The“: £0? “We Degree o§ M. S.
MXGEXGAN STATE UNWERSUY
Bernhard Storjohann, Jr.

1956

THE ACTION OF PROTOPERIOD AND GROWTH .
REGULATORS IF THE PROPAGATION OF VARIOUS ORNAMENTAL PLANTS

By

13mm» sgmom, JR.

AN'ABSTRACT

Sahnitted to the College of Agriculture Michigan State
University of Agriculture end Applied Science
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for.the degree of .
IILSTER 0F SCIIIGI

Department of Ebrticulture
1956

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APP"V.d _Z_ ' 'f LLyJLJ‘QZ :T’.1,'.".s---I v‘x rr-JLILI-‘M‘LC/L/

usmcr 3mm 5103mm, JR.

The influence or different photoperiods, and growth regulators
on the root formation of various ornamental plants was investigated to
determine practical boundaries for use in the field of plant propagap
tion. It has previously been reported that low concentrations of a
growth inhibitor and a combination of a growth inhibitor and an auxin
will stimulate an increase in root fOrmation.

In this investigation cuttings of Liggstrum.amurense, Philadel-
p_h_u_s_ lemoinei, Chrnanthemun hortorum, Pelarggnium hortorum and gay;
ouspidata were made in the usual commercial manner and placed in sand
media under photOperiods of: normal day length, eight hours, sixteen
hours and continuous illumination and treated with two growth inhibitors,
maleic hydraside and the sodium salt of alphasbetandichloroisobutyric
acid, applied as a dip or spray at 500 or 3000 p.p.m. or a combination
of either one or the other of the growth inhibitors and a commercial
root promoting substance, Hormodin no. 2.

After a given length of time, the cuttings were removed from
the media and graded as to root fermation. The results indicated
root formation of the various ornamental cuttings was influenced by
certain growth inhibitors and varied in influence with the method of
application, concentration and photoperiod. In no instance did a
growth inhibitor, of the two concentrations used, significantly in-
crease root formation. However, in some cases root growth was greater
than that of the control. Ihen a growth inhibitor was used in con-
Junction with the root promoting compound, root formation was signifi-

cantly increased from the control.

AOTIOI 01' PRONPERIOD LR'D cm
MULLED” II m PROPAGATION 01' VARIOUS am an m

BERRRARD STORJORAFN, JR.

1. WIS

Submitted to the College of Agriculture Michigan State
University of Agriculture and Applied Science
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
IAS‘I'EROI‘ SCIENCE

Department of Horticulture
1955

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author wishes to express the sincerest appreciation to Dr.
Charlele. Banner for his kind guidance, extreme patience, enthusiastic
encouragement and never failing help during the course of this investi-
gation.

Special acknowledgement goes to Dr. John P. Mahlstede for the
stimulation and encouragement during the author's undergraduate studies
to accept the challenge to obtain a higher degree.

Thanks are due to Dr. Fred Widmoyer for his friendship and
valuable advice and suggestions in the pursuit of this study.

The author would like to cite Dr. C. E. Wilden, Dr. L. W.
Hericle and Dr. G. P. Steinbauer for their outstanding ability as
educators and for their advice in the editing of this thesis.

Appreciation is due to the author's fellow students for their
thoughtful encouragement throughout the course of this study.

Lastly, the author is indebted for life to his wife, who furnished
the labor to type this thesis and to his sons, Bernie and Al, whose

attention has suffered neglect during the duration of this investigation.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

MRO DU CTI on O O O O O C O O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O

m 0F LITERATLTRE O O O O O O O O C O O O O O O O O O O O

1. Classification, Anatomy and Origin of the Root. . . .

II. Effect of Internal Factors on Root Formation. . . . .

‘Ae ‘nxin e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e‘e e e e e

Be Anti-anxine e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e

Ce Other Internal Ftotors. e e e e e e e e e e e e 0

III. Effects of Environmental Conditions

.Ae Light e e e e e e e

B. Other Environmental

IKATERIALS AND METHODS. . . . .
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS . . . . .
DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . .
SUMMARY. . . . . . . . . . . .
LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . .

Factors

on Root

Formation

Page

“3

\0 CD -4 45 #5 h)

10

11

13
18
4O
42
43

INTRODUCTION

The use of certain root promoting substances in the asexual
propagation of ornamental plants has become a commercial practice.

These root promoting substances have been classified as growth regula-
tors and generally are used in very dilute concentrations. In some
instances, application of too high a concentration of a growth regula-
tor will inhibit root formation. This inhibition due to a high con-
centration of a growth regulator has been reported to be relieved by
the application of an anti-auxin (21).

It has further been reported. that an increase in root formation
may be stimulated by a low concentration of a growth inhibitor (3) and
by a combination of a growth inhibitor and an auxin (50). It ma...
to be determined whether the inhibitor antagonizes the auxin or whether
it stimulates the effect of the auxin present.

The practical question is,can growth inhibitors or a combination
of a growth inhibitor and an auxin be used commercially in plant propa~
gation to stimulate the formation and.promotion of root growth? lith
this in mind, an effort was made to determine the effect of photOperiods,
the boundaries of concentration, method of application and effect of

certain growth regulators on the promotion of roots of various ornamen-

tal cuttings.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In the asexual propagation of plants a most important phase is
that of root formation. The root, one of the primary organs of the
vascular plant, is typically subterranean, serving to anchor and sup-
port the aerial portions of the plant axis. It is responsible for
the absorption and conduction of water and mineral nutrients and in
the storage of reserve foods, in addition to being capable, in some

instances, of developing adventitious shoots (18).

1. Classification, Anatomy and Origin of the Root

Roots that are profusely branched and penetrate in all directions
make up a fibrous root system. he apposite is a tap root system, con-
sisting of a single main root penetrating deeply in the soil and much
stouter than the lateral roots that arise from it. The root system
of many plants are intermediate between two main types (38). Boots
that are a direct continuation of the main root of young seedling plants
are known as primary roots and branches arising from these are called .
secondary roots. lhe primary root normally grows directly downward,
while the secondary or lateral roots at first grow horizontally and
then obliquely downward.

A young root, internally, is composed of three well defined
regions in trans-section, an epidermis, a cortex and a stele (18). he
epidermis consists of a single layer of cells outermost to the other
two regions. The cortex lies Just under the epidermis and consists for
the most part of round, thin-walled cells and serves as a means of con-

duction of water and dissolved substances from the root hairs to the

conductive tissues in the stele. Later, it functions as a storage
region for reserve food and gradually is sloughed with age. The inner-
most ring of cells of the cortex are called.endodermal cells. Central
to the endodermal cells is the stele, which consists of the core of the
root. It is composed of the pericyole, xylem, phloem and vascular
cambium. The pericycle constitutes the outermost layer of the stele,
next to the endodermis cells. The xylem forms the central axis of the
stele cylinder and is made up of radial arms that extend centrifugally
to the pericyole. Between the radial arms of the xylem there are located
two to several groups of primary phloem. And, between the phloem and
xylem cones there is a layer of undifferentiated cells called vascular
cambium.

In older roots the sequential difference occurs in the stele.
The cambium growth increases xylem and phloem cells to form.a concentric
ring with each year's growth. Lateral roots are generally initiated.in
the pericyole of both gymnosperms and angiosperms.

Under certain conditions roots may appear on other parts of the
plant, particularly on stems and leaves (27). Such roots are called
adventitious roots, arising from meristematic tissue in the node or
interncde of the stem or in the petiole or veins of the leaves.

Those portions of the plant used for the purpose of propagation
are called cuttings. Cuttings may be classified into either stem cut-
tings, root cuttings or leaf cuttings depending upon their origin.

Stem cuttings may be soft, slightly lignified, completely lignified,
or from evergreens and may be called softwood cuttings, greenwood cut-

tings, hardwood cuttings or evergreen cuttings (2).

The first recognisable structure in the formation of a.root
on a cutting is called a root primordium (48). In some instances root
primordia are present in stems of growing plants, but generally they
are formed after the cuttings have been severed from the parent plant
and.placed in a favorable environment. Root primordia.may be formed
in various tissues of the stem, but.most commonly originate in the

pericyole (ll).
11. Effect of Internal Factors on Root Formation

A- has;

Beginning with Sach's (9) work in 1880, investigators have tried
to explain the initiation of root primordia on cuttings by the accumu-
lation of special root-forming substances near the base. C. Darwin
(1880), showed that shoot spices perceived and transmitted towards the
base a stimulus produced by light. Later this stimulus was called
heteroauxin or auxin (53)- -

The first extensive study of root formation.using internal
factors was that of van der Lek (53) in 1925, who assumed that developing
buds produced one or more hormones responsible for root formation. He
found that the presence of leaves or buds definitely stimulated root
formation. Removal of buds stapped root formation almost completely.
van der Lek also found dormant Pogulus cuttings taken in December or
January when buds were dormant no longer initiated root formation,
while two months later, after the commencement of the activity of the
bud, root formation occurred.

went (53), also found that the presence of buds and leaves pro-
moted formation of roots. working with Aoalzpha he found that debudded

and defoliated cuttings formed few roots. If, however, a diffusate

from Loalzpha leaves was applied to the defoliated cuttings an increase
in the number of roots was obtained.

In 1935: lhimann and.Koepf1e (4?) induced root formation on pea
cuttings with a synthetic growth substance, indoleacetic acid (ILA).

In this same year Hitchcock (20) described the activity of 3-indole-
prOpionic acid and Hitchcock and.2flmmerman (21) reported ILA, indole-
proprionic, indolebutyric and naphthaleneacetic acids increased initia~
tion of roots on cuttings.

In 1940 Hitchcock and Zimmerman (22) discovered that combina-
tions of root inducing substances of equal activity did not improve
root formation, but that those of different activity improved rooting.
Zflmmerman (55) reported indole compounds usually produced.a.more fibrous
root system than the alphasnaphthaleneacetic acid (Eli), and indole-
butyric acid did not inhibit terminal bud growth as much as xii.

Skoog (39) in 1944 demonstrated that root formation was de-
pendent upon auxin concentration to certain plant constituents (Pur-
ines). If the ratio of auxin to some plant constituent was low, bud
and leaf primordia were fermed; intermediate, simple callus was fermed;
and at a high ratio, root primordia were stimulated.

Stoutemyer (43) demonstrated different methods of applying
plant hormones such as: powder preparations, concentrated solution dips,
sprays and prolonged soaking of cuttings in dilute solution. Stoute-
myer and O'Rourke (46) reported.higher rooting percentages in sprayed
cuttings taken from growth regulator treated stock plants than from
non-treated plants.

lflany growth regulators can be used for rooting cuttings, but

indolebutyric acid is the most commonly used (31). It has weak activity

and slow destruction by auxin destroying enzymes. Strong growth regu-
lating substances are undesirable as they inhibit bud and root develop-
ment.

Skoog, Schneider and Helen (40), in 1942 first suggested a
molecular reaction for auxin's effect on growth. He stated auxins act
as co-enzymes to which some substrate attaches onto an enzyme control-
ling growth. Later, Veldstra (31), suggested that the ring structure
influenced the degree of fat solubility. It was thought that the water
solubility was influenced by a side chain structure, and could be cor-
related with auxin activity. In 1951, Muir and Hansch (32) postulated
that molecules of auxin were attached to a receptor at two-points. In
1952 this two-point attachment theory was confirmed by Foster, llcRae
and Bonner (13). They found that growth could be inhibited if one or
both points were not connected. McRae and Bonner (30) in 1953 suggested
that an obstruction of the ring attachment of an auxin-like compound
resulted in an incomplete attachment of auxin to the receptor. Similar
incomplete attachments occurred if an appropriate acid group of the side
chain was lacking, or configuration limited (2?). A high concentration
of auxin inhibited growth as a result of two auxin molecules becoming
attached to the receptor, one at each of the two points and each in-
hibiting activity of the other.

Van Overbeek, Gordon and Gregory (49) found cuttings supplemented
with reducing and non-reducing sugars and nitrogenous compounds in
solution responded as if leaves were present, and that the concentration
regulated the amount of response. According to Leopold (27), nutrient

materials are important in rooting, not only in relation to their ratio

with auxin, but in the amount of substrate present for actual root
growth. He also stated that rooting responses to auxin are quantita~
tive. The use of auxin concentrations above optimum reduced rooting,

but not the number of root primordia formed.

B. Anti-Auxin

A large variety of compounds, other than high concentrations of
growth regulator; called anti-auxins, have been reported to inhibit
plant growth (27). their action is not clearly understood. Leopold
(27) reported two anti-auxin naphthalene derivatives which reduced
inhibition of root growth. It is thought that anti-auxins inhibit
auxin-induced growth (1), alleviate auxin inhibition, prevent respirap
tory responses to auxins (23), remove apical dominance, prevent tropic
and epinastic responses to auxin sprays (5). ti fourth type of anti-
auxin is one that apparently is attached at both points of the receptor
but possesses relatively weak activity (27).

Maleic hydraside, an inhibitory growth regulator, sprayed on
plants profoundly influences their development. Schoene and Hoffman
(37) first observed maleic hydrazide treated young tomato plants ceased
growth and 10st apical dominance.

Leapold and.Klein (28) found pea roots inhibited by low con-
centrations of maleic hydraside were completely relieved of inhibition
by adding auxin. Conversely, growth inhibition by high concentrations
of auxin can be relieved by the addition of’maleic hydraside at various
acidity levels. Leopold in his book (27) reported Andreas and Andreas
‘(1953) thought maleic hydraside reduced auxin effectiveness by stimulat-

ing enzymatic destruction of indoleacetic acid.

Audus and Les (3) reported that Alberg (1950 and 1952) found
certain homologues of auxin, auxin antagonists, promoted an extension
of root growth when applied in low concentrations. From their work
Audus and Das concluded that the idea of stimulation, by antagonism of
endogenous growth inhibitors, may have to be abandoned because it seems
that auxins and growth inhibitors act in identical ways. Van Baalte
(50), working with leaf cuttings of Aggratum found that certain combina-
tions of m and indole, a growth inhibitor, increased the rooting

effect of IAA.

C. Other Internal Factors ‘

It is realised certain growth regulating substances may be
directly responsible for root formation of cuttings, but there are
certain practical aspects which experience has shown influence rooting
formation. Zimmerman (56) in 1925 reported that certain three-inch
sections of Weigela . shoots, planted serially apex to base, produced
roots more readily than the others. In some years certain pieces out
from shoots rooted more readily than others, influenced by the rate of
growth and the season.

Some species of plants root readily from winter hardwood cut-
tings, while in others, early sumer wood roots more readily (56).
Commercially, hardwood cuttings are taken in late autumn or early winter
before heavy freezing (4), but in some instances they may be taken late
in the winter or early spring. Chadwick (7) obtained better rooting
from stock taken in late winter or early spring before growth started.
Haun and Cornell (17) stated some clones root at specific seasons and

cannot be induced with hormones to root at other seasons. Cuttings of

m tomentosa taken between May 15 and June 1 rooted well, there-
after declining in rooting until December 20, after which date they
did not root (56). .

Starring (42) found that cuttings of various species of plant
material, severed at the node varied in rooting response. Chadwick
(7) stated that the position of the basal cut was less important on
hardwood cuttings which varied anatomically from softwood cuttings.
Chadwick also concluded basal cuts sometimes influenced the number of
basal roots produced, the amount and size of the callus, and time of
rooting.

In 1915 Kraus, and Krsybill (26), found relatively high carbo-
hydrate content combined with relatively low soluble nitrogen increased
root growth, whereas the reverse stimulated shoot growth. Pearse (35)
reported cuttings taken from minerally starved stock plants rooted
readily, in contrast to those receiving adequate or excessive nutrition.
Haun and Cornell (17) reported that more nitrogen reduced mortality of
rooted cuttings and increased root length. Cuttings from stock plants
receiving high potassium with medium or low nitrogen and high phosphorous
with low nitrogen rooted best. In some instances defoliated cuttings
did not root (36), but if their leaves were allowed to remain intact

maximum rooting occurred.
111- Effects of hvironmental Conditions on Root Formation

The formation of roots, like other types of growth, is governed
to a great extent by various combinations of environmental conditions.

It is thought that these environmental factors do not have a direct

10

effect on rooting, but rather an indirect effect, such as the control-
ling of chemical and physical processes and to a great extent the
synthesis and destruction of auxins.

1- lint.

In 1935 Went studied the effect of different colored lights on
root formation (53). He found that red rather than blue light effect-
ively promoted rooting. lent (1935) also reported that root initia-
tion was inhibited when the entire plant (roots and stem) was lighted
(27). Stoutemyer and Close (45) also found that light color effected
the stock plant in subsequent rooting of cuttings.

The leaves are considered perceptive organs of a photoperiod
stimulus, which is translocated to meristems and other plant parts.
This was verified.by'floshkov, (1935), and Cailahjan, (1936) (33).

Galston, and Hand (15) suggested non-auxin systems were re-
sponsible for growth inhibition. Brief exposure to white light, be-
fore, during and after auxin treatments decreased the efficiency of
IAA root-initiation processes of etiolated pea epicotyles.

Galston (14) excised asparagus stem tips which formed roots
when exposed to appropriate concentrations of IAA in the dark, but
not in light. He concluded that other materials than auxins were
essential for root initiation and that they were formed by light, stored
in the seed and depleted by prolonged darkness.

In 1938, Hammer and Donner (16) reported that portions of a
plant under long photoperiods were influenced by a portion of the same
plant given short photOperiods. This floral initiating substance was

not identical to IAA.

11

Stoutemyer and Close (44) found phot0periods most favorable
for rooting varied from plant to plant; some species rooting best
under continuous illumination, others under short photoperiods. Leo-
pold (27) reported that Smith (1926) found photoperiodio effect was
influenced primarily by carbohydrates in the plant. In contrast, i1-
lumihated cuttings occasionally simulated an increase in rooting (44).
B. Other Environmental Factors

Chadwick (7) reported buds and meristematic tissues, other than
basal root initials, of cuttings possess a rest period. He also stated
that callusing of hardwood cuttings (exposure to temperatures between
700 - 100° F.) speeded rooting, and that media temperatures of 400 r.
retarded root development. ‘Wells (52), suggested that optimum media
temperatures of 68° to 72° 1". was ideal for rooting. In the rooting
of certain evergreen cuttings, Chadwick and Swartley (8) reported
better rooting at 70° - 75° 1'. than at 80° - 85° F. Zimmerman (56)
suggested that forms which root with difficulty may be benefited by
specific temperatures.

Cuttings of many plants when rooted in propagation sand pro-
duce coarse, brittle, sparsely branched root systems, while those in
peat moss produce very slender, flexible, well branched roots (29).
Chadwick (6) reported a better root system was produced when a-fine
grade of vermiculite was used, though most grades of vermiculite and
propagation sand were satisfactory.

thre and Schwartze (34) found most evergreen species root well
in sand or sand-peat. These media had a minor influence on rooting

(36). Exper and Roof (12) and Hitchcock (19), also used these media.

12

hper and Roof (12) stated slag, sand, and peat, used alone were not
ideal as a rooting medium but that various combinations were valuable.

The amount and frequency of watering varies with time of year,
type of rooting medium and type of cutting. Overhead watering was con-
sidered by Chadwick (6) to be superior to manual or constant level
subirrigation. Houston and Chadwick (24) found controlled humidity of
75 percent, ideal for rooting softwood cuttings during the summer.

The pH range for ideal rooting varies with the different vari-
eties, but generally falls somewhere between an acid range of 4.5 to
7.0 (25). Chadwick and Swarthey (8) reported that acidified growth
substances were effective and more toxic than regular hormones. Zimmer-
man (56), (1925) suggested that a sand and acid peat mixture be used
for plants which root better under acid and high moisture conditions.

Zimerman (56) using gall; cuttings, found normal root growth
occurred when the atmosphere contained 12 percent carbon dioxide,

25 percent oxygen and 63 percent nitrogen. Approximately normal root-
ing occurred with 25 percent carbon dioxide, provided oxygen content
remained 25 to 33% percent. Best rooting was obtained when 15 to

33 1/3 percent oxygen was mixed with 66 2/3 to 85 percent nitrogen.

13
MATERIALS ANDIMETHODS

In order to determine the influence of various photoperiods and
growth inhibitors in promoting roots, different types of ornamental
plant materials were used. Cuttings were obtained in the usual commer—
cial manner, given appr0priate treatments and propagated under green-
house conditions prevailing at East Lansing, Michigan from February 4
to June 20, 1956.

The cuttings were exposed to photoperiods of normal day length,
eight hours, sixteen hours and continuous illumination. In order to
obtain photoperiods longer than normal day length, additional illumina-
tion was supplied by 40dwatt white fluorescent tubes. In addition to
various phot0periods, plant growth regulators were used. Two growth
inhibitors, maleic hydrazidel and the sodium salt of alpha-beta-
dichloroisobutyric acid2 at concentrations of 500 and 3000 p.p.m. were
applied either as a dip, at the time of setting or stiCking of the
cuttings, or as a spray, when shoot growth was evident. Dipped cut-
tings were completely immersed in the solution for several seconds.

In the spray applications, the leaves were sprayed until run-off of

the solution was observed. In addition to the plant growth inhibitors,
se-called root "promoting" hormones were used. A commercial preparap
tion, Hbrmodin Do. 2 (31), containing indolebutyric acid, was applied
to the basal ends of some of the cuttings. Chemical treatments and

plant materials used in this experiment are shown in Table I.

 

1) Obtained from Bohm and Haas Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
2) Obtained from Naugutuck Chemicals, Division of U. S. Rubber Co.,
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Stem cuttings were prepared in the usual commercial manner (4).
Hardwood cuttings of Ligstrum almlrense3 and Philadelphus lemoinei3 6
and 5 inches in length were made from previous season's wood on Jan-
my 14 and 28 respectively, hot callused for one day, stored at 41° F.
until the cuttings were placed in the rooting media on February 4 and
5. The cuttings were sprayed with chemicals on February 23, removed
and gaded on March 22 and Kay 20, respectively.

Softwood cuttings of Pelarggnium hortorum" and Chrnanthemum
hortorum5 4 and 3 inches in length were made from tips of shoots,
respectively. Cuttings were made on February 16 and 18, placed in the
rooting media on February 17 and 19, sprayed on February 25 and larch
1, and removed and graded on larch 28 and 20, respectively.

herpeen cuttings approximately 6% inches in length were made
from tips of previous season's growth of m ouspidata3. lhe cut-
tings were prepared on February 8, placedin the rooting media Feb-
ruary 10, sprayed March 3, removed and graded June 3.

Cuttings were removed or pulled in the usual commercial manner
and given a top and root index which was obtained by pading the cut-
tings according to the amount of growth which had occurred on both
tops and roots. The various grades consisted of heavy, medium, light
or zero (Figure 1). An index author was obtained by assigning a
numerical value of five for heavy, three for medium, one for light

and none for zero.

 

3) Cuttings obtained from Campus of lichigan State University.

4) Cuttings obtained from Sunset Gardens, Lamita, California.

5) Cuttings obtained from rooted cuttings from Real Brothers, Toledo
Ohio.

16

All experiments were arranged in a randomized block of three
replications with 10 cuttings to a treatment. All cuttings were
placed in a medium of quarts sand and fine limestone gravel on a bench

in a greenhouse fluctuating between 700 F. at night and about 80° F.

during the day.

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18

EXPERDIENTAL RESULTS

It was evident at the time of removal of cuttings from the
rooting media that there were variations in the rooting of the various
plant materials. It was believed that length of day was an important
factor in the rooting of cuttings. However, no statistical comparison
was made between the phot0periods, although statistical comparisons
were made between chemical treatments within the photoperiods.

The growth inhibitors had a pronounced inhibiting effect upon
both root formation and shoot growth under all photoperiods. The ef-
fect of these inhibitors on root formation of softwood cuttings of
Mathew hortorum, (variety Indianapolis Yellow) is shown in
Table II. Maleio hydrazide significantly inhibited root formation in
softwood cuttings of ghazganthemum.hortorum. There was also a signifi-
cant difference in inhibition by maleic hydraside due to concentration,
but not method of application. The sodium salt of alpha-beta—dichloro-
isobutyric acid inhibited root formation of ghgyganthemum hortorum
cuttings. The degree of inhibition was not nearly as pronounced as
in the case of maleic hydraside.

The effect of concentration and method of application of maleic
hydraside and the sodium.salt of alpharbetavdichloroisobutyric acid
on root formation and top growth of softwood cuttings of W
hogtorum, (variety Better Times) is shown in Table III. The result
indicates that maleic hydrasidepwhen applied to cuttings as a dip at
500 and 3000 p.p.m. and as a spray at 3000 p.p.m. inhibited subsequent

root formation. The sodium salt of alpha-beta—dichloroisobutyric acid

19

applied to cuttings as a dip at 3000 p.p.m. significantly inhibited
root formation. It was observed that the amount of tcp or shoot
growth was associated with amount of root growth. When root growth
was severely inhibited by chemical treatment, tcp growth was also
inhibited (Table III).

The results of various concentrations and.methcds of applica-
ticn.of maleic hydrazide and sodium.salt of alpha-betapdichlorcisobutyric
acid on root formation and tap growth of hardwood cuttings cf Ligggtrg;
amurense are presented in Table IV. When.either maleic hydraside or '
the sodium salt of alpharbeta-dichlcroiscbutyric aciduas applied as a
dip treatment at 3000 p.p.m. to cuttings, root formation was inhibited.
Some stimulation of root growth was observed at lower concentrations,
but was not significant.

Shoot growth on Liggstrum gaggense cuttings appeared to be
closely correlated with root formation (Table IV). Greatest shoot
growth inhibition occurred when the cuttings were treated with maleic
hydrazide as a dip at 3000 p.p.m. Some inhibition of shoots occurred
when.maleic hydrazide was used on cuttings as a 500 p.p.m. dip treat-
ment and with the sodium salt of alphasbeta-dichlcroisobutyric acid
applied to the cuttings at 3000 p.p.m. as either a spray or a dip.

The results of the effect of various concentrations and.methods
of application of maleic hydrazide and the sodium salt of alpha-beta-
dichloroiscbutyric acid to shoot and root growth of hardwood cuttings
cf Philadelphus lemcinei (variety'hvalanche) is presented in Table V.
llaleic hydrazide applied .. a dip at both 500 and 3000 p.p.n. signifi-

cantly inhibited root growth of cuttings. No effects were observed

20

when the sodium salt of alpha-beta-dichlcroisobutyric acid was applied
as either a dip or a spray at either 500 or 3000 p.p.m.

Shoot growth of Philadelphus lemoinei (variety Avalanche) was
closely correlated with root formation (Table V). The treatments that
inhibited shoot growth significantly was the dip applications of 500
and 3000 p.p.m. of the sodium salt of alpha-betardichlcroisobutyric
acid and maleic hydrazide at 3000 p.p.m. applied as a spray and a dip.

The effect of a commercial root promoting hormone (Hbrmodin Ho.
2) applied simultaneously with maleic hydrazide and the sodium salt
of dichloroisobutyric acid on the root fermation of evergreen cuttings
of.2§§23.cuspidata (spreading form) is shown in Table VI. ugggg;
cuspidata (spreading form) cuttings treated with Hormodin No. 2 either
alone or in combination with maleic hydrazide or the sodium salt of
alpha-beta-dichloroiscbutyric acid significantly increased rooting
(Table XIII, Figures 2, 3, 4 and 5). Maieio hydrazide, by itself,
applied by means of a spray at 3000 p.p.m. significantly inhibited
root formation (Figure 6).

The effect of interaction between photoperiods, and the various
growth regulators on root formation of the various ornamental cuttings
is shown in Tables VII through XIV. It is invalid, statistically,
to compare the interaction of the various photoperiods, due to the
lack of replications of the photoperiods. The effect on root forman
tion of the interaction of the different photoperiods and untreated
and.maleic hydrazide, applied by means of a dip at 3000 p.p.m. treated

Ligggtrum amurense cuttings is shown in Figure 7.

TABLE II

Effect" of Concentration and Method of Application of Maleic Hydra-

zide and Na-alpha-beta—dichloroisobutyric Acid on the Root Formation

of Softwood Cuttings of C_h_rzsanthemum hortorum (Variety Indianapolis
Yellow )-

 

 

 

Treatment Rooting Index
Control 47.2
llaleic Hydrazide, 3000 p.p.m. dipped .83

" " , ” " sprayed 3.83

'3 '3 , 5oo p.p.m. dipped 12.25

'3 '3 , n " sprayed. 14.91

Na-alpha-beta-isobutyric acid, 3000 p.p.m. dipped 38.33

 

 

s u s u N , u " sprayed 38-33
to s n N " , 500 p.p.m. dipped 33-33
a to n w n , n u sprayed 40.41
L.S.D. at 51 level 9.99

Date put in medium: Feb. 19, 1956
Date sprayed: larch 3, 1956
Date pulled: March 20, 1956
lo. of days in the medium: 30 days

* Average of four photoperiods, three replications of 10 cuttings
each, graded according to an index with the highest possible
value of 50.

22

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fig

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26

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2?

Figure 3. m cuepidata cuttings untreated (ox), treated with Hormodin No. 2 (H ) and a

2

combination of maleic hydraside, dipped at 500 p.p.m. and Hprmodin No. 2 (BEES)

28

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a con so are e 3 e333? caeuea are N as

 

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29

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31

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HHb fidfldfi

32

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33

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34

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35

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38

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39

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40

DISCUSSION

An attempt has been.made to determine the practical boundaries
of the usage of photoperiod and growth inhibitors in the asexual propa-
gation of various types of ornamental plants. Results of this experi-

ment indicate root formation of various ornamental cuttings influenced

 

by certain growth inhibitors varies with the method of application, ff;
the concentration and the phot0pericd.
In no instance did a growth inhibitor, used alone, significantly
increase root formation. However, it was evident that in some cases
root growth was greater than that of the control. lhen a growth in- L "J

hibitcr was used in conjunction with a root promoting compound, root
formation was significantly increased from that of the control.

In softwood cuttings of Chrysanthemum hortorum and Pelargpniul
hortorum.it was evident that maleic hydrazide significantly inhibited
root formation, while the sodium salt of alpha-beta—dichloroisobutyric
acid inhibited root formation, but not significantly at the 3000 p.p.m.
concentration. No differences between the methods of application in
softwood cuttings was observed. Hardwood cuttings of Ligggtrum amurense
and Philadelphus lemoinei and evergreen cuttings of‘ggggg,cuspidsta
were inhibited.more by dip applications of the inhibitors. This would
suggest that softwood cuttings are more sensitive to maleic hydrazide
than the sodium salt of alpha-beta-dichloroisobutyric acid. While in
hardwood cuttings both inhibitors affected root formation in the same
manner. It is also evident that concentration of an inhibitor is more
critical in softwood cuttings, than in hardwood cuttings and that hard-

wood cuttings are effected more by a dip application than by a spray

41

application. In evergreen cuttings of Taxus cuspidata, it was con-
cluded that an inhibitor could be combined with a root promoting

substance to increase rooting.

 

42

SUMMARY

1. The effects of certain concentrations and.methods of appli-
cations of growth inhibitors, combinations of a growth inhibitor and
a root-promoting substance and phot0pericd on root formation were
investigated.

2. Root formation was significantly increased on 1932!; _c_us_; f“-
pig§t§,cuttings by the use of Hormodin lo. 2 or a combination of
Hbrmodin no. 2 and either maleic hydraside or the sodium salt of alphsp

beta-dichloroiscbutyric acid.

 

1T .

3. Root formation was not significantly increased by the sole
use of either maleic hydraside or the sodium salt of alpha-betspdi-
chloroisobutyric acid at 500 or 3000 p.p.m. applied by means of a dip
or a spray.

4. Hbleic hydrazide applied as a dip at 3000 p.p.m. inhibited

root formation of the various plant materials used in this experiment.

5. In certain instances the sodium.salt of alphasbetspdichlore-

isobutyric acid also inhibited root formation.

6. It was evident that root formation was closely associated
with top growth in Pelarggnium.hortorum, Liggstrum.slurense and,Philg-
delpgus lemoinei. .

7. lhough it was evident that photopericd influenced rooting,
no statistical comparisons could be made due to the lack of replications

of the various photoperiods.

1.

2.

3.

4.
5.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

43

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1925.

 

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