ANALYSIS AND EVALUATAON OF THE THREE CURRENTLY
MARKETED iPOtY-ETHYLENE BAG STYLES OF ERGWN AND
MOWDERBD SUGAR WITH RECOMMENDA‘NCNS FOR
IMPROVEMENT

Thesis hr the, Degree of M. S.
MlCHiGaS'AN SYATE UNWERSRYY
Edward S'ussman
1.964

“459‘s

LIBRARY

Michigan State
University

 

ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF THE THREE CURRENTLY
MARKETED POLYETHYLENE BAG STYLES OF BROWN AND
POWDERED SUGAR WITH RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR IMPROVEMENT

BY

Edward Sussman

A THESIS

Submitted to the College of Agriculture of Michigan
State University of Agriculture and Applied
Science in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Forest Products and School of Packaging

1964

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Without the generous co-operation and interest
of the many sugar refiners and packers, machinery
manufacturers, film extruders and converters, trade
magazines and sugar associations, the ground for this
paper might never have been broken. The valuable infor-
mation obtained from correspondence with executives and
editors not only provided the initial impetus but once
under way helped the project to gain momentum. Similarly,
the kind permission of supermarket managers in allowing
the survey to be conducted in their stores also meant a
giant step in the progress of this study. Of course, the
consumers whose assistance was essential to the advance-
ment of the investigation cannot be minimized. It is
with genuine appreciation that the author recognizes the
inestimable aid of each of these contributors.

The writer further wishes to thank Dr. Harold J.
Raphael whose helpful suggestions and direction in the
preparation of this thesis were also of immense support.

The progress of this endeavor was, likewise,
forwarded by the tireless assistance of Miss Sharon Rapp
and the guidance and tenacity of Mr. Allan Maar to whom

the writer is deeply indebted.

ii

To my parents, most sincere gratitude is
expressed, for without their devoted understanding,
patience, and encouragement, this effort would never have
been realized.

Finally and earnestly, the author acknowledges
his brother. If an accomplishment of merit has been
achieved, it is one in which he too may share, now and in

future pursuits.

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0
LIST OF TABLES O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS o o . o o o o . o o o o . o .

INTRODUCTION 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O C O O O 0

Chapter

I. ENUMERATION OF POLYETHYLENE BAG STYLES IN
CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES. o o . . 0

Construction and Closure. . . . . . . .
II. DEVELOPMENT OF SURVEY . . . . . . . . . . .

Preliminaries . . . . .

Sample and Area 0 o o o o o o o o o o o
Scope...oo............
Construction and Method . . . . . . . .
COUClUSiOn. o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0
III. ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF SURVEY . . . . .
Interpretation of Table 1 . . . . . . .
Interpretation of Table 2 . . . . . . .
Interpretation of Table 3 . . . . . . .
Interpretation of Table 4 . . . . . . .
Interpretation of Tables 5, 6, and 7
(Dark Brown Sugar). 0 o o o o o o 0
Interpretation of Tables 8, 9, and 10
(Light Brown Sugar) 0 o o o o 0

Interpretation of Tables 11, 12, and 13

(POWdered Sugar). 0 o o o o o 0
Interpretation of Table 14. . . . .
Interpretation of Table 15. . . . .
Interpretation of Tables 16 and 17.
summary.ooooooooooooo

iv

Page
ii
vi

viii

13

13
14
14
15
35

36
36

38
41

43
49

53
57
S9
62
65

TABLE OF CONTENTS--Continued

Chapter Page

IV. APPRAISAL OF POLYETHYLENE BAG STYLES. . . . 66

Criteria. 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 66
The Heat Seal Bag 0 o o o o o o o o o o 67
The Metal Clip Bag. 0 o o 0 Q o o o o o 69
The Twistem Bag . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
COHClUSiOno o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 74

V. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW DESIGN OF
POLYETHYLENE SUGAR BAG. . . . . . . . . 75

Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Closure O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 75
Construction an Graphics . . . . . . . 76
PrOdUCtiOno o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 78

VI 0 GRANULATED SUGAR O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 8 l

PrOblemSo o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 81
Progress. 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 83
COHClUSiono o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 83

VII 0 CONCLUSIONS 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 85

LIST OF REFERENCES. 0 O O O O O O C O O C O O O O O 88

APPENDIXBS. O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 90

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1. Results of Survey Indicating Number of
Consumers Who Purchased Sugars in
Polyethylene Bags as Compared with
Consumers Who Did Not . . . . . . . . . . 37

2. Results of Survey Indicating Frequency of
Inconvenience Encountered in Opening
the Three Different Styles of
POlYGthYlene Bags 0 o o o o o o o o o o o 39

3. Results of Survey Indicating Frequency of
Inconvenience Encountered in Closing
the Three Different Styles of
POIYGthYlene Bags 0 o o o o o o o o o o o 40

4. Results of Survey Indicating Home Storage
Techniques for Sugars Purchased in
Polyethylene Bags . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

5. Results of Survey Indicating Consumer
Preference in Polyethylene Bag Size as
Related to Size of Household (Dark
BrownSugar)............... 44

6. Categorical Delineation of Table 5
(Consumer Preference in Polyethylene
Bag Size as Related to Size of
Household--Dark Brown Sugar). . . . . . . 4S

7. Percentage of Polyethylene Bag Preference
in Relation to Size of Household
(Overview of Table 6 Based on Entire
Sample)ooooooooooooooooo 46

8. Results of Survey Indicating Consumer
Preference in Polyethylene Bag Size as
Related to Size of Household (Light
Brown Sugar). 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o 50

vi

LIST OF TABLES-—Continued

 

Table Page

9. Categorical Delineation of Table 8
(Consumer Preference in Polyethylene
Bag Size as Related to Size of
Household--Light Brown Sugar) . . . . . . 51

10. Percentage of Polyethylene Bag Preference
in Relation to Size of Household
(Overview of Table 9 Based on Entire
Sample) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

11. Results of Survey Indicating Consumer
Preference in Polyethylene Bag Size as
Related to Size of Household (Powdered
Sugar). 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 54

12. Categorical Delineation of Table 11
(Consumer Preference in Polyethylene
Bag Size as Related to Size of
Household--Powdered Sugar). . . . . . . . 55

13. Percentage of Polyethylene Bag Preference
in Relation to Size of Household
(Overview of Table 12 Based on Entire
sample) 0 0 O O 0 O O 0 O O O O O O O O O 56

14. Results of Survey Indicating Consumers'
Reasons for Not Purchasing Sugars (Dark
Brown, Light Brown, Powdered) in
Polyethylene Bags (Canada). . . . . . . . 58

15. Results of Survey Indicating Consumers'
Reasons for Not Purchasing Sugars (Dark
Brown, Light Brown, Powdered) in
Polyethylene Bags (United States) . . . . 6O

16. Results of Survey Indicating Home Storage
Techniques for Sugars Purchased in
Paperboard Cartons (Canada--United
StateS) O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 63

17. Results of Survey Indicating Home Storage
Techniques for Sugars Purchased in
Paperboard Cartons Expressed in
Percentages (Canada--United States) . . . 64

vii

9.

10.

The

The

The

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Heat Seal Bag. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Metal Clip Bag 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o

TWiStem Bag. 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o 0

Personal Interview Questionnaire Form

(Canada) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Personal Interview Questionnaire Form

(United StateS)o o o o o o o o o o o o 0

Personal Interview Questionnaire Form

The

The

The

The

(Canada and United States) . . . . . . .

Heat Seal Bag as Stacked on Supermarket

Shelfoooooooooooooooooo

Metal Clip Bag as Stacked on Supermarket
Shelfoooooooooooooooooo

Twistem Bag as Stacked on Supermarket

Shelfoooooooooooooooooo

Model Bag as Now Economically Feasible .

viii

Page

10

ll

17

21

25

68

7O

72

INTRODUCTION

People in the United States have changed many of
their habits in the last one hundred years. The man of
the house, one hundred years ago, purchased most of the
foodstuffs needed by his family. Because it was convenient
and economical at that time, his purchases were generally
in large quantities. For example, he ordered items such
as barrels of flour, sugar, and potatoes. He also ordered
large quantities of oatmeal and cornmeal.

As the years passed, the position of the man in
the family, along with his buying habits, changed. No
longer did he have time to work at his job and go about
all the particular chores necessary to maintain a
household.

At the turn of the century, a change in the
position and status of the woman's role in the United
States occurred. She started making many of the household
purchases formerly made by her husband. As it became
evident that the housewife was buying more and more, it
became necessary to change the quantities of items
purchased. It was now necessary for goods to be marketed
in smaller sizes so the housewife could easily enter a
store, make several purchases, and be able to carry them

home with her.

2

Today we know that many more factors than those
previously mentioned are involved both in the marketing
and the buying of food products. However, one thing is
certain. Today's package must be more attractive to the
consumer than ever before. A shopper enters the super—
market with little planning of the purchases to be made.
Approximately 75 per cent of her purchases are unplanned.
This is reason enough for manufacturers to consistently
try to improve their packaging. In so doing, however,
they must not lose sight of the quality of their products
for this is the most important aspect of the total
package. The attractiveness of the package will only
help to sell the product once. The consistent high quality
of the product establishes a following of consumers who
purchase time and time again.

Assuming that the product's quality is
satisfactory, the packaging of the product is the next
consideration. In order to protect the product from the
environment and, when necessary, the environment (people
and other products) from the product, the proper packaging
material must first be selected. Once this material is
established, the characteristics necessary to make a
package attractive may be considered. The proper placement
of copy, illustration, and color are not necessarily the
most important requisites for an attractive package. The

convenience it lends to the consumer also helps to make it

3
appealing. The consumer considers such things as ease in
opening, closing, dispensing, and storing. An attractive
package will help communicate the marketer's message to
the consumer. Not only must the message be communicated,
but it must also help motivate the consumer to purchase.

Mentioned in the above paragraphs are some of the
areas of consideration important in package development.
All too often companies follow the procedure of direct
route from idea to production without any attempt to pre-
determine acceptance by the public. The day of trial and
error is gone! In many instances research methods are
available which are not, as many think, complicated and
costly. In short, it is sometimes best to invest in
research rather than use the trial and error method.

It has often been observed that companies with
similar products use similar means of packaging. This is
a natural procedure, for if a superior method of packaging
is discovered, most companies use it with little variation.
Companies with similar products using different means of
packaging sometimes cause reason for concern for,
generally, one of three situations is prevalent in this
case:

1) Each company believes it has found a different
but superior means of packaging its product.

2) Each company utilizes a different means of
packaging because it is under the impression it

has found the one "best" way.

4

3) Each company acknowledges the shortcomings in
its product but is unable, at present, to improve
on its current method.

In supermarkets throughout the United States and
Canada, brown and powdered sugars are packaged and sold in
polyethylene bags. It appears that each sugar company is
using a different means of packaging possibly because it
is unable to find one "best" way. In this paper the
current means of packaging brown and powdered sugar in
polyethylene bags will be analyzed and evaluated with
suggestions for the formulation of an improved polyethylene
sugar bag as the ultimate objective.

In order to accomplish this objective, the
following areas must be considered:

1) How many different styles of polyethylene bags
for sugar are on the market today? How are they
constructed? 5

2) What affect does each style have on the following
areas?

a. The ability of the bag to be stacked

b. The ability of the bag to be opened

c. The ability of the bag to be closed

d. The ability of the sugar to be packaged in
the bag

3) What quantities of packaged brown and powdered

sugar are most appealing to the consumer and would

5

be purchased if available? (From all indications

consumer preference has never been determined. It

does not seem logical when appealing to relatively

the same markets that different manufacturers

should offer such a wide range in the choice of

bag quantities. Yet this is the case, especially

with brown sugar.)

4) What determines the quantity of bag preferred?

Many arguments for and against packaging brown
and powdered sugars in paperboard cartons versus poly-
ethylene bags have arisen. Still, one fact has been
established. For both brown and powdered sugars poly-
ethylene bags provide better protection than paperboard
cartons with waxed paper or glassine liners. Brown sugar
contains approximately 3 to 4 per cent moisture and
hardens when the moisture is lost. The characteristics
of powdered sugar are just the opposite in that such sugar
is bone dry and will remain in good condition provided it
is not permitted to become moist. In the former, the
excellent barrier characteristics of polyethylene help to
contain the moisture whereas, in the latter, it helps to
reject the moisture. In short, polyethylene is a better
barrier material than those mentioned above, thus helping
to maintain the needed texture of the sugar. According to
the Chase Bag Company, "advantages of the polyethylene

bag for sugar include superior, longer—lasting moisture

6

protection."1 The California and Hawaiian Sugar Refining
Corporation, likewise states, "The film bags minimize a
long-standing problem of product lumping and caking, and
also maintain sugar's freshness during extended shelf
storage."2

After considering the excellent barrier
characteristics of polyethylene and the information pre—
sented in this paper, one cannot help but realize which
container, paperboard carton or polyethylene bag, is
better for the packaging of brown and powdered sugar.

Since the use of polyethylene for the packaging
of sugar is relatively new,3 it was, therefore, necessary
to base much of this paper on primary research. Indeed,
the information available through standard library
techniques, i.e., consultation of secondary sources such
as books and periodicals, was almost nonexistent. This‘
made it necessary to correspond with not only a majority
of the companies involved in the manufacture and packaging
of sugar throughout the United States and Canada but also
with sugar packers and brokers (see Appendix I).

From the information of these invaluable sources,

the subsequent survey was conducted; and, finally, this

 

1Modern Packaging, XXXIV (January, 1961), p. 144.

2Modern Packa in , XXXIII (July, 1960), p. 100.

3It was first used in Canada in 1957 and about
1960 in the United States.

7
paper with its observations and possible implications was

drafted.

CHAPTER I

BNUMERATION OF POLYETHYLENE BAG STYLES
IN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES
Construction and Closure

In order to analyze and evaluate the different
styles of polyethylene bags used to package brown and
powdered sugar, it is first necessary to enumerate how
many different styles are currently available and how
they are constructed. Throughout the United States no
evidence has been discovered to contradict the fact that
polyethylene bags are made from either lay-flat tubing
or sheeting and are available either as pre—formed bags
or as roll stock. The bags are heat sealed. The diagram
on page 9 (Figure 1) illustrates the style of bag utilized
in the United States.

In Canada both lay-flat tubing and sheeting are
also used, but the method of construction and closure are
different from those used for the bags produced in the
United States. In one instance the bags are made from
rolls of lay-flat tubing; the method of closure is a
metal clip. This style is illustrated on page 10
(Figure 2). In the other case, pre-formed bags with a
bottom gusset made from sheeting are used; the method of
closure is called twistem: a flexible vinyl covered wire

8

.1 .w1... ..m...........¢..n .31..» :t.1...1L
.. 1.L.~6.H\.I$f~.nu.u.. MM”
11 . .

1.

 

 

04m 45mm 94mm 8.3.

H "mm—DO Hh

10

FIGURE 2

THE METAL CLIP BAG

 

11 .

FIGURE 3

THE TWISTEM BAG

» . ‘11‘
"flat
\

+1.55". " “'
‘V.'1'I \ '

' ,. . ‘. ‘.
. 0‘ g A
4" v ‘ I

4 f ._ ~

' .$‘ ' ‘J.

D ‘ ‘

' i‘b‘ "f'p‘. '0‘
_ , ,vw» .
%‘~J-‘--‘v-.‘ - -
. I ‘1?
.- ' p-“’ "(u r
_. y ‘1‘) v ,‘

a 4; ~ 141.4%.-
..

‘1,

"v ”01‘ " ..
‘ ‘ ’\““&

in:-
I.

“B

‘ OWN \SU-GHT'CV

. 1i "

 

12
wrapped around the top of the bag. This style is
illustrated on page 11 (Figure 3). Although other modes
of closure are available, the two preceding types appear
to be most predominantly used.

In both the United States and Canada most 2 pound
bags of brown or powdered sugar are made from 2.0 mil
polyethylene film. Those bags ranging from 2-l/2 to 5
pounds are made from either 2.5 mil or 3.0 mil
polyethylene. The California and Hawaiian Sugar Refining
Corporation markets a 2-1/2 pound bag in "unsupported
printed 3 mil [polyethylene] bags."4 SOme Canadian com-
panies are marketing a 5 pound bag made from 3 mil
polyethylene film.

For convenience of future description the three
preceding styles of bags and closures will be referred to
as heat seal (found in the United States, Figure 1,
page 9), metal clip (found in Canada, Figure 2, page 10),

and twistem (found in Canada, Figure 3, page 11).

 

4Modern Packaging, XXXIV (January, 1960), p. 100.

CHAPTER II
DEVELOPMENT OF SURVEY

Preliminaries

After determining the three different bag styles
primarily employed, it was then necessary to establish
the positive and negative features of each bag. Most of
the sugar manufacturers, brokers, and packers expressed a
great deal of interest in this project but exhibited
reluctance in offering any information regarding the pros
and cons of the sugar package they merchandised. They
were further reticent to divulge information concerning
production methods or manufacturing and marketing
techniques not only because they felt their procedures
were best and wanted them to remain exclusive, but also
because any information they provided might ultimately
suggest ideas for the creation of a superior bag. This
reluctance was understandable due to the highly competitive
nature of the field. In short, many replies to letters of
inquiry supplied general information and shied away from
specifically answering many questions. In some cases,
however, confidential information of value was obtained
and has been included throughout this paper, but its

sources cannot be disclosed. In view of these

13

l4
circumstances only the ultimate consumer could best supply
answers to questions concerning the effectiveness of the
different styles of polyethylene bags. Since the female,
rather than the male, purchases and uses most if not all
of the brown and powdered sugar, her answers to questions
(through the use of a questionnaire-survey read personally

to each respondent) were sought.

Sample and Area
The population sample was selected at random, and
supermarkets both in the United States and Canada served
as the area in which the survey was conducted. These

. 5
areas were selected on an unrestricted basis.

Scope

The survey was designed in such a manner so as to
reach both the female consumers who purchased brown and
powdered sugar in bags of polyethylene film and those who
purchased these sugars in paperboard cartons. In reference
to the former, the survey was structured with the intention
of determining from the consumer's point of view which of
the methods for opening and closing the three polyethylene
bag styles was most efficient. Information was also
obtained concerning home storage of polyethylene bag

marketed sugars. Additional insight into what size

 

5Robert Ferber and P. J. Verdoorn, Research
Methods in Economics and Business (New York: The
Macmillan Company, 1962), p. 239.

15
polyethylene bag would be preferred and purchased, if
available, in relation to family size was also solicited.
From those consumers who had never purchased sugar in
plastic bags, the survey's intention was to determine why
they had not done so. Also investigated were consumers'
storage practices concerning sugars purchased in

paperboard containers.

Construction and Method

Before continuing with an explanation of the
survey method, it is necessary to make note of the pilot
study that was conducted. This pre-test served to develop
the actual procedure used to conduct the final survey.
The pilot study was conducted in Canada and the United
States. Upon entering the supermarket each female shopper
was handed a letter of introduction and a six page
questionnaire. The directions requested each respondent
to fill out the applicable questions and return the
questionnaire before leaving the store. It was soon
learned, however, that many consumers would not take the
time to complete the survey. Others agreed to answer the
questions on the condition that the questions were read
to them. Consequently, this method of distributing the
questionnaire was deemed inadequate. Therefore, the
inevitable explanation of the questionnaire to each of
the first 25 consumers resulted in the conclusion that

modification of this procedure was essential. At this

16
point a partial interview technique which eliminated the
letter of introduction and directions was adopted. By
using this method the consumer answered all the questions

submitted.6

The success of the new approach with 27
additional respondents stabilized the final procedure
adopted. Neither the introduction nor the printed
directions were now requisite, and the modified personal
interview system was installed. In this manner, although
fewer people were surveyed than was originally intended,
more valid answers were derived. Furthermore, questions
concerning consumers' satisfaction with the keeping
qualities of sugars packaged in polyethylene bags were
found to be unnecessary because in most cases consumers
expressed their satisfaction before any question was
asked. This same satisfaction was similarly expressed by
most consumers in the actual survey, and, here again, no
specific inquiry was made. I

Returning to the explanation of the actual
questionnaire, Figures 4, 5, and 6 (pages l7-29) show the
entire series of forms. Figures 4 and 6 (pages 17-20 and
25-29) were used in Canada while Figures 5 and 6 (pages
21-24 and 25-29) were used in the United States. Figures

4 and S were used for those people who had purchased the

different types of sugar in polyethylene bags. Figure 6

 

6A problem did arise through reading the
questionnaire to each consumer. This was overcome and
will be dealt with in the following pages.

FIGURE 4

PERSONAL INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE FORM
(CANADA)

17

18

FIGURE 4

Dark Brown Sugar:

Including yourself, how many persons are there in
your household?

 

Which brand of dark brown sugar do you usually
purchase in a plastic bag?

a. Brand X (Twistem) c. Brand Z
b. Brand Y (Metal Clip) d. Other

 

How do you store the bag of dark brown sugar in your
home?

a. Store bag as is
b. Empty contents into another container
c. Place bag and contents in another container

When opening the bag of dark brown sugar did you
experience:

a. No inconvenience? c. Some inconvenience?
b. Slight inconvenience? d. Great inconvenience?

When closing the bag of dark brown sugar did you
experience:

a. No inconvenience? c. Some inconvenience?
b. Slight inconvenience? d. Great inconvenience?

If the following quantities of dark brown sugar
packaged in plastic bags were available for purchase,
which one would you buy?

a. 1 pound d. 2% pounds g. 4 pounds
b. 1% pounds e. 3 pounds h. 4% pounds
c. 2 pounds f. 3% pounds 1. 5 pounds

19

FIGURE 4--Continued

Light Brown Sugar:

Including yourself, how many persons are there in
your household? ‘

 

Which brand of light brown sugar do you usually
purchase in a plastic bag?

a. Brand X (Twistem) c. Brand 2
b. Brand Y (Metal Clip) d. Other

 

How do you store the bag of light brown sugar in your
home?

a. Store bag as is
b. Empty contents into another container
c. Place bag and contents in another container

When opening the bag of light brown sugar did you
experience:

a. No inconvenience? c. Some inconvenience?
b. Slight inconvenience? d. Great inconvenience?

When closing the bag of light brown sugar did you
experience:

a. No inconvenience? c. Some inconvenience?
b. Slight inconvenience? d. Great inconvenience?

If the following quantities of light brown sugar
packaged in plastic bags were available for purchase,
which one would you buy?

a. 1 pound d. 2% pounds g. 4 pounds
b. 1% pounds e. 3 pounds h. 4% pounds
c. 2 pounds f. 3% pounds i. 5 pounds

20

FIGURE 4-—Continued

Powdered Sugar:

Including yourself, how many persons are there in
your household? '

 

Which brand of powdered sugar do you usually
purchase in a plastic bag?

a. Brand X (Twistem) c. Brand 2
b. Brand Y (Metal Clip) d. Other

 

How do you store the bag of powdered sugar in your
home?

a. Store bag as is
b. Empty contents into another container
c. Place bag and contents in another container

When opening the bag of powdered sugar did you
experience:

a. No inconvenience? c. Some inconvenience?
b. Slight inconvenience? d. Great inconvenience?

When closing the bag of powdered sugar did you
experience:

a. No inconvenience? c. Some inconvenience?
b. Slight inconvenience? d. Great inconvenience?

If the following quantities of powdered sugar
packaged in plastic bags were available for purchase,
which one would you buy?

a. 1 pound d. 2% pounds g. 4 pounds
b. 1% pounds e. 3 pounds h. 4% pounds
c. 2 pounds f. 3% pounds i. 5 pounds

FIGURE 5

PERSONAL INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE FORM
(UNITED STATES)

21

l.

4.

22
FIGURE 5
Dark Brown Sugar:

Including yourself, how many persons are there in
your household? '

How do you store the bag of dark brown sugar in your
home?

a. Store bag as is
b. Empty contents into another container
c. Place bag and contents in another container

When opening the bag of dark brown sugar did you
experience:

a. No inconvenience? c. Some inconvenience?
b. Slight inconvenience? d. Great inconvenience?

When closing the bag of dark brown sugar did you
experience:

a. No inconvenience? c. Some inconvenience?
b. Slight inconvenience? d. Great inconvenience?

If the following quantities of dark brown sugar
packaged in plastic bags were available for purchase,
which one would you buy?

a. 1 pound d. 2% pounds g. 4 pounds
b. 1% pounds e. 3 pounds h. 4% pounds
c. 2 pounds f. 3% pounds i. 5 pounds

23

FIGURE 5—-Continued

Light Brown Sugar:

Including yourself, how many persons are there in
your household?

How do you store the bag of light brown sugar in your
home?

a. Store bag as is
b. Empty contents into another container
c. Place bag and contents in another container

When opening the bag of light brown sugar did you
experience:

a. No inconvenience? c. Some inconvenience?
b. Slight inconvenience? d. Great inconvenience?

When closing the bag of light brown sugar did you
experience:

a. No inconvenience? c. Some inconvenience?
b. Slight inconvenience? d. Great inconvenience?

If the following quantities of light brown sugar
packaged in plastic bags were available for purchase,
which one would you buy?

a. 1 pound d. 2% pounds g. 4 pounds
b. 1% pounds e. 3 pounds h. 4% pounds
c. 2 pounds f. 3% pounds 1. 5 pounds

24

FIGURE 5--Continued

Powdered Sugar:

Including yourself, how many persons are there in
your household? ‘

How do you store the bag of powdered sugar in your
home?

a. Store bag as is y
b. Empty contents into another container
c. Place bag and contents in another container

When opening the bag of powdered sugar did you
experience:

a. No inconvenience? c. Some inconvenience?
b. Slight inconvenience? d. Great inconvenience?

When closing the bag of powdered sugar did you
experience:

a. No inconvenience? c. Some inconvenience?
b. Slight inconvenience? d. Great inconvenience?

If the following quantities of powdered sugar
packaged in plastic bags were available for purchase,
which one would you buy?

a. 1 pound d. 2% pounds 9. 4 pounds
b. 1% pounds e. 3 pounds h. 4% pounds
c. 2 pounds f. 3% pounds i. 5 pounds

FIGURE 6

PERSONAL INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE FORM
(CANADA AND UNITED STATES)

25

l.

2.

26

FIGURE 6

Dark Brown Sugar:

What are your reasons for NEVER having purchased dark
brown sugar in a plastic bag?

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.

Never use dark brown sugar
Priced too high

Prefer another brand
Prefer another size

Believe
Believe
Believe
Believe
Believe
Believe
Habit

bag will puncture

bag will be difficult to open

bag will be difficult to close

bag will be difficult to store
sugar will be difficult to dispense
sugar will become lumpy

Have never seen it in a plastic bag

Other

How do you store the box of dark brown sugar in your
home?

a.
b.
C.
d.

Empty contents into another container

Place box and contents in another container

Place wax liner and contents in another container
Use box as is

27

FIGURE 6--Continued

2.

Light Brown Sugar:

What are your reasons for NEVER having purchased light
brown sugar in a plastic bag?

a.
b.
C.
do
Go
fo
9.
h.
i.
j.
k.
1.
mo

Never use light brown sugar
Priced too high

Prefer another brand

Prefer another size

Believe
Believe
Believe
Believe
Believe
Believe
Habit

bag will puncture

bag will be difficult to open

bag will be difficult to close

bag will be difficult to store
sugar will be difficult to dispense
sugar will become lumpy

Have not seen it in a plastic bag

Other

 

How do you store the box of light brown sugar in your

Empty contents into another container
Place box and contents in another container

Place wax liner and contents in another container

home?

a.

b.

c.

d. Use box

as is

28

FIGURE 6--Continued

l.

2.

Powdered Sugar:

What are your reasons for NEVER having purchased
powdered sugar in a plastic bag?‘

a.
ho
Co
do
3.
fo
9.
ho
1o
jo
ko
l.
m.

Never use powdered sugar
Priced too high

Prefer another brand
Prefer another size

Believe
Believe
Believe
Believe
Believe
Believe
Habit

bag will puncture

bag will be difficult to open

bag will be difficult to close

bag will be difficult to store
sugar will be difficult to dispense
sugar will become lumpy

Have not seen it in a plastic bag

Other

How do you store the box of powdered sugar in your
home?

a.
ho
Co
do

Empty contents into another container

Place box and contents in another container

Place wax liner and contents in another container
Use box as is ~

29

FIGURE 6--Continued

Poss

ible Reasons for Not Purchasing
Sugars in Polyethylene Bags

Dark Brown Sugar:
Light Brown Sugar:
Powdered Sugar:

 

 

10.

Priced too high.

Prefer another brand.

Prefer

Believe
Believe
Believe
Believe
Believe
Believe

Other

another size.

bag will puncture.

bag will be difficult to open.

bag will be difficult to close.

bag will be difficult to store.
sugar will be difficult to dispense.

sugar will become lumpy.

 

 

 

30
was used for those who had never purchased the different
types of sugar in polyethylene bags.

In order to fully understand how the questionnaire
was used, an example will be cited: After the interviewer
had introduced himself in a congenial manner, consumer A
was asked, "Have you ever purchased dark brown sugar in a
plastic bag?" If her answer was "Yes," the questions on
page 18 were read to her by the interviewer. If her reply
was "No," the interviewer would then ask, "Have you ever
used dark brown sugar?" If her response was again "No,"
the interviewer would circle letter "a" on page 26 and
ask nothing more about dark brown sugar. If her answer
was "Yes," he would then ask, "Have you ever seen dark
brown sugar in a plastic bag?" If her answer was "No,"
he would circle letter "1" on page 26 and ask her nothing
more about dark brown sugar. If her reply was "Yes," he
then would request her reaction to a card (Figure 6,
page 29) which listed possible reasons for not purchasing
dark brown sugar in polyethylene bags. Any reasons
indicated or comments offered were circled and noted on
the corresponding sheet (Figure 6, page 26).

There is one major variation between the items
listed on the card (Figure 6, page 29) and statement one
(Figure 6, pages 26, 27, 28) on each of the three
questionnaire sheets pertaining to possible reasons for

not purchasing sugars in polyethylene bags. Item "k"

31
(Habit), listed on each of the latter, does not appear on
the card. It was purposely omitted because there are
often two reactions to an item of this nature; both are
negative. In the first place, the respondent might select
this choice as an "easy out" requiring very little thought.
Secondly, it is conceivable that the respondent might be
insulted at the suggestion that any of her actions
resulted from habit. In spite of the fact that the "Habit"
possibility was absent from the card, many of the parti-
cipants in the survey stated that none of the choices
offered on the card were adequate to express their
reason(s). In many cases they voluntarily offered "Habit"
in explanation. Indeed, enough were offered to require
the creation of a new category rather than include them
under "Other."

This complete cycle previously described was also
repeated for light brown and powdered sugars so that during
one interview three pages of information were completed.

In taking a close look at the questions in the
survey it may be observed that Figure 4 and Figure 5 are
identical in that each has one page referring to a dif-
ferent type of sugar (dark brown, light brown, powdered).
They differ, however, in that each page of the Canadian
survey includes one question concerning specific sugar
brand identification. Dark and light brown sugars were

treated separately for several reasons: (1) Many

32
consumers might purchase one brand of dark brown sugar and
another brand of light brown. (2) Other consumers might
prefer to buy one size of dark brown sugar and another of
light brown. (3) Still other consumers might store the
bag of dark brown sugar in one manner and the bag of light
brown sugar in another. If questions were asked just about
brown sugar, it would be difficult to determine whether the
respondent was reacting to light or dark brown sugar. It
was furthermore decided, also for the sake of clarity, that
each page, 26-28, should deal with a different type of
sugar (dark brown, light brown, powdered). Another dif—
ference between Figure 4 and Figure 5 is the inclusion of
a brand identification question. In question two of each
page (see Figure 4, Canadian Survey) brand X, Y, and Z are
fictitious. Actual brand names of sugar companies in
Canada were used for the survey; however, the scope of this
paper does not necessitate their identification. Of the
three brand names offered as choices only two were selected
by the respondents. This was understandable inasmuch as
only these two were available in the survey area. Of the
two brands selected one was closed with a metal clip and
the other with the twistem closure. Preliminary investi-
gation, at any rate, led the interviewer to believe that
this was the situation. The pilot study, however, dis-
closed an interesting fact. A number of consumers who

stated that they usually purchased brand Y sugar insisted

33

that the type of closure was not the metal clip but the
twistem. Further investigation indicated that, while
brand Y sugar company was now packaging its product with
the metal clip type closure, it had, indeed, utilized the
twistem type closure previously.

The pilot study further revealed that some
consumers were unable to remember the brands of sugar
they purchased but could recall the type of bag closure.
In order to resolve both problems, the question pertaining
to brand name was altered to also establish closure type
which, in fact, was the more important information. This
practice was adopted successfully during the last 27
interviews of the pilot study and responses to both
questions were elicited from each consumer in order to
double check the accuracy of her answers. In the actual
survey this question was likewise altered to establish the
manner in which the bag was closed. Most cOnsumers
remembered one of these two areas (brand-closure) but the
six instances in which the consumer could neither remember
brand name nor closure type were discarded and not
included in the total number of consumers interviewed. Of
course, the 57 interviews in the pilot study, while
invaluable in establishing the pattern of the final survey,
were not included in it. By using this double check iden-
tification procedure, it was possible to conclusively

identify the style of bag purchased and then ask the

34

consumer to answer the other questions in terms of the
bag style generally purchased. Since there was but one
interviewer for the entire survey, the interpretation of
the consumers' replies could remain consistent and free
from bias, the brand name could in most cases be identified
(brand X was synonymous with twistem; brand Y was equiva-
lent to metal clip) and, finally, the subsequent consumer
responses could be accurately recorded on the basis of bag
style.

The brand question was eliminated in the United
States survey (Figure 5) because the sugar marketed in
the area of the survey and throughout the United States
utilizes only a heat seal for bag closure. Merely as a
double check, however, because smaller grocery stores have
been known to take 50 pound bags of sugar and re-pack them
in polyethylene bags using many different closures, the
question referring to bag closure was also asked of the
United States sample. In every case the consumer indicated
a heat seal.

Turning now to the manner of bag storage, it may
be observed from the order of questions in Figure 4
(pages 17-20) and Figure 5 (pages 21-24) that the consumer
was first queried about the manner in which she stored the
bag. Only if she stored the bag "as is," was she asked
about the degree of inconvenience experienced when closing

the bag.

35

Conclusion

In conclusion it might be noted that the United
States portion of the study, conducted in supermarkets in
the East Lansing area, progressed with somewhat more
efficiency than that portion polled in Windsor, Ontario,
Canada. This might be attributed to the fact that con-
sumers in this locale are acclimated to endeavors of this
type and are more academically attuned because of their
close proximity to Michigan State University. In general,
however, the interviewer found the consumer interested,

friendly and co-operative.

CHAPTER III
ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF SURVEY

Interpretation of Table 1

Before actual analysis and evaluation of the
survey can be accomplished, it is necessary to make note
of Table 1 (page 37). The entire number of consumers
surveyed was 760. Of this total, 348 were interviewed in
Canada and 412 were interviewed in the United States.

In Canada more people purchase the various sugars
in polyethylene bags than do not. The opposite is true of
the United States. Since dark and light brown sugars are
marketed exclusively in polyethylene bags in Canada, this
is a logical occurrence. Powdered sugar in Canada can be
purchased both in polyethylene bags and paperboard cartons.
In the United States most sugars are sold in paperboard
cartons. Light brown sugar in polyethylene bags has made
some impact upon the market although its sales volume
cannot be compared with that of Canada. In the United
States less powdered sugar is sold in polyethylene bags
whereas the marketing of dark brown sugar in polyethylene
bags is almost nonexistent. In the survey area (United
States) polyethylene bagged dark brown sugar was not
available for purchase. This explains the figure of "0"
in Table 1 under the heading "United States."

36

37

 

 

ooh

omxw>usm mumESmcou Hmuoa

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

mav Ammumum UmpHCDV Om>m>u3m mumESmcou mo MODESG Hmpoe
mflm AmumCMUV Umxnwkxufim MMOEDmCOU m0 MOQEDC HMfiOH.
mqmz<m mue<am amest so mNHm meHz mqmzdm
z<Ho¢z<o no mNHm 62Hm<azoo wm>mom no menpmmm
Nae amm mam aam "mmmnuusa no: can
“Omumpzom
Hmuoa ma Hmnoe aoa "mmmnuusa 6H6
"ummsm
was aam mom am "mmmnuusa no: can
"prawn no
Hmuoe mm Hmpoa amm "mmmruusa one
was Nae mam 66H "mmmruusa no: 6H6 mass
uxwmn
Hayes 6 Hmuoe mom “mmmguusa 6A6
mmpmpm umpacn mamcmu

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

HOZ GHQ 033 mmmZDmZOU TBH3.Qmm<mZOU m4 m0<m MZMAMIBNNAOm 2H
mm<wbm Qmm<mumbm DEB mmmEDmZOU m0 mmmZDZ OZHB<UHDZH Nm>mDm m0 mBADmmm

H mdm<fi

 

 

38

Interpretation of Table 2

Table 2 (page 39) indicates consumers' responses
to the degree of inconvenience they encountered when
opening the three different styles of bags. In the area
of the survey, powdered sugar was nowhere marketed in a
bag with a metal clip closure, nor was dark brown sugar
available in a bag closed with a heat seal. This explains
the absence of figures in the respective classifications
of "metal clip" and "heat seal" on this and other tables.
The twistem closure is distinguished clearly from the
other closures when considering degree of inconvenience
encountered in opening. It is evident that the least
degree of inconvenience was experienced with the twistem
closure, and the greatest degree of inconvenience was
experienced with the metal clip. The figures indicate
the heat seal closure was judged less difficult to open
than the metal clip; still, the twistem closure was pro-
nounced easiest of the three. It is interesting to note
that no respOndent selected choice "d" (great inconve-
nience) in reference to the twistem closure. This is not
true of the metal clip or heat seal bags as indicated by

the corresponding figures.

Interpretation of Table 3
The format for Table 3 (page 40) is the same as
Table 2; however, this table cites the degree of incon-

venience encountered in closing the different styles of

39

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ooa ooa III 66H ooa ooH III ooa ooa "suommnmu sumo
CH mumafimcou Hmuoe
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mm.mm mm.mH III III ao.H av.H III ma.sm am.sm ..050m .6 Icouca
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mm.mm ma.mm III Hm.mm ma.am Ha.mm ‘ III aa.mq 6v.mv .02 .m ‘mmummml.
vmumpzom unmfiq xumn omumnzom unqu xuma omumo30m pnqu Rama "ummsm mo mama
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mmw<azmomma 2H ammmmmmxm mamas m>om<
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a ma III III N m III mm ma ”meow .u Icouca
N ma III 6 6 NH III 6 a "unmaam .n no
6H mm III mm mma «NH III «a om .02 .m mmuuma
omumozom unmaq anon omumozom “swag xumo Umumosom vnoaq xuma “umosm mo mama
Hmmm saws smumaza EHHO Hmumz "mum we mason

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

QmmmBZDOUZm mUZMHZm>ZOUZH ho NUZmDOmmm UZHB<UHQZH Nm>mDm m0 MBQDmmm

mw<m MZMANmBMMAOm m0 mudfifim BZMflMhhHQ Mmmmfi mmB OZHmeO 2H

N mqm48

4O

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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cw mumESmcou Hopoe
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omumpzom gamed xuma omwmozom #:0fiq xuma Omumozom vnmfiq Mnma "womam mo make
Nmmm ummm swumwza ENHO Harms "mam mo mamrm
mmwdazmummm 2H ammmmmmxm mam<e m>om<
NH Nm III mm mHH am III on om .muoomumu sumo
aw mumeamcou Hmuoa
III m III III III III III ma ea “vmmwo .o mucmdc0>
3 0H III III III III III mm va "meow .u IGOUCH
N N III 6 N m III a m "onmNNm .3 mo
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omumpzom usmaq xumo omumn3om psowq xuma .pmumozom “soda xumn ”woman mo make
Nmmm ummm smumaza QNHO Harms "mam mo mason

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DmmmBZDOUZm MUZMHZB>ZOUZH m0 Muzmbdmmm OZHB<UHQZH Nm>mbm m0 MEADmmm
m mdm<fi

m0<m MZMAMmBMWAOm m0 mudfifim 92mmmhmHD mmmma Mia UZHMOAU 2H

 

 

 

 

41
bags. The twistem closure, here again, distinguished
itself. Of the three closure types it was deemed most
convenient. The figures indicate the metal clip is more
inconvenient to close than either the twistem or heat seal.
It is interesting to note that choice "c" (some incon—
venience) and choice "d" (great inconvenience) were not
selected by any respondents in connection with the twistem
closure. In comparison to the responses concerning the
metal clip closure, however, a large percentage of the
respondents experienced great inconvenience. Regarding
the heat seal closure, inconvenience ("some" and "great")
was indicated but to a lesser degree than that expressed

for the metal clip.

Interpretation of Table 4

As explained in the previous chapter, consumers'
storage practices of sugars in polyethylene bags were
mainly determined in order to derive more valid answers
to the questions concerning polyethylene bag closure. It
is still of interest, however, to observe Table 4 (page 42).
A higher percentage of consumers of metal clip closed bags
stored them "as is" (choice "a"). Generally speaking,
almost the same percentage of people using twistem or heat
sealed bags stored them "as is." But as indicated by the
figures, the percentage is not quite as high. One might
suspect that opening of the metal clip or heat seal bag

would result in damage to the polyethylene film. This

42

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

OOH OOH III OOH OOH OOH III OOH OOH "snoompmu rumm
Ea mumESmcou Hmuoe
1(
HH.HH mv.mm III Os.m mb.ma mm.mH III m¢.mm HN.HN “umcwmvcou nonpocm EH
mucwpcou can own mumHm .U
HH.HH m¢.¢m III 8m.HH mh.ma mm.>H III mm.m mo.m “hmcwmwcoo uwnuocm
oucw mwcmycou meEm .n
m>.>> mo.mm III mw.mm mv.Hm ma.mm III mm.mm ob.mh "ma mm own muowm .m
Omwmozom pzqu xuma omumozom pnmflq xuma Omumvzom Osman Rama “wmmsm Mo make
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mmw<Bzmummm 2H Qmmmmmmxm mqm<B m>0m<
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cw mumESmcou Hmpoe
m mm III 0 mm ma III mm da “Rosamucou wonwocm OH
mwcmucou 6cm own mumHm .U
m 3N III NH mm 3N III 3 N uwmcamucou umnuocm
ODOR mucmucou humfim .3
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m0<m mZmQNmBmWAOm

2H Qmm<mumbm mm<wbm mom

mmDOHszMB m0<m08m @203 OZHB<UHDZH Nm>mDm m0 mBADmmm

v mdm<fi

 

 

 

 

43
would necessitate emptying the contents into another
container or placing the bag and contents in another
container. As indicated by the figures on Table 4,
however, this does not seem to be the case.
Interpretation of Tables 5, 6, and 7
(Dark Brown Sugar)

Of the people who purchased the sugars in
polyethylene bags, it was determined what size bag would
be purchased if it were available. The answer of each
respondent was related to the number of persons in her
household. The number of people in a household is one of
the factors which unquestionably exerts a great influence
upon the quantity of sugar purchased.

In the Canadian survey area, sugars marketed in
polyethylene bags are available in the following
quantities: light brown, 2 and 5 pounds; dark brown, 2
pounds; powdered, 2 pounds. Offered in the United States
survey area are bags of the following quantities: light
brown, 4 pounds; dark brown, none; powdered, 2-1/2 pounds.

In Table 5 (Page 44) as in Table 8 (page 50) and
Table 11 (page 54) no respondent indicated she would pur-
chase sugars in half pound quantities. It is interesting
to note that out of the 18 consumers (see Table 1) who
purchased powdered sugar in the 2-1/2 pound bag all
expressed the feeling that they would prefer a 2 pound

bag. One wonders whether all of these respondents were

.mumezmcou NONIIOHQEmm Hapoan

.manmawm>m who: pH ma man m £03m OOOSUHSQ on mmmcmsaaaas Omam “an own mo Ouaonu
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N III III III N III N III III O
3 III III III III III III III III b "oaozmmsom
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4 III III III III III NH III III O OH
O III III III III III ON III OH O
a III III III III III OH III NH O nonesz
a III III III a III ON III ON N
N III III III III III N III N H
oQHlm oQHIXfi oQHId oQHIXm oQHlm oQHIXN oQHIN oQHINH oQHlH «0mm H0 ONHm

 

 

 

 

nm<wbm 230mm xm<av
anmmmbom m0 mNHm OB Qmfiddmm m4 mNHm wdm
mzmflmemNQOm 2H mmuzmmmmmmm mMSDmZOU DZHB<UHQZH NM>MDW ho MBADmmm

m aflmda

45

.mcomumm NH I w
.mcomumm h I w
.mcomumm m I H

“mmuma hum> Op mmumq
“mmuma ow mmmum><.
"mmmu0>w ou HHmEmm

 

IL

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

“OOH III ooa ooa 00H "whommumu 30mm cw mumEpmsou Hmuoa
HH.HH III oo.mN mb.H III "wanna hum> Op momma “oflonmmsom
HH.HO III OO.ON ,Om.mm OO.ON "OOHOH oH momum>< mo
mNRA.N III oo.om mm.N¢ Hm.m> “mmmum>m Op HHmEm ONHm
.HHIO .HHIO .nHIN .nHIN .nHIH "mam mo mNHm
mmwdezmummm 2H ommmmmmxm mqm<e m>om<

mm III N NHH we "huommumu sumo OH mmeSOEOU Hmuoa

8 III N N III ”wanna th> on mmumq ”paonmmsom

NN III N N@ NH "mmuma ou momum>< HO

OH III N mv 3m NOOOHO>O Op HHmEm mNHm
.QHIm .QHI¢ .QHIm .QHIN .nHIH "0mm mo ONHm

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Audem Z30mm madnll Odommmbom ho mNHm OB Dmfi<flmm m< MNHm wdm
MZMANmBNMAOm 2H muzmmmmmmm mMEDmZOUV m mflm<fi m0 ZOHB<NZHQMD A<UHmOOMB¢U

w mam<8

46

.mGOmumm NH
.mGOmqu b
.mCOmqu m

m ."mmumH >wm> Op momma
O "mmHmH o» momu0><
H "mmmum>m Op HHmEmm

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

mm.sH III mm.m ¢¢.mm bu.NN "whommvmu numm CH

mucmwmmmna wmeamcou Hmuoa
mm.H III mm. mm. III "maumH mum> on momma “UHonmmsom
O0.0H III Om. O0.0N am.m “OOHOH op mmmum>< mo
OO.a III OO.H Os.mN NO.OH “mmmum>m op HHmsm ONHO
.HHIO .HHIO .nHIm .HHIN .nHIH ”mam mo muHm

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Guam $55 20 omm<m O man? so sugar/9

mnflcmmmbom m0

 

MNHm OB ZOHB<Aum 2H muzmmmmmmm 04m mzmqwmfimfidom ho m0<azmummm

b MHm<B

 

 

47

actually aware of the size bag they had purchased.7 This
is noted because the Canadian consumers primarily selected
the quantities actually available for purchase (2 and 5
pound bags), while the United States respondents did not.
This sharp contrast raises the question of whether the
United States consumers actually wanted a 2 pound bag or
simply were not aware of the bag size they were presently
purchasing.

Tables 6 and 7 (pages 45 and 46) were designed in
order to further explain the figures expressed in Table 5.
In Table 6, households consisting of one to three persons
were grouped and designated families of "small to average"
size. Households of four to seven persons signified
families of "average to large" size, and households of
eight to twelve persons denoted "large to very large"
families.

Table 5 specifies consumer preference in bag size
(dark brown sugar) in relation to size of household. For
example, out of 202 consumers who purchased dark brown
sugar in polyethylene bags 46 declared they would purchase
a 1 pound bag if it were available. Of these 46 consumers
the table further reveals the particular household category
in which they all lie. Out of the total consumers (46)

who favored the 1 pound bag, 73.91 per cent were from

 

7This possibility is especially probable since
the notation of poundage is obscurely located in small
print on the back of the bag.

48

small to average households, 26.09 per cent were from
average to large households, and none were from large to
very large households. This is expressed in Table 6, a
categorical delineation of Table 5. Table 6 also suggests
a correlation between family and bag size; i.e., the
larger the household the larger the amount purchased.

Table 7 interprets the two preceding tables and
in percentages indicates polyethylene bag preference (dark
brown sugar) in relation to the size of household, based
on the entire sample. It is interesting to note that in
the Canadian area of the survey dark brown sugar is
marketed solely in polyethylene bags of 2 pound capacity;
yet of the total respondents (202) who used dark brown
sugar, 22.77 per cent would have purchased it in a 1 pound
bag if it had been available; 16.83 per cent who favored
this 2 pound category were from households of small to
average size. Out of this same sample (202), 17.83 per
cent indicated preference with intent to buy if available
for sugar in the 5 pound quantity; 10.89 per cent of those
who favored this size represented the average to large
families. Sugar companies and packers might take note of
this, for certainly here seems to lie a vast and untapped

market.

49
Interpretation of Tables 8, 9, and 10
(Light Brown Sugar)

Tables 8, 9, and 10 (pages 50, 51, and 52) are
constructed in exactly the same manner as Tables 5, 6,
and 7. The former, however, refer to light brown sugar.
In Table 8, the "4 pound" column discloses that there
were only 16 consumers who would purchase a 4 pound bag
of light brown sugar if it were available. All 16 were
respondents in the United States survey. This is another
instance in which the Canadian consumers were apparently
influenced by and indicated preferences for the quantities
available whereas only 16 out of a total of 98 United
States consumers seemed to favor the available 4 pound
quantity. This situation raises one important question.
Were the consumers actually aware of the size bag they
were purchasing? When asked by the interviewer what bag
size they preferred the respondents frequently retorted,
"Well, what size am I buying now?" Furthermore, many who
did not ask this question might have assumed it was a
quantity other than the one it, in fact, was. Thus, the
responses might have been inadvertently erroneous.

The "3 pound" column lists 14 consumers who seemed
to prefer this size. This represents 3.57 per cent of the
market. This finding (respondents from both the United
States and Canada) might, with further investigation, lead
to other significant information useful in the area of

marketing.

50

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51

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52

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OH mqm<fi

 

 

53

In reference to Table 5, dark brown sugar, 8
consumers indicated a desire to purchase a 3 pound bag.
This represents 3.96 per cent of the market based on the
survey of 202 consumers. Here, also, there is potential
for further research.

Table 9 (light brown sugar) again illustrates the
trend suggested by Table 6 (dark brown sugar); i.e., those
consumers with larger households favor larger quantities
of light brown sugar.

Most important when assessing Table 10 is the
obviously great need for light brown sugar in a 1 pound
bag. Out of 392 consumers 21.43 per cent indicated that
they would buy a 1 pound package if it were available. Of
the 21.43 per cent, 16.33 per cent represented small to
average size households. Once again it must be emphasized
that this is a significant finding and one which should be
considered carefully by all sugar companies and packers.

Interpretation of Tables 11, 12, and 13

(Powdered Sugar)

Tables 11, 12, and 13 (pages 54, 55, and 56)
concerning powdered sugar are constructed in the same
manner as those previously explained (Tables 5-10). In
the Canadian area surveyed, powdered sugar is marketed in
a 2 pound bag and in the United States survey area in a
2-1/2 pound bag. It is interesting to observe, however,

the number of people who would purchase other quantities

54

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55

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56

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57
if available. In appraising Table 12, it may be noted
that consumers with large households would purchase bags
of larger quantity than the consumers with smaller
households. Table 13 shows the wide range of quantities
that would be purchased if available. One wonders if
serious consideration should not be given to the possi—
bility of marketing a 1 pound and 5 pound bag in addition
to the 2 pound and 2-1/2 pound bags presently being
offered. Indeed, the 2-1/2 pound bag might be eliminated
from the market inasmuch as not one consumer queried

seemed to favor it.

Interpretation of Table 14

Table 14 (page 58) presents the Canadian results
of consumers' reasons for not purchasing sugars in poly-
ethylene bags. Both in this and Table 15 many consumers
stated more than one reason (see Chapter II, page 30).
In examining the columns (Table 14) denoting dark brown
and light brown sugar, a very logical fact is revealed.
Of the respondents who never purchased dark or light brown
sugars in polyethylene bags, their reasons were simply
that they never used such sugars. The other figures indi-
cated are provided by consumers who were visitors to
Canada from the United States where this sugar is marketed
chiefly in boxes. Previously mentioned was the fact that
powdered sugar in Canada is marketed both in polyethylene

bags and paperboard cartons. Of the two supermarkets

58

TABLE 14

RESULTS OF SURVEY INDICATING CONSUMERS'

FOR NOT PURCHASING SUGARS (DARK BROWN, LIGHT

REASONS

BROWN, POWDERED) IN POLYETHYLENE BAGS

(CANADA)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Type of Sugar: Dark Light Powdered

a. Never use: 140 50 56
b. Priced too high: —-- —-- 4
c. Prefer another brand: —-- --- ---
d. Prefer another size: —-— —--a 10
e. Believe bag will puncture: —-- 2 10
f. Believe bag will be difficult to

open: ~-- ~-- 2
g. Believe bag will be difficult to

close: --- --- 2
h. Believe bag will be difficult to

store: --- --- 6
1. Believe sugar will be difficult a

to dispense: 2 -—- 6
j. Believe sugar will become lumpy: --- --- 2
k. Habit: --- -—- 44
1. Have not seen it in a plastic a a b

bag: 4 2 140
m. Other: -—- —-- ---

Total consumers in each category: 146 54 244

 

 

 

 

 

 

Canada from the United States where this sugar is

aThe consumers here indicated were visitors to

marketed in boxes.

b

Of the two supermarkets (A and B) selected for

conducting this survey, powdered sugar in polyethylene

bags was available in only A.

Fifty per cent of the

consumers surveyed in A reported they had not seen it;
50 per cent of the consumers surveyed in B had, likewise,
not seen it.

 

 

59
(A and B) utilized for this survey, powdered sugar in
polyethylene bags was available in only A. Fifty per cent
of the consumers surveyed in A reported they had not seen
it; 50 per cent of the consumers surveyed in B had, like-
wise, not seen it. Not only is it difficult to believe
that one-half of the powdered sugar consumers were not
cognizant of its availability in polyethylene bags at the
very store in which they shopped, it is further incompre—
hensible that an equal percentage of consumers was totally
unaware of its availability in polyethylene bags and
reported never having seen it at all. No conclusion can
be drawn other than that some means of advertising should
be employed to correct this situation. Advertising would
possibly help to break the "habit" of those consumers (44)
who indicated they purchased powdered sugar in a paper-
board carton solely out of habit. It is also interesting
to note that a large variety of reasons for not purchasing
powdered sugar in polyethylene bags was listed. The fact
that choice "d" (prefer another size) was selected, along
with the results shown on Table 13, again leads one to
look closely at the quantities of powdered sugar presently

marketed in Canada.

Interpretation of Table 15
Table 15 (page 60) is constructed in the same
manner as Table 14. In this table, however, the reasons

of the consumers (United States) for not purchasing

60

TABLE 15

RESULTS OF SURVEY INDICATING CONSUMERS' REASONS
FOR NOT PURCHASING SUGARS (DARK BROWN, LIGHT
BROWN, POWDERED) IN POLYETHYLENE BAGS
(UNITED STATES)

 

 

 

 

 

 

Type of Sugar: Dark Light Powdered

a. Never use: 130 22 14
b. Priced too high: --- 12 -——
c. Prefer another brand: --- 22 2
d. Prefer another size: --- 66 12
e. Believe bag will puncture: --- 20 4
f. Believe bag will be difficult to

open: -—- 8 2
9. Believe bag will be difficult to

close: -—- 12 4
h. Believe bag will be difficult to

store: --- 36 10
1. Believe sugar will be difficult

to dispense: --- 10 —--
j. Believe sugar will become lumpy: --- 18 2
k. Habit: -—- 34 6
1. Have not seen it in a plastic a b c

bag: 282 134 348
m. Other: --- 1 d e

Total consumers in each category: 412 314 394

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

aNeither the stores in which this survey was
conducted nor any store in this region markets dark brown
sugar in polyethylene bags.

bLight brown sugar in polyethylene bags was
available at all stores in which this survey was conducted.

COf the two supermarkets (C and D) selected for
conducting this survey, powdered sugar in polyethylene
bags was available in only C. Eighty—nine and forty-
seven hundredths per cent of the consumers surveyed in
C reported they had not seen it; 87.25 per cent of the
consumers surveyed in D had, likewise, not seen it.

dConsumer reported, "I just don't like plastic bags."
eConsumer reported, "I just don't like plastic bags."

Another consumer reported, "Sugar just doesn't look
appealing to me."

61
sugars in polyethylene bags are cited. In reference to
the column relative to dark brown sugar, neither the store
in which this survey was conducted nor any store in this
region marketed dark brown sugar in polyethylene bags.
This is reason enough to explain why only choice "a"
(never use) and choice "1" (have not seen it in a plastic
bag) were selected. Light brown sugar in polyethylene
bags was available at all stores in which the survey was
conducted; yet 134 people out of 314 stated that they had
not seen it in plastic bags. This is difficult to believe
but reiterates the desperate need for advertising.

A further notation concerning light brown sugar
item "b" (priced too high) might be inserted here. While
in some supermarkets a 4 pound bag of light brown sugar
might be less expensive than four 1 pound cartons, this
was not the case in others. In looking at the frequency
with which some of the choices were indicated (light brown
sugar and powdered), it is obvious that many people have
definite feelings about the polyethylene bag of sugar.
Some possibly are sound; others are not. For instance, in
the case of choice "j" (believe sugar will become lumpy)
these people are under a misapprehension. Advertising
should not only make known the availability of polyethy-
lene packaged sugar but clear up such misconceptions as
mentioned above.

Also worthy of notation is choice "1" (have not

seen it in a plastic bag) under powdered sugar. Of the

62
two supermarkets (C and D) selected for this survey,
powdered sugar in polyethylene bags was available in
only C. Eighty-nine and forty-seven hundredths per cent
of the consumers surveyed in C reported they had not seen
it; 87.25 per cent of the consumers surveyed in D had,
likewise, not seen it. Not only is it difficult to
understand that a higher percentage of consumers at the
supermarket in which it was available had not seen it,
but it is equally difficult to conceive that such a large
percentage of the consumers had not seen the polyethylene
bags at all. Once again, advertising can help to

alleviate this situation.

Interpretation of Tables 16 and 17

Tables 16 and 17 (pages 63 and 64) serve as a
supplementary point of interest in indicating home storage
techniques for sugars purchased in paperboard cartons.
Most consumers who purchase powdered sugar in paperboard
cartons used it "as is," choice "d." While consumers
purchasing dark and light brown sugar predominantly used
the box "as is," a great many emptied the sugar into
another container. This is contrary to the statements of
several sugar companies who maintained that the housewife
empties the contents of the refinery package and places

it in a canister or glass jar.

63

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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64

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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65

Summary

In summary, a number of conclusions are worthy of
recapitulation. In the first place, the twistem closure
provides less inconvenience in opening and closing than
do the other two closures. The metal clip closure is
considered the most inconvenient. Secondly, the size of
household unquestionably influences the quantity of sugar
purchased. Thirdly, consumers indicated they would pur-
chase a 1 pound bag of sugar (dark brown, light brown,
and powdered) if it were available. Still others indi-
cated they would purchase a 5 pound bag of dark brown and
powdered sugars. Finally, advertising is definitely
needed in order to educate the consumer to the availabi-
lity of sugars in polyethylene bags. Moreover, advertising
must be relied on, not only to inform the consumer of the
positive advantages of polyethylene packaged sugars, but
also to clear up any misconceptions that might have
occurred and abolish any reluctance on the part of the

consumer to accept this modern packaging technique.

CHAPTER IV
APPRAISAL OF POLYETHYLENE BAG STYLES

Criteria

In marketing any product, its appearance and
consumer appeal is of primary importance, and polyethylene
packaged sugar is no exception. Certainly one essential
factor that demands consideration is the manner in which
a polyethylene bag of sugar looks on the supermarket
shelf. There are two major aspects of polyethylene bag
presentation which require attention: (1) The way in
which the graphics are printed on the bag (horizontal
versus vertical) and (2) The appearance of these bags
on the typical supermarket shelf. Discussed in Chapter I
(pages 8 and 12) were the three different bag styles and
their basic construction features. In this chapter,
primary emphasis will be placed on how these bags appear
on the typical supermarket shelf; much attention will,
likewise, be devoted to a discussion concerning the
importance of graphics' placement which in turn relates
to the positive and negative features of existing bag

construction practices.

66

67

The Heat Seal Bag

In dealing, first, with the heat seal polyethylene
bag, a brief description is in order. The dimensions of
the 4 pound side-weld bag are 8" x 12-3/4". When filled,
it is approximately 1-1/2 inches thick. Because the bag
is made from sheeting, printing on both face and back is
economically feasible. The diagram on page 68 (Figure 7)
is included to illustrate the appearance of the heat seal
bags as displayed on the supermarket shelf.8

Among the apparent advantages of the heat seal bag
is the ease with which it is stacked. Because the sugar
is evenly distributed within the bag, it is of an over-all
uniform thickness and no difficulty occurs when placing
one bag upon another. In all markets surveyed the bag was
stacked with its length parallel to the shelf edge. Not
only the length edge graphics ("Soft Brown Sugar") were
readable, but the face on the topmost bag was clear. It
is conceivable, but not likely, that the bag could be dis-
played with the width end parallel to the shelf edge. In
this event, the width edge graphics ("Soft Brown Sugar")
would still be easily read, but the face printing would be
vertical and less easy to read. Only if the bag were
stacked face down would a serious graphic obstruction

arise, and since there is no good reason for this to occur

 

8This bag, as well as the other two styles, was
observed in ten supermarkets and in each case this bag
appeared exactly as pictured.

68

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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69
due to the superior stackability qualities of the bag,
problems are virtually negligible. One further advantage
of the heat seal bag is the opportunity for printing
recipes on the back of the bag. This feature could add

interest and appeal to the product.

The Metal Clip Bag

Turning now to the metal clip bag made from
polyethylene tubing (2 pound bag measures 6—1/4" x 11-1/8"
and is approximately 2 inches thick when filled), it is
interesting to note that the printing parallel with the
width edge is only on the face of the bag. Printing on
both face and back would increase bag production costs 10
to 20 per cent.

When surveyed in the ten supermarkets, in four
cases the bag appeared as illustrated on page 70 (Figure 8).
The bag was face up with bottoms (widths) parallel to the
shelf edge. The face printing was low enough so that it
was clearly visible on the stacked bags.

In three of the six remaining supermarkets, the
bags were stacked with lengths parallel to shelf edge.
Consequently, none of the essential graphic material was
visible. All printing was vertical to the shelf edge and,
even then, too narrow on the face of the bag to be visible
from the side.

In the final three supermarkets the bags were

stacked two by two with the lengths and widths alternated.

70

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71
Here again the graphic identification was difficult.
Although the bottom graphics were visible when combined
with the blank lengthwise portions (bag sides), an over—
all image of confusion was created. Only intercession by
the manager could have alleviated this problem, but in the
previous situation (length parallel to shelf edge) addi-
tional printing on the bag sides (lengthwise) would have
been beneficial. It is possible to print one-fourth inch
from the tube edges; thus, when filled with sugar and
stacked on the shelf, the bags' supplementary graphic

information would be extremely noticeable.

The Twistem Bag

The third bag style now under consideration, the
twistem, is a side-weld bag constructed from polyethylene
sheeting. In the 2 pound capacity its dimensions are 6"

x 10" + 2" bottom gusset. When filled, it is approximately
2—1/4 inches thick. Again sheeting permits printing on
both face and back.

In five of the ten supermarkets stocking this style
bag, it was displayed as shown on page 72 (Figure 9). It
is obvious from this diagram that the bottom gusset does
provide a suitable surface for graphic design. In every
instance observed, however, some of the bags were stacked
face down. This resulted in an impression of confusion.
Not only was the upside down printing on the gusset

unintelligible, but it also decreased the clarity of that

72

 

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73
which was right side up. In spite of the fact that both
face and back of the bag is printed with identical graphic
material (parallel to width of bag), there is no assurance
that the single directional gusset will always remain
right side up. Thus, the advantage of the gusset graphics
is diminished. Furthermore, in the event that the bags9
gussets are not completely filled with sugar, the printing
is again undecipherable.

Three supermarkets of those surveyed displayed the
bag with its length parallel to the shelf edge. No pro-
duct identification was available here because no printing
whatsoever appeared on the lengthwise edges. Here, as in
the case of the metal clip bag a definite graphic design
deficiency is indicated.

The single supermarket in which the bags were
stacked upright (gusset provided the base) took full
advantage of the face graphics but this stacking rendered
the gusset printing useless. Unfortunately, not enough
supermarkets stack the bags in this fashion to consider
eliminating the gusset graphics.

The final supermarket in which the bags were
stacked two by two, alternating lengths and widths, pro-
vided the impression of chaos and only the intervention of

the manager could resolve this situation.

74

Conclusion
In conclusion, each bag style displayed advantages
and disadvantages in relation to consumer appeal, graphic
placement, stacking, and general marketability. When
offering suggestions for a model pOlyethylene sugar
package, the advantages of the three styles will be conso-
lidated and the recommendation will combine these findings

in the areas of graphics and bag construction.

CHAPTER V

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW DESIGN OF
POLYETHYLENE SUGAR BAG
Scope
In suggesting recommendations for an ultimate
sugar package of polyethylene film, two main factors must
be considered: (1) The best characteristics of the three
bag styles previously discussed will be combined; (2) To
create a bag whose production is realistically feasible in

that its packing can be both fully automatic and economical.

Closure

In reviewing bag closure designs there is little
doubt that the twistem is most convenient from the consu-
mers' point of view. This is not the only nor necessarily
the most important consideration. The protection (from
the environment) that each closure affords the product
must also be considered. Commenting on this subject an
executive from one large sugar company in the United States
wrote that he definitely felt the heat seal is far superior
to any other. The reason was simply that the heat seal
provides a positively moistureproof closure which cannot
be guaranteed by any other method. In terms of prolonged

bag storage this observation is incontestably correct. On

75

76
the other hand, one wonders if this assertion is not
beside the point. The period between sugar packing and
purchase is usually brief enough to insure little change
in the sugar's moisture content, and once in the hands of
the consumer the "moistureproof" quality is no longer of
consequence. Therefore, not only the heat seal, but
either the twistem or the metal clip closure is entirely
adequate for the function it must perform. In over thirty
typical supermarkets no variation in sugar consistency or
texture could be detected between bags of one style or
another. Realizing, then, that each closure style is
equally competent, the chief concern must be which closure
is best for the consumer. The results of the survey bear

out the fact that it is twistem.

Construction and Graphics

Having determined the preference in closure style,
attention is focused on specifications for the model bag.
For the following reasons polyethylene tubing has been
selected: In the first place, graphics can be printed
near enough to the bottom of the bag so that when one bag
is placed atop another, clear graphic identification is
possible. The effect is much the same as that provided
by the gusset. A gusset, however, is unnecessary.

One sugar company has suggested that the housewife

stores the bag in an upright position using the gusset as

77
the base. This point may be well taken; yet when
considering the confused image created by gusseted bags
stacked improperly (some face up, some face down) the
latter disadvantage seems to outweigh the former
advantage. The objections to laying the bag on its side
are negligible. The side-weld bag without gussets, like-
wise, has its advantages, but difficulties in automatic
packaging require its rejection.

Returning to the problem of graphics, printing
on the bag's face should not only be parallel with and
as close as possible to the bottom, but additional bands
of graphics Should be placed along both side edges so
that if the length of the bag were placed parallel with
the shelf edge, identification would still be possible.

Ideally, the back of this bag would also be
printed. The bottom and sides would include a graphic
band identical to the face so that should the bag be
improperly stacked, no confusion would arise. Although
a portion of the band on the under side of the bag might
be exposed when stacked on the supermarket shelf, this
would create little problem. First, the stocked shelf
would create an image of complete symmetry and unifor-
mity; and, second, unless the sugar were stacked at eye

level, which is highly unlikely, very little of the under

78
side edge would be apparent.9 A clever graphic artist
could further enhance the design and alleviate any problem.
Finally, the central portion of the bag's back would
include recipes for added consumer appeal.

If immediate economical production were necessary,
however, the model bag (Figure 10, page 79) which is some-
what modified in respect to the above graphic specifi-
cations could be produced (printing on only one side).
Possibly in the next few years a more economical process
for printing will be discovered. In the interim, however,
it is also conceivable (subject to further research) that
in marketing a bag of this nature, the increased sales
would well compensate for a slightly higher bag

expenditure.

Production
The recommendations proposed have been presented
on the assumption that this model bag can be economically
packed (filled and sealed) on fully automatic equipment
currently being manufactured in Europe. This equipment
accommodates rolls of printed polyethylene tubing (2.0 mil,
6-1/4" tubing for the 2 pound size; and 2.5 or 3.0 mil,

7-3/4" tubing for the 5 pound size), applies a bottom seal,

 

91n the thirty supermarkets visited, polyethylene
bags of sugar were stacked between mid-shelf and bottom-
shelf level. The average consumer, then, would view the
bag edge graphics from approximately a thirty to fifty
degree angle. More extensive shelf testing would be
recommended to further verify this point.

79

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80
and cuts each bag length. Vacuum equipment on both bag
face and back holds the mouth open in readiness for
placement under the filling spout. Filled bags drop onto
a conveyor belt where they pass a check-weigh application
unit. (At this time equipment for.the automatic appli-
cation of twistems is available.) The bag, filled and
closed, can then be transported to the packaging, storage,
and shipping areas.

The diagram (Figure 10, Page 79) illustrates the
model bag in respect to features of construction, closure,
and graphics (with the modification of printing on only
one side).

If a sugar refining firm or sugar packer were
considering the use of polyethylene for sugar packaging,
it might well consider the multiple areas of specifi-
cations needed by the converter before an order could be

consummated (see Appendix II).

CHAPTER VI
GRANULATED SUGAR

Problems

Thus far no reference has been made to granulated
sugar. Of all the sugars, this, without a doubt, is the
most difficult to package in polyethylene bags. This is
true from the standpoint of both marketing and production.
The many specific difficulties encountered only help to
point out that more exploration is needed in order to
market satisfactorily a polyethylene package of granulated
sugar.

The problems confronting sugar companies that
attempted to package polyethylene bags of granulated
sugar were many. One company, for example, marketed a
bag of 5 pound capacity. This finished bag (3 mil tubular
roll stock 7-15/16" x 13—5/8") was packed by a machine
equipped with a volumetric feeder. Because of the
varying degrees of density of granulated sugar, it could
not be satisfactorily weighed by volume. In order to
obtain accurate weights and comply with tolerance regu-
lations, the change to scales was necessary.

When accurate weights are not obtainable the bag

size must be capable of accepting the maximum weight

81

82
tolerance; consequently, when the minimum weight tolerance
is in the bag, the bag has a large head space. Thus, the
change from weighing by volume to weighing by scale is
needed.

The actual output of the process working to
capacity was rated at thirty 5 pound bags per minute; how-
ever, actual ideal production speeds indicated a realistic
output more in the neighborhood of twenty bags per minute.
One of the reasons for this poor production rate was the
fact that sugar dust made it impossible for the electric
eye device to accurately position the bag for filling
100 per cent of the time. The sugar dust also caused
faulty heat sealing which, in turn, caused leakage.

Although 3 mil polyethylene was used, resistance
to puncture was not sufficient. Puncture was caused
either by the female's fingernails or other sharp objects
in the grocery cart. It is impossible to use a heavier
gauge polyethylene because of added cost.

An additional problem arose in the actual marketing
of the sugar. Because of its shape and slick surface the
bags could not be easily stacked on the supermarket shelf.
Supermarkets further objected to carrying the same shelf
brand of sugar in two types of bags (paper and polyethylene)
particularly when the polyethylene bag was more expensive
to the consumer. The paper package is still cheaper than

the polyethylene package. It is improbable for a

83
manufacturer to command a higher price on the market place

for a polyethylene package than for a paper bag.

Progress

Only in one instance in the United States was the
successful use of polyethylene bags for packaging granu-
lated sugar reported. In this case the above problems
had allegedly been solved through use of tubular roll
stock (2.5 mil for 5 pounds, 3 mil for 10 pounds). The
closure style was heat seal, and the polyethylene slip
factor and puncture problem had ostensibly been eliminated
through a special formulation in the polyethylene extrusion
process. The sugar was not weighed by volume but by
scale.10 Furthermore, the product packed by this firm was

competitive with a comparable product packaged in paper.

Conclusion

Listed above are some of the more prevalent
problems encountered in packaging granulated sugar in
polyethylene bags. Needless to say, more experimentation
is essential in order to improve not only the machinery
for the packaging operation but the polyethylene film
itself. Puncture prevention without an increase in film
gauge is the desirable outcome. Of course, after

packaging problems have been solved, a major barrier is

 

10In determining accurate weight of polyethylene
bagged sugar, most frequently cited as highly successful
was the Merrifield Scale.

84
the persuasion of sugar companies to implement the costly
change in machinery in order to market the polyethylene

bag.

CHAPTER VII
CONCLUSIONS

Correspondence with sugar companies reveals two
prevailing situations: In the first place, several
companies have placed a polyethylene sugar bag on the
market and the results in some respects have not been
overwhelmingly successful. Secondly, many sugar companies
are unable to package their sugars in polyethylene bags
because they have recently purchased new equipment for
their traditional packaging methods. Investment in poly-
ethylene bag equipment would not only render this tradi-
tional equipment obsolete but also financially prohibitive.
One sugar company executive wrote, "I have seen several
sample polyethylene sugar bags, and readily admit that it
really makes an attractive package. However, the costs
of changing over to new equipment (some of which was
installed as recently as last year) would [render a second
changeover] prohibitive at this time."

The existing packaging operation is undoubtedly
enhanced through new equipment purchases of the traditional
type. Nevertheless, companies contemplating such purchases
might benefit greatly by hesitating long enough to

definitively determine the best packaging material for the

85

86
product and then reach a decision. If, on the other hand,
traditional equipment is purchased when a new frontier in
the packaging technique has opened, it is possible that
not enough research has been undertaken or such findings
that are available have gone unheeded.

Even now, with polyethylene bags of sugar (brown
and powdered) on the grocery shelves, there remain many
facets of the product still not entirely developed and
many regions in which its marketing possibilities have
not been fully realized. More investigation to completely
ascertain and verify its potential, which in turn might
lead to improvements and new designs, total consumer
acceptance and full scale supermarket placement, is the
only effective answer. Research, then, will help to solve
many of the riddles of film extrusion, production, packing,
and marketing with optimum efficiency.

In spite of this, it is apparent from the
correspondence that not enough research is being conducted
by the sugar companies. The resulting polyethylene bag
on the market has deficiencies in several areas: conve-
nience to the consumer, appearance on the shelf (proper
placement of graphics), availability in the most preferred
quantities.

This thesis, then, has introduced some information
concerning the salient features of bag construction

(opening and closing) and proper placement of graphics.

87
It has been established that the twistem closure is most
widely preferred and that the non—gusseted bag constructed
from tubular roll stock would most efficiently solve the
problems of graphic placement. In addition this paper has
dealt with the area of bag capacity preference and suggests
that some bag quantities are marketed unnecessarily while
others, actually favored, are not marketed at all. Some
evidence of correlation between preference and size of
household has been established. Further investigation can
more completely clarify the reasons for one size
preference over another. The existing variety of bag
capacities indicates instability or at least lack of
agreement in this area.

Finally, the cry for additional research certainly
does not mean to imply that it is necessarily the solution
to all problems; it does, however, suggest that carefully
controlled investigation is one of the mOst significant
means to the end: a superior product with a maximum of
consumer appeal and a minimum of manufacturing, packaging,

and marketing headaches.

LI ST OF REFERENCES

88

LIST OF REFERENCES

Alevizos, John P. MarketinggResearch: Applicationsl
Procedures, and Cases. Englewood Cliffs:
Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1959.

Blankenship, Albert E. Consumer and Opinion Research:
The Questionnaire Technique. New York and
London: Harper and Brothers, 1943.

Ferber, Robert, and Verdoorn, P. J. Research Methods
in Economics and Business. New York: The
Macmillan Co., 1962.

 

Modern Packaging. XXXIII (July, 1960), 144.
Modern Packaging. XXXIV (January, 1961), 100.

1959 Directory of Supermarket and Grocery Chains. New
York: Business Guides, Inc., 1959.

Whistler, Thomas L., and Harper, Shirley F. Performance
Appraisal: Research and Practice. New York:
Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1962.

 

89

APPENDIXES

9O

APPENDIX I

SAMPLE LETTERS REQUESTING INFORMATION ON THE
PACKAGING OF SUGAR IN POLYETHYLENE BAGS

(The first sample, A, is the briefer of two forms
sent as a feeler to sugar associations, sugar refineries,
sugar packers, sugar brokers, sugar machinery manufacturers,
polyethylene extruders and bag converters, and trade maga—
zines in the United States, Canada, England, Ireland, and
Germany. Sample B, a second and alternate form, is more
specific in nature and was also used with minor variations
depending upon the particular business of the addressee.
Following the initial correspondence, multiple follow-up
letters were dispatched, but number, diversity, and detail

negates their inclusion.)

91

92

Sample Letter A

June 18, 1964
757 Burcham Drive
Apartment 15

. East Lansing, Michigan

Mr. I. M. Sweet, President
Nectar-Cane Sugar Company
Confectionville, Alabama

Dear Mr. Sweet:

As a graduate student in the field of packaging at
Michigan State University, I am currently preparing a
thesis which is a partial requirement for my Master of
Science Degree.

My topic will cover some of the presently unsolved
problems of packaging sugar in polyethylene.

I wish to explore the many possibilities and problems

of using polyethylene as a means to a better package

for the different types of sugar, such as brown, powdered
and granulated.

Any assistance you can give me to help in researching
this thesis would be greatly appreciated.

Yours truly,

Edward Sussman

93

Sample Letter B

June 18, 1964
757 Burcham Drive
Apartment 15

_ East Lansing, Michigan

Mr. I. M. Sweet, President
Nectar-Cane Sugar Company
Confectionville, Alabama

Dear Mr. Sweet:

As a graduate student in the field of packaging at Michigan
_State University, I am currently preparing a thesis which
is a partial requirement for my Master of Science Degree.

My topic will cover some of the presently unsolved problems
of packaging sugar in polyethylene.

I wish to explore the many possibilities and problems of
using polyethylene as a means to a better package for the
different types of sugar, such as brown, powdered and
granulated.

Some specific areas I will cover are:

a) Closure: Which is best?
1) Heat seal
2) Metal clip
3) Twistem
4) Other

b) Style of bag: Which is best considering production
and consumer appeal?
1) Side-weld bag
2) Bottom gusseted
3) Lay-flat tubing

c) Stacking: Which style bag stacks best on the shelf?

d) Consumer usage: What does the consumer do with the
bag in the home?
1) Does she place the contents into a container
such as a canister or glass jar?
2) If so, approximately what is the average size
of the container used?

94

Sample Letter B--Continued

 

Mr. I. M. Sweet
Confectionville, Alabama 2
3) Does She keep the sugar in the polyethylene
bag?
4) In this case, does she complain of difficulty
in reclosing the bag?

e) Urban versus rural: Is there any correlation
between the demand for smaller bags of sugar in
the urban areas, and the demand for larger bags
in the rural areas?

f) What are the reasons for purchase of polyethylene
bags rather than conventional paperboard packages?

9) Quantities used:

1) What quantities of packaged brown and powdered
sugar are most appealing to the consumer?

2) Why is there such a variance in the choice of
bag quantities used by the different
manufacturers?

I would greatly appreciate any answers that you can give
to the areas outlined above. Any other information that
you can share with me would be of great value.

Your answers and information not only will be extremely
helpful to me in compiling my thesis, but if applied in
the right direction will, at some future date, help to
stimulate the sales of sugar in polyethylene.

Thank you in advance for your kind co-operation.

Very truly yours,

Edward Sussman

APPENDIX II
SAMPLE FORM FOR ORDER OF POLYETHYLENE PRINTED FILM

(Sample order form is introduced to illustrate the
specifications needed by the converter of polyethylene
film. Sugar refiners and packers considering this type
of packaging might find it valuable to note the quantity
(of information which must be established before

consummation of the final order.)

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