THE EFFECT OF HIGH ALUMINA NITRIC PHOSPHATE ON THE YIELD AND COB/POSITION OF CROPS Thesis Ior IIN chrcc'oI M. S. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Raman G. Menon 1957 THE EFFECT OF HIGH.ALUMINA NITRIC PHUCDJATE ON mHE lg); I. J. YIELD AND CQMPOSITION OF CRCPS By Raman G. Xenon I ‘1' AN ABSTRACT summxted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science bipartial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCILNCE Department of Soil Science 1957 APIJ‘I‘Oved m_ L. M r I I Raman G. Menon ABSTRACT The effect of high alumina nitric phosphate on the yield and phosphorus uptake of crops was studied in the laboratory, greenhouse and field. Incubation studies were set up in the laboratory with eight soils using fertilizers with their water soluble phos- phorus contents varying from 10 to 85 percent. Further incu- bation studies were conducted with one clay soil and one sandy loam on the migration of phosphorus from the fertilizer granule and its movement in soil, with two fertilizers of SO and 85 percent water soluble phosphorus content. Corn and been plants were grown on acid muck soil in the greenhouse with different rates of lime to give pH 4.5, 5.4, 6.5 and 7.5, using high alumina nitric phosphate of low and medium water soluble phosphorus contents, so as to study the effect of water solubility of fertilizer phosphorus, soil reaction and method of placement on the yield and composition 0f plants. Field experiments were conducted with tomato and corn CPOps grown on sandy soils with different ratio of fertili- zers with varying water soluble phosphorus contents. The laboratory studies indicated that the extractability of phosphorus increased with an increase in the water soluble phosphorus content of the fertilizer, increase in rate of application, and a decrease in organic matter and clay con— tents of soil. The movement of phosphorus from fertilizer _. _I mv'nJ—u I /‘ I,...-- o A.-._, "‘p. granules decreased after 24 hours incubation. Greenhouse studies showed that the phosphorus uptake and dry weight of plants increased with increase in water solubi- lity of the fertilizer phosphorus. The high alumina nitric phosphates with medium water soluble phosphorus content was found to be as effective as concentrated superphosphate. A pH of 5.4 to 6.5 was found to be optimum for corn on acid muck soil. The yield of corn and tomatoes increased with increase in water soluble phosphorus content of fertilizer. The plants treated with high alumina nitric phosphates with medium water soluble phosphorus content, gave yields comparable to those to which concentrated superphosphate applications were made. Ehst results for tomatoes were obtained from 150 to 100 pounds P205 per acre. ‘_ 3—175" 7:7 . :_ ‘ l. “fin .K-emrg-in: a." 1 . {{il'trl‘ 3 THE EFFECT OF HIGH ALUIINA NITRIC PHOSPHA'E CH THE I YIELD RED COMPOSITION CF CROPS BY Raman G. Manon A THESIS Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER or selewca Department of Soil Science 1957 I /',...r C/GvA/v,2 / (‘1... '/ 5"? ? ACKNCflLEDGEMENT The author wishes to express his gratitude to Dr. Kirk Lawton under whose able guidance, constant supervision and active support, this work was under- taken. He is also indebted to Dr. R. L. Cook for his encouragement and assistance and to the fellow graduate students for their help and suggestions during the course of this investigation. The financial assistance of the Tennessee Valley Authority is hereby gratefully acknowledged. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction . Review of Literature Methods and Materials Greenhouse studies Field trials Laboratory studies Results and Discussion Laboratory studies Greenhouse studies Field experiments Conclusions . Literature Cited Appendix . 12 12 16 27 32 '19 UH 55 91 94 98 ta: It...-.v'”~u.v=~. u . 4 (“I . xllri [In IO 11 LIST OF TABLES Some physical and chemical characteristics of the eight soils used in the incubation studies . . Total exchange capacity and exchangeable bases of the soils used in the incubation studies . . . Phosphorus contents of soils used in the incuba- tion studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The availability of phosphorus in Appling sandy loam, Bearden silt loam and Clarion silt loam which received different rates of high alumina nitric phosphates and other fertilizers . . . The availability of phosphorus in Marshall silt loam, Memphis silt loam and Miami silt loam which received different rates of high alumina nitric phosphates and other fertilizers . ... The availability of phosphorus in Oshtemo sandy loam and muck soil which received different rates of high alumina nitric phosphates and other fertilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The migration of phosphorus from granules and its movement in soil to various distances with time Effect of soil reaction, fertilizer placement, and kind of phOSphate fertilizer on the dry weight of corn plants grown in an organic soil in the greenhouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of soil reaction, fertilizer placement and kind of phosphate fertilizer on the total phos- phorus content of corn plants grown in an organic soil in the greenhouse (2 weeks after planting) The effect of soil reaction, fertilizer placement and kind of phosphate fertilizer on the phos- phorus uptake of corn plants grown in an organic soil in the greenhouse (8 weeks after planting) The effect of soil reaction, fertilizer placement, and kind of phosphate fertilizer on the dry_ weight of bean plants grown in an organic soil in the greenhouse (6 weeks after planting) . . Page 13 15 14 33 4O 45 52 56 65 67 LIST CF TABLES - continued “C I9) (I) Table 12 Effect of soil reaction, fertilizer placement and kind of phosphate fertilizer on the total phos- phorus content of been plants grown in an organic soil in the greenhouse (2 weeks after planting) 7O 13 Effect of soil reaction, fertilizer placement and kind of phosphate fertilizer on the phosphorus uptake of been plants grown in an organic soil in the greenhouse (6 weeks after planting) . . . . 74 14 Influence of high alumina nitric phosphates and otha‘ fertilizers on the yield of corn lants at the University Farm (Metea sandy loam and W. K. KelIOgg farm (Fox sandy loam) . . . . . . . . . 75 15 Influence of high alumina nitric phosphates and other fertilizers on the phosphorus content of corn plants at different stages of growth at the University Farm (Metea sandy loam) and W. K. Kellogg Farm (Fox sandy loam) . . . . . . . . . 77 16 Influence of high alumina nitric phosphates and other fertilizers on the yield and total phos- phorus content of leaves of tomatoes grown in University Farm (Metea sandy loam) . . . . . . 85 17 Influence of high alumina nitric phosphates and other fertilizers on the yield and total phos- phorus content of leaves of tomatoes grown in Jackson Prison Farm (Coloma sandy loam) . . . . 84 Appendix 1 Influence of high alumina nitric phosphates and other fertilizers on the heights of corn plants at different stages of growth grown in organic soils in the greenhouse . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 2 Effect of soil reaction, fertilizer placement and kind of phosphate fertilizer on the total phos- phorus content of corn plants grown in an organic soil in the greenhouse (8 weeks after planting) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lOl Figure Plot diagram 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plot diagram 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plot diagram 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Field diagram 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Effect of water solubility of fertilizer phos- phorus on the extractable phosphorus from Appling sandy loam' . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Effect of water solubility of fertilizer phos- phorus on the extractable phosphorus from Bearden silt loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Effect of water solubility of fertilizer phos- phorus on the extractable phosphorus from Clarion Silt 10am 0 O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O 4 Effect of water solubility of fertilizer phos- phorus on the extractable phosphorus from I‘I:arShall Silt loam . I O O 0 0 O O O O O O 0 5 Effect of water solubility of fertilizer phos- phorus on the extractable phosphorus from quemphis S ilt 10am 0 O O O O 0 0 O 0 O O O O 6 Effect of water solubility of fertilizer phos- phorus on the extractable phosphorus from Niiami Silt 10am 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 7 Effect of water solubility of fertilizer phos- phorus on the extractable phosphorus from Oshtemo sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Effect of water solubility of fertilizer phos- phorus on the extractable phosphorus from muck soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Migration of phosphorus from fertilizer granules 10 Movement of phosphorus in soil . . . . . . . 11 Effect of water solubility of fertilizer phos- phorus on the dry weight of corn plants grown in an organic soil in the greenhouse . . . . .0.>~.m I S‘vhneginiig'fi a! ‘3..- . g: Figure 12 15 14 15 16 17 18 LIST OF FIGURES - continued Effect of soil reaction on the dry weight of corn plants grown in an organic soil in the green— house with H Al NP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of water solubility of fertilizer phos- phorus on the P uptake of corn plants grown in an organic soil in the greenhouse . . . . . . . Effect of water solubility of fertilizer phos- phorus on the dry weight of beans grown in an organic soil in the greenhouse . . . . . . . . Effect of water solubility of fertilizer phos- phorus on the P uptake of bean plants grown in an organic soil in the greenhouse . . . . . . . Effect of water solubility of fertilizer phos- phorus on the total P content of corn grown on University Farm (Metea sandy loam) . . . . . . , Effect of water solubility of fertilizer phos- phorus on the total P content of corn grown in W. K. KellOgg Farm (Fox sandy loam) . . . . . . Effect of water solubility of fertilizer phos- phorus on the total P content of tomatoes grown on University Farm (Metea sandy loam) . . . . . Effect of water solubility of fertilizer phos- phorus on the total P content of tomatoes grown on W. K. Kellogg Farm (Fox sandy loam) . . . . . Page 60 64 68 71 78 79 87 88 INTRODUCTION Phosphorus is one of the most important of the essential elements found in all living organisms. Ever since its dis- covery in 1669 by Henning Brandt, man has been trying to eluci- date the mysterious ways in which phosphorus functions in regulating the activities of living organisms. Since the role of phosphorus in the mineral nutrition of plants was expounded by Liebig, an enormous amount of work has been done in developing suitable phosphate fertilizers for crop production. The utility of leached zone ores of Florida had attract- ed the attention of scientists for some time. Yet little emphasis has been placed on these deposits as a source of phos- phate, since high grades of rock phosphate are still easily available. These ores contain 10 to 15 percent of phosphorus pentoxide which is present primarily in the form of wavellite and pseudowavellite, with small amounts of apatite. In addi- tion, uranium can be recovered from these deposits. However, at the present time, the bulk of the ore is being discarded. The Tennessee Valley Authority is now studying processes of PPOduction of fertilizer from these leached zone ores. Whether it will be economically feasible to use this phos- PhOrus source has not been fully determined to date. Consi- derable information is needed on the behavior of high alumina nitric phosphate fertilizers under different soil and cropping cUnditions. 2. The present study was undertaken in order to study the availability of phosphorus from high alumina nitric phosphates to plants. The objectives of the present study were: 1. To study the effect of water solubility of the ferti- lizer phosphorus on the uptake of phosphorus and dry weight of plants grown in the greenhouse. 2. To study the effect of water solubility of the phos- phorus content of the fertilizer on the yield and composition of different creps in the field. 8. To study the chemical availability of phosphorus from different high alumina nitric phosphate ferti- lizers. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Since the year 1840, when Liebig gave his historic address before the British Association of Science on the role of minerals on plant nutrition, extensive investigations have been carried out on the agricultural importance of phosphorus, its functions in the nutrition of plants, the different sources of phosphorus and factors that govern its availability. For some time past, the suitability of iron and aluminum phosphate as a fertilizer material had attracted the attention of scientists in many countries. One of the early workers in this field was Merril (25) who found that redondite, a phos- phate of iron and aluminum, gave beeter results than did rock phosphate when applied to grasses. Iron and aluminum phosphates were found by Nagoaka (27) to be as effective as superphosphate for rice plants, parti- cularly during the first year of application. However, ferric Phosphate became less available during the second and third Years. Some of the most important and extensive work during this early period was undertaken by Prianischnikov (33). He established that precipitated iron and aluminum phosphate were readily available to plants. This worker also noted that addition of 0.25% calcium carbonate decreased the availability of Phosphorite but did not affect aluminum phosphate. Data obtained by Prianischnikov showed aluminum phosphate hydrolyses 4. in water making phOSphoric acid available to plants. This fact was also confirmed by Cameron, Bell and others (9), who found that a liter of pure water acting on a precipitated phosphate of iron and aluminum could bring into solution by hydrolysis up to 0.1 gram or more of phosphoric acid. Ellet and Hill (12) compared ferric and aluminum phos- phate with calcium phosphate and they found that under certain conditions ferric and aluminum phosphates were superior to calcium phosphate as a source of phosphorus to crops. Their findings were later confirmed by Jordan (16). Patterson (28) also obtained similar results. In his work with reverted phosphate of iron and aluminum, he found that they produced a higher yield than reverted phosphate of lime. Florida soft phosphate, a phosphate of iron and alum- inum, was found to be a very satisfactory source of phosphorus for corn. One of the most significant contributions to the study of phosphates was made by Truog (39) in 1916. He found that plants utilized aluminum phosphate to a considerable extent. Ferric and ferrous phosphates were also used by plants, but to a lesser degree. Barley thrived exceptionally well when treated with ferric phosphate. Like Prianischnikov, Truog believed the high avail- ability of iron and aluminum phosphate to be due to the follow- ing hydrolysis reaction: X FePO4 r 3 H20 : H3P04 + Fe(OH)3.( X-l) FePO4 5. Truog further suggested that as phosphoric acid is re- moved by cropping or leaching, the original phosphate becomes more and more basic and hence less available to plants. In this way he explained the earlier findings of Nagoaka that the availability of ferric phosphate became less with time. Some interesting results were obtained by Marias (21) who found that not only were iron and aluminum phosphates val- uable sources of phosphorus to plants, but in some cases they were even superior to calcium phosphate. The nitrification of urea with the consequent production of acids acts very favor- ably in releasing phosphoric acid. According to this worker, chemically pure iron and aluminum phosphates were as valuable to plants as calcium phosphate. However, the mineral phos- phate of iron and aluminum were not so readily available since most of them were hydrated basic phosphates. Upon igniting the aluminum phosphate Marias found a substantial increase in availability of the phosphorus. In addition, he observed that aluminum phosphate was best suited to calcareous soils. Brious (7) reported that the capacity to assimilate phosphorus from iron and aluminum phosphates depended to some extent on the nature of the plants. Whereas flax, spurry, buckwheat and yellow clover could thrive well on aluminum phosphate, iron phOSphate was more suited for barley. McGeorge and Breazele (23) also found that wheat plants absorbed phosphate very readily from iron and aluminum phos- gfllates. When equal amounts of iron and aluminum phosphates 6. were used, a greater amount of phosphorus was absorbed from aluminum phosphate due to the fact that this phosphate is more soluble than iron phosphate. When cultures were pre- pared with carbon dioxide free water, wheat plant, did not absorb any phosphorus from lazulite, wavellite or dufrenite, but was able to extract phosphorus readily from vivianite. These workers noted that absorption of phosphorus was greater as the 002 concentration of water increased. In the presence of calcium carbonate, all iron and aluminum phosphate except wavellite reverted to extremely insoluble forms in soil. Bartholomew and Jacobs (3) found synthetic aluminum phosphate and unignited ferric phosphate to be very satis- factory sources of phosphorus for plants. Ignition had no effect on citrate solubility of synthetic aluminum phosphate but decreased the citrate solubility of synthetic ferric phos- phate. On the other hand, ignition markedly increased the citrate solubility of natural, hydrated aluminum phosphate from 9 to 63 percent. The yield of sudan grass on soil treated with synthetic aluminum phosphate and ignited, natural aluminum phosphate was similar to that where superphosphate 0r monocalcium phosphate were used. V As early as 1911, Patterson (30) reported that iron and aluminum phosphates form comparatively insoluble complexes With organic matter. Later Truog (39) reported that the basic Phosphate may combine with acidic humic compounds or acid silicates and form very resistant and insoluble compounds. 7 Considerable work has been reported on the toxicity of aluminum to plants. Soluble aluminum is toxic to plant growth because,according to Szues (36), it acts on the protoplasm, causing it to set. Aluminum salts were observed to thicken the main root of plants and make it impervious to nutrient solutions. Fluri (14) noted that when aluminum is added to a nutri- ent solution, starch formation is inhibited. Magistad (20) found that aluminum in water cultures pre- vented the formation of lateral rootlets on barley but not on rye. Similar results were obtained by Hartwell and Pember (15), who found that equivalent amounts of aluminum sulfate and sulfuric acid, when added to an optimum nutrient solution, produced about the same growth depression of barley plants. Treatments of acid soils with phosphate reduced the amount of active aluminum in soils. These workers and Blair and Prince (4) reported that adding phosphorus to soil, in addition to increasing the phosphorus level of the soil, decreased the injurious effect of aluminum. McLean and Gilbert (24) classified plants according to their tolerance to aluminum. The most sensitive crOps are lettuce, beets and timothy whereas medium sensitivity was ex- hibited by radishes, sorghum, cabbage, oats and rye. Corn, turnips and red top grass were noticeably resistant to alum- immun toxicity. First evidence of the injurious effects of aluminum generally appeared to be a dwarfing and injury to the 8. rootlets. Aluminum absorbed by the plant accumulated in the cortex, mainly in the protoplasm and nucleus. According to Austin (2), the presence of aluminum in acid soil does not make soluble phosphate insoluble, if other compounds are present which may react both with aluminum and phosphoric acid. Wright and Donahue (40) grew barley plants in culture solutions containing aluminum, to which radioactive phos- phorus was added. They found that in plants grown in solutions containing aluminum, P32 accumulated in the root systems, whereas in the absence of aluminum, there was an accumulation 32 in the tops of barley plants. of P The sections of roots showed that aluminum accumulation took place on root surfaces and in the cortex, but very little was found in the vascular systems. A considerable modifica- tion of internal structure was observed. According to these workers, aluminum primarily inactivates phosphorus within the roots of plants and thus interferes with the normal metabolism of plants. The use of nitric phosphates as a source of fertilizer has been studied recently. Rogers (35) received the results of many experiments and compared the efficiency of NP and NPK fertilizers made by treating phosphate rock with nitric acid and phosphoric or sulfuric acid followed by subsequent ammonia- tion, with other phosphate carriers. He found that phosphorus in nitraphosphate was as effective as that in commercial type 9. mixtures of similar NPK ratios or superphosphate for corn, cotton and small grains on acid soils in the Southeast. As a factor affecting plant availability of phosphorus, water solubility was important only in alkaline soils or soils ex- tremely deficient in phosphorus. Of these fertilizers, Rogers concluded that particles of size -12 - 50 mesh gave best results. Byekowski and Ostromecka (8) in their experiments with nitric phosphate on coarse, ferrous sandy soil, acid sandy soil, neutral clay soil and muck, in Poland, found that pul- verized nitric phosphate produced the same yield as superphos- phate. Granulation of nitric phosphate decreased their efficiency. Mulder (26) experimented with nitric phosphate in the field and greenhouse in the Netherlands and he came to the conclusion that nitric phosphate is less effective than super- phosphate, especially on alkaline soils. The effectiveness of nitric phosphate was increased by an increase in the water soluble phosphorus content or decrease in granule size. Cooke (10) summarized experiments done in the United Kingdom and Holland and concluded that nitric phosphates were most efficient on acid soils, being 50 to 75 percent as effective as superphosphate. Thorne,et a1. (38) reviewed the results of 130 field and greenhouse experiments conducted in 11 states and they found that, in general, nitric phosphates were as effective 10. as superphosphate for crop production. The nitric phosphates of low water solubility gave poor yield but the same was the case with commercial mixed fertilizers of the same water soluble phosphorus content. The Tennessee Valley Authority has been investigating the use of Florida leached zone ores for the production of fertilizers. These ores, according to DeMent and Seatz (11), are low in phosphorus content and high in aluminum and silica contents, containing 10 to 15 percent phosphorus pentoxide, 8 to 16 percent alumina, 52 to 66 percent silica and 2 to 12 percent calcium oxide. Starostka, et a1. (37) compared the phosphates produced from Florida leached zone ores with land pebble phosphate. They found that high alumina nitric phosphates with less than 10 percent water soluble phosphorus contents, were less effective than land pebble materials. However, high alumina nitric phosphates with medium phosphate water solubility com- pared very well and gave crop yields comparable to those of concentrated superphosphate. They determined that water solu- bility of nitric phosphate was a more important source of variation than the type of phosphate ore from which the product was prepared. Rapp and Hardesty (32) found that the storage property cu‘lligh alumina nitric phosphates was very good and their drilling characteristics excellent. 11. Preliminary greenhouse tests of high alumina nitric phosphates conducted at the University of Tennessee on two unlimed acid soils showed that the high alumina nitric phos- phate produced as much rye grass as did concentrated super- phosphate. Upon liming these soils to pH 6.1, it was observed that the high alumina nitric phosphates of low water soluble phosphorus contents resulted in lower yields than when super- phosphate was used. Further greenhouse trials were conducted at Iowa State College and it was seen that high alumina nitric phosphates were less effective than concentrated superphos- phate for oats. Field studies comparing the effectiveness of high alumina nitric phosphates with concentrated superphosphate have been undertaken by Alabama, Georgia, Iowa, Kentucky, Mississippi, New York, Tennessee, Virginia,2and Washington experimental stations. According to DeMent and Seatz (11), high alumina nitric phosphates were satisfactory sources of phosphorus for cotton, small grains, and corn. High alumina nitric phos- phates, especially those with less than 5 percent water soluble phosphorus content, were not as effective a starter fertilizer for corn as superphosphate or nitric phosphate on acid or neutral soils. The high alumina nitric phosphate containing 20 to 30 percent of its phosphorus soluble in water were 90 to 95 percent as effective as concentrated superphosphate. METHODS AND MA :RIALS In order to study under a variety of soil conditions, the behavior of high alumina nitric phosphates, experiments were conducted in the field, greenhouse and laboratory with different types of soils. The physical and chemical proper- ties of the soils are given in Tables 1, 2, and 3. Greenhouse studies Greenhouse experiments were initiated to study the effect of variation in reaction of organic soils due to liming on plant availability of phosphorus from high alumina nitric phOSphates and other fertilizers. In addition, an attempt was made to study the effect of rate of application, water solubility of the fertilizer phosphorus, and method of placement of fertilizers on dry matter production and total phosphorus uptake by two different crops. Rifle peat from Clinton County, Michigan, was used in this study. Lime rates: 0 tons lime per acre . . . . . . . . pH 4.0 5 tons lime per acre . . . . . . . . pH 5.4 10 tons lime per acre . . . . . . . . pH 6.5 15 tons lime per acre . . . . . . . . pH 7.5 Fergglizers Four different grades of fertilizers with varying water soluble phosphorus contents were used in this study. Table 1. Some physical and chemical characteristics of the eight soils used in the incubation studies 15. Soil type pH Percent Organic Sand Silt Clay matter Appling sandy loam 5.0 0.84 81.2 12.0 6.8 Bearden silt loam 7.6 4.07 52.2 35.0 2.8 Clarion silt loam 5.5 5.94 50.2 35.0 14.8 Marshall silt loam 5.4 3.15 44.2 36.0 19.8 fiemphis silt loam 4.9 1.30 40.2 46.0 13.8 Miami silt loam 6.0 1.07 64.2 27.0 8.8 Oshtemo sandy loam 7.4 1.25 85.2 10.0 4.8 Houghton muck 6.2 Table 2. Total exchange capacity and exchangeable bases of the soils used in the incubation studies Soil type Exchange Exchangeable cations capacity m.e. per 100 gms. m°9' per Ca Mg K Na 100 gms. Appling sandy loam 2.0 0.98 0.57 0.17 0.08 Bearden silt loam 24.2 14.8 8.12 0.72 0.09 Clarion silt loam 28.9 13.8 8.12 0.85 0.08 Marshall silt loam 23.5 10.3 7.0 0.79 0.06 Memphis silt loam$ 2.6 1.24 1.23 0.18 0.01 Miami silt loam 8.8 6.1 2.7 0.14 0.04 Oshtemo sandy loam 7.4 6.13 1.68 0.90 0.01 Houghton muck 131.0 74.0 22.0 0.62 - *LOW values Phosphorus contents of soils used in the incubation Table 5. studies 14. Soil type Ppm, Total P Ppm P Total Organic Inorganic availab1e* Appling sandy loam 593 162 431 12 Bearden silt 10am 835 280 595 6 Clarion silt loam 1032 682 350 16 Marshall s ilt loam 682 381 301 ie iemphis silt loam 750 412 337 26 Miami silt loam 562 375 187 20 Oshtemo sandy loam 592 367 225 32 Houghton muck - - - 56 * Ignition method **Extracted with 0.025 N H01 and 0.03 N NH4F 15. Fertilizer Analysis TVA No. % P soluble in water High alumina nitric phosphate 14-14-14 217 9.6 High alumina nitric phosphate 15-15-15 219 31.8 Concentrated super phosphate 0-49-0 179—194 95.0 N03 and %1 in dry mix added Diammonium phosphate 21-53-0 - 100.0 and K adjusted0 to 1:1: 1 ratio with NH4NO5 and K01 in dry mix N and K 0 were adjusted to 400 pounds per acre in all 2 pots and phosphorus was the variable factor as far as the fer- tilizer was concerned. The high alumina nitric phosphates were applied at four levels equivalent to O, 50, 200 and 400 pounds P206 per acre, whereas superphosphate and diammonium phosphate were applied only at a single level of 200 pounds per acre. Fertilizer placement The high alumina nitric phosphates were applied in both mixed.and banded placement, while with the superphosphate and diammonium phOSphate, only the mixed placement was used. One gallon glazed porcelain pots were used in this study The scfll was first mixed with the approximate amount of lime and incubated in a moist condition for two weeks. The fertili- zer was then thoroughly mixed with the soil or applied in a circular band two inches below the soil surface. 16. Replications Three replications were used for each treatment. Cultura1_practices Four corn seeds were planted in each pot. The pots were irrigated by the addition of a measured quantity of dis- tilled water at regular intervals. After two weeks, the stand of corn was thinned to two plants per pot, and the other two twere removed for analysis. To find the effect of different :fertilizers on the growth of plants, the heights of plants iNere measured at intervals during the course of the experiment. The plants were harvested when they started to tassel. Tile above ground portion of the plant was removed, dried in an oven at 700 C and weighed. The samples were then ground in a ‘Wiley mill and aniyzed for total phosphorus. Field beans were planted in the same pot after the corn Crop)was harvested without disturbing the soil in the pots and Without any further addition of fertilizers. Eight seeds were planted in each pot. Two weeks after Planting, four plants were removed from each pot, dried and ground for analysis. The pots were irrigated with distilled water. Harvesting was done when the plants began to flower. These samples were dried and ground for chemical analysis. Elfild trials Field trials were conducted to compare high alumina nitPic phosphates with 1:2:2 ratio fertilizers of varying water soluble phosphate contents as affected by yield and 17. phosphorus uptake at different stages of growth of plants. Both types of fertilizers were produced by the Tennessee Valley Authority. Experiment 1. Crop: Corn Soil 1: Metea sandy loam, University farm, Ingham County, Michigan. This is a light textured, well drained soil \Nith a pH of 6.8, which is low in available phosphorus. Fertilizers: Fertilizer NKI Complete fertilizer High alumina nitric High alumina nitric Complete fertilizer COmplete fertilizer Complete fertilizer Complete fertilizer Complete fertilizer (Field diagram 1) phosphate phosphate Analysis 21.5-0-21.5 TVA No. 1405-1405’1405 14-14-14 15-15-15 10-10-10 6-12-12 7-14-14 10-20-20 11-22-22 *Mixture of NH4N03,K01 and superphosphate. 217 219 169 C-199 200 C 170 C 171 C Percent P soluble in water 95 s 9.6 30.0 25.0 C 25.0 6.0 50.0 100.0 The first six were applied at the rate of 25 pounds and 50 Pounds per acre where as the last three were applied only at one level of 50 pounds P205 per acre. Plot diagram 1 18. 112814103612192 610 854111317 713512194147511 213 9146210312 1, i iJ ..l__L 1 I II III University farm Plot diagram 2 5 9 11 6 8 3 10 2 12 IV 1 4 7 2 8 6 3 10 1 III 11 3 5 10 5 ll 7 9 4 II 4 1 8 6 2 7 9 11 2 I 6 10 7 5 3 9 l 4 8 High alumina W. K. Kellog farm nitric phosphate (TVA) experiment on corn. Corn experiment 18a. University Farm (Metea sandy loam) and t. K. Kellogg Farm (Fox sandy loam) Treatment Fertilizer Pounds P205 Percent number per acre water soluble phosphorus 1 21.5-0-21.5 - - 2 21.5—0-2l.5 — - 3 14.5-14.5-l4.5 25 95 4 l4.5-14.5-14.5 50 95 5 14-14-14 25 10 6 14-14-14 50 10 7 15-15-15 25 30 8 15-15-15 50 30 9 10-10-10 25 25 10 10-10-10 50 25 11 7-14-14 50 6 ]2 6-12-12 50 25 13 10-20-20 50 50 14 11-22-22 50 100 19. Experimental design A randomized block design with three replications per treatment was used. Each plot consisted of two rows of plants, each row being 50 feet long. The fertilizer was placed to the side and below the seed with an experimental corn planter. Sampling and harvest In order to study the uptake of phosphorus at different stages of growth, samples were taken at regular intervals. The first sample which was taken 24 days after planting, con- sisted of 30 entire plants per plot. The second and third samples taken 39 and 54 days respectively after planting, con- sisted of 30 leaves per plot. The fourth leaf from the top was taken in each case. The samples were dried, ground and analyzed for phosphorus. When the ears were ripe and dry, they were picked by hand and weighed. Representative samples were taken from each plot for moisture determination. Soil 2: Fox sandy loam, W. K. Kellogg farm, Kalamazoo County. It is a light textured soil, pH 6.3 and low to medium in avail- able phosphorus. Fertilizers: Fertilizer gnalysis TVA No. Percent P soluble in water NK 2105'0’2105 Complete fertilizer 14.5-14.5-14.5 95 a High alumina nitric phosphate 14-14-14 217 9.6 High alumina nitric phosphate 15-15-15 219 30.0 Complete fertilizer 10-10-10 25.0 * Mixture of B H4N03,KCl and superphosphate. 20. All were applied at the rate of 25 and 50 pounds P205 per acre. A randomized block design was emdoyed with four replica- tions per treatment. Each plot consisted of four rows of plants, 35 feet long and 3.5 feet apart. The fertilizer was side dressed when the plants were 2 to 3 inches tall. Sampling and harvestipg, Preliminary plant samples were taken 16, 30, and 50 days after the application of fertilizer. The first sample repre- sented 30 entire plants whereas the second and third samples consisted only of 30 leaves per plot. These samples were dried and ground for analysis. At harvest time the corn was picked by hand, and repre- sentative ears were taken for moisture determination. Ezperiment 2. Crop: Tomatoes Soil 1: Metea sandy loam, University farm, Ingham County, Michigan. Fertilizers: (Field diagram 3) Fertilizer Analysis TVA No. Percent P soluble in water NK 21.5-0-21.5 Complete fertilizer 14.5-14.5-l4.5 95.0 High alumina nitric phos- Phate 14-14-14 217 9.6 High alumina nitric phos- Phate 15-15-15 219 30.0 COmplete fertilizer 10-10-10 25.0 Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 100 and 200 pounds P205 per acre. 21. Plot diagram 3 W I ‘ I 6 2 7 1 4 9 5 10 8 3 firth—- A -—-- ...-i I II 5 8 3 10 7 2 6 9 4 1 III 10 1 9 5 4 8 I5 7 2 6 University Farm High alumina nitric phosphate (TVA) experiment on tomatoes 22. Tomato experiment University Farm (Metea sandy loam) Treatment Fertilizer Pounds Percent water number P205 soluble phosphorus per acre 1 21.5-0-21.5 0 - 2 21.5-0-2l.5 O - 3 l4.5-14.5-14.5 100 95 4 l4.5-l4.5-14.5 200 95 5 14-14-14 100 10 6 14-14-14 200 10 7 15-15-15 100 ‘ 3O 8 15-15-15 200 30 9 10-10-10 100 25 10-10-10 200 25 ...: O 23. Experimental desigp A randomized block design, utilizing three replications were used in this experiment. Ten seedlings were planted when they were 4 to 6 inches tall, in single row plots 6 feet apart with a 3 foot Spacing between plants. Fertilizer was applied in 9 inch diameter circular bands, 4 inches deep around the plants, 4 days after transplanting. Individual plants re- ceived a quart of water twice in the early season when the soil became excessively dry. Samplinggand harvesting Plant samples were taken two weeks and five weeks after transplanting. These samples, consisting of thirty leaflets per plot, were dned and ground for chemical analysis. When the fruits were ripe, they were picked by hand and sorted out into three grades, depending on their size and quality; namely, grade 1 - 3 to 5 inches in diameter, grade 2 - 2 to 3 inches in diameter, and grade 3 - culls. The graded tomatoes were then weighed. Soil 2 Coloma sandy loam, Jackson prison farm, Jackson County. This is a light sandy soil with a pH of 6.1, having medium level of available phosphorus. Esrtilizers (Field diagram 4) Field diagram 4 24. I 8 13 10 9 l2 3 l5 2 ll 14 6 4 II 12 5 2 11 7 14 4 5 10 13 1 III 9 l 14 4 8 13 10 15 6 12 7 2 11 5 Jackson prison farm High alumina nitric phosphate (TVA) experiments on tomatoes Tomato Experiment Jackson Prison Farm (Coloma sandy loam) Treatment Fertilizer Pounds Percent number P205 water soluble per acre phosphorus l 21.5-0-21.5 - - 2 21.5-0-2l.5 - - 3 21.5-0-21.5 - - 4 14.5-14.5-14.5 50 95 5 l4.5-14.5-14.5 150 95 6 l4.5-14.5-l4.5 300 95 7 14-14-14 50 10 8 14-14—14 150 10 9 14—14-14 300 10 10 15-15-15 50 30 11 15-15-15 150 -3O 12 15-15-15 300 30 13 10-10-10 50 25 14 10-10—10 150 25 15 10-10-10 300 25 25. 26. Fertilizer __Analysis TVA No. Percent P soluble in water NK 2105'0'2105 Complete fertilizer 14.5-14.5-14.5 95.0 High alumina nitric phOSphates 14-14-14 217 9.6 High alumina nitric phosphates 15-15-15 219 30.0 Complete fertilizer 10-10-10 25.0 The fertilizers were applied under three levels of 50, 150 and 300 pounds P205 per acre. The fertilizers were applied in 9-inch circular bands, 4 inches deep around plants, several days after the transplants were set. Experimental design A randomized block design with three replications was employed for the experiment. Each plot consisted of 10 plants in a single row, 30 feet long. Spacing between the rows was 6 feet. ngplinggand harvest Thirty leaflets per plot were taken two weeks and five weeks after the application of the fertilizer. These samples were dried, ground and analyzed for total phosphorus. The tomatoes were picked by hand when they were ripe and sorted and weighed into the following three grades: grade 1, fruits 3 to 5 inches in diameter; grade 2, fruits 2 to 3 inches in diameter; and, grade 3, culls. 27. Laboratory Studies Experimenttl Incubation studies were set up with eight different soils so as to study the relative chemical availability of phosphorus from high alumina nitric phOSphates and other fertilizers after chfferent periods of incubation. The soils selected were as follows: Red and Yellow soils - Appling Gray Brown Podzolic Miami, Oshtemo Prairie - Clarion, Marshall Chernozem - Bearden Organic - Houghton muck The physical and chemical properties of these soils are given in Tables 1, 2, and 3. Fertilizers: 12-12—12 - 85% of its phOSphorus soluble in water 14-14-14 - 10% of its phosphorus soluble in water 15-15-15 - 30% of its phOSphorus soluble in water. Each material was applied in amounts equivalent to 100, 200. 400 and 800 pounds P205 per acre. Each treatment was set up in duplicate. ' géflfifimentalgprocedure The necessary amount of fertilizer was thoroughly mixed With 300 grams dry soil and the mixture was kept in a deep freeze. When the soil was sufficiently cool, a weighed amount of fine flakes of ice, equal to the moisture required for the 28. field capacity of the soil, was mixed with the soil and the mixture was put in a pint Mason jar and the jar was sealed. The jars were removed from the freezer room and were kept at room temperature. When the ice flakes melted, a uniform mix- ture of soil and water was obtained. The jars were incubated ar room temperature and samples were taken after 2 days, 7 days and 14 days incubation. The samples were extracted with 0.03 N NH4F and 0.025 N H01 and analyzed for phosphorus. Experiment 2 An experiment was set up to evaluate the diffusion of phosphorus from fertilizer granules and its migration in 5011. Two soils, Metea sandy loam and Brookston clay loam, were selected for this study. Soil 1 was kept at 12 percent mois- ture and soil 2 at 14 per cent moisture. Two granular fertilizers of -10 -12 mesh size were used for this study, namely 12-12-12 with 85 percent of its phos- phorus soluble in water and 15-15-15 with 30 percent of its phosphorus soluble in water. Moisture cans were used as con- tainers for the soil. The cans were filled with moist soil and a small hole was made exactly in the center of the soil mass. Twenty five weighed granules of the fertilizer were placed inside the hole, which was then filled with soil. The cans were covered tightly and incubated at room temperature. Individual cans were opened for sampling after 1, 2, 7, 14, and 28 days of incubation. In order to be able to remove the fertilizer granules, the center of the soil mass in the 29. moisture can was located using a pair of compasses and the fer- tilizer granules were removed using a small cork borer. All the soil particles sticking to the granules were removed, as far as possible, using a brush. To study the migration of phosphorus in soil, soil samples were taken at various distances from the fertilizer source. Here again the cork borers were used to get an undis- turbed soil column. Samples were taken from 0 to 3, 3 to 5, and 5 to 8 millimeters distant from the center of the contain- er. These samples were air dried and extracted with 0.05 N NH4F and 0.025 N H01 and analyzed for phosphorus. The ferti- lizer granules were dissolved in acid and the amount of total phosphorus retained determined. LaboratorygTechnigues Soils The soils for the laboratory experiments were analyzed for pH, organic matter, sand, silt and clay, exchange capa- city, exchangeable bases, available phosphorus, total acid soluble phosphorus and organic phosphorus. Soils used in the greenhouse and field were analyzed for pH, sand, silt and clay and available phosphorus. Soil reaction was determined by glass electrode using a 1:1 soil-water ratio. Organic matter was determined by the dry combustion lnethod of Piper (30, 32). Percent sand, silt and clay were determined by using “Hue hydrometer procedure of Bouyoucos (5). 30. Exchange capacity was determined by the neutral ammonium acetate method of Peech (51). For determining exchangeable potassium, calcium, magne- sium and sodium, a Beckman DU flame photometer was used. Available phosphorus was determined by extracting the soil with 0.05 N NH4F and 0.025 N HCl as outlined by Bray (6). Organic phosphorus was determined by the combustion method of Legg and Black (19). Phosphorus in the fertilizer granules was determined by dissolving the fertilizer in concentrated nitric and hydro- chloric acid as discussed in the Handbook of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (1). In all cases after extraction, phosphorus was determined colorimetrically as molybdenum blue, using a Coleman Spectro- photometer. Elant Samples The plant samples were wet ashed by the perchloric acid method of Piper (52). One gram sample was taken in a 125 milliliter tall form beaker and 15 milliliters of concentrated nitric acid was added to it. The sample was digested in an electric hot plate until almost all the organic matter was destroyed and a clear solu- tion was obtained. Six milliliters of 70 percent perchloric acid was then added to the solution and the digestion continued until the oxidation was complete and a clear, colorless solu- tion was obtained. The solution was then evaporated almost to 31. dryness, cooled, and the volume was made up to 100 milli- liters with 0.05 N H01. The solution was filtered through Whatman No. 42 filter paper. ' The phosphorus in solution was determined as molybdenum blue. One milliliter of the solution was diluted to ten milliliters and six drops of ammonium molybdate-sulfuric acid reagent was added, followed by the same amount of Fiske- Subbarow (13) reagent. The solution was shaken, and after fifteen minutes, the transmittance of blue color developed was measured in a Coleman spectrophotometer using a red filter (650 mu.) 0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION LgppratoryiStudies Incubation studies were set up in the laboratory in order to study the chemical availability of phosphorus from high alumina nitric phosphates and other fertilizers applied to soils having widely different properties. Some of the physical and chemical properties of these surface soils are given in Tables 1, 2, and 3. i Appling sandy loam is a soil from North Carolina, be- . Sig-la. .. longing to the Red and Yellow Podzolic Great Soil Group. It is low in clay and organic matter and thus has a low cation exchange capacity. Available phosphorus in this soil is also known to be low. Data in Table 4 show the amount of phosphorus extracted from the soil after different periods of incubation. It should be pointed out that this extraction procedure may in- clude phOSphorus in fertilizer residues at the time of sampling and drying. The release of soluble phosphorus from fertilizer and its ability to remain in easily extractable form depends to a large extent on the water soluble phosphorus content of the fertilizer and the fixing capacity of soil. After two days and seven days incubation, no definite relationship was apparent between the phosphate water solubi- lity of the fertilizers and the quantity of extractable soil phosphorus. However, after two weeks, the quantity of phos- phorus extracted from soils which received applications 33. .CoHHmHo mom and 0H and sopsmom mom and m .wcHHmd4 sow 8mm ma HHom 2H m HprHcH "How 2 mmO.O One mama amO.O spH; :oHpomepxo soups OoaHememO memeamoemw omH HHH me OOH mm mHH nOH nnH mOH OOm me so OO mm oO mm OHH mm ms OO¢ mo Om mm no me mm HO OO we oom we we mm an we mm me me on OOH mm mH-mH-mH smH mHH oeH em mm as mom OOH eeH OOm mm em Om me me On Om on NO ooe mm mm mm me am Hm OO we so OOm we mm as am mm OH mm mm mm OOH Om mH-mH-mH mmH mm mOH mm 0O OS OmH mHH «NH OOm mm as mm as so Os meH OO Os OO¢ NO mm mm Ow ow Om me so Os OOm we mm Hm mm Hm mH am we Hm OOH OH eH-eH-eH eH s m eH s m eH s m mHmMiMS Honssz mmmv mo ambasm wzmv mo sonadz amoH amoa amOH whom House qH pHHm aoHsmHO pHHm coasmmm macaw weHHasa sea OHnsHom m coHpmpaoaH moms smNHHHpsmH mo mpoHHoQ pconomec noumm manwpomnpxm m Ham mvcdom pcmogmm HoNHHprom mpmNHHHpnmm pmnpo new monogamosd OHHpHc maHsde an3 mo mmpwc pcmnmgmHu Om>Hmomn :OHsg amOH pHHm soHcmHo paw smOH pHHm nopnmmm .amOH zesmm msHHmd4 cH mucosdmogd mo HpHHHQmHHm>m one .¢ oHQMB 34. 400 pounds c o :ilBQr 2 days 2 ....._7 days a C ----- 14 days 2115 u i \ \ w 12CL \ P \ ’ E" \ /’ L‘u \ I” A 9d_ \ ‘,,/ C: I H V , LL f‘ \ /// q\ 6d. \‘\(,,— H .D S 0 3C; m f3 >3 1 1 4 b‘ 0 10 30 85 .HO"\ 800 pounds 120g 90_ so- sop 1 1 .LJ 0 10 so 85 1 Percent water soluble phosphorus content of fertil zer 100 pounds 180 j 120- gqu 60L ,, so- 7453;}, O 13 30 85 Extractable P in parts per million 200 pounds lBOr 150% 120_ 90— I” 60—- ,/” / ,I / ‘ / ~. 30b 10 SO 85 Percent water soluble phosphorus content of fertilizer Figure 1. Effect of water solubility of fertilizer phos- phorus on the extractable phosphorus from Appling sandy loam equivalent to 100 and 200 pounds P205 per acre was closely related to the solubility of the fertilizer phOSphorus. Yet this was not the case where the two higher rates were used. In the case of H AL NP-10 systems there was an increase in the extractable phosphorus as the incubation period in- creased only when the higher rates of phosphates were applied. A similar increase in extractable phosphorus was found only for soils treated with 800 pounds H AL NP-SO. With each added increment of phosphate supplied as 12-12-12 fertilizer, the available phosphorus content of this soil increased with time of incubation. These data suggest that phosphorus was con- tinually diffusing out of the granules of the highly soluble fertilizer. With the high alumina nitric phosphates, only when a large amount of fertilizer was applied, there was suffi- cient soluble phosphate to more than satisfy the fixing capa- city of the soil. Bearden: This silty loam is from the Red River valley bottom, North Dakota, belonging to the Chernozem group. It has organic matter and clay contents of 4.075 percent and 12.8 percent respectively and is low in available phosphorus. The extractable phosphorus from soil fertilizer mixtures after various periods of incubation is given in Table 4. A comparison of the extractable phosphorus from soils to which high alumina nitric phosphates were applied shows that these two fertilizers reacted rather similarly despite a difference in phosphate water solubility, at all incubation periods. 36. In contrast, considerable more phosphorus was removed from soils treated with fertilizer having 85 percent of its phOSphorus soluble in water. Considering each fertilizer, it can be noted that there is a continual increase in the amount of phosphorus extracted at different incubation periods. This is true for all rates of phosphate application and this relation is exhibited in Figure 2 as rather distinct, separate curves within each sampling time. Clariog: This soil, a series within the Prairie group” was developed on glacial till in central Iowa. It has a clay content of 12.8 percent and contains 5.94 percent organic matter and 16 parts per million available phosphorus. The quantities of the phosphorus fraction after incubation with different rates of fertilizers is given in Table 4. In general, the amount of extractable phosphorus is positively related to the degree of phosphate water solubility of the fertilizer for the two and seven day samples. However, apparently after two weeks less phosphorus could be removed from Clarion soil to which concentrated superphosphate had been added. This condition suggests that phosphate from the more soluble material was being rapidly fixed. For some unknown reason, the quantity of phosphorus re- moved from the soil after one week of incubation was lower than that from soil sampled after two or fourteen days. As the rate of applied P205 increased, extractable phosphorus also increaSed, but not in proportion to the quantity added. 37. 400 pounds 800 pounds a O , :18 2 days ldqr r-4 —_7 days i '——'—"14 da s L150 y 150- $4 I.) Q. w120p 120— <0 O F {O Q l Extractable f in part c» o I \/ \ c» <3 I s T \ \ \ \ a I I I L, l l J L O 10 SO 85 O 10 30 85 Percent water soluble phOSphorus content of fertilizer .5 100 pounds 200 pounds 180 180 S F F H E3 L,150— 150- O) D. 3120- 120a £4 C0 0. c 90_ 90H H (1.. w 60H 60_ H 'fl" 2% / -\--————-:// m _____ ,ar g :::_‘:;"_____flfl._ 4.) S 1 1 1 I 1 1 0 10 30 85* ()10 30 85 Percent water soluble phosphorus content of fertilizer Figure 2. Effect of water solubility of fertilizer phos- phorus on the extractable phosphorus from Bearden silt loam 38. 400 pounds 800 pounds 5180,. __ 2 days we r—4 ——7 days r“ ----14 da 5 Efl50+ y 158_ S... 9." J12d_ 12o, m 4.) a 8. 90_ 9C_ a ..4 m 60% 60- U ",3 30 5 g r O m fl 1 1 J _ i i L X 0 10 50 85 0 10 30 85 I? J Percent water soluble phOSphorus content of fertilizer g 100 pounds 200 pounds glaqr 18cr H H E150” 15C)— L. 2 “120a 126— 3 ‘4 a 90* 9Q; C2 ”.4 ‘L 60- 6dp ------------ 4:: o ),.H— _________ ;_ //‘/ 4a. H I / ,4 / '3 30* z’ ’/ 30H 43 ~ / 3 f; L l 1_ I l 1 ‘g 0 10 30 85 0 10 30 85 Percent water soluble phosphorus content of fertilizer Figure 3. Effect of water solubility of fertilizer phos- phorus on the extractable phOSphorus from Clarion silt loam. 39. Marshall: This Iowa soil is also of Prairie origin developed largely from loess. It was found to contain 19.8 percent clay, 5.15 percent organic matter and 16 parts per million available phosphorus. Table 5 shows the available phosphorus after different periods of incubation. At the two lower rates of phosphate application, more phosphorus was extracted from soil which had received the high alumina nitric phosphate of lower solubility. Only when 800 pounds of P205 was applied did water solubility of these nitric phosphates appear to be related to phosphorus removed. As the incuba- tion period increased, the quantity of extractable phosphorus also increased, except when concentrated superphosphate is used. Although the Clarion and Marshall soils had the same original available phosphorus content, considerable more phos- phorus was removed from the Clarion soil. Memphis: This silt loam is a representative of the Red and Yellow Podzolic group. It contains 15.8 percent clay, 1.5 percent organic matter and 26 parts per million available phOSphorus. The data in Table 5 and Figure 5 indicate that phos- phate solubility had little effect on the amount of phosphorus removed by the weak acid fluoride solution. In almost all cases when H AL NP-50 was used, values for extractable phos- phorus was as high or higher than for fertilizer containing concentrated superphosphate. Another interesting point is that there was little change in phosphorus removed as incubation 40. .Hade pom and ow use mHQQBOE no“ and mm .HHwnmnmE pom Ema ma .mHHom QH m HmapHcH "Ham 2 mmo.o use m mz zmo.o ans coHpOmppxm Hopmm nocHscmpoe mpmnmmonm* era mmH fivfi 00H HHH 00H ¢OH NHH voa 00m fiOH mm 00 NHH wk $0 mm *0 ¢b 00¢ Om mm #0 Mm N0 00 00 #0 00 OON mv v0 Ev H0 mm 0¢ 0% mm rm 00H 00 NHINHINH ¢0H HmH N0 mmH w¢H ¢¢H NQH ONH mm 000 ¢0H Nm wk nHH om fiHH mm 00 mm 00¢ mm b0 Hm Om mo *0 mm 0w rm OON mm 0% wv N0 00 H0 Nfi on 0N 00H 00 mHImHImH HNa 00H 00H HmH HHH NHH QNH mm mm 000 mm Hm NE 00 Nm rm Om mo @0 00¢ wk vv 00 00 0* v0 00 N0 N0 00N b0 Nfi *0 0H mw N0 an 0w 0¢ OCH CH ¢HI¢HI¢H fiH b N vH b N vH b N mmwOPMO gonadz made mo popadz whee mo nopsdz smoa asoa EQOH chow c “mumsom pHHm HeeHs pHHm mHsasms pHHm HHeswsms nos H Han ecoprnsosH momm pmNHHHpumm no mOOHpoa pconommHO ampmm mHnmpomspxo m Ham meadow pcoogem HONHHprem unoNHHHpnom gonna use wepwnanona ouans eaHade ann we menus pconemmHO Om>Heomp noan adoa uHHu HamHz use aeoa pHHm mandaos .smOH uHHm HHmnwnms sH manondmoga mo huHHHnaHHm>m one on panda 41. 400 pounds 800 pounds a ' o 3183_ 18 P E 2 days A sl5Q_f—'——7 days 150_ / \\ a ————— 14 days I/ \ a / \ mlBC- 120*. /\ \\ ii / \ ‘ ‘ ix m ,/ Q Q QQL— //~ ~~~~~~ 90h- / / ~~-- 5 / ——-—' 4—“' m 60... ~ " I 60,. 2 ,0 g 5C1. 30,. p 1_ l l i [a CLikT"sb 85 o 10 so 85 Percent water soluble phosphorus content of fertilizer 100 pounds 200 pounds : g 18 led— H H OH 8150 150? L4 8' ,920 120— g . E EL€01)- 90— c q-Q CL. 60L ' 60.. ------ L -/-V_'.'. :E <::::-:fi::71ijl ‘\.“""’ 05 51;»- , 30* .p 3 f3 1 1 4, 1 1 I cg o 10 so 85 o 10 so 85 Percent water soluble phosphorus content of fertilizer Figure 4. Effect of water solubility of fertilizer phos- phorus on the extractable phosphorus from Marshall silt loam. 42. c 400 pounds 800 pounds .2180- 189- : 2 days H 8150_”_____ 7 days 150- 5 -———~* 14 days a. 4.: a _ m __ ______ 9‘ 90— / 90— c —— —n-. H \\\\ ‘1‘ 60- 60*- a) H 9 :1)- 30__ 30... U 01 L. 4): l L L l i J 1s 0 10 30 85 O 10 5O 85 Percent water soluble phosphorus content of fertilizer 100 pounds 200 pounds C2 .3180. 180 H H ...—4 L"150» 15 L. ‘5. 120_ 120- U) 4.) L. ii 90_ 9 C1 ”-4 a. 60_ r— ———————— 6 ‘3 / 3 B 30.. / O ,/ :3 1 l _| 7 i I 1 [>3 0 10 so 85 010 so 85 Percent water soluble phOSphorus content of fertilizers Figure 5. Effect of water solubility of fertilizer phos- phorus on the extractable phosphorus from Memphis silt loam 45. increased. As might be expected, the relationship between phosphorus extracted and solubility of phosphorus in the dif- ferent fertilizers was not the same for Memphis and Clarion soils. Mlgml: Miami silt loam is classified as a gray brown Podzolic soil, developed from glacial till in central Michigan. This surface soil contained 8.8 percent clay and was low in organic matter content. Its available phosphorus content was found to be 20 parts per million. Data in Table 5 and Figure 6 indicate that when 100, 200 and 400 pounds P205 per acre of the three fertilizers were mixed with Miami soil, the influence of phosphate water solu- bility was almost nil, especially after two weeks incubation. However, with the highest phosphorus application, more phos- phorus was extracted from soil which received the most soluble phosphate, when the early and late sampling periods were con- sidered. As a rule more phosphorus was removed as time of incubation of fertilizer and soil increased, although again there were exceptions to this relationship. Oshtemo: Oshtemo sandy loam belongs to the gray brown Podzolic group of soils. This wind blown sand from central Michigan has a very low clay and organic matter content but the available phOSphorus content was higher than that of any other soil, being 52 parts per million. From the data in Table 6 and Figure 7 there is some evi- dence that extractable phOSphorus increased as the solubility 44. S 400 pounds 800 pounds :3 180 180.. ... F‘ E3 2 days 15 _—. ...—.... 7 days i C _. _____ 14 days 15CL a. U3 1 m Q ’2' --------- 9 _ ~." 3 C //;\K__._‘ _4’::: 9d— ‘L —/ ¢ 6C- eo_ H P i} 3dL. 30L. E. .1.) 1". 1 1 1 i 1 1 0 10 50 85 0 10 5 85 Percent water soluble phosphorus content of fertilizer C 3 100 pounds 200 pounds :3 180- 180.. "a . {5150*- 15o- d U) glew- 120- 0) CL 33 901- 90- F___ {71.4 ”’ --. \\ / _ _.....——-"""" «3 60- ‘\._._....<’..:__, 60 /"'""‘—' 8 7.4/’- / 43 ac}- so a U - La 4.) 7f 1 1 1 1 1 1_ O 10 30 85 O 10 30’ 85 Percent water soluble phosphorus content of fertilizer Figure 6. Effect of water solubility of fertilizer phos- phorus on the extractable phosphorus from Miami silt loam. 45. .xosa pom Sam on use oampnwo pom and mm .HHom sH m HmeHcH “Homz mmo.o use mvmz zno.o ans eoHpomexo monks OosHanmpoO mpmcdmonme mum owe own mom sea mmm oom owa OmH mmm ova NHH «ma 00¢ mo omH mm HHH oHH woa oom vs om we 00H moa mm OOH mm ma1mHumH ewe com com moH moa smm oom mam mmH 00H oma omH omH 00¢ nHH ova 00H moa moa Hma oom Os om an mm om em ooa on maumauma ewe cow oem mmH eam va oom mad mam mom Hma moa mma oov mHH ova mwa oma Hma ooa com mm 0m mo em ms mp ooa 0H eauvanva «H s m «H b m what no gonadz mums mo sonadz ones Hopes x052 smoa Spawn oaepnmo pea sH oHQSHom aoHpmndosH mo mOoHaam momm m pmNHHHpsmh pnopomkHO pepmm Oanmpomnpxe m 8am meadow pamonom HONHHHpnom uuouHHHpnom gonna use mmpmnamonm oHHpHa mcHadHe can we copes paopommHv Oo>Hmoou soHns HHow gene was BOOH zvcmw oaopzmo GH manonamond mo thHHnaHawpa one o Gamma '9? 46. : 400 pounds 800 pounds 2243 2 days a o_ S r— —— 7 (1?:in 3 -——-l4 days LWO__ zoo- 9) H24 @150 160- *3 L4 CO C. 3120 120- Cl. 0: 80,. 80L H Q 35 r“ 4; 40— 4U” ‘3'; 1 1 J_ l 1 4 1 ‘4 10 so 85 o 10 so as Percent water soluble phosphorus content of fertilizer 100 pounds 200 pounds :3 2240 _ 24o —- H F-a (1)160 "‘ 160 '- 12 CU Q‘120 _ 120 - ‘\‘\ __ -- 3;;3 C: / \.__— --—‘ \ H ’(___.— p. 80, ;7’__/:”/’7’ ‘ 80- E *3 40—— 40 b S f3 1 1 L 1 1 14 :5 o 10 so 85 o 10 so 85 Percent water soluble phOSphorus content of fertilizer Figure 7. Effect of water solubility of fertilizer phos- phorus on the extractable phOSphorus from Oshtemo sandy loam. 47. of applied phosphate rose. However, this was true only for the lower fertilizer rates. The pattern of phosphorus removed from soils which received the 400 and 800 pounds P205 rates is rather disordered. However, one exception is that at the earliest sampling date, the largest amount of phosphorus was removed from soils treated with fertilizers of medium to high water solubility. This trend indicates that phosphorus moving out of the fertilizer particles was being fixed in forms increasingly difficult to extract. Eggk: Several trends in the availability of fertilizer phosphorus from this organic soil are evident that are not apparent for most of the mineral soils in this incubation study. First, the quantity of extractable phosphorus in the organic soil is greater where the 400 and 800 pounds P205 per acre rates were applied. Secondly, with all treatments except the highest fertilizer rate, the amount of phosphorus extract- able from muck after 14 days incubation was lower than that removed from the seven day soil sampled. This condition suggests some kind of fixation mechanism, which may be related to the presence of iron compounds. Phosphate water solubility, as a factor affecting avail- ability of fertilizer phOSphorus, appears to have little in- fluence at the lower rates of applied phosphate. A comparison of the amount of available phosphorus from these different soils treated with the three fertilizers indi- cate that in some soils the rate of release of phosphorus was 48. 400 pounds 80; pounds 840‘; __ 2 days 48CH I: _ __.7 days ..-- : ““14 days \ / B‘l'JCL 4OC__ \\ / P \» \/’ a; \ ‘32A. 320- ’a4ew .Hoa see eczema wean: mama mpcoaeammdm Hopes med mended oov mo mums on» we coaadds 0mm use 2% m.mn m.om m.>H o.ma oom box“: a mHuOumH m.m¢ m.on o.m¢ m.m¢ oom uexaz 00H Ounm1Hm o.mm 0.0m «.mm m.m¢ oom poxaz mm Oumwno m.m¢ m.mm o.mm o.nv oov o.vn o.o¢ «.sv o.o¢ oom o.mm ©.on o.Hn o.wm om possum on ©.mn o.mv o.mm v.me cow o.©n v.¢¢ o.mm m.©¢ oom o.¢m «.mn ¢.Hn ¢.¢m om uoxfis on maumH1mH m.nm o.¢¢ ¢.m¢ o.o¢ oow m.mn m.mm m.m¢ m.m¢ oom v.0m o.Hm m.mm ¢.om om Umvcmm 0H 0.0m m.m© «.sm o.¢¢ cow 0.0» 0.05 m.mm o.mm oom «.mm 0.0m m.©m m.Hm om voxfiz 0H waavanva ma OH m 0 amps; ma opus pom sandaom m pom pom mummHm mo unwaes has madam momm pdoamomam powaaappom meadom mo compo: ho peoouom enouaaapaom oped nod mafia mo mace endondooaw on» Ca Haom eacwwpo as C“ 230nm mpceam choc ho pswdes has on» no nouaaapnom opmndmomd he snag use .paosmowad nouaaappom .cofipowon Haom mo poommm .m oHnt '99 57. A comparison of growth response to the two high alumina nitric phosphates applied in mixed and banded placement is given in Figures 11 and 12. In the early growth stages the phosphate water solubi- lity of the fertilizer affected the size and height of plants considerably. In general, growth of plants was directly rela- ted to the solubility of the fertilizer used, especially when it was banded. However, corn grown in soils which received H Al NP-SO, appeared to be as vigorous as that where concen- trated superphosphate was used. At harvest time, thecifference in height of plants as a result of fertilizer treatment was less evident. However, there were marked differences in dry matter production. A comparison of the data involving the two high alumina nitric phosphates shows that with minor exceptions growth of corn was better where the material of high solubility was used. If concentrated superphosphate is used as a standard of com- parison, it is noted that the high alumina nitric phosphates were somewhat less effective. The kind of fertilizer placement also influenced the dry weight of corn plants. In general, mixed placement of liigh alumina nitric phosphates resulted in slightly better growth than banded applications. This trend is similar to that found by Lawton and co-workers (17). The growth of corn was greatly improved by the use of 11mm, applied at rates of 5 or 10 tons per acre, which resulted 58. 5 tons lime 60 Mixed 60 Banded p r 8.. \‘Z '2 u 0 //_————-g. a 2 ’f”/,,,,,’»~"2 g44o_ 40p m L. “130 ”””’/”/,,,”l 3d__ ____’_____..———-1 C _ H ‘ 20__ 20_ 4..) .q DU g 10_ 10_ >. 5 1 1 _1 1 441 1 O 10 2O 3O 0 10 20 30 Percent water soluble phoSphorus content of fertilizer 0 tons lime Mixed Banded 60F_ l. 50 pounds P O 60f 2. 200 pounds $285 3. 400 ‘ounds r o 501— 1“ 2 5 3 50— /2 '2 we 40— ><2 so— 3OL //”1 /1 ZOF‘ ' 20" 10* 10w 1 1 1 l 1 z_J O 10 2O 30 O 10 2O 30 Percent water soluble phOSphorus content of fertilizen Dry weight - in grams per pot Figure 11. Effect of water solubility of fertilizer phos- phorus on the dry weight of corn plants grown in an organic soil in the greenhouse. 59. 15 tons lime 50 Mixed 6C Banded F l. 55 pounds P205 7 p 2. 200 " " ‘ 3. 4CD " " - 8. 5d»- 59— 3 L a ‘1 4d__ 3 40_ g 2 N36 ~ _ ' 1 ————’fl_______,_ c «H //"“"1 ' 2J__ 2C1— 4.) .c f3? 10_ 10_ 0 g z» 1 11 l 1 1 14 Q O 10 2O 3O O 10 2O 30 Percent water soluble phosphorus content of fertilizer Mixed 10 tons lime 3 Banded 60— 60— ‘3 3 a E: w 3q_ 1 30_ 1 C‘. 01—1 ' 20 20_ «p F '5 3 10_. lC~ ’5 E; 1 1 L 141 1 J4 O 10 2O 30 O 10 2O 30 Percent water soluble phOSphorus content of fertilizer J Figure 11. - continued 60. Dry weight - in grams per pot H Al NP-SO Mixed 6 5 40 \\\\\\400 200 3 50 20. pounds P205 10— 5 5 15 15 H Al NP-3O Banded Tons lime per acre H Al NP-lO Mixed H Al NP-lO Banded 50 p F- c Q. L. 50' P- (D £1. w 40 K/' 5 40 c 30 200 *- “ 50 I 20 50 poun s 1:" pounds P20 {3’ ‘ P205 >. :5 1 L. 1 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 Tons lime per acre Figure 12. Effect of soil reaction on the dry weight of corn plants grown in an organic soil in the greenhouse with HAINP. .61 . in pH values between 5.4 and 6.5. Dry weight yields of corn receiving no lime (pH 4.1) or lime equivalent to 15 tons per acre (pH 7.5) were rather similar for all phosphates. In some cases, high lime applications were detrimental. PhOSphorus uptake The phosphorus contents of young corn plants grown in Rifle peat soil to which varying amounts of different ferti- lizer and lime were added are given in Tables 9 and 10. As might be expected, as the rate of phosphorus applied increased, the percent of phosphorus in two week old plants also in- creased, except when this soil was limed to pH 7.5. When similar methods of placements and rates are compared, phos- phorus content appears to be related to the phosphorus water solubility of the fertilizer at the two lower pH levels. When appreciable lime was added, the contents of phosphorus in the young plants varied only little. A comparison of the absorption of phosphorus by corn plants 8 weeks after planting as affected by factors of water solubility of fertilizer phosphorus, and rate and method of placement of high alumina nitric phosphate fertilizers is pre- sented in Figure 13. Without added lime, plant uptake of phosphorus was very low when only 50 pounds of P205 was applied. Corn grown in soils receiving 400 pounds of H Al NP-30 fertili- zer well mixed in, removed almost twice as much phosphorus as plants receiving the same fertilizer placed in bands. This was not true for H Al NP-lO fertilizer. 62. .mcoflpeefiadmu mmamm mo ewmme>dee .Hoa eee ozemz meme: cums mpemaeammdm “meow pea meadom 00¢ 00 open esp pm nodadmm 0 M 0cm 2 w s0.0 0m.0 0H.0 0m.0 00m voxfis u mauouma 0m.0 00.0 «0.0 00.0 00m pmxfiz 00H 0:001Hm 0m.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00m 0oxa2 00 0.00.0 mm.0 0m.0 00.0 >p.0 00v 0m.0 0m.0 0H.0 0s.0 00m 0H.0 ¢H.0 00.0 00.0 00 000cmm 0H.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00¢ 0H.0 mm.0 00.0 H0.0 00m 0H.0 0m.0 0m.0 b0.0 00 vmxaz 00 maumaama pa.0 m0.0 0m.0 00.0 00¢ 0H.0 Hm.0 vw.0 00.0 00m bH.0 0H.0 0H.0 00.0 00 000cmm pa.0 00.0 00.0 >¢.0 00¢ 0m.0 0m.0 0m.0 mm.0 00m 0H.0 0m.0 mm.0 00.0 00 0mxH2 0H waneauva pope; 0H 0H 0 0 on a mom :a mandaom ewwspondmomm Hmpop namepem 0mm pcoaeoaam m goudadphom anew pom mafia «mace mcamom 00 venues pceopom enoudafippom chapcmaa nevus wxoog my emdo£Comnw on» ad Haom easempo as am macaw madman :uoo no pseudoo manondmonm Hequ on» no nomaaaunom opmndmozm mo vqfix 0cm pcoaeomam nouaaapnom .coapoweu adom mo poommm .m OHQMB .89 65. .mcoHpmeaHmeu woman no emmpo>4ww .Hom see 002¢ mz mcfiwd muss mpcmsoammdm "mace gem m0cdoa 00¢ we even map pm peaammm 0 M 0cm 2 w 0.¢m ¢.ma 0.ma 00m 0exa2 n manonma m.¢¢ 0.0m 0.¢0 0.00 00m umxHS 00H 0:00:0m 0.0¢ 0.¢0 m.00 0.0¢ 00m Umxam 00 010¢10 0.00 m.m¢ 0.m0 ¢.0m 00¢ H.mm 0.H0 0.0m 0.>0 00m 0.sH H.0m 0.HH 0.0a 00 000cmm p.0m 0.s¢ m.¢0 00¢ 0.0m 0.¢0 ¢.0H m.0¢ 00w 0.0a 0.0m ¢.0 0.¢H 00 noxfim 00 manmauma 0.00 0.0m 0.00 ¢.¢¢ 00¢ m.¢0 0.>m H.00 m.>m 00m ¢.0H 0.0m m.s0 0.0a 00 voecem m.0¢ 0.0m 0.00 0.0m 00¢ 0.00 m.mH 0.00 ¢.0m 00w m.00 0.ma 0.0a ¢.0H 00 eexfim 0H ¢Hu¢Hn¢H 0H oawepomm 0 have; whom pom ca mandaom mom oxmpm: m mampwHHHHMI 00mm pcmaeomam m powfiafippmh egos gem mafia .wcoa meadow mo panama .pCmegem whmufiaappom Amcfipcwad pmpmm exam; 0v endoncemmm esp ca Haom ofiammpo as ea aeopm wpcead shoe mo oxepd: mdaonmmonm can do nomaaapheh opmemomm mo enax 0cm pceamowad noufiadppmm .cofipemmn Haom mo pomhho may .OH eHnt 64. 5 tons lime Mixed Banded .p 60- 60 F" o Q 3 :3 so». 50 — Q m, f1 40_ 4O - h w H 73 so »- 30 t H 8 .5 20 r— \2 20 F— m x 3 310— 1 10— a. :5 m I l L 1 1 mu 0 10 2O 30 O 10 20 30 Percent water soluble phosphorus content of fertilizer 0 tons lime 60~ Mixed Gar Banded g 1. 50 pounds P20 a. 2. 200 n n a 50 3. 400 " " 50*- 93. 3 4o_. 2 40k 2'3 3 ~30 30 so— - a 2 B C‘. 200- 20'— ~< 1 o 1 / §10~ 10~ p D. Z .1 1 mi 1 l J o 10 20 30 o 10 20 3° Percent water soluble phosphorus content of fertilizer Figure 13. Effect of water solubility of fertilizer phosphorus on the P uptake of corn plant grown in an organic soil in the greenhouse. 65. 15 tons lime ‘3 60 Mixed so Banded Q 1‘ l. 50 pounds P205 P g 2. 200 pounds P205 c.50_ 3. 4CD poun‘is P205 50__ 540 40_ s N F— :1 \\\\\\\\3 E30__ \3 301- \ 4 2 5 €\2 020_ ' 20? E 1 glo_ 10- a. 1 1 _g 1 1 411 O 10 20 30 O 10 20 3O 10 tons lime Mixed sqt Banded 4% Ch] 50r- 50L 40* so 20 20 10» lO~ +— P uptake in milligrams per pot DJ .5 O O I I ‘_T \A H T l I H I O l J 1 1 1L O 10 20 30 O 10 20 30 Percent water soluble P content of fertilizer phosphoru Figure 13 - continued. 66. When 5 tons of lime was mixed with the acid organic soil prior to fertilizing, uptake of phosphorus was greater from materials of lower solubility in all cases except where 400 pounds of P205 as H Al NP-3O was applied in a band. This situation was reversed in the case of peat soil brought to pH 6.5. The data indicate that with one exception, corn plants removed more phOSphorus from soils receiving the high alumina nitric phosphates of high solubility. Overliming definitely reduced the availability of phosphate even from the material containing 30 per cent of its phosphorus in a water soluble form. This correlation is evident for both rate and method application, as noted in Figure 13. Thus it appears that the behaviour of phosphorus from the high alumina nitric phosphates as influenced by liming is not consistent as expressed by uptake values. Field beans were immediately planted in soil of the same pots after the corn was harvested. After a two-week growth period, the beans were sampled and at the end of six weeks a harvest was made. It is concluded from dry weight data in Table 11 and Figure 14 that the degree of water solubility of the fertili- zers and previous liming had little effect on the growth of field beans. This correlation is difficult to reconcile with the work of Lawton and Davis (176) who found that differential liming had a marked effect on the dry weight values of the same crop grown in the same soil. The residual effect of the 67. 000000000000 00000 00 00000>4 w 1 m 0 0 0 m 0 0 0 000 00x00 3 00-0-00 0.0 0.0 0.¢ ¢.0 000 00000 000 0:00:00 0.¢ 0.¢ 0.¢ 0.0 000 00x02 00 010¢10 0.0 0.0 ¢.0 0.0 00¢ 0.0 0.¢ 0.¢ 0.0 000 0.¢ 0.¢ 0.¢ 0.0 00 000000 00 0.0 0.¢ ¢.¢ ¢.0 00¢ 0.¢ 0.0 0.¢ 0.0 000 . 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 00 00X0E 00 00:00:00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 00¢ 0.0 0.0 0.¢ 0.0 000 0.¢ 0.¢ ¢.0 0.¢ 00 000000 00 ¢.0 ¢.0 0.¢ 0.0 00¢ 0.0 ¢.¢ 0.¢ 0.0 000 0.¢ 0.¢ 0.0 0.¢ 00 00002 00 ¢0u¢0n¢0 0H OH 0 O 0000 0Q C0 OHMMWMM a pom 000 00000; >00 00000 00mm 000800000 0 0000000000 0000 000 0800 .0009 000000 00 000002 .0000000 0000000000 A000p0000 00000 00003 0v 0000000000 000 00 0000 0000000 00 00 00000 000000 0000 00 000003 >00 00» 00 0000000000 000000000 00 0000 000 .000000000 0000000000 .00000000 0000 00 000000 009 .00 00009 68. 5 tons lime . Mixed Banded 0" 1. 50 pounds I " 6F 2. 200 pounds F285 3 _ ._______,_,..—— +) 50. 3. 400 pounds P205 5__ 8‘ \ 3 2 I 1 2 m 3.. 3— p a) 5 2t. 2_ .p to 2 2’ 0L 1 i 1 i C) O 10 20 O 10 30 Percent water soluble phosphorus content of fertilizer Mixed 0 tons lime Banded 8. 5L— 1 5" 1 (D Q. U) 4— 4— B CO ‘4 w 3__ 3;. C: H b0 H 9 >0 ‘4 Q 0L 1 0‘4 1 l J O 10 20 3O 0 10 20 30 Percent water soluble phosphorus content of fertilizer Figure 14. Effect of water solubility of fertilizer phos- phorus on the dry weight of beans grown in an organic soil in the greenhouse. 69. 15 tons lime Mixed Banded 6f 3 -_ N 4.: o 5_. “—— Q \\2 \21 0 3i 4_ \1 40 U) s E 30 3... 60 £3 2 4, l— er .0 (.1) ...—4 '5 >. g 1 i 01 J J .04 O 10 70 10 tons lime 6F 6 +3 2 403 5_ 8. 3 \2 L. g. ’1— \1 g l E 30 DD .5 2L— 2— 4.) .0 w >. ‘3 1 i in 1 1 _J O 10 30 O 10 30 Percent water soluble phOSphorus content of fertilizer Figure 14 - continued. 70. 000000000000 00000 00 00000>0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 000 00x00 . 00-0-00 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 000 00000 000 0:00:00 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 000 00x00 00 0-00-0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 000 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 000 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00 000000 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 000 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 000 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00 00000 00 00-00-00 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 000 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 000 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00 000000 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 000 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 000 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00 00x00 00 00:00:00 00 00 m 0 0000 0000; . 000 00 0000000 000000000000 00000 0000000 0000 000800000 0 0000000000 0000 000 0000 .0009 000000 00 000002 .0000000 «0000000000 000000000 00000 00003 NV 0000000000 000 00 0000 0000000 00 00 03000 000000 0000 00 0000000 0000000000 00000 000 00 0000000000 000000000 00 0000 000 000800000 0000000000 .00000000 0000 00 000000 .NH 00009 71. 5 tons lime Mixed Banded g 1. 50 pounds P O ‘1 2. 200 pounds $285 0 3. 400 pounds P O 0 2 5 Q 3 (0100—. 10C— 8 0 0 £20 .04 r< 2 a 1 /2 3 .5 1 Q) .0 0 ‘3. 5 1 0 0 O 10 30 O 10 30 Percent water soluble phosphorus content of fertilizers 0 tone lime P uptake in milligrams’per pot '0 T N CA I 1.0 \ J l J O 10 30 O 10 30 Percent water soluble phosphorus content of fertilizerl L— Figure 15. Effect of water solubility of fertilizer phos— phorus on the P uptake of been plants grown in an organic soil in the greenhouse. 72. 8 per gfit 5 tons lime \1 ’ :5 Mixed >Banded m 9 if 2 ",,,.~v"”"'2 H £31.11 1.0L 8 .5 _______________1 o \ .32 30.5 1.50 poundsPO 05 1‘ 3‘ " 2. 200 pounds E285 ' P i w 3. 400 pounds P205 5 L. O n L). 2; l J L J i 0 10 so 0 10 so Percent water soluble phosphorus content of fertilizer ‘6 u 10 tons lime L. a Mixed Banded e 2 3 m ,,,,”””””’ L. E c H \ 1 g 1 80.5» 0.5— 3‘ (D / 3 L. O .2 3' 1 J J J .2 O 10 30 9 10 30 0... Percent water soluble phosphorus content of fertilizer Figure 15 - continued. applied fertilizer is clearly evident when yield data for the high and low rates of P205 application are compared regardless of fertilizer, placement, or soil reaction level. The phosphorus contents and values of phosphorus absorp- tion of been plants from soil having different lime and far- tilizer treatments is presented in Table 12. The data indicate a great deal of immobility, although the same direct relationship is apparent between phosphorus content and rate of applied phosphorus. Plants from a few treatments had extremely low phosphorus contents, which can be explained in part on variability in growth due to inadequate greenhouse facilities. Total uptake of phosphorus by beans was clearly a function of the rate of previously applied phos- phorus, but phosphate water solubility of the fertilizers and liming had little effect on phosphorus absorption. Recent studies by Norland, et a1. ( ) also show that as the time from fertilizer application increases, the effects of water solubility are minimized. Ejeld Experiments Experiments were conducted on a Metea sandy loam at the University Farm and on a Fox sandy loam at the W. K. Kellogg Farm. The effects of nine different fertilizers with water soluble phosphorus contents varying from 6 to 100 per cent were studied on the yield of corn and phosphorus content of corn plants at different stages of growth. Corn in bushels per acre is given in Table 14. 74. mqofipmoflaamp omLSp mo omwum>4 * v.0 0.0 v.0 0.0 oom coxaz a mHuOIma 0.0 ¢.H 0.0 m.o oom Umxaz OOH Qummaam 0.0 H.H H.H ¢.H oom voxflz mm Onmvuo m.H m.H H.H 0.0 00¢ N.H m.H 0.0 H.H oom ¢.0 v.0 n.0 ¢.0 om cmvcwm ¢.H N.H 0.0 ¢.H oov m.H m.H 0.0 o.H oom v.0 0.0 0.0 v.0 om Umxfis on manmaama m.H m.a ¢.0 H.H. 00¢ H.H o.H m.o v.0 oom v.0 n.0 0.0 n.o om Umocwm r.H 9.0 v.0 o.H oov m.H m.o m.o 0.0 oom ¢.0 m.o m.o n.o om UexHE 0H eflueauwa ma OH m 0 have; ca pom pom oxmums m .wswsmaaafiz meow Mam oHQSHom m o m pcmamomam pomfiaapumm chow 9mm mafia .mGOB meadow ho compo: .pcooumm *pmNHHHpnom chHpsmHm Lopmm mxoos 0v owdoncoonm on» a“ Hfiom eacmwso cm a“ csopm mpcwam camp mo oxmpm: masonomonm onp co pouaafipnom mpmnmmonm mo wads cam pcmsoomam pouaafipnom .cofipemon Haom Mo poomwm .nH magma 75. .m.z Hm.o - aaoa seemm xom .m.z vH.H u awOH >©swm moves : ous> m H namepmmpp mdofi>msm Mo was» ooHsu op smpmsnpm 0mm was zeee meow Log meadom mm op umpmdnnm 0mm was 2 es mCOHpmoHHams adom we ommsm>4 % m.me om ooH mmummnHH H.H> on om om-omuoH m.mm om mm mHanum H.o> om m wHuwHub m.vm m.0s on ma m.¢Hum.¢Hnm.eH H.mm H.ms mm mm 0.¢Hum.¢Hsm.eH ¢.on $.05 on on mHanumH m.em m.Hs mm on mHamHamH ¢.ew m.¢s om mm OHJOHJOH m.mm v.>> mm mm oH-0H10H m.mm o.mm om OH eHuwHuwH H.mm w.mo mm 0H wHuvHawH m.ew >.m© n : seem.Hmnoam.Hm o.mw r.Hw a a eem.Hmu0um.Hm EGOH EwOH whom 90PM; EH >vcmm xom macaw seams neg mHQSHow m some pmufiafipsme Hopes pad uHeH> .mHmhmdm mucsom .pamoumm umNHHprom HawOH spasm Xemv seem mmOHHmm .M .3 use ABMOH macaw mopmz Shem szwso>HCD map pm mpcmHQ 2900 we vaHz exp 20 mpmNHHHpsmu pmspo was mmpmgmmosm canvas mande swan mo mosmsHch .wH eHnme 76. Corn yields: The addition of phosphorus produced a sig- nificant response in the yield of corn. However, there was little difference between the various phosphate sources. It can be noted in Figure 16 that the high alumina nitric phos- phates were as effective as superphosphate, lO-lO-lO fertili- zer or the 1:2:2 fertilizers. This relationship is particularly evident in the case of high alumina nitric phosphates of medium water soluble phosphorus content. A slight though not signifi- cant increase in corn yield resulted when the water solubility of H Al NP was raised from 10 to 30 percent. A comparison of the yield obtained from the use of 1:2:2 fertilizers indicates that the water solubility of the fertili- zer phosphorus did not influence the yield. Likewise there was little difference in the effect of 1:1:1 and 1:2:2 fertilizers on corn yields. On the Fox sandy loam, the study involved only a compari- son of 1:1:1 fertilizers. No response to phosphorus was obtained at this location from the addition of phosphorus. This was due to adverse climatic conditions, for during the later part of July and the month of August there was only very little rain- fall. This dry condition caused a great decrease in the yield of corn. Hence no comparison could be made regarding the effect of water solubility on the yield of corn. Phosphorus uptake by corn: The total phosphorus contents of corn plants at various stages of development, grown in Metea sandy loam and Fox sandy loam are presented in Tables 15 and Figures 16 and 17. 77. .pcmsuMmpp w50H>osm mo pmnp mHnsou own use zeee .mnom Log wncdom mm op Umpmsnem 0mm use 2 *e .oww HeeHwOHOamhzm mama mHmpronumam no me>mmH ho uopmecoe mmHmsmm Upan one vcoomm upcme any so soap neon ecsouw m>onm mpaucm Mo UmpmHmcoo mHmamw pmsHm .mmpmoHHaon omsnp ho ommno>4 * rm.o mH.o mH.o om OOH mmnmmuHH mm.o mm.o om.o on on omnomuOH Hm.o Hm.o mH.o om mm mHumHnm om.o mm.o 0H.o om o vHueHuu mm.o om.o em.o mw.o mm.o mm.o on ma m.¢Hum.vHum.eH 0H.o om.o mm.o om.o mm.o mH.o mm mm m.anm.¢Hnm.¢H mn.o mn.o em.o mm.o ¢m.o 0H.o on on mHanan mm.o om.o mm.o om.o nm.o oH.o mm on mHumH-mH om.o rm.o mm.o mm.o mm.o pH.o on mm oHuoHuOH mm.o em.o Hw.o nm.o mm.o mH.o mm mm OHaoHsOH mm.o ow.o mm.o om.o mm.o EH.o on 0H «HueHueH ¢m.o em.o mm.o mm.o nm.o mH.o mm 0H wHuvHavH 0H.o om.o mm.o mm.o em.o pH.o u u eeem.Hmu0nm.Hm mw.o mm.o om.o om.o mm.o pH.o u n *em.HmuOum.Hm on on pH em on em meow popes CH 9mm oHndHom m moms pmNHHHpeme meadow pamopom madpamHa pmumw mama mchcmHm amuse mzmm awOH macaw xom stH spasm moves *uoNHHHpnom AsmOH macaw xomv sham wwOHHmm .M .3 use AEMOH mesmm wopozv sham thmpmbdcs on» as npsonw we mmwwpm pamnmmmHo um mpamHm anon ho pampcoo manonmmonm on» so mnoNHHHpamm nonpo was mopmzamonm oHupHa mcHsde an3 mo ooaosHmcH .mH oHnt 78. 0.3 50 pounds P205 application , //\‘- ~~~~~~~ ”’.,,_,.~39 days / ~ ‘,,_:.~="':_~ 4/./-\V’,,,.H~" ”' “"“~-54 days // s / O°2L / 24 dayfi 0.1% 1 .érf L 10 2 ‘95 0.3 25 pounds P205 application a F m '3'. , ,..—--'54 day 5 —,T::\—— —' :11: 7"— _____ 39 day m002._ \v”’ a ~l“\\§l/,i 24 day 0 .2 ,3. U) 0 gp.l F. _ m .p O .p 1’: 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 L aJ 2 o 10 20 so 40 50 60 70 so 90 100 0‘ Percent water soluble phosphorus content of fertilizer} Figure 16. Effect of water solubility of fertilizer phos- phorus on the total P content of corn grown on University Farm (Metea sandy loam). 79. _ 7 /\__ k“ .“ - m __ 1.." / “ ‘ ~~ H~_-_‘H‘“.‘i 1 C ” \ // /\‘\\‘\\ I r “ \xJ \ >\/ X \ H1 " I \ \ \ \ \ 0-2_ \ :50 days 0.1L 1 LI I 10 25 30 95 20.3 25 pounds P205 m r— h\ \\ __ ,3 //\ —_ “g -- 16 days / ‘ x I/ \ \ 5 fiC/’/ \‘\‘\ 30 days w “\‘\ 20a, ‘\\\ O \\ Q \~. D" \\\\ 8 “50 days .c Q. 30.; .p O p p c m . O f; 1 1 1 1 1 1 m 1 1 1 J 2* O 10 20 25 30 4O 50 60 7O 80 90 100 L Percent water soluble phosphorus content of fertilizers Effect of water solubility of fertilizar phosphorus on the total P content of corn grown in W. K. Kellogg farm (Foxsandy loam: 80. It is interesting to note that water solubility of phos- phorus had a marked effect on the uptake of phosphorus, espec- ially at the early stage of growth of corn plants. The total phosphorus in plants generally increased with increase in water solubility of the fertilizer phosphorus applied. With a few exceptions, the relationship was true for both lzlzl and 1:2:2 fertilizers. The second sample consisted of leaves only and was taken 39 days after planting. Here from 6 to 10 percent water solu- bility, a slight increase in total phosphorus of leaves, was obtained but increase in water solubility of the fertilizer from 10 to 50 percent did not show any corresponding increase in total phosphorus content of leaves. In the third sample taken 54 days after planting, a de- crease in the total phosphorus content of leaves was observed with an increase in the water soluble phosphorus content of the fertilizer. The same general trend was observed in the case of 50 pounds of P205 application also. The best response to the water solubility of the fertilizer in terms of phosphorus up- take by plants was seen when the plants were young. With H Al NP-SO there was an increase in the uptake of phosphorus com- pared to the H Al NP-lO. The highest amount of total phos- phorus was found in plants treated with 50 percent water soluble 1:2:2 fertilizer. Above that there was a decrease in phosphorus uptake 0 81. In the second sample, the plants grown in soils treated with H Al NP-SO and superphosphate were quite similar as far as the phosphorus uptake of plants was concerned. Similar observations could be made in the third sample also. In this case the water solubility of the fertilizer did not influence the uptake of phOSphorus from 1:2:2 fertilizer treatments. From Fox sandy loam, the first sample consisting of the above ground portion of the plant was taken 16 days after fer- tilization, whereas the second and third samples of leaves were taken 30 and 50 days respectively after fertilizer appli- cation. Here moisture was a limiting factor and as such the results were not in conformity with the previous findings. With 25 pounds P205 per acre, the highest total phos- phorus content of plants was found with plants treated with fertilizers with medium water soluble phosphorus contents. There was a slight variation between phosphorus uptake of plants treated with the H Al NP. In the second sample the phosphorus content of leaves with H Al NP-lO was lower than that found in the check. The H Al NP-EO gave the highest uptake of phosphorus. The same trend was observed in the third sample also. With 50 pounds P205 application, all three samples showed that the highest phosphorus content of plants resulted from the application of high alumina nitric phosphates with medium water soluble phosphorus content. 82. Tomatoes Tomatoes were grown in Metea sandy loam and Coloma sandy loam soils. The yield of tomatoes in tons per acre is given in Table 16. Response to phosphorus was obtained with all fertilizers applied at the 150 pounds P205 level. The total yield of grade 1 and grade 2 tomatoes indicates that yield was not much affected by the water soluble phosphorus content of the fertilizer. This condition can be noted from the fact there was not much variation in the yield with phosphate with water soluble phosphorus contents varying from 25 to 50 percent. However, a lower fruit yield was found when H Al NP-lO was used, compared with the other fertilizers listed. The H Al NP-SO was found to be as good as superphosphate for tomatoes. The yield of tomatoes which received 200 pounds P205 application, was not very good. In fact, the yield was less than that found with the N-KZO application. The yield of tomatoes grown in Coloma sandy loam is given in Table 17. On this soil a marked response to phosphorus application was obtained. There was a significant increase in the yield at 5% level. The grade 3 tomatoes were only a very small quantity. In this soil, three levels of 50, 100, and 500 pounds of P205 applications were made. In almost all cases the best yield of tomatoes both in quality and quantity, were obtained at the medium level of 150 pounds of P205 application. 83. .m.z mo.m 0mHm> m H mHH:o . m mumps unopoawflo 2H mososH n on m u m comps "empoamfie as mesons m cu m - H memseeeew whom pom madden com on oopwsnom omx use zesw mace pom mossom 00H op oopmsnow 0mm one 2 we msoHpmoHHmos oopsp so owwpm>4 * 00.0 ¢m.0 0.0 0.0H ©.nH 00m mm 0.¢HIm.¢HIm.¢H mm.0 08.0 m.H N.NH N.NH 00H 00 0.¢Hlm.¢HIm.¢H mm.0 Hm.0 H.H 0.0H m.0H com on mHImHImH NN.0 ¢H.0 0.0 m.HH w.NH 00H OM mHImHImH ©N.0 mm.0 N.H 0.NH ¢.NH OON mm OHIOHIOH 0N.0 0H.0 N.H 0.0H ¢.MH 00H mm OHIOHIOH 00.0 mH.0 ©.H H.m m.¢H 00m 0H ¢fll¢HI¢H mm.0 mm.0 r.H b.0H N.NH OCH CH ¢HI¢HI¢H 0N.0 NN.0 N.H moafi m.NH I I *%%0.HNI0Im.HN Hm.0 ©H.0 0.0 H.0H 0.0 I I **0.HNI0I0.HN meow. house on «H wise non sH oHnsHom wsHpsmHm gouge mzwm n oomno m comes H moons momm m uoNHHHpsom 853 a“ m psmopmm lllldH “dim godlolHuljoH winds. meadow psoonom 93:3me *AsmoH modem mopozv sham thmuo>HsD cH esopw moopmsop mo mo>moH mo usepsoo mssosawosm prou one oHon can no mpoNHHHpnom nozpo one mopwsamosa oprH: waHsdHo an3 ho oososHmsH .oH oHnme 84. .osom so; mussom 00m op uopmswum ONM use 2 .osom pom mussos OmH op uopmsHum 0mm use 2 .osos son messes om op empwenem oma age 2 a m m .mHH50 .m mumsw msmpoampu sH wososp m 0p m .m mumsu “soposmpu sH mososp m 0p m .H wussmwwe .Ho>mp am pm pcmoHeanHm .H.m meam> a we msOppmoHHsos mossp po owmsm>¢ * mw.O mm.O 0.0 w.u s.» OOO mm m.¢H1m.¢H1m.uH 00.0 Hn.O H.O m.m >.OH omH mm m.uH1m.uHum.uH OH.O mH.O H.O H.v H.O on ma 0.¢Hum.uHam.vH Hm.O ON.O m.O s.m m.© com on mHImHumH mm.O mm.O 0.0 m.w w.OH OmH on mHumHumH um.O mm.O m.O m.m m.OH on On mHumHumH mw.O mm.O 0.0 m.m m.> oom mm OHIOHIOH om.O Om.O m.O m.m H.O OOH mm OHIOHIOH mm.O OH.O m.O 0.¢ H.@ on mm OHIOHIOH m.O um.O m.O m.m m.m OOm OH anwHuuH mm.O mm.O m.O ¢.m m.m OmH OH anuHuuH mw.o Hn.O H.O m.n u.m om OH uHaanuH mm.o mm. O m.O O.m ¢.0 oom 1 mm.HNIOIm.Hm um.O Hm.o 0.0 s.m m.m omH 1 mm.HmuOIm.Hm mm.O rm.O H.O b.n m.HH om 1 Hm.HNIOIm.Hm osom popes sH mm «H see nos lod How A msppsts smppm when w mumso m mumsw H mumso moms smNHHHpsop mm>MmH sH m psoosom *wosom pom uHoph «wsoe musdom psoosmm soNHHHpsom sompsm somxomb sH ssosm moopmsop uHop> esp so msoNHHHpsmp smspo use sAson musmm saoHoOv asmm .vH oHnme po mo>mmH mo psopsoo mssosamosm Hmpop use mopssswoss oHspHs wspssHm swan mo mososHmsH 85. There was a considerable decrease in the yield with 500 pounds application of phosphorus. This may probably be due to the fact that the concentration of soil solution at this level became so high that the plants found it difficult to absorb water. In the case of high alumina nitric phosphate applica- tion, water solubility of the fertilizer phosphorus influenced the yield of tomatoes. H Al NP-SO was more effective than H Al HP-lO. Though the H Al NP-lO gave yields lower than that given by other fertilizers, the yield obtained by the use of H Al NP-SO was comparable with that obtained by the application of superphosphate or the lO-lO-lO fertilizers. Phosphorus uptake: Two samples were taken for analysis. The first sample was taken two weeks after the application of fertilizer in the case of tomatoes grown in Hetea sandy loam. Here the total phosphorus content of leaf samples was highest with H Al NP-lO application. Then there was a gradual decrease in the total phosphorus content of leaves until the H Al HP-SO was reached. The H Al NP-5O and the 100 percent water soluble NPK fertilizer had the same effect on the uptake of phosphorus by plants. But 200 pounds application gave different results. The lowest amount of total phosphorus was seen in plants treated with the 14-14-14 fertilizer. Here also the total phosphorus contents of leaves of plants treated with H Al NP-5O and HPK fertilizer was the same. 86. The second sample (Figure 17) showed a sharp increase in the phosphorus content of leaves treated with 14-14-14 ferti- lizer from that of the check. The lowest phosphorus uptake was with plants treated with H Al {P-50. Some interesting results were obtained in the case of total phosphorus content of tomato leaves of plants grown in Coloma sandy loam. The first sample was taken two weeks after fertilizer application. In the early stages of growth with 50 pounds application, the highest concentration of phosphorus was in the leaves of plants treated with H Al NP-lO. There was not much difference between the amounts of total phosphorus found in plants grown with H Al NP-SO and superphosphate. With 150 pounds application similar results were obtained. H Al NP-lO resulted in the highest total phosphorus content of leaves whereas the lowest amount was found with plants treated with H Al NP-SO. There was an increase in the leaf phosphorus with an increase in the water solubility of fertilizer phos- phorus from 50 to 95 percent. The same trend in results was found in the 500 pound treatment also. The second sample was taken 5 weeks after fertilization. In this case with 50 pounds application, there was a decrease in the leaf phosphorus from plants treated with H Al NP-lO to those with H Al NP-SO. 87o \ 200 pounds P205 application 0 3 ‘\ \ __,——-"’"’-’.—' v”———' 4 days 0.2 0.1_ 1 1 1, _J J O 20 4O 6O 80 100 O C»! O m T <3 L4 FT J J 1 1 1 11 1 1 _4; J 10 20 3O 4O 50 60 7O 80 90 100 Percent water soluble phosphorus content of fertilizers Percent total phosphorus in plants ca Figure 17. Effect of water solubility of fertilizer phos- phorus on the total P content of tomatoes grown on University Farm (Metea sandy loam). 88. 500 pounds P205 application \\\ ,,.”"7§" days 0.3 _ . I, ,, \\ // \ // 001 "' J 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 C) c: *_T O N) I Cphosphorus £9 plafits ...: (3 *T H c: to C) (A C) .s (3 (n <3 0: c3 .q C) oo (3 (O O H (3 L) .4 H F— m 45’ 490.3 In— 4.) ii 0.2 '9 ‘ :3 r J Yb O 0.1 _ 0 U, 490 180 Percent water soluble phosphorus content of fertilizeI ‘7 ZFigure 18. Effect of water solubility of fertilizer phos~ phorus on the total P content of tomatoes grtwh on W. K. Kellogg farm (Fox sandy loam). 89. However, with 150 pounds application, the total phos- phorus in leaves was the lowest with H Al NP-lO. With H Al NP- 50 there was a slight increase in the phosphorus content of leaves. The highest concentration was with plants treated with lO-lO-lO fertilizers and concentrated superphosphate. The high concentration of 500 pounds application also produced some interesting variations in the total uptake of phosphorus by plants. Here the highest concentration of phos- phorus was found with plants treated with superphosphate followed by the lO-lO-lO fertilizer. The application of H Al NP-EO pro- duced the lowest concentration of phosphorus. In general, the total phosphorus in leaves of plants treated with 500 pounds P205 per acre was lower than that of those treated with 150 pounds P205 per acre application. The data on Table 18 show that the total yield of tomatoes also was lower in the case of plants treated with 500 pounds P205 appli- cation. This was particularly evident with H Al NP treatments. The osmotic effect of high concentration of soil solution may be responsible for the low phosphorus uptake and yield in this case. It has been shown by several workers that aluminum is toxic to plants at high concentrations. It has been reported that the possible injurious effect of aluminum is due to the fact that soluble aluminum precipitates the phosphorus inter- nally in plants. That aluminum is concentrated in the corti- cal and epidermal regions of the roots has been shown by Wright, Donahue and others. Practically no aluminum has been found in 90. leaf and stem. So it is possible that in the case of high rates of alumina nitric phosphate applications, the decrease in the phosphorus concentration in leaves and the decrease in yield may be due to the fact that a part of the phosphorus absorbed by the roots is precipitated by aluminum that is also taken up by the plant, and made immobile. Since the aluminum con- centration occurs at the cortex, a part of the absorbed phos- phorus will not be able to enter into the vascular tissues and hence a reduction in the amount of phosphorus in leaves occurs. This reduction in the amount of phosphorus that the plants need for their metabolic processes manifests itself in a reduction in the fruiting capacity of the plants. CONCLUSIONS The chemical availability of phosphorus from high alumina nitric phosphates depends on the water soluble phosphorus content of the fertilizer, nature of the soil, and the time of contact between the soil and fertilizer. Labor- atory studies indicate the following trends: A. The availability of phosphorus increased with the in- crease in water soluble phosphorus content of the fertilizer. The availability of phosphorus decreased with an in- crease in clay content of soil. There was a decrease in the availability of phosphorus in soil with an increase in the organic matter content of the soil. The high alumina nitric phosphates behaved differently in different soils. The extractable phosphorus did not increase in propor- tion to the increase in rate of application. Most of the soluble phosphorus that moved out of the fertilizer granules did so during the first 24 hours of incubation. The phosphorus that diffused out of the fertilizer moved to a distance of 8 millimeters from the place of application. The dry weight and phosphorus uptake of plants grown in the greenhouse on organic soil varied with variation in rate of 92. The dry weight and phosphorus uptake of plants grown in the greenhouse on organic soil varied with variation in rate of phosphorus application, pH, and method of placement of A. the fertilizer. The dry weight of and phosphorus uptake by corn in- creased slightly with increase in water soluble phos- phorus content of fertilizer tested. The high alumina nitric phosphate with low water soluble phosphorus con- tent was not as effective in terms of measurement as the other fertilizers for corn. The mixed placement of fertilizer resulted in higher yields than banded placement on acid organic soil. Most vigorous growths of corn was obtained when the organic soil was limed to a pH of 5.4 to 6.5. There was not much variation in terms of phosphorus up- take and dry weight of beans with different fertilizer treatments. Water solubility of fertilizer phosphorus did not affect the yield of corn grown in sandy loam soils, appreciably. But for tomatoes there was a difference in yield with difference in water solubility of the fertilizer phosphorus. A. The high alumina nitric phosphates were as effective a source of phosphorus as superphosphate and other commer- cial types of fertilizers for corn grown on two sandy soils. Increases in water soluble phosphorus contents of fertilizer did not affect the yield of corn appreciably. 93. The phosphorus uptake and yield of tomatoes increased as the water soluble phosphorus content of the ferti- lizer increased. High alumina nitric phosphates with medium water soluble phosphorus contents resulted in yields comparable to those obtained when concentrated superphosphate and other fertilizers were tested. In Coloma sandy loam, highest yields were obtained from the 150 pounds P205 per acre application, whereas in Metea sandy loam 100 pounds per acre of P205 was found to be adequate. In both soils high applications of fertilizers applied in banded placement reduced the yield of tomatoes. 10. 11. 13. LITERATURE CITLD Association of Cfficial Agricultural Chemists. Official methods of analysis (1950). Austin, R. H. Some reactions between monocalcium phos- phate and soils. Soil 801., 24:265-269 (1927). Bartholomew, R. P. and K. D. Jacob. Availability of iron, aluminum and other phosphates. Jour. Assoc. Cff. Agr. Chem., Vol. XVI: 598-611 (1933). Blair, A. H. and A. L. Prince. Studies on the toxic pro- perties of soils. Boil $01., 15:109-129 (1923). Bouyoucos, G. J. Directions for making analysis of soils by hydrometer method. Soil Sci., 42:225—229 (1936). Bray, R. H. Correlation of soil tests with crop response to added fertilizer reouirements. Diagnostic tech- niques for crops and soils. erica n Potash Institute, Wash., D.C. (1948). Brioux, C. and A. Tardy. Test for phosphate fertilizer. Ann., Sci. Agrcn., 41:512-319 (1924). Byckowski, A. and M. Ostromecka. Fertilization and avail- ability of phosphoric acid from superphosphate, pre- cipitated rock and granulatedP and pulverized nitro phosphate on various soils. DEER IKI NAUK RCLKIEZ’EH I L1sRYBH: 66, N0. 4:5-28 (1965 ). Cameron, F. K. and J. M. Bell. The action of water and aqueous solutions upon soil phosphates. U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils, Bul. 41. Cooke, J. W. froc. Fert. soc., 27 (1954). Cited from Starostke, et a1., Jour. Food Agr. Chem., 5 (1965). DeMent, J. D and L. F. Seatz. Crop response to high alumina nitric phOSJhB tes. Acr. Food Chem., Vol. 4, MO. 5. 4u2 (1956). Ellet, W. B. and H. R. Hill. Verinia_ngr. ixpt. Sta. Ann. Rpt. (1910). Cited from Truog, Wis. Agr. Expt. eta. Bull. 41 (1916). Fiske, C. H. and V. S. Subbarrow. The colorimetric deter- mination of phosphorus. Jour. Biol. Chem. 66:325 (1925). 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 23. 24. 25. 95. Fluri, M. Influence of aluminum salts on protoplasm. Flora, 99:81-126 (1908). Hartwell, B. L. and Pember, F. R. The presence of alum- inum as a reason for the difference in the effect of so-called acid soil on barley and rye. Soil Sci., 6:269-279 (1918). Jordan. VStudies on plant nutrition. K. Y. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 368 (1913). Lawton, K. and J. A. Vomocil. The dissolution and migra- tion of phosphorus from granular superphosphate in some Michigan soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc., 18. (1964). Lawton, K. and J. F. Davis. The effect of liming on the utilization of soil and fertilizer phosphorus by several crops grown on acid organic soil. Soil Sci. Amer. Proc., 20:522-526 (1956). Legg, F. O. and O. A. Black. Determination of organic phosphorus in soils. II. Ignition method. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc., 19:139-142 (1955). Magistad, O. C. Aluminum content of soil solution and its relation to soil reaction and plant growth. Soil Sci. 20:181-226 (1925). Marias, J. S. Comparative agricultural value of insoluble phosphates of aluminum, iron and calcium. Soil Sci., 13:366-409 (1922). McGeorge, W. T. The influence of aluminum, manganese and iron salts upon the growth of sugar cane and their relation to the infertility of acid island soils. Hawaii Sugar Planters Assoc. Expt. Sta., Agri. Chem. Ser. Bull. 49 (1925). ‘ McGeorge, W. T. and J. F. Breazeale. Relation of phos- phate availability, soil permeability and 002 to the fertility of calcareous soils. Ariz. Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 36 (1931). McLean, F. T. and B. E. Gilbert.‘ Relative aluminum toler- ance of crop plants. Soil Sci., 24:163-177 (1927). Merril, L. H. Box eXperiments with phosphoric acid from different sources. Maine Expt. Sta. Ann. Rpt. (1898). 96. 26. Mulder, E. G. Investigations on the agricultural value of nitrophosphate and anhydrous ammonia. Proc. Fertil. Soc., 25: (1953). 27. Nagoaka, M. On the action of various inacluble phos- phates upon rice plants. Bull. Col. Agri. Tokyo Imp. Univ. 6:215-276 (1904). 28. Norland, M. A., R. W. Starostka, and W. L. Hill. Influ- ence of water soluble phosphorus on the agronomic quality of fertilizer mixtures containing two phos- phorus compounds. Jour. Food Agr. Chem., 5:216-219 1957 . 29. Patterson, H. J. Fertilizer experiments with different sources of phosphoric acid. Maryland Ag. Expt. Sta. Bul., 114 (1907). 30. Peterson, P. P. Effect of heat and oxidation on the phos- phorus of the soil. Wisconsin Agr. Expt. Sta. Res. Bull. 19 (1911). 31. Peech, M. Determination of exchangeable cations and ex- change capacity of soils. Soil Sci., 59:25-48 (1945). 32. Piper, C. S. Soil and plant analysis. Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York (1944). 35. Prianischnikov, D. N. The influence of calcium carbonate on the action of different phosphates. Ber. Deut. Bot. Gosel., 22 (1904). Cited from Truog (1916). 34. Rapp, H. F. and J. O. Hardesty. Storage and drilling characteristics of high alumina nitric phosphates pre- pared from Florida leached zone ore. Jour. Food Ag. Chem., 3:1026 (1955). 35. Rogers, H. T. Crop response to nitra phosphate fertili- zers. Agr. Jour. 43:468-476 (1951). 56. Szues, J. Experimental contribution to a theory of anta- gonistic activity of ions. In Biochem. Ztschr. 88: 292-322 (1912). 57. Starostka, M. A., M. A. Norland and McBride, J. G. Nutri- tive value of nitric phosphate produced from Florida leached zone and land pebble phosphate determined in greenhouse culture. Jour. Food Agr. Chem., 3:1022 (1955). 38. Thorn, D. W., P. E. Johnson and L. F. Seatz. Crop re- sponse to phosphorus in nitric phosphates. Jour. Food Agri. Chem. 3:136-140 (1955). 97. 59. TruOg, E. Utilization of phosphates. fiisconsin Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 41 (1916). 40. Wright, K. E. and B. A. Donahue. Aluminum toxicity studies with radioactive phosphorus. Plant Physio- lOgy, 28:674-680 (1953). APPENDIX Appendix - Table 1 Influence of high alumina nitric phosphates and other ferti- lizers on the heights of corn plants at different stages of growth grown in organic soils in the greenhouses Fertilizer Percent Method Pounds Tons Cm, height of plants P 0f f205 lime Lumber of days after soluble place- per per planting kiwater ment acre acre 28 35 49 14-14-14 10 Mixed 50 O 40.0 52.2 69.8 200 O 41.9 68.7 85.7 400 O 44.3 69.0 81.9 Banded 50 O 33.0 59.2 71.8 200 O 40.8 63.6 75.9 400 0 33.8 61.2 81.3 15-15-15 30 Mixed 5O 0 31.8 61.6 78.4 200 O 40.8 59.1 79.2 400 0 44.7 70.7 79.7 Banded 5O 0 41.6 56.8 77.5 200 O 32.0 63.6 91.9 400 0‘ 43.8 65.7 85.9 0-45-0 95 Mixed 200 O 38.6 60.4 82.9 21-53-0 100 Mixed 200 O 42.6 71.4 88.4 N -O- K - Mixed 200 0 25.9 44.4 59.8 200 5 3.2 69.1 93.6 400 5 40.9 64.9 88.0 Banded 50 5 38.8 54.7 76.7 200 5 37.7 55.5 85.5 400 5 40.6 66.3 93.1 15-15-15 . 30 Mixed 50 5 40.4 59.9 88.4 200 5 42.6 72.7 80.8 400 5 38.2 64.5 100.3 Banded 5O 5 41.4 59.7 95.2 200 5 38.1 70.1 87.5 400 5 40.2 67.7 92.8 (D-45-O 95 Mixed 200 5 36.9 66.5 89.6 21-53-0 100 Mixed 200 5 33.8 66.1 84.1 11 -O- K - Mixed 200 5 32.8 52.2 67.7 :sAverage of three pots (6 plants) -M “M .‘ ‘ -Continued \ Appendix - Table l - continued 100. Fertilizer Percent Method Pounds Tons Cm,gheight of plants P 0f P205 lime Number of days after soluble place- per per planting hiwater ment acre acre 28 35 49 14-14-14 10 Mixed 50 10 31.4 55.1 79.1 200 10 38.7 59.6 82.4 400 10 37.1 64.8 93.2 Banded 50 10 30.9 51.0 84.6 200 10 35.1 56.3 80.4 400 10 31.3 58.0 87.0 200 10 37.5 53.8 82.9 400 10 33.6 57.1 78.7 Banded 50 10 30.1 52.1 76.7 200 10 34.6 56.7 75.3 400 10 39.1 54.7 73.2 0-45-0 Mixed 200 10 46.1 63.6 85.9 21-53-0 Mixed 200 10 42.4 70.6 86.3 14-14-14 Mixed 50 15 27.7 48.1 60.9 200 15 30.6 48.1 67.7 400 15 28.5 51.7 74.5 Banded 50 15 24.7 46.5 63.5 200 15 27.9 44.0 65.1 400 15 28.9 49.3 71.9 15-15-15 Mixed 50 15 28.1 39.5 66.0 200 15 27.8 46.9 71.9 400 15 41.9 56.5 76.2 Banded 50 15 28.7 48.1 71.1 200 15 40.6 54.5 84.6 400 15 40.1 64.4 89.6 0-45-0 Mixed 200 15 50.2 61.6 90.5 21-53-0 Mixed 200 15 42.8 44.4 85.0 N -0- K Mixed 200 15 22.0 44.4 56.9 v— *Average of three pots (6 plants). 101. Appendix - Table 2 Effect of soil reaction, fertilizer placement and kind of phosphate fertilizer on the total phosphorus content of corn plants grown in an organic soil in the green- house (8 weeks after planting). Fertilizer Percent Method Pounds, Tons, lime per acre fertilizer of P 0 ‘7 P soluble place- pgr5 O 5 10 15 in water ment acre Percent, total phos- phorus 200 0.13 0.12 0.10 0.10 400 0.15 0.15 0.08 0.07 Banded 50 0.15 0.13 0.07 0.09 200 0.16 0.12 0.07 0.07 400 0.11 0.07 0.06 0.05 15-15-15 30 Mixed 50 0.06 0.08 0.08 0.08 200 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.07 400 0.13 0.12 0.09 0.06 Banded 50 0.07 0.03 0.06 0.06 200 0.09 0.05 0.11 0.06 400 0.10 0.10 0.08 0.08 0-49-0 95 Mixed 200 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.09 21-53-0 100 Mixed 200 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.11 15-0-15 - - - 0.07 0.07 0.01 0.01 4t, A. k] I , 7 ,4 L; -. "9 3 a”? ‘ ¢ ..V". II it“ Demco-293 Date Due :tsur , LT L~ JNi/ERSI IF‘PLF 93 03146 3502