bOgs. CUCURBITACEAE B. Juss. Gourd Family. Echinocystis T. and G. Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) T. and.G. Wild Balsam Apple. (Micrampelis lobata (Michx.) Greene) Occasional in elm-maple-ash flood-plain forests and in thickets on stream banks. Common along streams in'Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 73). CAMPANULACEAE Juss. Bellflower Family. Campanula [Tourn.] L. Bellflower. Campanula uliginosa Rydb. Blue Marsh Bellflower. Collected at only one station, in a thicket in a bog. Frequent in swamps in Kalamazoo County (Hanes, p. 242). Beal (p. 125) does not list this Species as occurring in the state in 1904. Campanula rotundifolia L. var. intercedens (Witasek) Farw. Harebell. Collected on an eastern slope in a field being invaded by oak and on a western slope in an Open oak-hickory woods. Occasional in the park. Hanes (p. 241) reports this variety as common in Kalamazoo County. Giles (p. 134) did not find it within a 10-mile radius of Michigan State College, al- though it had been reported there previously. If one follows Deam (p. 895) and Hanes (p. 241), many collections from Michigan described as the typical form should be re- ferred to var. intercedens, as the true Species is more or less restricted to the western United States and is rarely inland or in the eastern part. LOBELIACEAE Dumort. Lobelia Family. Lobelia [Plumierfl L. Lobelia. 109 Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinal Flower. Collected on a muddy bank of the Huron River in a flood- plain forest of elm and ash. Occasional in the park. Walpole (p. 73) reports this species as frequent on moist soil in'Washtenaw County. Bingham (p. 142) describes it as uncommon in ditches in Oakland County. Lobelia siphilitica L. Large Blue Lobelia. Occasional near the edges of flood—plain forests. Common in moist soil in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 73). Lgbelia inflata L. Bladder-pod Lobelia. Collected at only one station, in a marsh. According to Walpole (p. 73). it is common in fields in'Washtenaw County. Bingham (p. 142) reports it from along streams in Oakland County. This plant usually prefers drier situations than marsnes and streams according to reports and to Deam' s habitat description (pp. 897 and 898). "...poor soils in Open woods and fallow fields, and sometimes...in cultivated fields...It is also found in rich soil and in dried-up sloughs." Lobelia Spicata Lam. var. leptostachys (A.DC.) Mack. and Bush . Occasional on dry Slopes in old fields and in low fields. Specimens collected in a low field are not typical of Deam' s description (p. 898), but are closer to var. 1eptostachy_ than to any other variety in the key. Lobelia Spicata var. originalis McVaugh Collected in a low, old field. Not reported by Hanes (p. 242) from Kalamazoo County. Deam (p. 898) describes this form of the Species as very local in Indiana and gives the habitat as dry, gravelly oak SIOpes. COMPOSITAE Adans. Composite Family. Vernonia Schreb. Ironweed. Vernonia missurica Raf. Ironweed. (V. illinoensis Gleason and V. altissima Nutt. var. taenotricha Blake.) Frequent on banks of streams and in low fields partly grown up with shrubs. Eupatorium [Tourni] L. Eupatorium maculatum L. Spotted-stemmed Joe-pye-weed. Frequent to common in wet soil. Eupatorium perfoliatum L. Boneset. Same as habitat and frequency above. llO Kuhnia L. Kuhnia eupatorioides L. False Boneset. Collected on a shaded roadside. Infrequent. Frequent in dry soil in the southern and southwestern parts of the state (Wolff, p. 33). Liatris Schreb. Gay Feather. Liatris Spicata (L.) Willd. var. typigg Gaiser Gay Feather. (p. picata Lg] Willd. in part) Infrequent in mois soil and in low fields grown up with shrubs. "A thick-Spiked, marsh—loving plant mostly from the more northern latitudes of the range of the Species..." (Gaiser, p o 178) Liatris aspera Michx. var. typica Gaiser Blazing Star. . (L. Sphaeroidea Michx. f. asperifolia Shinners) Common in an old field on the north side of the Pere Marquette track and directly south of Briggs Lake. “ Solidago L. Goldenrod. Solidago hisEida Muhl. Rough-hairy Goldenrod. Infrequent to frequent in oak-hickory woods. Infrequent on dry, sandy hillsides in‘Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 75). Bare in Kalamazoo County (Hanes, p. 245). Solidagg caesia L. Wreath Goldenrod. Blue-stemmed Goldenrod. Found in moist, shaded soil on the larger island at the south end of Island Lake. Frequent in rich woods in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 75). Common in woods and thickets in the Lower Peninsula and rare or absent in the Upper Peninsula (Wolff, p. 39). Solidago canadensis L. var. gilvocanescens Rydb. Canada Goldenrod. Occasional to frequent in old fields and in marshes. Solidago Juncea Ait. Early Goldenrod. Common in old fields. It also occurs in oak-hickory woods. Solidagg gigantea Ait. var. leiOphylla Fern. Late Goldenrod. (§. serotina Ait.) Frequent to common in low fields and on low banks of the Huron River. lll Solidagg altissima L. Tall Goldenrod. Common. Specimens were collected along the road through the gravel pit, on the edges of gravel "dunes" in the pit, in low, old fields; and in moist soil under oak and ash on the larger island at the south end of Island Lake. Solidago nemoralis Ait. Old-field Goldenrod. Frequent to common in old fields and in thin stands of oak—hickory. Solidago rugosa Mill. Rough-leaved Goldenrod. Collected at one station, near the Huron River in a senescent bog. Bingham (p. 143) describes its habitat as: “...dogwood-willow marshes, tamarack and cedar-tamarack bOgS, meadows, and oak-hickory, mixed hardwood...forests; along roadsides." Infrequent in Kalamazoo County (Hanes, p. 246). More or less frequent in wet places throughout the East Lansing area (Giles, p. 139). Solidago Speciosa Nutt. Showy Goldenrod. Collected in railroad ballast. Infrequent. Giles (p. 140) saw this Species only once in the East Lansing area. Infre— quent in railroad ballast and.along roadsides in Kalamazoo County (Hanes, p. 247). Solidagg rigida L. Stiff Goldenrod. Infrequent in dry fields. Local in Kalamazoo County (Hanes, p. 247). Infrequent in dry, sandy soil in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 77). "Confined to the lower half of the Lower Peninsula." (Wolff, p. 45) Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb. var. Nuttallii (Greens) Fern. Flat-tOpped Goldenrod. (g. graminifolia of early authors, S. hirtella (Greene) Bush, and.§gthamia hirtella Greene.) Frequent on banks of streams and along roadsides in low, Open situations. Aster [Tourng] L. Aster Aster macrOphyllus L. Large-leaved Aster. Common in oak-hickory woods. Aster azureus Lindl. Azure Aster. Frequent to common at the edges of dry, sterile fields, in oak-hickory woods, and along roadsides. Aster sagittifolius Wedemeyer ex Willd. Arrow-leaved Aster. Collected on a south slope in light shade. Infrequent in the park. Hanes (p. 248) reports it as frequent in Kalamazoo County. 112 Aster sagittifolius var. urOphyllus Lindl. Common in oak-hickory woods. It also occurs in low,. Open situations. Aster novae-angliae L. New England Aster. Occasional in low fields along the Huron River. Aster 1aevis L. Smooth Aster. Frequent to common on slopes in oak-hickory woods. Aster lucidulus (Gray) Wieg. Glossy-leaved Aster. Q3. puniceus L. var. lucidulus of Gray's Man. ed.7. , Occasional to frequent in marshy ground in Open places and in moist soil under oak. Aster praealtus Poir. var. angustior‘Wieg. Common in low, old fields. It also occurs on stream banks and in senescent bOgs. Aster puniceus L. Purple-stemmed.Aster. Collected in a senescent tamarack bog. Frequent in swamps in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 76). Wolff (p. 53) describes it as common in wet, usually Open situations. Aster umbellatus Mill. Flat-tOp ed Aster. oeIlingeria umbellata (Mill. Nees.) Collected at only one stationf‘in a very wet part of a senescent tamarack bog. Common in moist soil in.Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 77). Billington (p. 145) reports it as also occurring in sedge-willow marshes. Erigeron L. Fleabane. Erigeron canadensis L. (Leptilon canadense L. Britt.) Common in denuded areas, as e ground and old fields. Cronquist (p. 297) refers this Species to the genus Conyza. Erigeron pglchellus Michx. var. t icus Cronquist Collected at the foot of a wooded.sIOpe. Infrequent in the park. This is the variety occurring in Michigan and throughout most of the eastern United States (Cronquist, . 248). Common on banks and hills in Washtenaw County Walpole, p. 77). Erigeron strigosus Muhl. var. typicus Cronquist Narrow-leaved.Fleabane. (g. ramosus [Wa1t. BSP. of authors) Growing in railroad ba ast. Cronquist (p. 266) describes the Species, including the varieties as: "A weed over most of the United.States and.southern Canada..." 113 Antennaria Gaertn. Antennaria neglecta Greene Pussytoes. Very common in old fields where the basal leaves frequently form dense mats. Antennaria neodioica Greene Occurring in sandy, sterile fields where it forms dense patches. Common in Kalamazoo County (Hanes, p. 252). Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards Plantain- 1eaved.Pussytoes. Common in old fields and in thin stands of oak and hickory. Antennaria munda Fern. (A. occidentalis of authors not Greene) Found.in a low field. Infrequent in Kalamazoo County (Hanes, p. 252). Found near Chelsea, Washtenaw County (Hermann 1937. p. 94 o Gnaphalium L. Cudweed. Gnaphalium obtusifolium L. Old—field Balsam. Common Everlasting. (G. polycephalum Michx. ) Common in old fields. Ambrosia [Tourng] L. Ragweed. Ambrosia elatior L. Common Ragweed. (A. artemisiifolia L. and A. elatior L. var. artimisi- ifolia 1‘7 House) Common In 01 elds, along roadsides and in railroad ballast. Rudbeckia L. Coneflower. Rudbeckia hirta L. Black-eyed Susan. Occasional in upland and low fields. Deam (p. 965) regards this as a Species complex, but he does not attempt to describe any varieties. Helianthus L. Sunflower. Helianthus annuus L. Common Sunflower. Frequent in ballast along the Pere Marquette track. Helianthus divaricatus L. Rough Sunflower. Common in oak-hickory woods. Also found on low, shaded soil on the east side of Island.Lake. 114 Helianthus giganteus L. Giant Sunflower. Frequent in marshes and low, Open situations. Helianthus hirsutus Raf. Stiff-haired.Sunflower. Collected at only one station. Infrequent in dry soil in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 78) . Rare in dry soil in the southern counties of Michigan (Wolff, p. 77). Helianthus strumosus L. Pale-leaved Sunflower. Occasional in light shade along roadsides. Frequent in thickets and dry woods in Michigan (Wolff, p. 76). Bidens L. Bidens cernua L. Nodding Bur Marigold. Collected in wet soil on the shore of Island.Lake. Infre- quent in the park. Common throughout the state in wet soil, ditches and muddy shores (Wolff, p. 81). Bidens coronata (L.::Brit . Tickseed.Sunflower. g. trichOSperma Michx. Britt.) Common in marShes and enescent bOgs. It also occurs in the Sphagnum bog on the south side of McCabe Road. Bidens vulgata Greene Common Beggarsticks. Frequent along roadsides. Galinsoga R. and P. GalinSOga ciliata (Raf.) Blake Quickweed. (Q. parviflora Cav. var. hisgida‘DC.) Occasional around buildings in the picnic grounds. Wolff (p. 83) describes it as growing "in dooryards and waste places, only in towns and cities." This plant is an immigrant from South America. Helenium L. Helenium autumnale L. Common Sneezeweed. Occasional in low fields along the Huron River. Common along banks of streams in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 79). Wolff (p. 83) describes it as frequent throughout the state in swamps, wet meadows, and on moist river banks. Achilles [Vaiiifl L. Achilles Millefolium L. Common Yarrow. Common in old fields. 115 Chrysanthemum [Tourni] L. Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum L. var._pinnatifidum Lecoq. and Lamotte. Oxeye Daisy. Occasional to frequent in fields. Senecio [Tourng] L. Senecio plattensis Nutt. Prairie Ragwort. Collected in an old field near the Huron River. Infre- quent in dry soil in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 79). Senecio aureus L. Golden Ragwort. Collected in a low, old field. Hanes (p. 262) does not report the typical form from Kalamazoo County. Senecio aureus var. semicordatus (Mackenzie and Bush) Greenm. Collected only once. Unfortunately the habitat record was lost. Deam (p. 998) reports this variety from Indiana, but includes it in with the Species. Senecio pauperculus Michx. A small colony was found in a low field near the Huron River. Wolff (p. 98) describes this Species as frequent in the state generally but absent or rare in the southern counties . Arctium L. Burdock._ Arctium minus (Hill.) Bernh. Common Burdock. Growing at the edge of a dump. Cirsium [Tourng] Mill. Thistle. Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Airy-Shaw Bull Thistle. Pasture Thistle. (g. lanceolatum [L:] Hill.) Frequent along sunny roadsides and on piles of subsoil at the gravel pit. Cirsium arvense (L.) ScOp. Canada Thistle. Common along Open roadsides and in waste ground. Cirsium muticum Michx. Swamp Thistle. Occasional in senescent bOgs and the Sphagnum bog on the south side of McCabe Road at Butcher Road. Frequent in Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 80). Hanes (p. 263) describes it as frequent in swamps in Kalamazoo County. 116 Centaurea L. Centaurea maculosa Lam. Spotted.Knapweed. Frequent on the shoulder of U. S. Highway 16. Also collected at the foot of a SlOpe covered with oak at the edge of a senescent bOg. This plant is an immigrant which is Spreading rapidly throughout the state. Bingham (p. 149) says: "A very pernicious weed. In pine-hardwoods, on lake Shores and roadsides, in dry meadows, and in cultivated and abandoned fields." Common in Alcona and Clare Counties (Darlington, Bessey and Megee, p. 193). Often abundant in sandy fields and along roadsides (Hanes, p. 264). Walpole (p. 80) found it rare in'Washtenaw County in 1924. Wolff (p. 103) describes it as infrequent in the state in 1928. Beal (p. 136) did not report it from the state in 1904. Cichorium [Tourni] L. Cichorium Intybus L. Chicory. A Specimen was collected in the parking lot inside the entrance to the park on the east side of Island Lake. This plant was seen at not more than two other points in the park. Its scarcity in the area perhaps is due to the fact that it is a weed immigrant which is still spreading in the state. Krigia Schreb. Krigia biflora (Walt.) Blake. ' g (E. amplexicaulis Nutt. and Cynthia virginica [Lg] D0 Don.) Infrequent on slopes in oak-hickory woods. Frequent on moist hillsides in the Lower Peninsula (Beal, p. 126). TragOpogon [Fourni] L. TragOpogon dubius SOOp. (g. pratensis L. of most authors) Frequent in old fields and along roads. According to Hanes (p. 265) T. dubius differs from I. pratensis in that the peduncle of the former is fistulous below the head, and with larger flowers and with bracts exceeding the ray flowers. Taraxacum [Fallen] Ludwig Dandelion. Taraxacum palustre (Lyons) Lam. and DC. var. vulgare (lam.) Fern. Dandelion. (g. officinale Weber and Leontidon Taraxacum L.) Common in low fields, around cottages, and in the camping ground at the south end of Island Lake. 117 Taraxacum laevigatum (Willd. ) DC. Red-seeded Dandelion. (T. erythrospermum Andrz. and Leontidon erythrOSpermum [Andrz. Britt.) Infrequent n old fields and waste ground. Generally distributed throughout the state but not as common as the preceding." (Wolff, p. 12) "a Sonchus [TournE] L. Sow Thistle. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill. Spiny-leaved Sow Thistle. Common along roadsides and in railroad ballast. Lactuca [Tourn;] L. Lettuce. Lactuca Scariola L. Prickly Lettuce. Common in old fields, railroad ballast, along Open road- sides, and on disturbed soil. Lactuca canadensis L. var. t ica Wieg. L. canadensis L. in part.) Common in old fields and along the Pere Marquette track. Lactuca canadensis var. latifolia 0. Ktze. L. canadensis L. in part.) Collected at only one place, in an old field. Probably infrequent. Prenanthes [Vain] L. Prenanthes alba L. White Lettuce. Frequent in oak-hickory woods. Prenanthes racemosa Michx. Glaucous White Lettuce. Rattlesnake-root. , Infrequent in senescent bOgs. Frequent in swampy places in‘Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 74). Hieracium [Tourni] L. Hawkweed. Hieracium aurantiacum L. Orange Hawkweed. Occasional to frequent in Old fields. "Only occasional in Michigan in 1915, but since then becoming a noxious weed, eSpecially in the northern parts of the state." (Darlington, Bessey and Megee, p. 179) ‘ Hieracium canadense Michx. var. fasciculatum (Pursh.) Fern. Canada Hawkweed. Found in an Opening in a low oak woods. Infrequent in the park. Infrequent in dry thickets in Washtenaw County (Walpole, 118 p. 74). Common in dry woods and thickets throughout the state (Wolff, p. 20). Hieracium longipilum Torr. Long-bearded.Hawkweed. Collected in an old field. Infrequent in the park. Not reported from Oakland County (Bin ham, p. 150); nor from Washtenaw County (Walpole, p. 74-. Wolff (p. 19) describes this hawkweed as local in dry soil in the Lower Peninsula. 119 F I G U R E S Fig. 1. The Huron River. Flood plain forest on left bank. Fig. 2. Marsh along the Huron River, with Cornus stolonifera the dom- inant shrub in the foreground. F180 30 The Huron River; an old field in the background, marsh on the Opposite side of the river, and Pontederia cordata in the foreground. 120 "_“' Fig. 4. Senescent bog extending about one-half mile back from the Huron River. Sedge- grass area in foreground with ngLg laricina in the back. Fig. 5. ( Marsh along Spring Creek, showing the creek as a dark line through the center. Fig. 6 o A pond coated.with duckweed. 121 F180 70 Verbascum Thapsus and Setaria viridis in an old field. F180 90 A family of hickory growing in an old field on a gentle slope. 122 Fig. 10 0 Artificial lake in the gravel pit. A - 1’ W l -. ‘ 4?".‘3-3‘ Fig. 11. View of the gravel pit showing piled subsoil and eroded lepes in the back- ground.with a pond and washed gravel in the fore- ground. Figo 120 Willow invading a gravel "dune". I N D E X T Acalypha OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. rhomb01dea 00000.90... Acer .................... Negundo rubrum saccharum ACARACEAE Achilles Millefolium Aetaea OOOOOOQOOOOooogooo rUbra 0000000000000... Agrimonia gryposepala .......... parV1f10ra 00000000000 pubescens AgrOpyron repens repens f. aristatum .. Agrostis hyemalis palustris scabra Ailanthus altissima 123 O 84 84 86 86 86 86 114 114 67 67 78 78 78 78 38 38 39 39 83 83 P L A N T S AIZOACEAE Alisma ......OOCOOOOOOOOO subcordatum ALISMACEAE Allium canadense Alnus ......OOOOOOOOQOOOQ criSpa incana: .....OOOOOOOOOO AIOpecurus aequalis Alyssum 0.000000000000000 alyssoides Amaranthus albus graecizans AMARANTHACEAE AMARYLLIDACEAE ......o... Ambrosia elatior Amelanchier ............. arborea humilis ......OOQOOOQO 1aevis 64 35 35 35 50 59 59 59 4O 71 71 63 63 63 63 52 113 113 75 75 75 75 Amphicarpa bracteata ............ ANACI’ECRDIACEAE 00.0.0.0... Anacharis canadensis AndrOpogon .............. Gerardi sc0parius Anemone cylindrica 00000000000 virginiana ........... Anemonella thalictroides Antennaria 00000000000... munda 00.00.000.000... neglecta neodioica ............ plantaginifolia Apios ......OOOOOOOOOO... americana APOCMNACEAE ............. Apocynum ................ androsaemifolium ..... cannabinum var. glaberrimum .......... AQUIFOLIACEAE 00000000000 124 82 82 84 3 5 36 43 43 43 67 67 67 67 67 113 113 113 113 113 82 82 96 96 96 85 Aquilegia ............... canadensis Arabis glabra hirsuta var. adpressipilis ARACEAE Arctium ................. minus 0000000000000... Arenaria ......O.’....... serpyllifolia Arisaema triphyllum ........... Aronia .................. melanocarpa .......... prunifolia ........... Asclepias 00400000000000. amplexicaulis 00000... incarnata ............ syriaca tuberosa ASCLEPIADACEAE ASparagus officinalis ASter ......O...OO..0.00. azureus 67 67 71 71 71 48 115 115 65 65 48 48 75 75 75 96 97 97 97 96 96 51 51 111 111 Aster laevis 1uc1du1us‘............ macrophyllus ......... novae-angliae ........ praealtus ............ puniceus sagittifolius sagittifolius var. urOphyllus ...... umbellatus ........... Aureolaria flava var. typica .... BALSAMINACEAE Barbarea ................ vulgaris .......g..... vulgaris var. arcuata Benzoin ...............6. aestivale ............ BERBERIDACEAE ........... Berteroa incana Betula .................. lutea ................ pumila var. glandulifera .... BETULACEAE 125 112 112 111 112 112 112 111 112 112 104 104 86 7O 7O 7O 69 69 68 71 71 58 58 58 58 Bromus Bidens cernua coronata vulgata Boehmeria ............... cylindrica ........... cylindrica var. Drummondiana BfiflflmAfimE..u.u.u.. Bouteloua curtipendula ......... Brassica nigra .0...00.0.0..0.. ciliatus ciliatus f. denudatus inermis 00000000000000 seealinus tectorum Calamagrostis canadensis calla 0000000000000000000 palustris Calopogon ............... pulchellus Caltha 0.00.00.00.0000000114 00000000000000. 114 0000000000000 114 00000000000000 114 61 61 61 7O 7O 36 36 36 36 36 39 63 54 54 Caltha palustris Camelina Campanula CAMPANULACEAE CAPPARIDACEDE CAPRIFOLIACEAE Capsella Cardamine Carex microcarpa .........{. rotundifolia var. intercedens 00000 uliginosa ............ Bursa-pastoris ....... bUlbosa 00000000000000 aurea comosa convoluta flava Haleana hystricina interior ............. intumescens ;;........ lasiocarpa ........... lupulina ............. Muhlenbergii pauperbula 00000000000 66 71 71 108 108 108 108 72 106. 70 7O 7O 70 45 46 47 47 47 2+7 2+7 45 Carpinus Carya CARYOPHYLLACEAE Ceanothus Celastrus pennSylvahica 00000000- prairea retrorsa ............. rostrata ....Q........ SCOpaPia ............. siccata .............. stipitata ............ stricta var. strictior substricta triSperma ............ viridula f. intermedia vulpinoidea )......... caroliniana var. virginiana .;.... ovalis .......!....... ovalis var. obcordata ovalis var. obcordata f. vestita ........... ovalis var. odorata .. ovata ................ tomentosa_.........;.. americanus ........... 58 57 57 57 58 57 57 57 64 87 87 Celastrus scandens CELASTRACEAE Cenchrus longispinus Centaurea maculosa Cephalanthus 000000000000 occidentalis Cerastium vulgatum var. hirsutum Ceratophyllum demeraum 00 00000000000 CERICXTOPHYLLA CEAE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chaenorrhinum minus Chamaedaphne ............ calyculata ........... Chelone .66.............. glabra var. linifolia ....... CHENOPODIACEAE Chenepodium ............. album ....6........... gigantoepermum ....... Chrysanthemum ........... Leucanthemum var. pinnatifidum ......O..‘ 127 103 103 93 93 103 103 63 63 63 63 115 115 Cichorium 00.000.00.00... 116 Intybus .............. 116 Cicuta 0.0.000000000 maculata Cinna arundinacea Circaea ................. quadrisulcata var. canadensis ...... Cirsium 00000000000000000 arvense mUticum 00000000000000 vulgare .............. CIS TA CEAE Claytonia 000 000000000000 virginica ............ Qomandra Q............... Richardsoniana COMPOSITAE C0n1um 00000000000000000. maculatum 0.0.0.000... Convolvulus arvensis ....0000000.0 sepium var. communis . CONVOLVULACEAE Coptis groenlandica 92 92 40 4O 91 91 115 00000000000000 115 115 115 88 64 64 61 61 109 92 92 97 97 97 97 66 66 Corallorrhiza ........... maculata 0.0.0.0000... CORNACEAE Cornus Obliqua ......OOOOQOOO racemosa BtOIOnifera 0000000000 Corylus 0.000000000000000 americana ............ CPEAAZSSUI-JACEAE 0......0000. Crataegus crus-galli punctata ............. 00000000000000 CRUCIFERAE CUCUREITACEAE Cuscuta Gronovii CYPERACEAE Cyperus Engelmanni filiculmis var. macilentus rivularis strigueus ............ cypripedium 0000000000000 Calceolus var. parviflorum 128 54 54 92 92 93 93 93 58 58 72 7 5 7 5 7 5 69 108 97 43 44 44 44 44 53 54 Cypripedium candidum .... reginae .............. D Dactylis 0000000000000000 glomerata ............. Daucus .................. Carota ............... Desmodium ............... canadense 3........... glutinosum‘........... illinoenge .........;. nudiflorum ........... paniculatum .......... Digitaria ............... Ischaemum ............ sanguinélis .......... Dioscorea ............... villosa ...........,.. D 108 COPEA CEAE Draba 0.00000000000000000 verna ......0....00... Dulichium arundinaceum ......... EChinOChloa ......OOOO’CO 53 38 38 92 92 80 81 81 81 80 81 41 41 41 52 53 52 71 71 43 43 42 Echinochloa cru5g8111 ... ~00000000000. Echinocystis lobata ELEAGNACEAE 0000000000000000 Eleagnus angustifolia Eleocharis acicularis var. typica 0000000000 intermedia 00000000000 obtusa Elymus 00000000000000.000 virginicus virginicus- var. intermedius virginicus var. jejunus EpilObium 00000000000000. coloratum Eragrostis peCtinacea 00000000000 spectabilis ERICACEAE ............... Erigeron ................ canadensis 00000000000 pulchellus var. typicus strigusus var. typicus 129 42 108 108 90 90 9O 45 45 45 45 39 39 39 91 91 38 38 38 93 112 112 112 112 00000000000000 44 Eriophorum viridi-carinatum ..... 44 Eupatorium .............. 109 maculatum ............ 109 perfoliatum .......... 109 ‘ Euphorbia ............... 84 corollata ............ 84 Cyparissias........... 84 maCUlata 0000000000000 84 supina 000000000000000 84 EUPHORBIACEAE 00000000000 84 Evonymus 0000000000000000 85 Obovatus 0000000000000 85 F FAGACEIXE ......O......... 59 Fagus 0.00000000000000000 59 grandifolia .......... 59 Festuca ................. 37 ovina ................ 37 Fragaria ................ 76 virginiana ........... 76 Fraxinus .....8.......,.. 95 americana ............ 95 nigra ................ 95 pennSylvanica ........ 95 pennsylvanica var. lanceolata ...... 95 130 G GalinSOga ............... 114 Geum aleppicum ciliata .............. 114 var strictum ......... 77 Galium .................. 105 canadense ............ 77 Aparine .............. 106 laciniatum boreale var. trichocarpum .... 77 var. hySSOpifolium ... 106 Gleditsia ............... 79 boreale triacanthos .......... 79 var. intermedium ..... 106 Glyceria ................ 37 boreale _ canaden31s 0000000000) 37 var0 typicum 000000000 106 pallida 00003000000000 37 'concinnum ......o.....-106 septentrionalis ...... 37 labradoricum ......... 106 striata .............. 37 obtusum 00000000000000 106 Gnaphalium 00000000000000 113 pilosum .............. 105 obtusifblium ......... 113 tinctorium ........... 106 GRAMINEAE ............... 36 triflorum ............ 106 Grossularia ............. 73 Gaylussacia ............. 93 Cynoebati ............ 73 baccata .............. 93 hirtella ............. 73 Gentiana ................ 96 GROSSULARIACEAE ......;.. 73 Andrewsii ............ 96 procera ,............. 96 GENTIANACEAE ............ 96 Habenaria ............... 54 Geranium ................ 83 dilatata ............6 54 maculatum ............ 83 HALORAGIDACEAE .......... 91 GERANIACEPE .....0.... ... . 82 HAWJIELIDACEAE ... ”0.... 74 Geum'00000000000000000000 77 Hamamelis 000000000000000 74 131 Hamamelis virginiana .... 74 HYIERIGACEAE ........... 88 Hedeoma ........,........ 101 Hypericum .............. 88 hiSpida'.............. 101 canadense ........... 88 pulegioides ......;... 101 . perforatum .......... 88 H81€fiium 0000000000000000 114 pPOlifiCum 0000000000 88 autumnale ............ 114 punctatum ........... 88 Helianthemum .........;.. 88 Hypoxis ................ 52 canadense 000000000000 89 hirsuta 0000000000000 52 Helianthus 00000000000000 1].} HyStrix 0000000000000000 39 annuus ......O........ 113 I patula .....O........ 39 divaricatus .......,.. 113 giganteus 000000000000 114 hirsutus ............. 114 Ilex "°°'°°"'7°°°°'°°' 85 strumosus ............ 114 verticillata ........ 85 Hemerocallis 000000000000 50 Impatiens .....3........ 86 fulva ................- 50 biflora ............. 86 Hepatica 67 IRIDACEAE 53 americana ............ 67 Iris ................... 53 Heuchera ................ 72 virginica Richardsonii var. Shrevei ........ 53 var. Grayana ......... 72 . Hieracium .......4....... 117 ' aurantiacum .......... 117 JUGIANDACEAE 56, canadense ............ 117 Juglans ................. 56 longipilum ....£...... 118 cinerea .............. 57 HYDROCHARITACEAE 00000000 35 nigra 0000000000000000 57 JUNCACEAE 00000000000000. JUNCAGINACEAE Juncus 00.000000000000000 articulatus var. obtusatus ....... balticus var. littoralis canadensis ........... Dudleyi .............. effusus var. Pylaei .. effusus var. solutus . macer'f.‘Williamsii .. Juniperus ............... communis var. depressa virginiana K Krigia 00.000000000000000 biflora 0000000000000. KUhnia 000000000000000000 eupatorioides L lABIATAE ................ Lactuca ................. cana8ensis var. latifolia canadensis var. typica 132 49 35 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 33 33 33 116 116 110 110 99 117 117 117 Lactuca Scariola Lamium amplexicaule Laportea ................ canadenSIS 00000000000 Lappula 00000000000000000 echinata Larix 0.00000000000000000 laricina Lathyrus latifolius palustris var. linearifolius ... venosus LAURACEAE Lechea villosa Leersia oryzoides 00.00.00.000 virginica 000000000000 LEGULJ:I:‘IOSAE 00000000 00000 Lemna ................... minor 0000000000000000 LEIQIACEAE ... .. .. ... . .. .. LENTIBULARIACEAE Leonurus Cardiaca Lepidium 00000000 117 0.0000000000000000 100 100 61 61 98 98 33 33 82 82 82 82 69 89 89 41 41 41 79 48 48 48 ........ 104 ................ 100 ............. 100 69 Lepidium campestre ...... virginicum var. typicum ......... Leptoloma ............... COgnatum 0000000000000 Lespedeza ............... capitata ,............ capitata var. velfitina hirta 0000000000000000 intermedia ........... Liatris 0.000.000.0000... aSpera var. typica ... Spicata var. typica .. LILIACEAE 000000000000000 Lilium 000.0.000000000000 michiganense ......... Linaria 000.000.000.00... vulgaris ............. LithOSpermum 000000000000 arvense 0000000000000. canescens 00.000000... LObelia 000.000.00.000... cardinalis ........... inflata ....L......... siphilitica .......... Spicata var. leptostachys .... 133 69 69 41 41 81 81 81 81 81 110 110 110 108 109 109 109 109 Spicata var. originalislo9 LOBELIACEAE ............. Lonicera ..,............. dioica ............... oblongifolia ......... tatarica ............. Ludwigia ................ palus£ris var. americana ....... Lupinus ................. perennis ............. LUZUIa 0.0000000000000000. mu1tiflora ........... LyCOpus ................. ameficanus ........... americanus var. Longii rubellus ............. uniflorus ............ Lychnis ""3'°°""""' alba ................. Lysimaéhia .............. ciliata ""°°°""’°’ longifolia ........... quadrifolia .......... terrestris ........... thyrsiflora .......... M maelura 00000000000000... 108 107 107 107 107 90 90 79 79 50 101 101 101 101 101 65 55 94 95 95 94 94 94 60 Maclura pomifera malanthemum-0000000000000 canadense var. interius 00000000 Malus 00000000000000.0000 coronaria .....3...... pumila Malva neglecta.............. Malvaceae Medicago 0000000000000000 lupulina lupulina var. glandulosa ...... sativa Melilotus alba officinalis MENISPERMACEAE Men iSpe mum canadense ............ Mentha 00.000000000000000 arven81s 00.00.00.000. piperata Mimulus ringens 134 61 51 51 74 74 74 88 88 88 79 80 80 79 80 80 80 69 69 69 101 102 101 103 103 Mitchella ............... 105 repens ............... 105 Mitelia ...............,. 73 diphylla ...,......... 73 Mollugo .......... 64 verticillata ......... 64 Monarda ................. 100 fistulosa var. mollis 100 MORACEAE ...“............. 6O Myosotis ................ 98 micrantha 0........... 98 scorpioides........... 98 ........... 98 versicolor Myriophyllum ............ 91 N NAJADACEAE 00000000000000 35 Najas 0.00000000000000000 35 flexilis 0000000000000 35 NaSturtium 00000000000000 7O officinale 00000000000 70 Nemopanthus 0000000000000 85 mucronata ............ 85 Nepeta 00000000000000.000 100 Cataria 00000000000000 100 00.000000000000000 66 Nuphar Nuphar advena NYCTAGINACEAE Nymphaea tuberosa 000.00.00.00. NYMPHAEACEAE oenOtheraoooooo0000000000 pycnocarpa OLEACEAE ONAGRACEAE ORCHIDACEAE OStrya 000000000000000000 virginiana OXALIDACEAE Oxalis stricta Oxybaphus nyctagineus .......... P Panicum capillare dichotomiflorum huachucae huachucae var. fasciculatum 135 66 63 66 66 66 91 91 95 90 58 58 83 83 83 63 64 41 42 41 42 42 Panicum latifolium linearifolium meridionale 0000000000 perlongum 000000000000 Scribnerianum ........ villosissimum virgatum ............. Parnassia ............... glauca ............... Parthenoeissus quinquefolia Pedicularis ............. lanceolata Penthorum sedoides Phalaris arundinacea Phleum pratense Phlox.................... pilosa .............;. Phragmifies .............. communis var. Berlandieri ..... Physalis 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 73 73 87 87 104 00000000000104 72 72 41 41 40 40 97 97 38 38 00000000000000.0102 ambigua 00000000000000 102 SUbglabrata 0000000000 102 Physalis virginiana ..... Physocarpus Opulifolius Picea Abies PINACEAE Pinus 00.000000000000000. Banksiana ............ Laricio var. austriaca Strobus sylvestris I LANTAGDTA SEA E Plantago 00.00.00.000. aristata lanceolata major Rugelii var. aSperula P LL. TAI‘TIL CT" ‘l ,v\ .2113.) 0000000000000 Platanus oceidentalis ......... Poa annua autumnalis compressa palustris pratensis 136 102 74 74 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 104 104 105 105 105 105 74 74 74 37 37 37 37 38 38 POdOphyllum 0000000000000 peltatum Polanisia graveolens POLEIONIACEAE POlyga-la 00.00.000.000... polygama var. obtusata sanguinea ............ verticillata POLYG'.L.LACEAE 000000000000 POLYGONACEAE Pelygonatbun 0.00.00.00.00 biflorum 0000000000000 pUbescens '000000000000 Polygonum amphibium var. stipulaceum f0 f1u1tans 0000000000 arifolium var. pubescens aviculare Convolvulus Persicaria punctatum tenue Pontederia cordata 68 68 72 72 97 83 83 84 84 83 62 51 52 51 62 62 62 62 63 62 62 62 49 49 137 PONTEDERIACEAE ...0...... 49 Potentilla Simplex Populus ................. 55 var. typica .......... '77 alba .............L... 55 Prenanthes .............. 117 balsamifera alba ................. 117 var. virginiana ...... 55 racemosa ............. 117 grandidentata 00000000 55 ’RIMULACEAE 0000000000000 94 tremuloides .......... 55 Proserpinaca ............ 91 Portulaca ............... 64 palustris var. creba . 91 Oleracea 0000000000000 64 Prunella 0000000000000000 100 EORTULACACEAE 00000000000 64 VUlgariS Potamogeton ............; 34 var. lanceolata ...... 100 amplif011us 0000000000 34 Prunus 000000000000000000 78 gramineus americana ............ 78 var. typicus ......... 34 institia ..........6.. 79 gramineus . persica 00000000000000 79 Var0 myriophyllus 0000 34 BerOtina 0000000000000 79 illinoensis........... 34 virginiana ........... 78 V nodosus .......;...... 34 Pycnanthemum ............ 101 peotinatus ........... 35 virginianum .......... 101 POTAIOGETCNACEAE ........ 34 Quercus ................. 59 POtentilla 00000000000000 76 alba 00.00000000000000 59 Anserina ............. 77 alba f. latiloba ..... 59 argentea ............. 77 bicolor .............6 59 arguta ............... 76 borealis ............. 60 fruticosa ............ 76 borealis intermedia ........... 77 var. maxima .......... 60 reCta 0000000000000000 77 COCCinea 0000000000000 60 Quercus macrocarpa prinoides velutina RENUNCULACEAE Ranunculus abortivus fascicularis hiSpidus pennsylvgnicus ....... recurvatus sceleratus RHA ACE-IA CEA E Rhamnus cathartica Rhus aromatica glabra- 00000000000000. radicans typhina Vernix Ribes ......OOOOQO0.00000 americanum nigrum Robinia Pseudo_Acacia 138 59 6O 66 67 67 68 68 68 68 86 86 86 84 85 85 85 85 73 73 73 80 80 Rorippa .....OOQOOQOOOOOO 'islandica var. microcarpa Rosa carolina palustris suffulta ROSACEAE 000000 0000000000 RUBIACEAE Rubus allegheniensis flagellaris occidentalis pubescens strigosus Rudbeckia hirta ................ Rumex ................... Acetosella ........... crispus .............. orbiculatus .......... RUTACEAE U) sagittaria 0.00.00.00.00. latifolia latifolia f. gracilis 70 7o 78 78 78 78 74 105 76 76 76 76 76 76 113 113 62 62 62 62 83 35 35 35 BALI 3.4 CEAE .....OOCOOOOOO Salix alba var. vitellina Bebbiana candida .............. discolor ............. discolor var. latifolia humilis interior 0000000000000 lucida ......OOCOOQQOO . nigra rigida serissima Salsola pestifer Sambucus ................ canadensis pubens Sanicula marilandica {ATPNWK SANTKU';VLLE 0000000000000 Saponaria 00000000000000. officinalis Sarracenia purpurea 139 63 106 106 107 91 92 61 65 65 72 72 SARRACENIACEAE Sassafras albidum var. molle ... Saxifraga pennsylvanica ........ SAXIFRAGACEAE Schrankia Nuttallii Scirpus acutus americanus atrovirens cyperinus lineatus SCROPHULARIACEAE Scutellaria epilobifolia lateriflora Senecio ................. aureus 00000000000000. aureus' var. semicordatus pauperculus .......... plattensis ........... Setaria .........;....... lutescens Viridis 0000000000000. 72 69 69 72 72 72 79 1+4 44 41+ 41+ 45 44 102 99 99 100 115 11 5 115 115 115 43 43 43 Silene antirrhina Cucubalus ....s....... SIMfiRUEACEAE ............ Sisymbrium ......;....... altissimum ........... Sisyrinchium ............ albidum Smilacina ............... racemosa var. cylindrata ...... stellata Smilax 00000000000000000'0 ecirrhata rotundifolia ...;..... SOLANACVXE Solanum carolinense Dulcamara nigrum ............... Solidago ................ altissima ............ caesia ............... canadensis var. gilvocanescens ....... gigantea var. leiOphylla 140 51 51 52 52' 102 102 102 102 102 110 111 110 110 110 graminifolia ......... 111 hispida Juncea nemoralis 00.00.00.00000110 000.000.0000... 110 000000000000 111 rigida 000000000000000 ll]. rugosa. 000000000000000 111 Speciosa ....,....o... 111 Sonchus ......3.......... 117 asper 0000000000000... 117 Sorghastrum ............. nutans ......OOOOOOOOO SPA EGAN IA CEAE Sparganium .5-........... eurycarpum ........'... SphenOpholis intermedia 0000000000. Spiraea 0.000000000000000 alba Spiranthes cernua Stellaria ............... longifolia ........... media Stipa spartea Symplocarpus foetidus ......O...‘.. 43 43 34 34 34 39 39 74 74 54 54 64 64 6 5 40 4O 48 48 Syringa ................. vulgaris . Taenidia integerrima ...... Taraxacum .... laevigatum palustre var. vulgare ..... Teucrium occidentale var. Thalictrum ... dasycarpum dioicum Tilia americana . TILIACEAE .... Tofieldia .... glutinosa . TragOpogon dubius .... Trifolium .... pratense .. procumbens repens boreale ......OOOOOOOOO 141 95 95 92 0000 92 O... 116 ....’117 116 99 68 68 .... 68 88 .... 88 .... 88 . .. 50 .... 5O .............. 116 .... 116 80 80 80 8O Triglochin ............. maritima Trillium grandiflorum ......... Typha angustifolia latifolia TYPHA CElrE ULMACEAE Llenus ......OOQOOOOOOOQOO americana rubra UABELLIFERAE Urtica procera URTIGACEAE Utricularia vulgaris Uvularia grandiflora sessilifolla Vaccinium corymbosum V \N UT 34 6O 6O 6O 6O 93 142 Vaccinium stamineum 0000000 93 000000000000 94 var. neglectum vacillans vacillans var. crinitum ........ 94 ‘Jaleriana .000000000000000 107 ciliata .............. 108 uliginosa ............ 108 107 VA LERILZZ'TA CEAE Vallisneria ............. 36 000000000000 35 americana Verbascum ..e....... 102 Thapsus .............. 102 Verbena ...,............. 99 bracteata ............ 99 hastata .............. 99 stricta ........,..... 99 urticaefolia ......... 99 ‘v'ERBETTA CEAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Vernonia ................ 109 missurica .....,....,. 109 Veronica ...............§ 103 arvenSiS 00.000.000.000 10} peregrina ............ 103 Veronicastrum .;......... 103 virginicum ........... 103 Viburnum ................ 107 Lentago 0000000000000. 107 Viburnum trilobum Vicia 00000000000000.0000 americana 00.0.0000... caroliniana ..;....... Villosa 00 0 0 Viola 0.0000000000000000. cucullata eriocarpa pallens papilionacea pedata sororia triloba VIOLACEAE I fl ‘VrII‘ACEr‘.E 0000000000000000 Vitis 00000000000000.0000 aestivalis aestivalis var argentifolia riparia 0000000000000. Vulpia octoflora Zanthoxylum ............. americanum Zizania 00000000000000... aquatica var. angustifolia 0000000 107 81 82 81 81 89 90 _9o 90 89 9O 89 87 87 87 87 87 36 36 83 83 41 41 143 B I B L I O G R.A P H Y Bay, J. W. 1938. Glacial History of the Streams of South- eastern Michigan. Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Jichigan. Bull. 12. 69 pp., 11 figs., 3 pls., 1 folding map. Beal,‘H- J. 1904. Michigan Flora, A List of the Fern and - Seed Plants Growing without Cultivation. Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci., Arts, and Letters, 5: 1-147. 1903. Also reprinted 1904, with additions by State Rd. Agr., Lansing, flich. Billington, C. 1943. Shrubs of Michigan. Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. Bull. 20. 249 pp., 161 figs., 161 distribution maps. ' Bingham, M. T. 1945. The Flora of Oakland County, Michigan. Ibid., Bull. 22. 155 pp., 30 illus. Britton, N. L. and A. Brown. 1936. An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions. 2nd ed. 3 vols., 680, 735, 637 pp. Cole, E. J. 1901. Grand Rapids Flora. Published by the audior- 170 pp0, 1 map. Cronquist, A. 1947. Revision of the North American Species of Erigeron north of Mexico. Brittonia, 6: 121-302. Darlington, H. T. and.L. B. Culver. 1939. Keys to the Species of Ribes occurring in the Great Lakes Region. Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta. Cir. Bull. 170. 24 pp., 13 figs. __ E. A. Bessey and Co R. Megee. 1940. Some Important michigan Weeds. Ibid., Spec. Bull. 304. 216 pp., 94 figs. 1945. Taxonomic and Ecological Work on the Higher Plants of Michigan. Ibid., Tech. Bull. 201. 59 pp., 10 figs. Deam, C. C. 1940. Flora of Indiana. Department of Conserva- tion, Division of Forestry, Indianapolis. 1236 pp., 2243 distribution maps, 4 figs., 9 tables. Drew, W. B. 1942. The Revegetation of Abandoned CrOpland in the Cedar Creek Area, Boone and Callaway Counties, Missouri. University of Missouri Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Bull. 344. 52 pp., 15 tables, 8 pls., 1 map. Fassett, N. C. 1940. A Manual of Aquatic Plants. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. Fernald, N. L. 1941. amelanchier in Southeastern Virginia. Rhodora, 43: 559-567. 1 pl. 144 Fernald, M. L. 1943. Senecio aureus and Its Geographic Varieties and Allies in Eastern North America. Ibid., 45: 495—509. 6 p18- 1945. The Indigenous Variations of Ulmus americana. Ibid., 47: 132, 133° Gaiser, L. O. 1946. The Genus Liatris. Ibid., 48: 165-183, 216-263, 273-326, 331-382, 393-412. 'Gates, F. C. 1942. The Bogs of Northern Lower Michigan. Ecol. MonOg., 12: 213-254. 32 figs., 7 tables. Giles, R- A. 1941. A Survey of the Indigenous and Natural- ized, Herbaceous Flowering Plants, Exclusive of the Grasses and Sedges, Growing within a Ten—Mile Radius of the Michigan State College. Thesis for the Degree of 2380 S 0 Unpllb118h8d0 174 ppo Hanes, C. R. and F. N. Hanes. 1947. Flora of Kalamazoo County, Michigan. Published at Schoolcraft, Mich. 295 pp., 15 illus., 1 map. Hermann, F. J. 1937. Additions to the Flora of‘Nashtenaw County, Michigan. Pap. Mich. Acad. 801., Arts, and Letters, 22 (1936): 91-94. 1939. (Same Title). III. Ibid., 24 (1938): 17-23. __ 1941. The Genus Carex in Michigan. The American Midland Naturalist, 25: 1-72. 180 distribution maps. Hitchcock, A. S. 1935. Manual of the Grasses of the United States. U.S.D.A. Misc. Pub. 200. Kenoyer, L. A. 1934. Forest Distribution in Southwestern Michigan as Interpreted from the Original Survey (1826- 1832). Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci., Arts, and Letters, 19 (1933): 107-111. 1 folded map, 1 table. 1940. Plant Associations in Barry, Calhoun, and Branch Counties, Nidhigan, as Interpreted from the Original Survey. Ibid., 25 (1939): 75-77. 1 fig. (map). Leverett, F. and F. B. Taylor. 1915. The Pleistocene of . Indiana and Michigan and the History of the Great Lakes. Mon. 53. U. 5. Geological Survey. 529 pp. Livingston County Extension Service 1947 Annual Report. U.S.D.A., dichigan State College and Livingston Co. Board of Supervisors COOperating. 50 pp. flackenzie, K. K. 1940. North American Cariceae. The New York Bot. Gard. 2 vols., 547 pp., 539 pls. 145 Michigan Conservation Commission. 1947. State Recreation Lands in Southeastern Michigan. Mich. Dept. of Conserva- tion. 30 pp., 12 figs., 12 maps. Ogden, E. C. 1943. The Broad— leaved Species of Potamogeton of North American north of Mexico. Rhodora, 45: 57-105, 119-163, 171-214. 3p18., 17 maps. Otis, C. H. 1931. Michigan Trees: A Handbook of the Native and Most Important Introduced Species. 9th ed. rev. Frontiepiece, 7 figs., 98 pls. Published by the Regents, University of Michigan. Quick, Bo E. 1924. A Comparative Study of the Climax Associa- tions in Southern Michigan. Pap. Mich. Acad. 801., Arts, and Letters, 3 (1923): 211-244. 1 p1., 2 maps, 2 figs., 2 tables. Reed, H. S. 1902. A Survey of the Huron River Valley. I. The Ecology of a Glacial Lake. Bot. Gaz., 34: 125—139. 4 figs. Robinson, B. L. and M. L. Fernald. 1908. Gray's New Manual of Botany, 7th ed. 926 pp. American Book Co., New York. Sargent, C. S. 1933. Manual of the Trees of North America. The Houghton Mifflin Co., New York. Schaffner, J. H. 1928. Field Manual of the Flora of Ohio and Adjacent Territory. R. G. Adams & Co., Columbus. 638 pp. Steyermark, J. A. 1940. Spring Flora of Missouri. Missouri Bot. Gard., St. Louis, and Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, 582 pp. Transeau, E. N. 1905. The BOgs and Bog Flora of the Huron River Valley. Bot. Gaz., 41: 17-42. Figs. 12-16. Veatch, J 0. 1931. Natural Geographic Divisions of Land. Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci., Arts, and Letters, 14 (1930); 417-432.. 11 tables, 1 map. 1932. Soil Maps as a Basis for Mapping Original Forest Cover. Ibid., 15 (1931): 267-273. 1 fig. (map), 2 tables. 1933. Some Relationships between Water Plants and'Water Soils in Michigan. Ibid., 17 (1932): 409-413. 2 p1s. Walpole, B. A. 1924. Flora of Washtenaw County, Michigan. Dept. Natural Science, Michigan State Normal College, Ypsilanti. 80 pp., 1 map. 146 Watson, E. E. 1929. Contributions to a Monograph of the Genus Helianthus. Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci., Arts, and Letters, 9 (1928): 305-475. 40 p1s. Weld, L. H. 1904. Botanical Survey of the Huron River Valley. II. A Peat 80g and Morainal Lake. Bot. Gaz. 37: 36-520 6 f1€80 Wheating, L. C. and.S. G. Bergquist. 1923. Soil Survey of Livingston County, Michigan. No. 37, Series 1923, U.S.D.A. Bur. of Chem. and.Soils. Pp. 1203-1222. 1 fig., 3 charts, 1 folding map. Whetmore, R. H. and A. L. Delisle. 1939- The Aster Novae- angliae, Aster amethystinus, Aster multiflorus Complex. Rhodora, 41: 190-192. Wiegand, K. N. 1912. The Genus Amelanchier in Eastern North America. Rhodora, 14: 117—161. 2 p1s. Wills, H. M. 1941. Climate of the States, Michigan. Agricultural Yearbook Separate No. 1840. U. S. Weather Bur. in COOperation with W.P.A., Pp. 914-924. 6 tables, 7 figs. Wolff, S. E. 1928. Distribution of the Qanduales Lflgmpgsitae) in Michigan. Thesis for the Degree of M. S. Michigan State College. Unpublished. 103 pp. M'TU4441471474(14474141411114?'55