PHYSICAL PROPERTIES or PORTLAND CEMENT Ii CONCRETE WITH SILICONE ADDITIVE Thcsls ‘0!- HII Degree 0‘ M. S. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Paul Phillip Sulprizio 1961 r_~'I§2 f I L r L .‘__a._,r'lfit4 This is to certifg that the thesis entitled "Physical Properties of Portland Cement Concrete with Silicone Additive' presented by Paul Phillip Sulprizio has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for M.S. degree in Civil Engineering Major professor Date 22%.11 29”. /7é/ 0—169 LIBRAizY Michigan State University -_wn—-—nw «a .-.-o~ ~< ” -‘- ABSTRACT PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE WITH SILICONE ADDITIVE by Paul Phillip Sulprizio In the manufacture of concrete as a structural material, various types of admixtures are added to the concrete mix to alter the mix characteristics as well as the characteristics of the hardened concrete. These admixtures may be classified as air-entraining agents, retarders, accelerators, workability agents, and water-repellent agents. In this study the area of water-repellent concrete will be investigated using several silicone solutions as admixtures. The purpose of the study is to determine the effect of these silicone additives on the physical properties of the concrete. Preliminary tests were conducted using four types of silicone additives in three basic concrete mixes having different cement contents. The additive coupled with the mix yielding the best performance was selected for more detailed investigation. Data from flexure and compression tests revealed that mixes con- taining the selected additive were initially stronger than plain concrete, but as age increased, the effect of the additive decreased. It was also noted that an increase in the water—cement ratio brought about an increase in, flexural and compressive strength of mixes with the silicone additive. Paul Phillip Sulprizio Based on a limited number of freezing and thawing specimens, the addition of the silicone additive to concrete mixes caused an increase in durability. Use of the silicone additive in concrete mixes retarded both initial and final time of set. In addition, no effect on the change of volume of concrete was observed. Fatigue tests showed that the stress level factor had no effect on the probability of failure when the specimen contained the silicone additive. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE WITH SILICONE ADDITIVE by Paul Phillip Sulprizio A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of ' MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Civil and Sanitary Engineering 1961 /H7’./;Q I -’././f /’ I I" n I I’ ’r‘ ' .’ / o o ; / I a I .l - _/ , ACKNOW LEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express his sincere thanks to his major pro- fessor, Dr. C. E. Cutts, Professor of Civil Engineering, Michigan State University, for his guidance in this investigation, and to Mr. H. A. Elleby, Instructor of Civil Engineering, Michigan State University, for his advice. Gratitude is also extended to Division of Engineering Research and the Dow-Corning Corporation for its support of this project and to the Michigan State Highway Department for the use of their facilities. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................. ii LISTOFFIGURES........................ ................ iv LIST OF TABLES ......................................... Vii LIST OF SYMBOLS ....................................... xi Chapter I. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ..................... 1 II. INTRODUCTION ............................... 4 III. MATERIALS AND MIX DESIGN .................. 5 IV. ' PROCEDURE OF INVESTIGATION ............... 6 V. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ...................... 9 VI. CONCLUSIONS ................................ 12 APPENDIX- -Figures ............................ i ......... 16 Tables ....................................... 35 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................... 59 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 3 . 1. Flexure-age curve, 5 sacks/yd , average of mixes A and B, plain concrete and silicone additives DC-772, DC-77l, XR-8-OO36, QZ-6208 ................................... l6 3 . 2. Flexure-age curve, 6 1/2 sacks/yd , average of mixes A and B, plain concrete and silicone additives DC-772, DC-77l, XR-8-0036, QZ-6208 ........................... l7 3 . 3. Flexure-age curve, 8 sacks/yd , average of mixes A and B, plain concrete and silicone additives DC-772, DC-77l, XR-8-0036, QZ-6208 ................................... l8 . 3 . 4. Compressmn-age curve, 5 sacks/yd , average of mixes A and B, plain concrete and silicone additives DC-772, DC-77l, XR-8-OO36, QZ-6208 .......................... l9 3 . 5. Compression-age curve, 6 1/2 sacks/yd , average of mixes A and B, plain concrete and silicone additives DC-772, DC—77l, XR-8—OO36, QZ-6208 ........................... 20 3 6. Compression-age curve, 8 sacks/yd , average of mixes A and B, plain concrete and silicone additives DC-772, DC—77l, XR—8-0036, QZ-6208 ........................... 21 . , 3 3 7. Durability-sacks/yd curve, 5, 61/2, and 8 sacks/yd , average of mixes A and B, plain concrete and silicone additives DC-772, DC—77l, XR-8—OO36, QZ—6208 .......... 22 3 8. Flexure-age curve, 5 sacks/yd , mixes C, D, and E, plain concrete and silicone additive DC-772 .................... 23 Figure Page 3 . 9. Flexure-age curve, 5 sacks/yd , average of mixes A, B, C, D, and E, plain concrete and silicone additive, 3 10. Flexure-age curve, 5 sacks/yd , average of mixes A, B, C, D, E, and I through Q, plain concrete and silicone additive DC-772 ....................................... 25 . 3 . 11. Compressmn-age curve, 5 sacks/yd , mixes C, D, and E, plain concrete and silicone additive DC-772 ........... 26 . 3 . 12. Compressmn-age curve, 5 sacks/yd , average of mixes A, B, C, D, and E, plain concrete and silicone additive 13. Compression-age curve, 5 sacks/yd3, average of mixes A, B, C, D, E, and I through Q, plain concrete and silicone additive DC-772 ................. i .............. 28 14. Durability-sacks/yd3 curve, 5, 6 1/2, and 8 sacks/yd3, average of mixes A, B, C, and D, plain concrete and silicone additives DC-772, DC-77l, XR—8—OO36, QZ-6208.. 29 15. Probability of failure—cycles to failure curve, fatigue failure of concrete using a complete stress reversal of . 4 fr, 5 sacks/yd3, mixes I through Q, plain concrete and silicone additive DC-772 . . . . . . . . . ...................... 30 16. Probability of failure-cycles to failure curve, fatigue failure of concrete using a complete stress reversal of vi Figure ' Page . 425 fr, 5 sacks/yd3, mixes I through Q, plain concrete and silicone additive DC-772 ........................... 31 17. Probability of failure-cycles to failure curve, fatigue failure of concrete using a complete stress reversal of . 45 fr' 5 sacks/yd3, mixes I through Q, plain concrete and silicone additive DC-772 ........................... 32 18. Probability of failure-cycles to failure curve, fatigue failure of plain concrete using three complete stress reversals of . 4 fr, . 425 fr, and . 45 fr, 5 sacks/yd3, mixes I through Q .................................... 33 19. Probability of failure-cycles to failure curve, fatigue failure of concrete containing silicone additive DC-772 using three complete stress reversals of . 4 fr, . 425 fr, 3 . and .45 fr, 5 sacks/yd , mixes I through Q ............. 34 Table 10. 11. LIST OF TAB LES Control mix proportions for 5, 6 1/2, and 8 sacks/yd3 ..... Amount of silicone additives used based upon the weight of cement per mix ..................................... Physical properties of the silicone additives .............. Flexure, compression, and durability data, 5, 6 1/2, and 8 sacks/yd3, mixes A and B, plain concrete .............. Flexure, compression, and durability data, 5, 61/2, and 8 sacks/yd3, mixes A and B, silicone additive DC-772 . . . . Flexure, compression, and durability data, 5, 61/2, and 8 sacks/yd3, mixes A and B, silicone additive DC-771 Flexure, compression, and durability data, 5, 61/2, and 8 sacks/yd3, mixes A and B, silicone additive XR-8-0036 . Flexure, compression, and durability data, 5, 61/2, and 8 sacks/yd3, mixes A and B, silicone additive QZ-6208 . . . Summary of flexure results, percent gain of silicone additive mixes over plain concrete, 5, 6 1/2, and 8 sacks/ 3 yd , mixes A and B ................................... Summary of compression results, percent gain of silicone additive mixes over plain concrete, 5, 6 1/2, and 8 sacks/ 3 yd , mixes A and B ................................... Summary of flexure results using averages of mixes A and B, average percent gain of silicone additive mixes over 3 plain concrete, 5, 6 1/2, and 8 sacks/yd ................ vii Page 35 35 35 36 37 38 39 4O 41 41 42 Table 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. l8. 19. 20. viii Page Summary of compression results using averages of mixes A and B, average percent gain of silicone additive mixes 3 over plain concrete, 5, 6 1/2, and 8 sacks/yd ........... 42 Air content and slump for all silicone additive mixes and plain concrete, mixes A and B .......................... 43 . 3 . Flexure and compressmn data, 5 sacks/yd , plain concrete, mixes A, B, C, D, andE .................... 44 . 3 . . Flexure and compressmn data, 5 sacks/yd , Silicone additive DC-772, mixes A, B, C, D, and E .............. 45 . 3 Summary of flexure and compresmon data, 5 sacks/yd , plain concrete and silicone additive DC-772, mixes A, B, C, D, and E .......................................... 46 Flexure and compression data for fatigue companion 3 specimens, 5 sacks/yd , plain concrete, mixes I throughQ 47 Flexure and compression data for fatigue companion 3 specimens, 5 sacks/yd , silicone additive DC-772, mixes I through Q ........................................... 50 Summary of flexure and compression results, percent gain of mixes with silicone additive DC-772 over plain 3 . concrete, 5 sacks/yd , mixes I through Q ............... 53 Flexure and compression data for fatigue companion specimens, average results for plain concrete and silicone 3 additive DC—772 mixes, 5 sacks/yd , mixes I through Q . . . 54 Table 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. ix Page Average flexure and compression results for fatigue companion specimens, plain concrete and silicone additive DC-772 mixes, 5 sacks/yd3, mixes I through Q . . . 55 Summary of flexure and compression results for fatigue companion specimens, percent gain of mixes with silicone additive DC-772 over plain concrete, 5 sacks/yd3, mixes I through Q ........................................... 55 Durability data for plain concrete, 5 sacks/yd3, mixes A, B, C, and D ....................................... 56 Durability data for silicone additive DC-772 mixes, 5 sacks/yd3, mixes A, B, C, and D ....................... 56 Summary of durability data, average percent gain in durability of silicone additive DC-772 mixes over plain concrete, 5 sacks/yd3, mixes A, B, C, andD .......... 57 Average percent of volume change for plain concrete and silicone additive DC-77Z mixes, 5 sacks/yd3 ............. 57 Air-content, slump, water-cement ratio, and time of set for plain concrete and silicone additive DC-772 mixes, 5 sacks/yd3, mixes c, D, and E ......................... 57 Air-content, slump, water-cement ratio for plain concrete and silicone additive DC-772 mixes, 5 sacks/yd , mixes I through Q ..................................... 58 Table 29. Page Number of cycles, N, to failure and probability of failure, p, for three stress levels, plain concrete and silicone additive DC-772 fatigue specimen mixes, 5 sacks/yd mixes I through Q ..................................... 58 DF xi LIST OF SYMBOLS ultimate strength in compression (psi) modulus of rupture (psi) dynamic modulus of elasticity (psi) _ weight of the specimen (lbs) a constant shape factor for a freeze-thaw specimen actual life of a freeze-thaw specimen (cycles) expected life of an air-entrained specimen (cycles) percent reduction of the dynamic modulus of elasticity at which failure occurs (percent) durability factor (number) probability of failure of a fatigue specimen (percent) total number of fatigue specimens (number) a rank ranging from one to m in order of increasing fatigue life for fatigue specimens tested at one stress level (number) number of cycles to failure of fatigue specimen I. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Silicone solutions in liquid form have been used as a spray or dip to improve the resistance of poured concrete, brick, sandstone, and other building materials to freezing and thawing action. This process has proven to be quite effective on both plain and air-entrained concrete (1). More recently, limited investigations of the effect of silicone solutions as admixtures in Portland Cement concrete have been made both here and abroad. In 1957, Scheribel and Supinger (2) conducted preliminary studies on the effect of silicone additives DC-772 and DC-77l when used as an admixture. Compression tests were performed at two, seven, and twenty-eight days of age on a total of sixteen specimens. One control mix and three mixes each of the silicone additives were made with varying concentrations of the silicone solids. Water absorption and time of set tests were also carried out. Results indicated that the addition of small amounts of the silicone additives increased the compressive strength considerably. It was also noted that the silicone additives produced a retarding effect on the concrete mix. Neither of the silicone additives had any effect on the water absorption properties of the concrete mixes. Of the two silicone additives, DC-772 yielded better results. The optimum amount of dosage appeared to be between 0. 2 and O. 4 percent of the total solids of the solution based on the weight of the cement used in the mix. In the same year Peterson (3) carried out laboratory compression tests on mixes containing the silicone additive DC—772. In addition, field compressive. tests were performed on specimens taken from an experi- mental highway section which was poured with varying concentrations of the silicone additive. Once again the optimum amount of the silicone additive was in the range 0. 2 to O. 4 percent of total solids based on the weight of cement in the mix. A later study made by Peterson confirmed the compression strength data obtained earlier and also revealed that the silicone additive DC-772 did not lose its effectiveness at ages of sixty-one and one hundred and twenty-four days. The control mix was tested at seven and twenty-eight days of age and was assumed to gain in compressive strength thereafter. In 1959, Professor V. M. Moskveen, Director of Technical Sciences of the Academy of Building and Architecture in the USSR (4), conducted experiments on the effect of varying concentrations of the silicone additive GKJ-94 on the compressive strength, density, water absorption, time of set, and durability of concrete mixes. The water absorption was determined by weighing saturated concrete beams which had been previously dried out to a constant weight. No information is available on the control mixes, number of specimens tested or the methods used to determine density and time of set. Prior to the freezing and thawing tests the specimens were saturated in a five percent solution of sodium chloride. They were then placed in pans containing the five percent sodium chloride solution, transferred to the freezing device for a period of sixteen hours and then allowed to thaw for eight hours. Moskveen observed from these experiments that the compressive strength of the concrete containing silicone additive GKJ-94 was greater than that of the control mixes for test ages of three, seven, and twenty- eight days. He noted that small quantities of the silicone additive GKJ-94 did not influence the normal density of the mortar; however, with the introduction of the silicone additive in amounts of five percent of the weight of the cement, normal density increased. The water absorption remained unchanged. The time of both initial and final set for mixes containing the silicone additive was more than doubled and the durability varied according to the concentration of the silicone additive used in the mix. With a silicone additive concentration of one percent of the weight of cement, the highest durability and the largest gain in compressive strength were achieved. Density and water absorption were not affected by this dosage. Farbenfabriken Bayer AG, in Leverkusen, Germany (5), conducted moisture penetration and water absorption experiments on plaster and cement mortar containing the silicone additive Bayer F. After curing for an unspecified length of time the disk—shaped water penetration specimens were dried to a constant weight. A glass tube containing a moisture-absorbing medium, ”Silicagel, " was firmly attached to one side of the specimen. The specimen was then placed in a moist room with a constant humidity of ninety percent and removed periodically to weigh the moisture-absorbing medium. To measure the water absorption, the air-dried specimens were submerged in a glass jar filled with water to a depth of six centimeters. The hydrostatic pressure of five centi- meters was presumed to provide the equivalent of a hundred kilometer per hour rain and wind storm. Specimens for both experiments were five centimeters in diameter and one centimeter thick. The silicone additive Bayer F had no effect upon the resistance of concrete to moisture penetration. It was established that specimens treated with silicone additive Bayer F absorbed considerably less mois- ture than the control specimens. This phenomenon can be attributed to the fact that the silicone additive closes minute pores in the specimens which otherwise would accept and retain the moisture. While silicone compounds have been used in the form of a spray or dip for concrete surfaces, they have not been used as additives in concrete mixtures. The purpose of this study is to explore this latter possibility. 11. INTRODUCTION Previous investigations revealed that silicone solutions when used as admixtures have desirable effects upon the hardened concrete with regard to compressive strength, density, and durability. On the other hand, the investigators did not agree on water absorption studies. In all experiments it was observed that silicone additives produced a retarding effect on the concrete mixes which is highly desirable where mixing at the construction site is not feasible. Because of the versatility of concrete as a structural material, new methods are constantly sought to improve its physical characteristics. It is yet to be determined what effects silicone admixtures have on the properties of creep, bond, durability, fatigue, and strength. The corrosive effect of silicone additives on reinforcing bars and prestressing cables likewise needs evaluation. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of four silicone additives, DC-772, DC-77l, XR-8-0036, and QZ—6208, on the physical properties of Portland Cement concrete. Within the scope of this thesis, it was possible to investigate the effect of silicone additives on: compressive strength, flexural strength, shrinkage, durability, time of set, and fatigue. III. MATERIALS AND MIX DESIGN Both the fine and coarse aggregates used in this study were sub- jected to a sieve analysis and a fineness modulus of 2. 76 was obtained for the fine aggregate and 5. 90 for the coarse aggregate. Since small- sized specimens were used in the investigation, the maximum size of the coarse aggregate was limited to three-quarters of an inch. The method of design used was that outlined by the Portland Cement Association (6). In order to avoid undue variations in data, equally mixed proportions of three different commercial brands of Portland Cement Type I were used. The silicone additives, which were 0. 3 percent total solids of solution based on the weight of cement, were combined with water and then introduced into the mix; by using this procedure concentration of the additives was prevented. Control mixes and additives used may be found on page 35 of the appendix. VI. PROCEDURE OF INVESTIGATION In the preliminary investigation two series of mixes, A and B, were subjected to compressive and flexural tests along with freezing and thawing tests. The primary purpose of this portion of the program was to determine which of the four different silicone additives combined with any of three different cement contents yielded the most promising results with respect to economy of design and overall performance. A constant water-cement ratio was maintained in this initial survey in order to obtain a comparison of the silicone additives. A total of forty cylindrical specimens four inches in diameter and eight inches long representing eight control specimens and four groups of eight specimens each con- taining the four types of silicone additives, were tested at seven and twenty-eight days of age for compressive strength. Cement content levels of five, six and one-half, and eight sacks per cubic yard were used in the mixes. The same procedure was followed for three inch by four inch by sixteen inch flexural and durability specimens. After establishing the superiority of one silicone additive, a more comprehensive investigation was undertaken. The chosen additive and cement content were duplicated in mixes C, D, and E and subjected to the tests mentioned above, so that the data obtained in the preliminary investigation would be confirmed. In addition, a study of time of set and shrinkage was conducted on mixes C, D, and E. An investigation was also made on fatigue properties using the selected additive. This series of mixes was designated as I through Q. The water—cement ratio was varied in the detailed investigation while the slump was held constant. A total of forty-four control specimens and forty—four specimens containing the chosen additive were tested for compresSive strength and flexural strength at ages of three, seven, and twenty-eight days. In addition, six control specimens and six specimens containing the silicone additive were tested for durability. The fatigue investigation employed twenty-seven control specimens three inch by three inch by eleven inch at three levels of applied stress, and the same number for specimens containing the silicone additive. The fatigue specimens had both compressive and flexural strength companions. All specimens used in the program were moist cured prior to their respective tests and the experiments were conducted according to the procedures prescribed by ASTM specifications. In the instance of both freezing and thawing, and fatigue, only general methods are discussed in the above specifications, consequently, a detailed explanation of procedure is described herein. Prior to placing in the Brown freeze-thaw machine, all specimens were moist cured for fourteen days. After removal from the moist curing room, specimens were allowed to dry and their weights were recorded. They were then placed in the freezing and thawing apparatus and frozen, after which they were thawed and sonic modulus measurements were made when the specimens reached a temperature of forty degrees Fahrenheit. The specimens were then placed in metal con- tainers, returned to the freeze-thaw machine and complete submerged under water. The temperature was then rapidly reduced to zero degrees Fahrenheit. Specimens were tested for their dynamic modulus of elas- ticity every six to eighteen cycles depending upon the amount of air present in the beam. One cycle corresponded to a four hour period. A thirty per- cent reduction in the dynamic modulus of elasticity was regarded as failure. Normally, an air-entrained concrete specimen is expected to pass through three hundred cycles of freezing and thawing without having a thirty percent reduction occur in the dynamic modulus of elasticity. A ratio may then be formed between the expected life of a specimen (three hundred cycles or M), actual life of a specimen (N'), and the percent re- duction in the dynamic modulus of elasticity at which failure occurred, thirty percent or P. This is defined as the Durability Factor. The number of cycles at which failure occurred was obtained graphically by plotting the number of cycles versus percent reduction of the dynamic modulus of elasticity. The fatigue study was conducted on three different levels of applied stress, the same stress levels being applied to beams with and without the silicone additive. A total of nine specimens were tested at each stress level. Three specimens were tested in flexure to failure in order to determine the modulus of rupture, fr. Three compression tests were also made so that the effect of the silicone additive could be observed at the age of testing. The age of these specimens varied from ninety to one hundred and ten days. The stress levels used were forty percent, forty- two and one-half percent, and forty-five percent of the modulus of rupture. Although the modulus of rupture varied from mix to mix, the level of stress applied was always constant. A Sonntag fatigue testing machine was used for the flexural fatigue study. The dynamic force was applied at a rate of eighteen hundred cycles per minute and subjected the specimens to reversal of flexural stress. The design of the machine is such that only a vertical force was transmitted to the third points of the specimen. The probability of failure, p, due to fatigue, was computed by using the following equation: p:m+l where u is a ranked specimen belonging to a total of m specimens which were tested at one stress level. V. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS Experimental results of the preliminary investigation revealed that silicone additives DC-772 and DC-77l when combined with a five sacks per cubic yard mix were superior to the other two silicone additives in both compressive and flexural strength. The study also indicated that the effects of the silicone additives decreased somewhat as the cement content increased. Figures 1, 2, and 3 show the average flexural results for five, six and one-half, and eight sacks per cubic yard mixes when combined with the silicone additives. Likewise, Figures 4, 5, and 6 illustrate the compression results. Freezing and thawing results for this initial study indicated that the durability of concrete mixes with less cement appeared to be influenced more by the silicone additives. The one notable exception was silicone lO additive DC-771. Concrete specimens cast from duplicate mixes yielded varied results when subjected to freezing and thawing action. Woods (7) stated that a poor distribution of air could very well account for this behavior. Although relationships developed for three of the silicone additives when used with varying cement contents, no such trend was established for the silicone additive QZ-6208. Figure 7 shows the relationship between D. F. and the cement content for the various mixes. Since the greatest gain in strength and durability was experienced at the five sacks per cubic yard level with silicone additive DC-772, this mix was selected for the detailed investigation. The results of the detailed investigation confirmed the data obtained in the initial study with respect to the combination of silicone additive DC-772 and a five sacks per cubic yard cement content. In addition, the modulus of rupture and the ultimate compressive strength were determined for ages of three, seven, twenty-eight, and ninety toone hundred and ten days. Very little variation in compressive and flexural strength was noted for all of the fatigue companion specimens. Figures 10 and 13 show the average results of flexure and compression tests for ages of three, seven, twenty—eight, and ninety days. Tables 19 and 22 list the percent gain in compressive and flexural strength for silicone additive DC-772 mixes over plain concrete mixes when combined with a cement content of five sacks per cubic yard. The results of compressive and flexural tests show that the influence of silicone additive DC—772 decreased at the age of ninety days for the five sacks per cubic yard mix. 11 No definite trend developed where freezing and thawing of silicone additive mixes was concerned, but it does appear that the durability of low cement content mixes was increased. Silicone additive DC-772 in a five sacks per cubic yard mix improved the durability approximately two and one-half times. Table 25 and Figure 14 illustrate the effectiveness of the silicone additive DC-772 when combined with a five sacks per cubic yard mix to resist the action of freezing and thawing. Moskveen reported a gain in durability of approximately one and one-half times that of plain concrete, however, no information was given on the control mixes. The time of initial and final set was increased when additive DC-772 was introduced into mixes. Table 27 lists the time of initial set and the time of final set for plain concrete mixes and concrete mixes containing silicone additive DC-772. The study directed by Moskveen also showed that silicone additives act as a retarder. A comparison of the change of volume during the critical twenty- four hour period after mixing was not possible due to the retarding effect of silicone additive DC-772. Therefore, the procedure outlined by ASTM specifications for shrinkage was not employed and another test was re- sorted to. A rubber balloon was placed in a glass tube and was partially filled with mortar from a mix and then completely filled with water. A rubber stopper was inserted into the glass tube and the edges were sealed with wax. A graduated pipette was placed through the rubber stopper and filled with water. This test revealed that silicone additive DC-772 increased shrinkage by a maximum amount of O. 3 percent when compared 12 to plain mortar. These measurements are listed in Table 26. Early investigations made by Clemmer (8), Ewing (9), and others (10), indicated that the fatigue limit for plain concrete fell in the range of fifty to fifty-four percent of the modulus of rupture, and that this range was somewhat dependent upon the cement content, rate of load application, and range of the applied loads. Kesler (ll, 12) later found that the rate of loading had little effect on the fatigue strength of plain concrete, but came to no definite conclusions concerning the fatigue limit. McCall (13) subsequently conducted a study of fatigue and noted that no endurance limit could be established for a stress level of forty-seven and one-half percent of the modulus of rupture when applied to a five and six-tenths sacks per cubic yard mix. The results of this study indicated that no endurance limit could be definitely established for a five sacks per cubic yard mix with the lowest applied stress level of forty percent of the modulus of rupture. The addition of silicone additive DC-772 appeared to improve the fatigue strength at a low stress level, but upon approaching a higher stress level, the effect of the silicone additive was less evident. This is shown in Figure 19. This fatigue study was based on fifty-four specimens. VI. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of observations made in this investigation the following conclusions may be drawn: 1) Silicone additive improved compressive and flexural strength when used in concrete mixes having a cement content of five sacks per cubic yard, 13 but their effectiveness decreased as the cement content increased to six and one-half and eight sacks per cubic yard. Figures 1 to 6 inclusive illustrate the decreasing effect of the silicone additive on flexural and compressive strength with increasing cement contents. 2) When used in a five sacks per cubic yard concrete mix, the silicone additive DC-772 was more effective than the other silicone additives in increasing the flexural strength and compressive strength. The gain in flexural and compressive strength decreased as the specimens increased in age. Figures 10 and 13 show the decrease in flexural strength and com- pressive strength up to the age of ninety days. The effect of silicone additives on concrete for a period longer than ninety days was not determined. 3) The durability of concrete was improved when silicone additives were present in the concrete. However, as the cement content of a mix increased, the influence of the silicone additives decreased. This may be seen in Figure 14. A combination of the silicone additive DC-772 and a cement content of five sacks per cubic yard proved to be superior to other additives at the same cement content level. 4) The use of silicone additive DC-772 in a five sacks per cubic yard mix increased the time of set. Results of the time of set study are tabu- lated in Table 27. 5) Shrinkage measurements performed over a period of four days indi- cated that the addition of the silicone additive DC-772 to a five sacks per cubic yard concrete mix produced about the same shrinkage as plain con- crete. Table 26 contains the results of the shrinkage measurements. 14 6) Within the range of the fatigue study conducted, silicone additive DC-772 when used in a five sacks per cubic yard mix, appeared to improve fatigue strength at a stress level of forty percent of the modulus of rupture. Upon the application of a higher stress level, forty-five percent of the modulus of rupture, the fatigue life of the specimens with silicone additive DC-772 was shorter than that of plain concrete specimens. Figures 18 and 19 show the probability of failure for fatigue cycles of plain concrete and specimens containing additive DC-772 subjected to three different stress levels. APPENDIX 15 PSi 16 jLU 1100 .. 1000 n- 900 -- /_ ’f/J’- / 800 .0. /.’r’/;’ // I -/ / / o / ” . // "'” 700 .. // / ”we” /' - ”””’ 600 "’ O. /’ / I I //I 500 -- /I I // I 400 a. I I, Legend /,’ Additives: 300 4F- I . / ----O---- None 200 "I' —-—-.--—-- DC-772 I __A_— DC-77l 100 .. ——A—— XR-8-0036 ___cj___ QZ-6208 0 7 Time in Days 28 Figure l. Flexure-age curve, 5 sacks/yd3, average of mixes A and B, plain concrete and silicone additives DC-772, DC-771, XR-8-0036, QZ-6208 Psi 17 1200 11004- 1000-- ,/- ././ I ./ .—_________ A /. .-———-/———. 900._ I -i” ””’ 800‘“- ””’ ,I I I I I, 600« I " I I ./ I 500-) [I I I I 4001+- I /” Legend I BOOJ- I, Additives: I, -—-—O-——— None I / _. ..__ DC-77Z zoo-I. ,’ . ,’ -—-—A—— DC-77l 100... -—*—-—— XR-8-0036 —-'U—— 02-6208 0 7 Time in Days 28 Figure 2. Flexure-age curve, 6-1/2 sacks/yd3, average of mixes A and B, plain concrete and silicone additives DC-772, DC-77 l , XR-8-0036, QZ-6208 18 psi 1200 1100-*- 1000-+- _____.. A ___. .———————_' ——-— ’ A $35-71? I ”‘55:? 900-“- . // // / I . ’Ik’ // V / 800'“- / 700.. // 600-”- // 500-"- /é 400“ / Legend / Additives: 300“ ’ /" —---O——— None —--—.-—— DC-772 200-- [I' ——-—A—— DC-77l 100+- _——+__ XR-8-0036 ——'U—— 02-6208 0 7 Time in Days 28 Figure 3. Flexure-age curve, 8 sacks/yd3, average of mixes A and B, plain concrete and silicone additives DC-772, DC-77l, XR-8-0036, QZ-6208 psi 19 7000-»- 6000-4- SOOO-I- / // / A /. // /'/ I 4000“ / ./ ’Il” 0/ zl’ .é/l l/I’ 3000“ // ,r” Legend 2000 Additives: -..._.O.--- None —--——.--— DC-772 1000‘, —--—A——— DC-771 _..+__ XR-8-OO36 ——D-—- QZ-6208 0 , 7 Times in Days 28 Figure 4. Compression-age curve, 5 sacks/ydj, average of mixes A and B, plain concrete and silicone additives DC-772, DC-77l , XR-8-0036, QZ—6208 psi 7000-? 1 6000 /'/. /'/' /// v /.’7 // :7“, ,’ Legend Additives: -._-O_._— None .._-_...._...... DC-772. _..._.A...==— DC-77l «+2.... XR-8—OO36 {3 02-6208 Figure 5. Time in Days 28 Compression-age curve, 6-1/2. sacks/yd3, average of mixes A and B, plain concrete and silicone additives DC~772, DC-771, XR-~8—0036, QZ--6208 psi 21 7000.... /' A ./. / . / / I ./ ' /’ 6000" / / ” ./‘ ,/ // / [I . / ll, / 'A/ III’ / sooos- . a”, // I / I /l // 4000T . I I /I I ’ / I I 3000" ‘I I I . I I, Legend ,/ Additives: 2000" . I, ——-—O-—- None // ———.- --— DC-77Z I ._.-._A..——— DC-771 1000..- / _+__.. XR-8-0036 4;} QZ-6208 0 7 Time in Days 28 Figure 6. Compression-age curve, 8 sacks/yd3, average of mixes A and B, plain concrete and silicone additives DC-772, DC-771, XR-8-0036, QZ-6208 1100.. ‘ 10000 9004» ./. o/ 0/ /./ 800.... . /. 0/ 700‘ ""’a——va’ 600q 500 d 400! Legend Additives: 300+ ' -—-O-—--— None “n+0” DC"77Z 200 a 100 4 . l 3 7 Time in Days ' 28 Figure 8. Flexure-age curve, 5 sacks/ydB, mixes C, D, and E, plain concrete and silicone additive DC-772 24 1100... 1000- 9004- 800- 700- .\. 100", II ooo.I / I / / l , 500a» ' I I. 'I 400.. I; OI, Legend /’ Additives: 300... ,' I” .._.._..O.._..- None I ,I DC-772 2.00.r ....-__....____. Time in Days 28 Figure 9. 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Amount of silicone additives used based upon the weight 5 sacks/yd 6-1/2 sacks/yd 10. 94 1b. 10. 74 lb. 66. 6 lb. 66. 6 1b. 66. 8 1b. 65. 5 1b. 18. 8 lb. 24. 4 lb. . 582 . 439 6. 56 4. 95 of Cement per mix Table 3. Preperty Vototal solids Valilicone sp. gr. solvent thinner pH DC-772 DC-77l XR-8-0036 02-6208 36.? ml per 10 lb. 78. 0 ml per 10 lb. 43.1 ml per 10 lb. 37.1 ml per 101b. 35 8 sacks/yd ll. 34 lb. 66. 6 1b. 58. 9 lb. 30. 0 1b. 0 377 4. 26 of cement of cement of cement of cement Physical prOperties of the silicone additives DC-77Z 30 21 water water 12-13 DC-771 XR-8-0036 02-6208 24.3 31.0 100 10.1 18.4 24.5 1.20-1.22 1.204 1.05 water water water water 12-13 11. 2 35 Table 1. Control mix proportions for 5, 6~1/2 and 8 sacks/yd3 water gravel sand cement water/cement gal/sack Table 2. 5 sacks/yd 6-1/2 sacks/yd 8 sacks/yd 10.9411). 10.7411). 11.3411). 66. 6 lb. 66. 6 lb. 66. 6 1b. 66. 8 1b. 65. 5 1b. 58. 9 lb. 18. 8 lb. 24. 4 1b. 30. 0 lb. . 582 . 439 . 377 7‘ 6. 56 4. 95 4. 26 of cement per mix Table 3. PrOperty %total solids %Iilicone sp. gr. solvent thinner pH DC-772 DC-771 XR-8-0036 02-6208 36.7 ml per 78.0 ml per 43.1 ml per 37.1 ml per 10 lb. 10 lb. 10 1b. 10 lb. Amount of silicone additives used based upon the weight 1 of cement of cement of cement of cement Physical properties of the silicone additives DC-772 30 21 water water 12-13 DC-77l XR~8~20036 02-6208 24. 3 31. 0 100 10.1 18. 4 24. 5 1.20-1.22 1.204 1.05 water water --- water water water 12.-13 11. 2 5 36 omGOMuMH—DQEOU EOHH UOUHQUNM nvpozuwuw ovmmhmxwd dd MOM Gmxmp mmDHm> H0304 "muozuw Z .5. oo .3 S :2 3 .m m... .m S .2 85..» mm .o m 35 Em $3 on S. .w>< 02.2% .o w .o w mom as $3. 88. 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N H HSMMZ$ $5 axe .m><. N fl £8 a: .Mwflfiuvfiw .w>¢, M H mflmmi§ SHED ob .w><‘ N M 58 e... .35 g. .w>¢‘ N H women NO o>3mvvm 2503... m m GoEmummm Acumm vum> Hum mxudm .m find 4 9335 .mv>\mxodu m 33 .N\~no .m :33. fixamnmuzv wad .aommmoumfiou 5.353% .m bfinah. Sacks/yd 6-1/2 Sacks/yd 6-1/2 41 Summary of flexure results, percent gain of silicone additive mixes over plain concrete, 5, 6-1/2, and 8 sacks/yd3, mixes A and B Table 9. Age Mix (days) A 7 28 7 B 28 7 A 28 B 7 28 A 7 28 B 7 28 Table Mix DC~772 23.20 24.78 24.33 13.19 48.50 26.28 15.95 15.38 11.00 -1.10 -8.22 0.00 XR-80036 Additive DC—771 27. 30 ' 7.51 32.05 15.88 24.49 17.58 4. 64 4.64 60.00 23.80 28.89 5.48 10.40 9.27 -l.81 4.86 5.14 -1.91 -3. 79 ~11. 27 17. 79 -3. 18 7. 24 0.65 025-6208 -7.17 6.38 14.91 9.28 41.16 27.65 15.33 7.35 10.41 9.17 3.18 10.04 10. Summary of compression results, percent gain of silicone additive mixes over plain concrete, 5, 6-1/2, and 8 sacks/yd3, mixes A and B Age (daYS) 7 28 7 28 7 28 7 28 7 28 7 28 DC- 772 29.82 44.27 56.04 42.14 38.60 28.12 17.11 10.68 5.87 5.83 31.50 2.36 13.49 XR-8-00 36 Additive DC—771 45. 61 34.87 29.43 27.47 6. 71 19. 63 1.82 26. 77 18. 32 5.61 22. 90 16.11 6.97 17.11 6. 29 9.47 0.00 ~27. 74 -7.80 -16.59 20.83 -8.84 11.70 QZ-6208 -10.46 5.03 31. 38 19.54 30.87 28. 57 48. 66 10. 69 14.62 8. 71 25.48 4. 36 42 Table 11. Smnmary of flexure results using ave rages of mixes A and B. average percent gain of silicone additive mixes over plain concrete, 5, 6-1/2, and 8 sacks/yd3. Sacks Age Additive /yd Mix (days) DC-772 DC- 771 XR-8-0036 02.- 6208 5 A and B 7 23. 77 25.90 12.55 3.87 28 18. 98 18. 35 10. 26 7. 83 6-1/2 A and B 7 32. 23 35. 20 16. 54 28. 25 28 20.83 13.54 5.17 17.50 8 AandB 7 1.89 11.47 -2.55 6.80 28 -0. 55 l. 73 -5. 31 9. 61 Table 12. Summary of compression results using averages of mixes A and B, average percent gain of silicone additive mixes over plain concrete, 5, 6- 1/2, and 8 sacks/yd3. Sa ck 3 Age Additive _ _ /yd Mix (days) DC-772 DC-771 xn-s-oose (22.-6208 5 Aand B 7 42.93 26.16 20.24 31.13 28 43. 21 15. 63 21. 44 24. 06 6-1/2 Aand B 7 27.86 12.65 11.36 39.77 28 19. 40 14. 60 12. 79 19. 63 8 A and B 7 18. 69 10. 42 -18. 29 20. 05 28 4. 10 2. 85 -2. 45 6. 54 Table 13. Sacks /Yd 6—1/2 Air content and slump for all silicone additive mixes and plain concrete, mixes A and B. Mix va riable % air slump % air slump ‘70 air slump % air slump "/0 air slump % air slump none 1.75 1-1/4" 2.10 1-1/2" 1.62 1” 2.45 1-1/2" 2.80 2—1/2" 1.35 4H DC-772 0.95 3” 2.10 1-1/2" 1.48 2-1/4H 1.85 1.1/21I 1.10 2" 1.48 3" 43 XR-8e‘00 36;_QZ- 6208 Additive DC- 771 1-45 2.65. 1-1/4" 3/4" 3.20 2.50 1-3/4" 3/4" 1.76 2.66 1-1/4" 1-3/4" 2.60 1.70 3—1/2" 3" 1.20 2.05 2-1/4" 5" 2.75 2.35 4" 3-3/4" 4.85 4-1/2" 3.03 3—1/4" 3.11 2H 2.33 1" lo 93 3|! 3.43 3-1/4" Table 14. Flexure and compression data, 5 sacks/yd3, plain Sacks/yd concrete, mixes A, B, C, D, and E. Batch W'C A. 7582 Spechnen 1 2 average 7o diff 1 2 average % diff 1 2 3 average 7o diff 1 2 3 average 7o diff 1 2 3 4 average % diff Compre s sion (psi) 3 2585 2425 2225 2410 7.68 2465 2425 2305 2398 3.88 2585 2545 2505 2145 2445 12.27 7 2825 2720 2773 1.91 3100 2860 2980 4.03 3420 3340 3220 3325 3.16 3140 3060 2820 3007 6.22 28 3900 3780 3840 1.56 4410 4370 4390 0.46 4570 4370 4370 4437 3.00 4370 3815 3775 3985 9.66 Flexure (psi) 3 431 496 571 499 14.43 517 517 485 506 4.15 603 524 524 539 547 10.24 7 558 613 586 4.78 680 594 637 6.75 636 614 593 614 3.58 690 679 636 668 4.79 44 28 744 603 674 10.53 819 819 819 798 755 722 758 5.28 755 690 679 708 6.64 Table 15. Sacks /Yd Batch \v/c 45 Flexure and compression data, 5 sacks/yd3, silibone additive D0772, mixes A, B, C, D, and E. Spe cimen 1 2 average %di££ flrgahi 1 2 average has 9bgain 1 Z 3 average fiadfli firgahi 1 2 3 average Vodifi 70 gain 1 2 3 4 average i1du3 fllgahn Compre s sion (psi) 3 3660 3380 3220 3420 7.02 41.91 3460 3380 3340 3393 1.97 41.49 3615 3540 3540 3340 3510 4.84 43.56 *Specimen failed improperly. 7 3660 3540 3600 1.67 29.82 4650 4650 4650 0 56.04 4490 4490 4370 4450 1.80 33.83 5090 5090 4930 5037 2.12 67.51 28 5540 5540 5540 0 44.27 6320 6160 6240 1.28 42.14 5960 5920 5685 5855 2.90 31.96 6360 6280 5960 6200 3.87 55.58 Flexure (psi) 3 550 529 529 536 2.61 7.41 679 647 647 658 3.19 7 657 787 722 9.00 23.20 808 776 792 2.02 24.33 744 679 It 711 4.50 15.80 819 808 776 801 3.12 30.03 19.91 701 690 636 614 660 6.97 20.66 28 863 819 841 2.62 24.78 927 927 927 13.19 970 949 862 927 7.01 22.30 970 938 906 938 3.41 32.49 46 Table 16. Summary of flexure and compression data, 5 sacks/yd3, Sacks /Yd Batch plain concrete and silicone additive DC- 772, Mixes A, B, C, D, and E. Additive none 1X3772 none DC 772 none IXS772 none IXZ772 none DC772 none IXS772 none IX3772 none DC 772 Compre s sion (p si) 3 2410 3420 2398 3393 2445 3510 2418 3441 2418 3441 7 2773 3600 2980 4650 3325 4450 3007 5037 2876 4125 3166 4733 3021 4429 28 3840 5540 4390 6240 4437 5855 3985 6200 4115 5890 4211 6027 4163 5958 Flexure (psi) 3 499 536 506 658 547 660 517 618 517 618 7 586 722 637 792 614 7I1 668 801 611 757 641 756 626 756 28 674 841 819 927 758 927 708 938 746 884 733 932 739 908 47 Table 17. Flexure and compression data for fatigue companion specimens, 5 sacks/yd3, plain concrete, mixes I through Q. Sacks/yd Batch I 5 J I( *Nete: Improper failure. Spechnen 1 2 3 average % diff 1 2 3 average % diff 1 2 3 average 9. diff 1 2 3 averagE" 9. diff l 2 3 average ‘7.) diff 1 2 3 average % diff 1 2 3 average 1mm 1 2 3 average 7. diff 1 2 3 average $dif£ Compre s sion Flexure“ (psi) 5285 5010 4410 4900 ' 10.00 5050 4770 4690 4837 4,40 5130 5050 1! 5090 0.79 5285 5170 5170 5208 1.48 5365 5365 5010 5245 4.48 5645 5525 5285 5485 3.65 5130 5285 4890 5102 4.16 4890 . 4810 4850 4850 0.82 4930 4930 5050 4970 1.61 (pan 830 884 841 852 3.76 841 841 755 812 7.09 884 819 733 812 9.75 862 949 927 913 5.52 830 * 798 814 1.97 895 927 852 891 4.44 701 755 787 747 6.26 790 852 862 835 5.33 830 840 * 835 0.65 Table 17 (Continued) Sacks/yd 5 Batch Spechnen l 2 3 average % diff 1 2 3 average "Io diff WNW average % diff 1 2 3 average % diff 1 2 3 average flpdfii 1 2 3 average 70 diff 1 2 3 average ‘70 diff 1 2 3 average % diff 1 2 3 average firdfifl 48 Compre s sion Flexure (psi) 5365 5365 5125 5285 3.03 5485 5325 5365 5392 1.72 5445 5285 5205 5312 2.50 5445 5405 5365 5405 0.74 5765 5565 5525 5618 2.62 5485 5465 5605 5578 1.67 5645 5485 5125 5418 5.41 5805 6080 5525 5803 4.79 5445 5800 5605 5617 3.26 (psi) 765 960 830 852 12.64 798 798 862 819 5.27 852 819 862 844 2.98 819 873 873 855 4.21 819 916 809 848 8.00 906 819 755 827 9.55 852 841 949 880 7.84 895 884 884 888 0.81 927 852 906 895 4.80 Table 17 (Continued) Sacks/yd Batch 0 5 SP 5 Q *Specimen failed improperly. Spechnen DON" average % diff 1 2 3 average % diff l 2 3 average "I. diff 1 2 3 average % diff l 2 3 average % diff 1 2 3 average % diff 1 2 3 average % diff 1 2 3 average ”/0 diff 1 2 3 average % diff Compressor (psi) 5365 5205 5125 5232 2.54 5285 5565 5800 5550 4.77 5460 5050 4930 5147 6.08 *4610 5605 5605 5605 0.00 5565 5525 5525 5538 0.49 ’ 5685 5645 5525 5618 1.66 5205 5165 5010 5127 2.28 5050 4810 4730 4863 3.85 5445 5445 5485 5458 0.49 49 Flexure (psi) 900 860 847 869 3.57 850 892 902 881 3.52 864 870 848 861 1.51 927 916 776 873 11.11 960 895 927 927 3.56 873 970 960 934 6.53 852 938 970 920 7.39 927 916 916 920 0.76 875 875 925 892 3.70 50 Table 18. Flexure and compression data for fatigue companion specimens, 5 sacks/yd3, silicone additive DC-77Z, mixes I through Q Sacks/yd .Batch Spechnen WNW average 70 diff. in gain 1 2 3 average ‘70 diff. 7.. gain 1 2 3 average 70 diff. 7. gain 1 2 3 average ‘76 diff. '7.» gain 1 2 3 average 70 diff. % gain 1 2 3 average 70 diff. 7. gain 1 2 3 average 7. diff. 7. gain Compres sion Flexure (psi) 7630 6795 6640 7022 8.66 43.31 7470 7550 6795 7272 6.56 50.34 7790 6755 7035 7193 8.30 41.32 6915 6520 6995 6810 4.26 30.76 7000 6440 6755 6738 4.42 28.47 6915 6400 6360 6558 5.44 190 56 5960 5920 5125 5668 9.58 11.09 (psi) 1075 1050 1000 1042 4.03 22.30 975 1025 975 992 3.33 22.17 1095 1100 955 1050 9.05 29.31 995 950 938 961 3.54 5.26 950 900 950 933 3.54 14.62 900 900 950 917 3.60 2.92 725 825 800 783 7.41 4.83 Table 18 . Sacks/yd (continued) Batch Spechnen 1 2 3 average 96dfi1. 7. gain 1 2 3 average 1. diff. 7. gain 1 2 3 average 7. diff. 7. gain 1 2 3 average $ diff. 7. gain 1 2 3 average $818. 1. gain 1 2 3 average 7. diff. ‘7. gain 1 2 3 average 7. diff. 7. gain 51 Compres sion Flexure (psi) 4890 5485 5880 5418 9.75 11.71 6040 5050 5005 5365 12.58 6.24 6875 7115 6955 6982 1.89 32.11 6520 6440 6560 6507 1.03 20. 68 6120 6995 6635 6583 7.03 23.93 6795 6280 6560 6545 4.05 21.09 6955 6675 7075 6902 3.29 22.86 (poi) 875 850 750 825 9.09 .1. 20 900 900 850 883 3.74 5.75 858 853 870 860 1.16 0.94 850 900 775 842 7.96 2.81 805 955 793 851 12.22 0.83 868 913 788 856 7.94 0.12 920 875 743 846 12.17 -0.24 Table 18 (continued) Sacks/yd Batch Spechnen DON" average 7. diff. ‘70 gain 1 Z 3 average 70 diff. 7. gain 1 2 3 average f diff. 1. gain 1 2 3 . average 96dfi3. 7. gain 1 2 3 average 70 diff. 96 gain 1 Z 3 average '7.» diff. ‘70 gain 1 2 3 average 70 diff. 96 gain Compres 8 ion Flexure (psi) 6240 6800 6755 6598 5.03 18.29 6955 6755 6160 6623 7.00 22.24 6795 6955 6835 6862 1.36 18.25 6620 6560 6040 6407 5.73 14.06 6955 6955 7075 6995 1.14 33.70 6795 6595 6520 6637 2.38 19.59 7075 6835 6755 6888 2.71 33.83 (psi) 900 875 800 858 6.76 3.75 825 900 975 900 8.34 2.28 825 838 788 817 3.55 ~8.00 850 888 900 879 3.30 -1.79 875 875 950 900 5.56 3.57 875 875 900 883 1.93 0.23 850 825 900 858 4.90 -0.35 Table 18. .(continued) Sacks/yd Specimen WNW average "Io diff 70 gain 1 2 3 average 7o diff 70 gain 1 2 3 average 7. diff 70 gain 1 2 3 average 911 diff 70 gain 1 2 3 average 7. diff 70 gain 1 2 3 average 7. diff 70 gain 53 Compre s 8 ion Flexure (psi) 7550 76.70 7590 7603 0. 83 35. 65 7315 7035 6440 6930 7.07 25.14 7395 7395 7315 7368 0. 72 31.15 7025 6995 6995 7005 0.29 36.63 7035 7035 7075. 7048 3.83 44.93 6995 6795 6715 6835 2. 34 25. 23 (psi) 875 900. 875 883 3. 96 1.15 913 938 900 917 2.29 -1.08 1000 950 925 958 4. 38 2. 57 968 950 800 906 11. 69 '10 52 920 875 800 865 7. 51 -5. 98 925 920 920 922 0. 33 3. 36 Table 19. Summary of flexure and compression results, percent gain of mixes with silicone additive DC-772 over plain concrete, 5 sacks/yd3, mixes I through Q. Compression (psi) Flexure. (psi) _ Additive 3 . 7 . 28 3 7 . 28 None 2445 3021 4163 5 1.7 626 739 DC-772 3441 4434 5958 618 748 908 %Gain 40.74 46.77 43.12 11.80 19.49 22.87 Table 20. Sacks /yd Flexure and compression data for fatigue companion specimens. average results for plain concrete and silicone additive DC-772 mixes, 5 sacks/yd3, mixes I through 0. IBatch Group “NF" average % diff 1 2 3 average 9. diff 1 2 3 average 9. diff 1 2 3 average M111: 1 2 3 average 7o diff 1 2 3 average '70 diff 1 2 3 average % diff 1 2 3 average 1» diff 1 2 3 average 9. diff Compression (psi) None 4900 4837 5090 4942 3.00 5208 5245 5285 5269 1.16 4890 4850 49 70 4903 1.37 5125 5392 5312 5276 2.86 5405 5618 5578 5534 2.34 5418 5803 5617 5613 3.48 5232 5550 5147 5310 4.52 5605 5538 5618 5587 0.88 5127 4863 5458 5149 6.00 DC- 772 7022 7272 7193 7162 1.95 6810 6738 6558 6702 2.15 5668 5418 5365 5484 3.36 6982 6507 6583 6691 4.35 6545 6902 6598 6682‘ 3.29 6623 6862 6407 6631 3.48 6995 6637 6888 6840 2.97 7603 6930 7368 7300 5.07 7005 7048 6835 6963 1.84 54 Flexure (psi) Iane 852 812 812 825 3.28 913 814 891 873 6.76 747 835 835 806 7.32 852 819 844 838 2.27 855 848 827 843 1.90 880 888 895 888 0.90 869 881 861 870 1.26 873 927 934 911 4.17 920 920 892 910 1.98 130- 772 1042 992 1050 1028 3. 51 961 933 917 937 2.56 783 825 883 830 6. 39 860 842 851 851 1.06 856 846 858 853 0.82 900 817 879 865 5.55 900 883 858 880 2.50 883 917 958 919 4.13 906 865 922 898 3.67 55 Table 21. Average flexure and compression results for fatigue companion specimens, plain concrete and silicone additive DC- 772 mixes, 5 sacks/yd3, mixes 1 through 0. Comp re s sion Flexure Sacks/ yd Batch Additive (psi) (psi) I none 4942 825 DC- 772 7162 1028 J none 5269 873 DC- 772 6702 937 K none 4903 806 DC- 772 5484 830 L none 5276 838 DC- 772 6691 851 5 M none 55 34 843 DC- 772 6682 853 N none 561 3 888 DC- 772 6631 865 0 none 5310 870 DC- 772 6840 880 P none 5587 911 DC- 772 7300 919 Q none 5149 910 DC- 772 6963 898 Table 22.. Summary of flexure and compressiOn results for fatigue companion specimens, per’cent gain'of mixes with silicone additive BC-7’72 over plain concrete, 5 sacks/yd3, mixes I through Q. Additive Compression (psi) Flexure (psi) none 5287 863 DC- 772 6717 896 “h gain 27.05 3. 82 56 3 Table 23. Durability data for plain concrete, 5 sacks/yd , mixes . A, B, C, and D. Freeze and Thaw Dynamic Modulus Sacks/yd Batch Specimen Cycles D. F. of Elasticity 1 8 . 8 6. 48X102 A 2 9 . 9 6. 31X10 average 8 g . 85 70 diff 12. 50 5. 88 1 24 2. 4 6. 681002 B 2 23 2. 3 average 23 2.35 % diff 4.17 2. 13 5 1 10 1.0 5. 7134102 2 9 . 9 5. 75X106 C 3 11 1.1 5. 72X10 average 9. 0 .90 %diff 11.11 11.11 1 115 11. 5 5. 601002 2 133 13. 3 5. 60X106 D 3 118 11.8 5.60X10 average 122 12.20 % diff 3. 28 3. 28 Table 24. Durability data for silicone additive DC-772 mixes, 5 sacks /yd3, mixes A, B, C, and D. Freeze and Thaw Dynamic Modulus Sacks/yd Batch Specimen Cycles D. F. of Elasticity 1 29 2. 9 7. 05X102 2 21 2. l 6. 841410 A average 25 2. 5 % diff 16. 0 1. 6 “/0 gain 212. 50 194.12 1 169 16.9 6. 22x102 2 155 15. 5 6. 30X10 B average 162 16. 2 % diff 4. 32 4. 32 % gain 604. 35 589. 36 5 1 104 10. 4 5. 69X102 2 86 8. 6 5. 64X106 3 40 4. 0 5. 08X10 C average 76 7. 7 % diff 47. 40 47. 88 % gain 426. 67 432. 00 1 300 30 5. 76X10€ 2 300 30 5. 62X106 3 300 30 5. 64X10 D average 300 30 % diff 0. 00 0. 00 % gain 145. 90 145. 90 Table 25: Table 26. Table 27. Sacks/yd 57 Summary of durability data, average percent gain in durability of silicone additive DC-772 mixes over plain concrete, 5 sacks/yd3, mixes A, B, C, and D. Freeze and Thaw Sa cks/yd Additive Cycles D. F. none 40 4.1 5 DC- 772 140 14. l ‘70 Gain in D. F. 250. 00 243. 90 Average percent of volume change for plain concg‘ete and silicone additive DC-772 mixes, 5 sacks/yd . Additive Time None DC- 772 2 day 1. 45 1. 54 3 day 1. 58 l. 85 4 day l. 68 1. 98 Air- content, slump, water- cement ratio, and time of set for plain concrete and silicone additive DC- 772 mixes, 5 sacks/yd3, mixes C, D, and E. Additive w/c 70 air slump time of set w/c . ‘70 air slump time I of F set None DC-772 Variable C 0.448 2.15 1.1/4H 11-30" 3|_45H 0.444 2. 60 1-1/2" 31-011 'r-ao" Mix '1) 0. 468 2. 65 l" ll_55H I‘v-30" 0. 433 3. 35 l" 31_o11 91_1511 E 0.502 2.95 1.1/4H 21-4511 5'-10" 0. 479 3. 00 1” 21-4511 91-011 58 Table 28. Air-content, slump, water-Cement ratio for plain concrete Sacks/yd Table 29. . 4fr 827 3457 4635 5590 7491 8241 9732 10000+ 10000-1- and silicone additive DC-772 mixes, 5 sacks/yd3, mixes I through 0. Mix Additive w/c 1. Air . Slump I none . 492 2. 50 3/4" DC- 772 . 468 2. 95 1/2" J none . 530 3.10 1.1/4" DC- 772 . 506 2. 35 3/4" K none . 524 3. 00 1-1/2" DC-772 . 552 2.13 1" L none . 484 3. 65 1.1/4" DC- 772 . 508 2. 53 1/2H M none . 431 3. 55 1.1/4" DC- 772 . 543 1. 93 3/4" N none . 522 2. 55 3/4" DC- 772 . 523 2. 20 1-1/4" 0 none . 520 2. 50 3/4" 00.772 . 523 2. 30 1'I P none . 476 2. 20 1" DC- 772 . 486 2. 70 3/4" 0 none . 486 2. 60 3/4" 130-772 . 509 2. 63 1" Number of cycles, N, to failure and probability of failure, p, for three stress levels, plain concrete and silicone additive DC- 772 fatigue specimen mixes, 5 sacks/yd3 , mixes I through Q. None ADDITIVE 'DC-772 Stress Level Stress level . 425fr . 45fr .1 4fr . 425fr . 45fr 63 43 115 82 382 1346 268 793 949 414 1546 281 835 1673 965 1833 300 1234 1686 1145 2661 436 2031 1697 1870 2948 935 2911 2017 2012 3233 1277 5325 2402 2803 4063 2511 7322 2455 3431 4941 5003 10000+ 3694 3842 59 BIBLIOGRAPHY Cahn, Harold L. , and Mackey, Royal V. Jr. , "Extending Concrete Highway Durability and Light Reflectance with Silicones. " ASTM Bulletin, No. 235, pp. 33-37, January, 1959. Scheribel, R. S. and Supinger, C. , "DC-771 and DC-772 as Sili- cone Admixtures to Concrete, " from a report prepared for the Dow- Corning Corporation, March, 1957. Peterson, H. T. , "Silicone Additives in Concrete, " from reports prepared for the Dow-Corning Corporation, July, 1957 and January, 1958. Moskveen, V. M. , Apexyev, S. N., and Batrakov, V. G., "Silicone- Organic Supplement for the Increase of Frost Resistance of Concrete," Beton i Zhelezobeton, No. 1, pp. 19-21, 1959. Anonymous, ”Schutz vor Durchfeuchtung durch Silicon-Impraegnier- mittel Bayer F, " Die Bauwirtschaft, No. 1, pp. 11-12, 1960. Anonymous, "Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures, " Portland Cement Association, 10th edition, 1952. Woods, Hubert, "Observations on the Resistance of Concrete to Freezing and Thawing, " American Concrete Institute Journal, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 345-353, December, 1953. Clemmer, H. F. "Fatigue of Concrete, " Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials, " Vol. 22, Part II, pp. 409- 419, 1922. 10. 11. 12. 13. 60 Ewing, D. D. , "Fatigue in Concrete, " Electrical Railway Journal, Vol. 73, September, 1929. Anonymous, "The Fatigue of Concrete, " Institution of Civil Eilgrjneers Journal, London, Vol. 11, p. 165, 1939. Kesler, C. E. , "Effect of Speed of Testing on Flexural Fatigue Strength of Plain Concrete, " Proceedings, Highway Research Board, Vol. 32, pp. 251-258, 1953. Kesler, C. E. , and Murdock, John W. , "Effects of Range of Stress on Fatigue of Plain Concrete Beams, " American Concrete Institute Journal, Vol. 30, No. 2, August, 1958. McCall, J. T. , "Probability of Fatigue Failure of Plain Concrete, " Proceedings, American Concrete Institute, Vol. 55, pp. 234-244, 1959. ”71711171111111 [1 111141111 181111111“