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WK up

‘ Umuur B' C"- Q.”' . p.
"13"1' ...... l

COLORED CONCEPT-’1'

PORTLA'TD 0R HACRWSIA CE‘WT P90711013

A Thesis Submitted to
The Faculty of
TJTCHIGA"? STATE 0011.qu

of

Anmrmxmr'vn mm A““LI’7“ narrvr‘rv:

By

I

D. V e 7111

, M
w

Caniidufe for the Deg'ec of

Bachelor of Science

Juno 1934

 

JHESJ

m-

 

ACKNOWLEfinYFNT

The writer wishes to eXpress his Apf”631dtifin to the
Portland Cerent Association ’or its in’ornation Upon Port-
land Cerent Coloring ani to Mr. Stewart of the Don Chenical
cozrxun" for “.13 cooperation in anyplf'fin" materials, femulae,
ani ruch in'orration concerning Muwneaia Cements. The writer
in ulna duly graterl to Hr. Lu J. Roth"ery of the Michigan
State College Ex:arirent Station for the interest *8 has shown
and assistance be has reniewei.

94788

PORTLAND ems

PORTLAND CEMEY”8

Colored work wit? this type of cement is usually limited to con-
cretee used in {100”8, wants, :1 rives, and art! Picial atone or cast
concrete pro~1ucta. There are but three ways of Colorin": concrete 1.
Integral mixture 0' color p! manta ”. Use of colored aqtregates eXpoeed
by eurface treatnent as in terrazzo floors, and 3. Surface treatment
by reams of paints or rtver C'ver coats. It is with only the first
of these that we stall ieul.

Practi*ul and test flcrk of t‘e Portluni Conant Associutlrn has
detertinei that a color pifrert pass the followinr re uirerents:

1. It rust be lurable unier et;o3ure to sunl*aht ani weather.

8. It suit groiuce intense eo|or wten tinely pulverized.

T. It must be of sue“ a cnnyoeition thit it ices not reect cheap

ically wit? the cenefit to the ietrlrent o‘ eitFSr ceuent or
0010?.

color picmente Pa’e of minerui exiles seemic~17 beet satisfy trese
re1uirenente, rrclueinv euc“ colors as!

buff, yellow, realm-iron on *e pimcnte

Greeno-chrore oxi !e

Blue-«ultranarine blue

Brown-ircn 01116 or iron an! mar"uneae oxiie p1 tents

Blackh-iron oriie, rancaneae iioxiie, carbon black, tone aah and

the eo-callei nineral blacks.

Intensity of color ‘9 ietervined by ratio of pi:"cnt to cerert not
by ratio of picnsnt to cubic feet of mortar or concrete, so color speci-
ficati-ne five the ne'"*t of cclnr *iTnent tn *6 used yer sack of co-
rent. Piéyents rat be sa?cl- used in anounts up to but net exceeding
ten gercent of tFe 3:13Mt cf the cement. Ten percent by weicht will
ueusllr prciuce the leerest sheie of an: one color. Lesser p! rent
neturell wives 1E hter shakes.

Two pi nents of the su=e type Fut from 'i'Perent sources will ue—
ually :rsfuce di”ercnt hues or shaies. {Variation 0‘ colors or shades
are obtainci hv rixinn iiP’erent piercnts. Exact angles are bust ob-
tainei b- trial. Snell mortar panels ere rrepsrei wit* dif"ercrt rixturee
until t*8 BEade iesired 13 ofitlined. "he sannles are insgectei after
five days.

Determin‘n‘ the Quality of Pizzente

The report of the Are‘icen Gene'é‘e I “‘fute states:
“A duantitative "atin" 0' tirtinc malities would :robahlg show
an usA"ta"e for t”e better quality yiwrents, even tlou7* the price per
pouni is hf~ier.'
lost architects ani buillere depend upon t“e reputation c9 the
manufacturer that the quality of the ’aterial will be setie' ctory.
.Thero are, lw'JIIIzWe‘jr", t¥ree single taste wkfch Can be rule:
1. The finer a p‘Nrent is crouni the greater its eclsring ability.
Likewise, ereller amounts c' fine “immen*s 4‘6 required for
certein shaies. To insure thorouch uixinc, the pijrents should

be at least as ’ine as *‘e cevent. Standard ereciPicstione

for cement reiuire that seventy-ei7ht percewt pass a sieve
havinf forty thousani rcs‘es tv the suuare inch 32 9"s nay
also he uaei as a s'ecificsti—n for riwrents.

2. The ability to resist tte actic" of lire, t‘e {”3nciyal alla-
line invrciient 0' cayent, can be te ted by r3x¥n~ a set Is pet
of twentr gsrte o' cesert an! one :urt 0’ the piznent and ob-
serving for several days, resnwhile keeping the sgechen moist.
Any prc cuneei 'sdinv iriicates that the pl”39nt is not line-
preof.

3. To test the lurability cf the eclmr unier the in’luente of
li*‘t tales se'e’ire unless a special srti'icial light is at
hafl. Pronouncei Puling of a eclored Porter on errosure to
surlifht For one conth is eViience that the pifncnt is unsuit—
able.

Sumrary

1. Only hifih—grsie, ctcnically pure p‘ner1? oxide fl’Pe‘tS should be
usei.

2. The ultinste Color 0' concrete is Ieteruinei by the ratio of pig-
ment to cere t, not by the ratio 0’ yi‘rent to porter or concrete.

3. The quantity of girrent use! shouli not exceei ten {ercent, by
weight, 0' the cerent.

4. There is no le'ie‘te orlor f rrula ’br proiucinq any one particular
Color; sangle gunels a‘eull he rrie ts deterrine the Shula iesired

and the pro ortions nece ear? to Proluce that shade.

5. Quality, rot orice, 8*ouli he the hes's for selectin" a color gicuent.
6. In all cases, nsnu'ecturer's {i ecti ns 'cr the UJB o9 the pizrent
shouli he followed.

Hiring

color pig“ents is not :enetru’e tie furticies of sand srd cerent
as 19 iyee in chlorine 33 th. Instead. t*e ifrent forts a Crating
arouse the particles. Hence, if trepierent is not thoroughly nixed,
spots enl streaks usuaily result. A c«ncrete Lixture is consiiered as
saturatei with c ior pifirent when the siiitirn of rare ricrent 'ails to
increase the lepth of color. A iiti-nal pizrert is of no value. There
are two Bethe o c' m’xing:

l. Accurately weighef ,uentities c' Color rigsent and cerent are
thorouthly :ixci torether, then elied to the required arount
of ag’refate and rival emu?" he"re the water is sized. “its
ins moat Continue until the color is urifwrt. Loncer 27xing
tenls to increust the intensity of the on or.

2. An Beyecially su'tuhlo ve+‘ol ”or srull 30‘s or who e a Color
rixer 18 not avn‘lul‘le is to NY *‘6 cer'e'at, ltifz‘eht, and fine
estre'nte t‘rcufih a screen tqunn a one-fourth inch resh. Fine
ez~rcjute nuet he iry. The corre t inantit?es of {1”nent and
the s~?re"u‘e for a one-suck butch e"e Piret easu'ai out sep-
arately. The ccrent, the pifnent and one—third the snount of
fine azzre~ate to he used a e then sore nei tncether. 'hen a

uni'orr cofor has been obtained the reruiw’ng two-thi"de of

 

_.,.l-\U.:meII-rra,ln"r‘r v u

the {fine a'eretste is alied an! the whole rfxed edain until a
uniform C“lor results.
laterlsls unit be ressurel accuratelf especially if several batches

are to be used as even a slig‘t variation in the anwunts of the :uterlsls,
part‘culerly the water, is liPel; to cause noticeable veriotlcn in color
on the finishei job. The amount of water used 6‘ sac? of cerent de-
termines the streneth o' the conceete. Where so or pl”rent8 e=e used
the amount of water likewise has sane eP'ect on the depth of the color;
the less water, the dee er the 0010?. For nest color work, five callons
of water per sec? 0' cerent is the rarinun amount if t‘e sofre~ates are
absolutely iry.

Placinw Concrete

Seldow is the full thickness 0’ the slab Colored, usually only the
top one or two inches. The e s~e two genera? rethcis of ~lacin¢ colored
concrete:

1. The best method is the one wh‘ch follows the {"1303f188 of
one-ocuflse con tructlon. Thfis retro! is particularly slept-
uhle where the Concrete cs“ 'e {laced uni "nished 1*neiiately
as ‘n inlvemuys, walks, or aWHFen‘e. In the one-courae enn-
etruction, the Concrete for t’e haae s nixed and ;l.éed as in
oriinury work. The colorei cancre‘e s ri"el n1 laced ink
rediately es t'ut it hurlens integrally wit! ‘he base and he.
cores 3 s~lii Lass. It is a wow? idea ov lures 50‘s to have
two nixene, usin: one for t‘e orlored oancrete. The ”ix
should he as dry as possible an! unier 'w cvnliticns watery

or slapgy. The slump test should be used. Colored concrete

toppinvs should not have a slu r o' rors than two to four inches.

Any 'ree Wa‘er on the sur':ce o? the 'resh concrete tase should

be removed with a hro m be!(re plec‘ne colored corcrete coat.
2. The second nethoi involves two-course construction and is

suitable for 'loor work who 6 it is not lesirable to finish

the '100!‘ until other construct}. r. work his teen cor-:g‘letei.

The lower Course on t he left routh to injure a fact bond.

Prior to glucinz tle toy_in*, this sur'ace shoull he thorou'hly

cleanel and dampened. A thin cost 0’ nest ceuent grout then

is broomed on to the surface for a short distance ahead of

the topping. The colors] concrete is then placed before the

grout hardene. The surface is brouzht to the prOper grade

with a straight edge, then allowed to stand thirty to forty-

five cinutee and 'inished.

Recomnended Proportions for TOppingt l sack of ceuent, 1 cu. ft.
of sand, and 2 cu. ft. of clean, hard pea "revel or crush stone ranfiing
froml/p to l/I inch in size and contain‘nT no so't, flat or elongated
particles. Not more than five percent of the fine a'firegate should
pass the one hundred mesh screen and not more than ten percent should
pass the fifty mesh screen.

leny contractors pre‘er e 182 mix for the colored tapping, using
torpedo sand. ‘hlle the 18188 proportion will give best results for
color sort in general, the 188 mix will give satisfactory results in

protected floors, provided the torxedo gravel is properly graded.

Tinishing

As soon as the concrete has been placed it should be leveled off
lith e etrikeboard and then given a Hood-float finish which proiuces
an even surface. If a smoother surface is desired, it is produced by
first leaVinq the wooi-floated surface undisturbed frov thirty to
forty-five minutes, dereoding u;on weather and teryerature conditions.
Durinz this interval. the surface stif’ens sufficiently to prevent the
drawing of eenent and fine particles to the surface. ‘When all the
surface water has disap cared ani there is no visible sheen, the con-
crete is finished lichtly with a steel trowel. This requi es extreme
care. In exyert Can develops a beautiful, smooth surface which will
be free tron dusting or checking, and which will wear indefinitely
eith a minirun am not of steel troweling. Excessive troweling of
otherwise govd concrete draws f’ne raterisl to the surface which great-
ly reluces its wearinw quality. The 'ewer the strokes used to pro-
duce a smooth eur'o-e the bette' the Job.

curing

To devel p the s+rerzth, waterbti’htness, ani resistance to wear
floors and pavepents a 0 covered with sand, burlar or non-stainin~ paper
and kegt moist for a {erioi of at least ten days before bein‘ used.

Dusting

‘Dusting is iue to icprorer 'ir‘s‘in" anicurinq. “here it less

occur it can often be corrects! through the use of a hardeninc treatnent,

 

\rJri ilh'illlli [It

each as the application of mafnesium-fluosilicate. Such treatments
‘Iill not do much good if the concrete is of generally poor quality.
Efflorescence

lfflorescence iue to passage of water out of the material earryb
ing soluble substances dissolved from sore constituent o? the material.
'hen the water reaches the surface and evaporates, the substances are
left behind in the tern of a surface deposit. Efflorescence usually
whitish in color is particularlr noticeable and objectionable on dark
colored concrete surfaces. Obviously if concrete is reds water-tight,
the likelihood of efflorescence is reduced to a minimum.

Efflorescence may be removed, however, with a dilute solution of
one part water to five or ten parts muriatic acid, also, by a solution
of equal parts of linseed and kerosene oil. This treatnent inproves

searing qualities as well by filling the pores .

[AGNESIA W8

PLASTIO MAGNESIA CEMENTS

Hashesium-Oxychloriie Cenents or,i? the reader prefers, Fiastic
lagnesia Cerents were first introduced by the Trench chemist, Borel,
in 186?. Attempts were made to utilize this cenenting haterial in
many different ways, the chief succeos being with flooring and stucco
mixtures. "ore recentlr it has been used in the creation of mulled
or cast products such as tiles, cast stone, or statuary.

Plastic laznesia Cements are as the ori~inal nare iniicates a
mixture of magnesium oxide and magnoeiuu chloriie solution. To this
compound, certain suitable fillers a e aided Juat as sand and gravel
are added to Portland Cerent.

The nagnesiuc oxiie used in oxychloride cenenis is obtained from
macnesiun carbonate rock Corrcnly known as nagnesite, or by treatment
of natural brines c'nta'ning salts of madnesium. Magnesium chloride
used in this country is obtained fror any one of three sources, the
chief source beiné the natural brines obtained in the east central part
of the state of’flichigan. The other sources are the west coast of Cal.
ifornia where discarded bitterns from salt glants furnish the raw mater-
ial , and Stresstrt, Germany where it is a bybproduct of the potash
industry. The vicinity of the Great Salt Lake in Utah has also fur-
nished some mavnesiun chloriie.

The sands used ’n magnesia stucco or other oxychloride cement pro-
ducts shouli be clean ani pure, it beinr just as inwortant that they

be free from organ'c matter and mud as in the case of use with Portland

cement. 'hile shite pure silica sanis are usually used in the finish
costs the base coat work utilizes sand of any color even river wash
sands are occasionally used. The finest sanls that are ever used with
Portland Cement in the test practi~e are approximate in size to the
coarsest that are used with oxychloriie essent. Crusted marble and
limestone'nsy be suhstitutel for sand but such substances as sandstones
crushinge from quartz or tron granite stould be avoided. Stucco sands
are usually grated between an eirht or ten and forty-eight mesh. Yor
the finer aggregate neeisi in oxychloriie caveats silex is used.

Flooring

Probably the heat foundation for macnesia flo rings is concrete
of a 18235 nix ani at least three inches t‘ici. This concrete should
be brought up to within a half inch of the final floor level and given
a rake or broom finish to insure a good bond. If the Concrete sub-floor
1. in such a gosition as to he in Contact with noisture such as it
would be if placed directly on the grouni, it should be sellpdrained
and waterproofed. Water, gas, steam, or conduit pipes should be cov-
ered with at lea.‘ 'wo inches of concrete. Vertical pipes passinc
through the floor should be surrounded with e retal sleeve while brass
or aluminum pipes shouli be covered with an asphalt paint the object
being in each case to keep the magnesia flooring from coming in contact
with the pipes which would be to their detriment due to the corrosive
action of the oxychlor_2e cement. If the 'lonring is to he applied to
an old smooth finishei concrete, the concrete shouli be roachened hy

chipping to a 1e:th of at least one.eighth inch even two inches in

order to insure a gun! bond. lagnesia floorinfs ray, also, be laid
over wooden foundations. Such fauniutions should be seasoned lumber
at least seven-einhths inch thick and surrorted by Joist at suitable
intervals to prevent sagcinr. Such foundations s‘ould be cov red with
waterproof paper ove~~ wlich exyanded metal lath either painted or gal-
vanized, or one inch galvanized-after-woven wi e mesh should he nailed
every six inches in every direction.

The magnesia flooring, itself, is usually appliei in two costs,
the base coat wit‘out colorinq and the finis‘ coat with colrrinq. The
total thickness of the flooring being about one—half inch each Coat
being one-quarter inch t‘ich. The base coat is allowed to set up hard
and is then ianfened, if dry, with the chloride 3 lution before the
final cost is laid. The finish coat s‘nuld he troweled as soor as it
has started to set and stain when only a elifitt irpreseion can be naie
on it with the thumb. It is reconnendei that on areas larcer than four
hundred siuare feet the floor be divided into panels or small squares
which gives a most pleasing et'eot. When the floor has thoroughly
dried out and not sooner than twenty-four hours after installation,
the surface should be gone over with n haniful of steel wool to renove
trowel Parks. After this operation the ’lorr should be scept with a
soft brush and oilei with a mixture of linseed ofl ari turpentine.
this oil application shouli be repeated several tines dur’ng the first
few months.

The permanency or lasting qualities of rannesia stucco has long
been questioned by encinee"s and arc‘itects. This in unioubtedly due
to the early failures of nany new stuccos. At the tine 0' these fail-

ures, the use of magnesia stucco was :till in its in’ancy and nany

freak and irpossible tasis we e assifined to the stucco. “any of these
earlier stuccos were proiuced fron in'ericr [sterials and w'tlrut a
thorough knowleice of the Fri cigles inVylved stick naturally led to
disasterous results. The obtainnent of a permanent stuCCo tien yo’nts
to the necessity o’ the acceptance and the following of proper Speci-'
fications in its 33:1icati n sni the aii of the various magnesia stucco
manufacturers in the elininutinn of the confusion in tnis respect by
the adoption of etanisri norkini specifications.

Hotel lath us»d with onenesia stuccos rn t be protectei ajainst
corrosion. Ceprer 11th is not appreciably corroisi in Lainesis stucco
and galvanized-atter-sxpunled lath is very resis‘snt to corrosion,
while paints containin~ rel load or red iron oxiie as rlTFEfifB will
also protect latte fror corrosion.

Cast anl Pressed Products

“sanesia Cement, beCause of its early firh strenfth and pure white
color is finiing ns~' uses in other fiells than floorinzs or stuccos.
It say be spylied.wit* e trowel in tbe nanuracture o' drain boaris and
table toys, refrigerator lininrs, toilet seats, ornsrental law? bases,
toy building blocks, and works 0' art. It may, also, be ritel with such
substances l3 wooi fibre, cbips, sswiust, etc. and pressed into building
blocks, floor uni wall tiles, and imitation stone.

Cast tile sbo.ll be ca‘t in molis fitted with covers to recurs un-

iform conditions on all sites of the tile thus preventing s=y teniency
toward warping. At ‘he age of one iay tiles stould be treated with an

oil mixture. The oil trestrent shouli be Continued at irte'vels until

the absorption of the oil ceases. T‘ is treat-rent not only preserves
the brilliance of the original sole 5 but nrently aids in increasing
the water restance c? the tile. A fifty—fifty mixture of China wood
oil and turpentine is recowrenied as the oil to use. Excess oil
should be wiped fror the surface to prevent gurminz.

Tiles say be cast ’n a variety of molds he ing either plain or
special surfaces. Casting against a polish surtuce such as glass
presents a finish resembling a glazed tile. lhrble effects can be
obtained by pouring two or more appropriately colored mixes into the
molds and stirring them together a very little.

Plastic Magnesia may also be used in interior plasters. Such
plasters undoubtedly are of advantace under special conditions but

their‘higher cost naturally elirinates their use in ordinary work.

COMPARATIVE TESTS

COMPARATIVE TE37S

It is the object of ibis thesis to at‘emyt to estull’eh a compar-
ison between Plastic ”arnesis Cements and Portlani Cerents. As floor-
ings, stuccos and tiles are invariably colorei, tbese tesis were con-
Zucted chiefly with colorei 3am lee. Vb le none of these tests can be
sail to be in theiselves a criterion, they do furnish as a whole some
means of corparing the values of the products.

Three distintt tests we"e conducted. Standard briquettes were
made of nine iif'erent mites . Four of then were of Portland Cerent
and five of Plistic “genesis Cements. These briquettes were used for
all of the tes‘s. The Por’land Cement briquettes, all of which con-
tained a Color pisrent were divided as follows:

Class I. Oriinary Gray Portlani Cerent with Black Oxide

Gray cerent 25% by seifht

Band "5% by weight
Pigment'Black 02110) 9% by weight of cetent
Water 10.7% of weight of cerent

Class II. “hits Portlani Cerent with Black Oxiie

vhits cement 25% by weight

sand . "51 by welfiht
Pigsent(Blaek Oxide) ?1 by weight cf cerent
“eter 10.7% by weigit of essent

class III. Oriinary Grey Portland Cement with Red Oxide

Gray cerent 25% by weight

R's-35

Sand 75‘ by weiflht

Pigment(Red Oxiie) 9% by weight or cerert

“star 10.7% by weinht of cement

OlaseIV. 'hite Portland Cement with Pei Oriie

'hite Cement 25% by weicht

Sand "5% by weieht

Pigneat(Red Oxide) 9% by weight of cenent
Water 10.~£ by weight of cement

‘ch the Plastic Magnesia Cerent briquettes, an at’empt was made

to use as nearly practical a formula as possible. By this is reant

a formula such as would be used commercially. The five classes of

these briquettes practically cover the field of uses of Plastic Mag-

nesia Cements. They are as follows:

class I. ’looring-cTop Coat

Class

Plastic Hagnesia(flg 0) 401 by weight
‘bod Flour 46% ' '
larble flours-fine 22.5% by '
“arble flours-coarse 22.5% ' '
Asbestos 8% by weight
Pi fmfint "X " '

Ejeon salts 7% of weifbt of Plastic Narnesia
Enough Hagnesiur Chloride Solution was aidei to give a
workable mix. The solution here as in all of the remaining

mixes had a specific gravity of 1.179 on ?8° Baune.

11. Flooringb-Base Coat
Plastic laznesia(lg O) 40% by weifht
Silix 20; u a

sand 25% ' '

Glass

Glass

Sawdust 17% by weifiht

Asbestos 21 ' '

Epsom Salts 7% of weicbt of Plastic Regresia. Enough
Magnesium Chloriie solution added to this to qive a [lastic
mix.

III. Cast Stone

Plastic Mazneeia 20% by weight

Silex 25% ' '

sand 55% ' '

Pljfi‘. ent 7% of total

Epsom Salts fit of weight of Hg 0

Enough Magnesium Chloride solution was adled to give a mix
which coull be poured.

IV; Cast Herbie

Plastic lagnesla 20% by weight

Marble Dust 50% " '

Enough Magnesia Chloride solution was aided to give a mix

which could be poured.

Class V. Stucco

Plastic Magnesia 18% by weight
Silex 10% ' '
Sand 70‘ ' '
Asbestos 2% ' '

.Picrent 3% of total

Epsom Salts 71 by weight of '3 O

Tensile Strength

The Portland Conant Briquettes were placed in the moist closet
for forty-eight hours and then were ylaced in water where they re-
mained the rest of the seven or feurtsen day period being removed
four or five hours before they were broken in the tension test.

The lacnesia Cement Briquettes we~e plaeeu in a cellar room.
such a place is naturally dam: and presents ofverse c editions for the
curing of’magnesia cement products. ‘Yet by evenining the accompany»
inc tables and ”raphs these cements were founi to have, with one ex-
ception, a higher tensile strength at seven days than the Portland
Cement products at fourteen days.

Tensile Strengths in Peunds Per Square Inch

'br Portland Cement Briquettes

a item 2m

Briquettes I II III IV
1 195 284 106 28?
2 818 333 377 273
3 285 149 382 303
4 £88 313 346 257
5 205 336 528 843
6 291 193

Average 234 258 2x14 273

Inimum 25? 5 .336 377 303

linlmm 195 149 106 P43

Brixuettes

l

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GO.“

Average
laxilmm

linimum

Fri quettes

1
8
3
4

0'

040

10

148

188

244

Tensile Strengths in Pounds Per 8;uare Inch

For flagnesia Cement Priquettes

464
445
443
440
434
432
423

421

At Fourteen Days
II
160
' 181

301

35?

2'71
35'?

160

At Seven Days
II
4?3
465
453
453
458
448
445
440
440

4'5?

III
520
518
504
487
49?.
4'78
468
458
455

450

III
308
290
313
233

319

293

319

384
370
305
305
300
292
28'?
885
283

280

296

385

247
180
335
277'?
385

180

355
358
348
345
33'?
33?
330
328
32'?

33?

Briquettes
11
12
13
14
15
16
1‘?
19
19
80
2 1
22
23

24

26
27
28
2C3
30

31

33
34

35

418
415
410
410
409
409
409.
400
399
399

396

see
363'
35?

313

II

432
430
427
42'?
427

425

417
415
410
409
405
398
392
388
381
3'73
3'70
3"0
368
358
358

347

III
450
437
434
414
410
408
407
393
388
385
37'?
365
360

3.30

2'79
277
27'?
2'75
272
26?
265
262
257
250
233
221
220
220
209
203
1“?
196
182
175
169
150
145
143

143

292
29.9
2 v

2'75

243

In quettes
:55
37
laximnu
Average

Iininmm

468
410

357

II

346

472

412

346

III

520
434

330

355
310

243

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Water Absorption Test

3amhle briquettes were dried thoroughly and weighed. They were then
inn-reed in water for twenty-four hours, recoved, surface dried, and
weighed again.

Portland Cement

Weight before Weight after Per cent
Inversion Immersion Absorption'
I. Gray Cement--Black Pifuent 608.0 gm. 660.0 gm. 8.6
II. 'hite Cement ' ' 655.5 gm. 694.0 an. ”.8
III.Gray cement--Red Pigeent 720.0 gm. 789.0 33. 9.5
IV. 'bite Cenent ' " 519.0 gm. 671.0 5? . 9.4

Magnesia Cement
A slight aliitional test was adied in this case. Hot onl; were the

samples driei and neishei before inrersion but after insension the bri-
quettes were thoroughly dried ani weighed again,as well. There is a
deciied iif’erence in the two dry wsfehte. The loss is attributed to
the leaching ef‘ect of the wa+er upon the ragnesia cesent. It will be
noticed tha‘ the cast narble samples failed entirely, disintegrating
immediately upon inversion in water. This teniency toward softening
softening was present in all of the eanrles but to a very wuch less de-
gree. The samrles containin~ the nott sanl retained their original

hardness the best.

't.before
Immersion

1.

Top Flooring
.A
3

Average

II.

Base Flooring
A.
B

Average

III.

cast Stone
A
3

Average

IV.

cast Marble
A.
B

V.

Stucco

Average

980.0
989.5

1174.0
1111.5

1?11.5
1330.0

Vt.efter

10°8.5
1105.0

1021.0
1031.5

1248.0
1938.0

Dieintegrated

12e4.0
1311.0

Per cent

Wt. after Per cent
Immersion Absorption 8nd Drying

899.0
”99.5

95?.0
906.0

1138.5
1062.0

1166.0
1175.5

Per cent

Lose

Attributed

to Leaching

5.0

6.0

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Abrasion ”est

'bifhed senjles were placed in the iron cyliniers of the abrasion

machine and iron balls sited,

three

tre cylinie 5 containing the Port-

land Oement Briquettee and six to the cyliniere containint'the Magnesia

Cement Briquettee. The cylinders were then revolved throuqh one thous-

and revolutions. The brique

ffe

s were removed and Heighed again. The,

difference in the weiwhte before and after being weighed is the loss due

to wear.

It will 1e noticed that the Portlani Cement Briquettes using wiite

cement showed less weer than those in which the ordinary gray cement was

used. All the briquettes, both Portland and lagneeie Cement show'prsc-

tically the cane percentare of wear with the excegti n of the lbgnesie

Conant mires for flooring, especially the base coat which shows very

little weir at all.

Sample
‘Portland Cerent.
1. 0riinary--Black Pigment
II. ‘hite - ' '
III. Ordinarys-Rei Pigrent
IV. ‘hite ' '

'lagneeia Cement
1. ’100ring—-Top coat
II. Iiooring--Base coat
III. Cast Stone
IV} cast Marble

V. Stucco

Initial

Height

1224.:
1135.0
1149.5

1258.0

2836.0
3°11.0

2940.0

4384.0

Yinsl

Weight

843.0
843.3
950.4

036.0

2403.0

01

3.u2.0

2062.0

3517.0

Per cent
Loss

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25.0%
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25.8 1

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Deflection Test

This additional test w.e conducted to see if the flooring can lee
of typical magnesia floors had en-ujh beniin' qualities to warrant use
upon a wooden founiation.

Sample slabs were m do of tyyical two course construction floorinc
Each slab measured 4x15 inches ani had a thickness of 1/2 inch. In the
bottom of each club was glaced a l/¢ inch wire resh.

In measurinz the deflection the slabs were sup crtei on knife ei~ee
fourteen inches apart eni a concentratei load aprlied at the center of

the s an whe~e the de’l ction was also measured bv nenne o‘ a strain
P

gauge.
Deflection in Inches
Pounds No. 1 lo. 2 No. 3 Averaje
10 .000 .000 .000 .000

25 .008 .016 .013 .018
50 .022 .026 .033 .089
”5 .039 .038 .0¢4 .040
100 .060 .049 .062 .056
110 .0565 .067 .062
120 .063 .0°45 .069
125 .086 .068 .082 .078
1:50 .0715 .087 .079
135 .080 .099 .0995
140 .0835
145 .088

150 .098

wooden floors are conxtructed to have a maximum deflection equal to
not rare than 1/360 of the span lenfth. Ior a span then of fourteen inches
the maxing“ deflection allowable in the woo is" foundation would be

14 é-SGO or .039. The deflection for the three samples ranted between

.096 and .099 and arerazed .093 which means that such flooring can bend
about .093/.039 : 2.4 tires as ruch as it would ever he called upon to

bend if laid upon a dependable wooden floor.

MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE

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conclusion

The artistic results obtainable with either a Portlanl Cement or a
Magnesia Cement say he said to depend entirely upon the originality and
experience of the worker. That a plastic Hagnesia Cement product len s

tself'more readily to color work than does one of Portland Cement is
unquestionable. However, to reconnend the unrestricted use of largneeie
Cement would be foolhardy in the face of the disasteroue effect of water
upon some of the mixes. While it is believed that a certain amount of
waterproofing can be accor:.pli shed by oil treatments enough to warrant
the use of magnesia floorin a uni cast stone in interior work, exterior
work is liv-ited to the possible use of stuccos. The immersion test
showed that the ammo mix absorbed about 5.53. A stucco, as a rule,
would be subject to moisture on one side only. This test then is l
strenuous one yet the stucco absorbed far less than any of the Portland
Cenent mixes.

It is the writer's wish to draw special at+entiwn to the Iagnesia
cement mix designed as the base Cost for floorin"e. This mix is of
especial int6‘-‘est because of its resistance to moisture. This is the
one Hagnesia Gen-ant mix wiich iid not show eonze degree of softening when
immersed in water. Because of the excellent qualities of this nix it is

believed that other uses could be found for it.

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