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LIME REQUIREMENT RELATED TO PHYSICAL
AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF

NENE MICHIGAfi SOILS

Thesis gov é‘ko Down cf M. S.
MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSETY

Gerharé John Ross
196 2.

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Michigan Sta tc
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LIME REQUIREMENT RELATED TO
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF

NINE MICHIGAN SOILS

by

Gerhard John Ross

AN ABSTRACT OF.A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for'the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Soil Science

1962

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author wishes to express his sincere gratitude to Dr; K.
Lawton for his advice and assistance during the initial stage of
this investigation and to Dr. B. G. Ellis for his assistance,
interest, and guidance throughout the remaining course of this
study.

He wishes to thank Dr. E. C. Doll for his help in preparing
data for the Mistic computer and for his constructive criticism
of the manuscript. He also is indebted to other members of the
Soil Science staff for helpful suggestions.

The writer gratefully acknowledges the financial support of

the Michigan Limestone Association.

ii

AETRACT

LDIE REQUIREMETI' REIATED TO PHYSICAL AND
CHBHICAL PROPEtTIEB OF NINE MICHIGAN SOIL5

by Gerhard John Ross

Nine Michigan soils were used in a greenhouse experiment to
study the relationship between lime requirement and several physical
and chemical soil properties. The effect of liming on availability
and uptake of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus was also
studied. Three cuttings of alfalfa were harvested and response to
liming measured in terms of yield and percentage and uptake of calcium,
potassium, and phOSphorus. The initial pH of all soils was close
to 5.50,and the lime requirement of each soil was taken as the amount
of lime needed to raise soil pH from 5.50 to 6.80 by incubating the
soils for 13 weeks in the greenhouse. The lime requirement was also
measured by the Shoemaker, McLean, and Pratt buffer method. Lime
requirement was highly correlated (0.01 level) with cation exchange
capacity, organic matter content, a function of organic matter and
pH interaction expressed as (pH 6.8 - soil pH) x (%0.M;), and milli—
equivalents of exchangeable hydrogen per 100 grams of soil, and was
correlated (0.05 level) with clay content.

Within each soil type, an increase in pH due to liming was
highly correlated to a corresponding increase in percent base satura-
tion. This relationship was not apparent between soil types. At
a given pH level soils containing mostly 2:1 type clay minerals
showed a higher percent saturation than did soils containing mostly

lzl type clay minerals.

Gerhard John Ross

Lime requirement as determined by incubation in the greenhouse
was highly correlated with lime requirement as determined by the
Shoemaker, McLean, and Pratt buffer method.

The availability of calcium increased consistently with increased
rates of lime in all soils. Liming did not appreciably affect availa-
bility of magnesium, potassium, and phOSphorus.

Liming significantly increased the yield of alfalfa on eight of
the nine soils studied. Calcium percentage and uptake of calcium by
alfalfa increased with increased rates of lime. Potassium percentage
in the alfalfa decreased with additions of lime and was inversely re-
lated to calcium.percentage. Potassium uptake increased at the higher
rates of lime, primarily because of increased yields. Although liming
did not appreciably affect phosphorus percentage of alfalfa, phos-

phorus uptake increased at the higher rates of lime.

LIME REQUIREMENT RELATED TO
PHYSICAL AND CHEIvIICAL PROPERTIES OF

NINE MICHIGAN SOILS

by

Gerhard John Ross

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Soil Science

1962

H) I‘.
If... V ,.— 3' ‘__.
l‘ / ~ '

TABLE?OF CONTENTS

mamucnon
LITERATURE REVIEW”..........................................
mmmmu. PROCEDURE
Greenhouse Studies..........................................
METHODS OF ANAHSIS
Soils.......................................................
P1ants......................................................
Lime........................................................
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION........................................
Soil Reaction and Lime Requirement..........................
Soil Texture and Lime Requirement...........................
Organic matter and Lime Requirement.........................
Organic matter and Cation Ekchange Capacity;................
Cation Ekchange Capacity and Lime Requirement...............

Lime Requirement Determination by the Shoemaker, MCLean,
and Pratt MethOd-OOO.00...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

Effect of Liming on.P1ant Nutrients and Yield of Alfalfa....
CQCiuIHOOOOOOOOOOOOO0000......OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.0...000.
POtaSSiumOOOOOOOOO00.......0...0.0.00.0...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

PhosphoruSOOOOOOOO0......0.0.0.000...OOOOOOOOOOOOOIOOOOOO.

smmm m CONCLIBIONS.OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOO

LET 03‘ Rmmmc-EOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

mEmIXIOOOOCOOOOCOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO...000......

iii

PAGE:

10
10
1h
1h
15
15
16
16
20
23
25
25

28
30
3o
37
to
1:3
he
50

TABLE

1.

LIST OF TABLES

Soil type, location, mechanical composition, organic
matter content and cation exchange capacity of the nine
soils StudiedOOCOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOO00.0.0000...

The effect of rate of application of lime on soil

mactiODOOCOOOO0.0.0.0....00.0.00...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO...

The effect of rate of application of lime on soil
reaction and percent base saturation of nine Michigan

SOflSOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.0.

The effect of type of clay mineral on percent base

saturationOOOO0.000000000000000......OOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOO.

The effect of rate of application of lime on available
phosphorus, exchangeable calcium, exchangeable
magnesium, and exchangeable potassium of nine Michigan

SOflSOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOI...

iv

PAGE

11

12

18

19

31

FIGURE

1.

10.

11.

12.

13.

lh.

LIST OF FIGURES

Linear correlation between exchangeable hydrogen
and lime requirement for nine Michigan soils............

Linear correlation between percent silt and lime
requmment for nine MiChigan SOilSooooooooooooooooooooo

Linear correlation between percent clay and lime
requirement for nine Michigan soils.....................

Linear correlation between percent organic matter
and lime requirement for nine Michigan soils............

Linear correlation between a function of pH-organic
matter interaction and lime requirement for nine
mom-gar)» 803.13....OOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOO0.0.0.0000...0....

Linear correlation between organic matter content
and cation exchange capacity for nine Michigan 80113....

Linear correlation between clay content and cation
exchange capacity for nine Michigan soils...............

Linear correlation between cation exchange capacity
and lime requirement for nine Michigan soils............

Linear correlation between the logarithm of cation
exchange capacity and lime requirement for nine
FAiChigarl 80118000000000.00000......O...00.00.000.00.0...

Linear correlation between lime requirement and
predicted lime requirement for nine Michigan soils......

The effect of rate of application of lime on the
total yield of three cuttings of alfalfa grown on
nine mcmgan 801180....OOOOOOOOOOO'OOOOO0.0.0.000...O...

The effect of rate of application of lime on the
total calcium uptake by two cuttings of alfalfa
grown on nine MiChigan SOflSOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.......0.0..

The effect of rate of application of lime on the
total calcium content of two cuttings of alfalfa
grown on nine Michigan soils............................

The effect of rate of application of lime on the
total potassium content of two cuttings of alfalfa
grown on nine MiChigan 3011300000000...00000000000000ooo

PAGE:

21

22

22

2h

2h

26

26

27

27

29

35

35

36

36

FIGURE

15.

16.

17.

18.

LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)

The effect of rate of application of lime on the
total potassium uptake by two cuttings of alfalfa
grown on nine Michigan soils............................

The effect of rate of application of lime on the
total potassium and calcium content of two cuttings
of alfalfa grown on nine Michigan soils.................

The effect of rate of application of lime on the
total phosphorus content of two cuttings of alfalfa
grown on nine Michigan soils............................

The effect of rate of application of lime on the

total phOSphorus uptake by two cuttings of alfalfa
grown on nine Michigan soils............................

vi

PAGE

39

39

L2

be

FIGURE

APPENDIX FIGURES

X-ray diffraction patterns of the (IE/Lfractions

of surface and subsoil samples of Plainfield

loamy sand, Kalamazoo loam, Montcalm sandy loam,

and Pence Sandy loa-mooooooooooooooooooooo0.000000000000-

X—ray diffraction patterns of the (gafractions of
surface and subsoil samples of Munising sandy loam,
Ontonagon clay, Nester sandy loam, and Warsaw loam. . . . ..

X-ray diffraction patterns of the (gufractions
of surface and subsoil samples of Iron River silt

1081B...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOCCOOOO'COO‘OOOCOOOIOO0.00.0000...

vii

PAGE

51

53

SS

TABLE

7.

9.

APPENDIX TABLES

The effect of rate of application of lime on yield,
content of calcium, potassium and phosphorus of
alfalfa and uptake of calcium, potassium, and
phosphorus by alfalfa grown on a Plainfield loamy

sand soil...OOOOOOOOOOCOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0......

The effect of rate of application of lime on yield,
content of calcium, potassium and phosphorus of

alfalfa and uptake of calcium, potassium, and

phosphorus by alfalfa grown on a Kalamazoo loam soil......

The effect of rate of application of lime on yield,
content of calcium, potassium and phosphorus of
alfalfa and uptake of calcium, potassium, and
phOSphorus by alfalfa grown on a Pence sandy loam

30110000000000000..00000000000000.0000...0000.00000000.co.

The effect of rate of application of lime on yield,
content of calcium, potassium and phosphorus of
alfalfa and uptake of calcium, potassium and
phosphorus by alfalfa grown on a Montcalm sandy

loam SOflOOOOCOOOOOOOO0.0.00000COOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.0......

The effect of rate of application of lime on yield,
content of calcium, potassium and phosphorus of
alfalfa and uptake of calcium, potassium, and
phOSphorus by alfalfa grown on a Munising sandy

loam 801.100.00.0000.00.0000...OOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOO0.0.0.0...

The effect of rate of application of lime on yield,
content of calcium, potassium and phOSphorus of
alfalfa and uptake of calcium, potassium and
phOSphorus by alfalfa grown on a Nester sandy loam

SOilOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOO.

The effect of rate of application of lime on yield,
content of calcium, potassium and phosphorus of

alfalfa and uptake of calcium, potassium and

phosphorus by alfalfa grown on a warsaw loam.soil........,

The effect of rate of application of lime on yield,
content of calcium, potassium and phOSphorus on

alfalfa and uptake of calcium, potassium and phosphorus
by alfalfa grown on an Ontonagon clay soil................

The effect of rate of application of lime on yield,
content of calcium, potassium and phosphorus of

alfalfa and uptake of calcium, potassium, and phosphorus
by alfalfa grown on an Iron River silt loam soil..........

viii

PAGE

56

S7

58

S9

61

62

63

6h

INTRODUCTION

Liming acid soils is an established practice in the humid regions
of the world. Numerous studies have been conducted to determine the ef-
fect of lime on soil properties and its influence on plant growth. How-
ever, relatively few studies have been made concerning the relationship
of lime requirement to chemical and physical soil prOperties, and there
is little of this type of information available for*Michigan soils.

In the past soil reaction was taken as the only criterion for
lime requirement determination. It has been established that because
of differences in organic matter content and clay content, soil pH
alone is not an adequate criterion for estimating lime needs. There-
fore, chemical methods have been developed which take into considera-
tion pH, base saturation, and cation exchange capacity.

Plant response to lime may also vary on.different soils with
similar pH values. Differences in plant response to lime generally
are due to differences in physical and chemical properties of soils.

A greenhouse study, involving nine Michigan soil types, was
conducted to investigate the relationship between lime requirement
and several physical and chemical soil factors. In addition, values
for lime requirement as determined by the MbLean, Shoemaker, and
Pratt method were compared with values for lime requirement as de-
termined in the greenhouse by incubation of the soils after addition
of lime. Alfalfa was grown on nine soils to which different rates

of lime were applied to evaluate response of alfalfa to lime on
different soil types and to study interaction between lime applica-

tion and plant nutrient uptake.
1

LITERATURE REVIEW

Soils in humic regions tend to become acid due to leaching of
bases which are replaced by hydrogen ions. Removal of bases in the
harvest of crops and use of certain fertilizers, especially nitro-
genous fertilizers, intensifies acidifying processes in soils.

Beneficial effects of liming acid soils have long been recognized,
but until soils were studied systematically, reasons for beneficial
action of lime on acid soils were obscure. Thomas way (50) discovered
the process of base exchange in 1850 and Opened the way to a better
understanding of changes which occur when a soil is limed. Seventy
yaars later, Hissink (16) introduced the concept of base saturation.
Mattson, Wiklander, and others (18, 29, 51, 52) employing theories
of the diffuse double layer and Donnan equilibrium have made clear
many of the constituents and mechanisms which are involved in ion
exchange processes. Their investigations showed that the nature of
the colloidal material and the kind and concentration of ions which
are present in soil solution and on the exchange complex are the
principal factors affecting ion exchange in soil. Experimental
evidence shows that these factors, including soil reaction, largely
determine the lime requirement of a soil.

Lime requirement of a soil is defined as the amount of lime
needed to raise soil pH to a prescribed value. It is generally recom-
mended that a mineral soil be limed to a pH of 6.5 or 6.8, while
organic soils seldom need lime unless the pH is below 5.0. A common
method for determining lime requirement is by measurement of pH or
active soil acidity. Peach and Bradfield (38) considered pH the

2

3

best single value characteristic for estimating lime requirement
of a soil. They recommended using a 1:1 soil:water ratio for routine
analyses.

Nevertheless, many investigators recognized that use of pH as a
single value characteristic often gives inaccurate and sometimes
misleading results in lime requirement determinations. Shimp (hh) found
that pH alone is insufficient for determining lime requirement of soils
which vary in texture and exchange capacity. Others (31, 32, hO) re-
ported that soils having a similar pH value may vary widely in their
percent base saturation. For this reason Mehlich (33) prepared a
triethanolamine buffer for determination of exchangeable hydrogen
mmi base exchange capacity to indicate lime requirement of soil.
Yields of sunflowers showed that lime recommendations based on ex-
changeable hydrogen and with reference to base exchange capacity were
very satisfactory. However, this method was not suited to rapid
routine analyses. Therefore, woodruff (53) developed a buffer, con-
sisting of a solution of p-nitrOphenol, calcium acetate, and magnesium
oxide with a pH of 7.0, that could be mixed directly with the soil
sample. Strength of the buffer and soil to buffer ratio were ad-
justed so that a pH depression of one-tenth of a unit indicated one
milliequivalent of exchangeable hydrogen which would require one
thousand pounds of calcium carbonate for neutralization. A major

limitation of this method is that large errors in lime recommendations
may result from limited accuracy in measuring pH with a pH meter.
woodruff tested this method on numerous Missouri soils having lime
requirements which were established by liming practice over a period

of years and obtained satisfactory results. However, it was noted

h
by Shoemaker, gt 3;! (hS) that the woodruff method indicated much
less lime than the amount actually needed to neutralize certain
Ohio soils which contained large amounts of extractable aluminum.
Shoemaker, et_al, (hS) investigated various combinations of a con-
siderable number of buffers. This resulted in preparation of a
modified WOOdruff buffer which is weaker than'Woodruff's buffer.
The Shoemaker, McLean, and Pratt (S.M;P.) buffer method has proved
very satisfactory for indicating lime requirement of a large number
of Ohio soils. The authors suggested that the excellent results
may be due to reaction of S.M;P. buffer with the acidity component
in soils represented by extractable aluminum since the equilibration
pH of the soil-buffer mixture will be low for soils high in active
aluminum. Evidently the higher equilibrium pH of the woodruff buffer
with soil preserves the aluminum in the exchange positions of the
lattice so that it fails to react normally with this buffer.

Lucas (25) studied the relationship of the lime requirement
of soils to their exchange capacity. He found that lime requirement
was highly correlated with cation exchange capacity as determined
by either copper acetate or ammonium acetate and devised a practical
chart for use in recommending limestone based on soil pH and cation
exchange capacity.

In sandy soils organic matter content appears to be mainly
responsible for cation exchange capacity1and consequently for lime
requirement. In fine—textured soils the inorganic fraction is more
important (21). Tedrow and Gillam (h?) showed that sandy soils with
contents of organic matter as low as 1.67 percent derived 75 to 80

percent of their cation exchange capacity from organic matter. For

S

loam soils with an average organic matter content of 3.50 percent,
6b to 68 percent of the cation exchange capacity came from organic
matter.

Relationships between pH and base saturation have been the subject
of many investigations, (31, 32, no, hh). Mbrgan (3h) pointed out
that the relationship between pH and percent base saturation may be
fairly constant within a soil type, but that it may vary widely be-
tween soil types. Mahlich (31) studied base saturation and pH in
relation to soil types of some North Carolina soils and concluded
that this relationship is almost solely influenced by the nature
of the exchange complex. For montmorillonitic soils base saturation
of the exchange complex at pH 7.0 is practically complete; whereas,
for kaolinitic soils at the same pH value only 50 to 80 percent of
the colloids are base saturated. marshall (28) studied pure kaolinitic
and montmorillonitic clays and found that below 70 percent calcium
saturation montmorillonite clays are characterized by'a high energy
of adsorption for calcium ion. This energy of adsorption is reduced
markedly above 70 percent calcium saturation. In the case of kaolinite
there is no region where calcium is so strongly adsorbed.

Truog (h8) distinguished between lime requirement of the soil
and lime requirement of the plant and stated that lime requirement
of the plant refers to the actual lime needs of the plant itself,
especially in reference to ease and rate at which lime must be secured
from the soil by the plant for normal growth.

It is difficult to establish a general pH value which represents
an optimum soil reaction for plant growth because optimum pH may vary

with different soil types, crops, and crop rotations. Nevertheless,

6
for practical purposes generalizations are necessary and a useful
chart has been devised to show graphically the influence of soil
reaction on availability of nutrients in soils (h9). This chart
shows that pH 6.5 is favorable for availability of plant nutrients.
Therefore, for general purposes it is usually recommended that acid
mineral soils be limed to a pH of 6.5.

Many workers have attempted to isolate the factor which is
primarily responsible for failure of plants to grow well in an acid
soil (2, 5, 6, 39). Arnon and Johnson (5) have decisively shown
that hydrogen, per se, is not toxic to plants except at extreme pH
values normally not encountered in soil. Pierre (39) found poor cor-
relation between crop growth and hydrogen ion concentration in dif-
ferent soils and concluded that hydrogen concentration cannot be
considered the dilect cause of poor plant growth nor the main factor
governing response to liming. He noted, however, that on soils pro-
ducing good growth of sorghum the percent base saturation was higher
than on soils with a similar pH value producing poor growth of
sorghum.

Several investigators have studied the role of calcium as a
plant nutrient (2, 3, h, 5, 6, 1h, 2b, 35, h6). Klingebiel and
Brown (2h) studied calcium from a nutrient standpoint and applied cal-
cium in the row to alfalfa on different soil types. Interaction of
treatment and soil showed that plants responded similarly to equiva-
lent treatments on soils having different lime requirements. Moser
(35) reported that calcium supplied at low'pH values was a more im-
portant growth factor than soil pH. Albrecht (2, 3) showed that

calcium chloride, calcium acetate, and calcium silicate improved

7
plant growth on acid soils. He (b) stated that "plant injury by
soil acidity" is largely a matter of a calcium deficiency and com-
pounds of calcium other than carbonate that do not neutralize soil
acidity will serve in place of limestone. Fried and Peach (1h)
found that plants grown on limed soils absorbed much more calcium
and gave much higher yields than those grown on gypsum-treated soils
despite higher concentrations of calcium in the soil solution of
gypsum-treated soils. They suggested that manganese and aluminum
had prevented uptake of calcium since liming, in contrast to gypsum
treatment, decreased manganese and aluminum content in the plants.
Schmehl, at El, (h6), found that symptoms of manganese toxicity
appeared on the alfalfa when calcium-manganese ratio in.plants was
less than 75. Liming decreased the amount of readily soluble
aluminum and manganese. Therefore, they concluded that the bene-
ficial effect of liming may be attributed to the decrease in concen-
tration of aluminum and manganese in soil solution.

- Truog (D9) pointed out that between pH 6.5 and 7.5 conditions
are most favorable for phOSphate availability. Cook (11) studied
several Michigan soils and showed that increasing the degree of base
saturation increased available phosphorus in seven soils and de-
creased it in two others. Dunn (12) reported that liming resulted
in a significant increase in phosphorus uptake by alfalfa but that
the percent phosphorus in forage went down which indicates that per-
centage of a particular element in forage does not necessarily'in-
dicate availability of that nutrient in the soil. Chai and Caldwell
(10) showed that the capacity of a soil to "fix" phosphorus from

added KHZPOh increased with departure from a soil pH near neutrality.

8
Their data indicated that iron phosphates and aluminum.phosphates
predominate in acid soils, while calcium phosphates predominate in
calcareous soils. The authors suggested that iron and aluminum are
the main constituents responsible for fixation in acid soils, while
in calcareous soils calcium may be the main fixing constituent.

Availability of potassium as affected by liming has been studied
by several investigators (15, 26, 27) and many conflicting results
have been published. Lysimeter studies of McIntiIe, at it! (27)
have shown that lime exerts a repressive influence on the solubility
of soil potassium. Others (26, 36) also reported that little, if
any, potassium is made available by liming. Yet Jenny and Shade (20)
pointed out that without a single exception all their*laboratory
experiments showed that calcium carbonate liberates adsorbed potassium
from soil colloids, and they suggested that depressive effects of
lime on availability of potassium.may be due to fixation of potassium
by soil micro-organisms.

Wiklander (52) has shown from theoretical considerations and
experimental evidence that liming affects availability of nutrients
in two ways. On one hand calcium replaces more tightly held hydrogen
and aluminum. Less firmly adsorbed calcium ions favor adsorption
of other nutrients, and consequently the concentration of cations
other than calcium in soil solution is decreased. On the other
hand, activity and replacing power of the hydrogen ions, which yielded
their exchange sites to calcium ions, is increased with the result
finat adsorbed nutrient cations are more available to plants and more
easily lost by leaching. Simultaneous and opposing exchange reactions

which occur when a soil is limed, as pointed out by Wiklander (52)

9
show that the effect of lime on ion exchange is rather complex. Nor
are ion exchange reactions the only processes that are changed when
a soil is limed. There are also other important factors that are
influenced by the degree of calcium saturation, such as oxidation-
reduction conditions, ion complex formations, fixation of certain
nutrients in non-exchangeable form, humification processes, solubility
of certain metal oxides, microbial activity, and structure formation

which add to the complexity of the influence of lime on availability

of nutrients.

EXPERIMENTAL.PROCEDURE

Greenhouse Studies

A greenhouse study was initiated in September, 1960, using nine
soil types which varied in texture from loamy sand to clay. Locations
of each of the nine soil types are given in Table 1.

Samples from the surface layer (zero to seven inches) and the
subsoil (seven to fourteen inches) of each soil type were collected
from sites given in Table l. The soils were air-dried and screened
through a one-fourth inch screen. Calcic limestone was thoroughly
mixed with each soil at rates given in Table 2. The limed soils were
placed in glazed three-gallon pots and distilled water added to bring
the moisture content to field capacity of each soil.

After an incubation period of thirteen weeks, each treatment
was divided into three replicates. Tall containers were constructed
by placing a bottomless number ten tin can on tap of a similar can
with bottom and taping the two together. The lower half of each
container was filled with 3200 grams of subsoil and the upper half
was filled with 3200 grams of surface soil. Each of the three
replicates was placed on a long table in a randomized block design.

Phosphorus and potassium levels of the soils were adjusted to
the equivalent of 3b0 pounds P205 and 3h0 pounds of K20 per acre by
adding superphosphate and muriate of potash at planting time. The
quantity to be added was obtained by subtracting the soil test value
from 3h0 pounds per acre.

Vernal alfalfa was planted in Harch, 1961, and thinned to ten
plants per container when the plants had reached a height of one

inch. The alfalfa was harvested when the first blossoms appeared

10

ll

 

 

Co-

Table 1. Soil type, location, mechanical composition, organic matter
content and cation exchange capacity of the nine soils studied.
. . Sand Silt Clay Organic Cation
5011 Type Location (% (%) (%) Matter Exchange
(fl) Capacity
(me./100g)
Ontonagon Sec. 21, Th8N, 9 31 60 6.07 32.50
clay RhOW, waracheck
Farm, Ontonagon Co.
Iron River Sec. 1h, Th2N, 1135le, 16 70 1h 11.55 20.25
silt loam. Petroff Farm, Iron
River Co.
warsaw Sec. 19, Th8, Rllw, h8 3h 18 2.80 16.62
loam Rhoda Farm, Kalamazoo
' Co.
Munising Sec. 31, T5hN, R33W, ‘72 19 9 3.16 1b.25
sandy loam Larsen Farm, Houghton
Co.
Kalamazoo Sec. 30, T25, R6W, h2 MS 13 3.72 12.25
loam Lutz Farm, Calhoun Co.
Pence Sec. 13, Th3N, R33W, 67 26 7 2.19 11.25
sandy loam Groof Farm, Iron Co.
Montcalm Sec. 27, T9N, R7N, 72 21 7 1.87 8.83
sandy loam State Game Hunting
Area, Montcalm Co.
Nester Sec. 30, T9N, R6w, 62 28 10 1.61 7.85
sandy loam Thomas Farm, Montcalm
Co.
”Plainfield we, NE , Sec. 27, 8h 10 6 0.89 6.08
loamy sand T5N, le, Clinton

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-- -- 00.0 a0.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 a0.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00000000 m s0000 :0 0000 aeewm
-- -- 00.a 0a.0 00.0 00.0 0H.0 00.0 00.0 HN.0 00.0 0000 weapamaa 00 00 000002
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-- -- 00.0 00.0 HH.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00000000 0 h0000 ma asoa 00000
-- -- 00.0 H0.0 eH.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 0a.0 00.0 00.0 0000 meapeeaa 00 00 00000
-- u- .. 00.0 00.0 Ha.0 00.0 00.0 H0.0 00.0 00.0 00200000 m smpee ma 2000
-- -- -- 00.0 0H.0 as.0 05.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 0000 maapeeaa 00 ma ooumeease
-- -- -- 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 0a.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00000000 m asses 00 0000 00000
-- -- -- HN.0 00.0 00.0 0a.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 meme 00000000 00 ma 0000000:
-- 0H.0 00.0 00.0 Ha.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 -- 00.0 00000000 0 A0000 me 2000
-- 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 0a.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 -- 00.0 0000 00000000 00 00 games;
-- -- -- 00.0 a0.0 0a.0 0a.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 mmaaspso 0 h0000 00 000H 0000
-a -- -- 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 0000 meapesfla 00 00 posse eoeH
a0.0 00.0 00.0 0a.0 ~0.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 -- **00.0 00000000 m hopes 00 00H0
00.0 00.0 00.0 a0.0 sa.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 -- 00.0 #0000 00000000 00 00 000M00000
000a 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 000a 0000 000 0 oaay 0000
Amped you meqsomv emflaaad mafia
.GOflpowon Hfiom :0 mafia mo eofipeowaaam mo case we poemwo 039 .m wanes

l3
and cut at a height of one and one-half inches from soil. The plant
material was dried at 600 0., weighed, ground in a Wiley mill, and
the material from the first two cuttings saved for analysis.
Three cuttings were obtained over a six-month period ending
September h, 1961. After the last harvest, samples were taken from

subsoil and topsoil for chemical analysis.

METHODS OF ANALXSIS

Soils

Soil samples were taken before potting the soils, at planting
time, and after the last harvest. All samples were crushed and
sieved through a two millimeter screen prior to analysis.

Mechanical analysis of the nine soils studied was determined
by the pipette method (23).

The organic matter content was determined by the dry-combustion
method as described by Piper (bl).

Soil pH was measured with a Beckman (Model G) potentiometer
using a 1:1 soil to water ratio.

Cation exchange capacity and exchangeable calcium, magnesium,
and potassium were determined by centrifuge methods as described
by Richards. (h3)

Lime requirement of each soil was evaluated by the buffer method
as described by Shoemaker, g£_al, (h5) and compared with lime re-
quirement indicated by incubating the soils with lime for thirteen
weeks in the greenhouse.

Available phosphorus was determined by the method of Bray (9).
The extracting solution consisted of 0.03 N NHhF and 0.025 N H01.
A soil extracting solution ratio of 1:8 was used.

Qualitative identification of the clay minerals in each soil
was made by x-ray diffraction. Forty to fifty milligrams of clay
was deposited from suspension onto a porous plate and washed with
three increments of a 0.1 N Mg012 solution which contained three
percent glycerol by volume. The deposit was first air dried and

then dried in a desiccator for two days. The sample was then

1h

15
mounted on a Norelco x-ray soectrometer using nickel filtered copper
radiation. After the first x-ray exposure the magnesium-saturated,
glycerol-solvated, oriented particles were potassium saturated by
using 0.1 N K01 solution, and the excess of K01 washed out with
distilled water. The sample was then heated to 1100 C. and x-ray
analysis repeated. Finally the sample was heated to 550° c. for

twelve hours and x—ray analysis again repeated.
Plants

Samples of the plant material were wet digested with nitric
and perchloric acid as described by Piper (bl). The residue was
dissolved in 0.05 N H01 and calcium and potassium determined using
a Coleman Mbdel 21 flame photometer. The phosphorus content was
determined by the ammonium molybdate-colorimetric procedure as out-

lined by Fiske and Subbarrow (13).
Lime

Bellevue limestone (calcic) was sieved through an 80-mesh
screen, and its neutralizing valuewdetermined by standard A.0.A.C.
methods (7). A calcium carbonate equivalent of 75 percent was

obtained.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Soil Reaction and Lime Requirement

Data for soil reaction are given.in Table 2. Soil pH was
measured prior to liming, after the limed soils had been incubated
for thirteen.weeks in the greenhouse, and after harvest of the third
cutting of alfalfa. Soil pH values of the nine soils prior to lim-
ing varied from 5.15 to 5.60 with an average pH of S.hh. The data
in Table 2 show that at rates of 2,000 pounds of lime per acre and
higher, pH decreased during growth of three cuttings of alfalfa.

This decrease in pH was less apparent at rates below 2,000 pounds

of lime per acre. This result would be expected because yield of
alfalfa and uptake and removal of bases by alfalfa were higher at high
rates of liming than at low rates. The check soils were not incubated
prior to planting. .A comparison of pH of unincubated checks with.pH
of treatments with the first increment of lime of incubated soils at
planting time shows that for most soils pH of the checks was higher
than pH after addition of the first increment of lime. This depres-
sion in.pH did not occur in the poorly buffered Plainfield, Montcalm,
and Nester soils. After growth of three cuttings of alfalfa the de-
pression in pH was not apparent and the checks showed a lower pH

than treatments with the first increment of lime on all soils except
warsaw loam. Alban and Lin (1) reported similar observations on
Oregon soils. These observations may be explained by the fact that
the number and activity of micro-organisms increase in limed and
incubated soils which gives rise to an accumulation of organic acids and

a decrease in soil pH.

16

17

Percent base saturation of each soil at different pH values is
given in Table 3. A close linear relationship exists within each
soil type between increase in pH and increase in percent base satura-
tion at successive increments of lime. InSpection of the data in
Table 3 fails to show the same relationship between soil types. The
lack of correlation of pH to percent base saturation between different
soil types may be explained by differences in strength of adsorption
of exchangeable cations. Differences in strength of adsorption may be
due to variations in type and proportion of clay minerals present in
different soil types. Also, variations in organic matter content may
affect the strength with which bases are adsorbed on the colloidal
complex. The effect of different types of clay minerals on percent
base saturation is shown in Table h. This table includes data for
percent base saturation and estimated amounts of different types of
clay minerals. The x—ray diffraction patterns are shown in Figures
1, 2 and 3 of the appendix. The data in Table b show that in general
lower base saturation percentages are associated with soils having a
relatively greater proportion of kaolinite, a 1:1 type clay mineral.
Higher base saturation percentages tend to be associated with soils
containing a relatively greater proportion of 2:1 type clay minerals.
For example, at a pH of 6.00 the base saturation of the colloidal
complex in Munising sandy loam is 36.9 percent. At the same pH, the
base saturation of the colloidal complex in 0ntonagon.clay is 77.0 per-
cent. The data in Table h show that the greater proportion of clay
minerals in Munising sandy loam is kaolinite, a 1:1 type clay mineral,
whereas, the clay minerals in Ontonagon clay consist mainly of

montmorillonite and vermiculite which are 2:1 type clay minerals.

18

 

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.Hm>oa “scoped 0 0:0 00 #:00090GM0m*

 

 

 

 

.eowymmmpmmsmmmm 0&Wohem pqm.mm0womma Hmom :003Wem,d0£meowwmfimh paw mom m¥e0000mmeoo cowvmwmahOOH

00000.0 .. n- -- 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 000.000 0000 0000 00000

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00000.0 -- -- 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 A0 .000 0000 0000 00000

-- -- 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00 00.0 000000

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-- -- -- 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00 00.0 00000000

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0000.0 I- n- u- 0.00 0.0: 0.00 0.00 0.0: 0.0: 0.0: 0.00 000.000 0000 0000

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19

 

 

 

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0200200 0000 00000 no 9200000 OHIO a x 020000*
0200 05000
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0000 00200
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500a 002mm
x xx 0 x xxx 0.0: 00.0 mN.HH mH.m 0 00200
5000
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5000 002mm
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0 xx 0000 000 00 0.00 00.0 00.00 00.0 00 000000000
0.0 000 000 00 000 0.0 00 0085.05 00 00 000. 0.00
09020020 0000200500> 00020000005p2oz mvHaHH 000200000 .amm 000m .000 .2oxm 00000: 0000
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.2000002000 0009 p2moumm.2o 0000205 Adan mo waxy mo 000000 029 .4 00909

20
These results confirm findings of Marshall (28) and Mehlich (32).
They showed that bases, eSpecially'calcium, were adsorbed more strongly
on 2:1 type clay minerals than on 1:1 type clay minerals. Consequently,
percent base saturation at a given pH was considerably higher in mont-
morillonitic soils than in kaolinitic soils. The practical implication
of these results is that at a given pH, calcium is more easily available
to plants in kaolinitic soils than.in.montmorillonitic soils. Thus,
montmorillonitic soils require more lime at a given pH, cation exchange
capacity, and percent base saturation than kaolinitic soils to effect
a sufficient release of calcium to plants. From the results discussed
'previously'it may be concluded that soil pH alone and base saturation
alone are inadequate criteria for predicting lime requirement of soils.
However, a close relationship was found between exchangeable hydrogen,
obtained by the difference between cation exchange capacitygtand total
base content of the soils, and lime requirement1 as shown in Figure
l. Shimp (uh) reported a similar relationship for 15 Michigan soils.
These results indicate that exchangeable hydrogen is a good criterion

for evaluating lime requirement of soils.
Soil Texture and Lime Requirement

It is commonly accepted that soil texture affects lime require-
ment of soils. In this experiment percent silt in soil and lime re-
quirement were not correlated as shown in.Figure 2. This result

indicates that silt contributes relatively little to buffer capacity

and lime requirement of soils. Percent clay in the soil was significantly

 

1Lime requirement used in correlation studies is the amount of lime
needed to raise soil pH from an average pH of 5.5 to 6.8 as determined
by incubating the nine soils for 13 weeks in the greenhouse.

x 10'3 (lbs/AFS)

Lime Req.

21

1b

1

12 r

339 + 612 (Exch. H+)
+ .877**

(D
H
n n

 

O 1 A 1 L 1 l . J
. v a

O 2 h 6 8 10 12 lb 16

Exchangeable Hydrogen (me./lOO g)

Figure 1. Linear correlation between exchangeable hydrogen
and lime requirement for nine Michigan soils.

S)

(lbs/AF

fi

TC- "

3'

Lime Req.

Lime Req. x 10'3 (lbs/AFS)

22

 

 

 

 

12 r
5 c>
10L-
8 L //e
i C) ’////”
6? ® // o
m 62/
.//
14} /////“/’ c> L.R. = 3398 + 76.6 (% Silt)
tx’ Q r = +.536
2 i c>
3
O E _J 1* I J
0 20 no 60 - 80
Silt (%)
Figure 2. Linear correlation between percent silt and
lime requirement of nine Michigan soils.
12 -
10}- (3
8 ' <3
6) GD/ L.R. = 3976 : 115.6 (56 Clay)
6 r 0 {9/ r = 4-.79h
K
h C)
2 L c)
O l -.._.-.--_..-o .--_e.. -J._d-.--._.. _L 4'
o 20 ho 6o 80

Clay (%)

Figure 3. Linear correlation between percent clay and
' lime requirement of nine Michigan soils.

23 .

related to lime requirement as shown in.Figure 3. Shimp (hh), on 15
Michigan soils and Keeney, §t_§l, (22), on 23'Wisconsin soils noted
that clay content did not appear to be an important factor in lime

requirement determination. However, it is easier to explain a good
correlation betweei'these two factors than to account for poor cor-
relation because clay, as an important colloidal constituent in most
soils, should contribute a significant share to the buffer capacity

and lime requirement of acid soils.
Organic Matter and Lime Requirement

The important effect of organic matter on lime requirement is
indicated in Figure h. This result agrees with findings of other
investigators (21, 22, 32, 3h). Keeney, gt a}, (22) found that organic
matter was significantly related to lime requirement and that a function
of pH and organic matter interaction, (pH 6.5 - soil pH) x:(% O.M.),
was highly correlated with lime requirement. As is shown in Figure 5,
this function is also highly correlated with the lime requirement of
the Michigan soils studied in this investigation. The clay content
of eight of the nine soils on.which this equation was tested was below
eighteen percent. In these soils, variations in buffer capacity are
closely related to differences in organic matter content. This may
account for the high correlation of the function of pH and organic
matter interaction with lime requirement of these soils. It is
questionable, however, whether this equation would hold true for soils
having a relatively low organic matter content and high clay content.
The equation may also give anomolous results in calculating lime re-

quirement for very acid soils containing relatively large amounts

Lime Req. x 10"3 (lbs/AFS)

Lime Req. x 10-3 (lbs/AFS)

2h

l2r

10'

   

  

L.R. inns + 1&63 (% O.M.)
I' *6?

- +.9h9

 

 

o 2 h' 6 8
Organic Matter (%)
Figure h. Linear correlation between percent organic

matter and lime requirement for nine Michigan
soils.

1

12

10*-

 
  

1352 + 1108 (FpH x O.M.)
+.927**

 

 

O n l l 1
o 2 h 6 8
(pH 6.8apH initial) x (% organic matter)

Figure 5. Linear correlation between a function of pH--
organic matter interaction and lime require-
ment for'nine Michigan soils.

25

of exchangeable aluminum.
Organic Matter and Cation Exchange Capacity

The important effect of organic matter content on cation exchange
capacity is illustrated in.Figure 6. Similar results have been reported
in the literature (21, 3h, h8). Tedrow and Gillam (h?) showed that
in coarse- and medium—textured soils cation exchange capacity is mainly
derived from organic matter, while in fine-textured soils the major pro-
portion of cation exchange capacity is derived from.clay. Clay content
of eight of the nine soils studied in this investigation was below
eighteen percent. Thus, the effect of organic matter on cation exchange
capacity should be relatively large. This is confirmed in Figures 6
and 7, in which is shown that cation exchange capacity is less affected

by variations in clay content than by variations in organic matter

content.
Cation Exchange Capacity and Lime Requirement

Lime requirement was highly correlated with cation exchange
capacity as illustrated in.Figure 8. This is to be expected from the
pronounced relationships between lime requirement and clay content, lime
requirement and organic matter content, cation exchange capacity and
organic matter content, and cation exchange capacity and clay content,
which have previously been discussed. Ekcept for variations in percent
base saturation.due to differences in types of clay, the reserve acidity
of an acid soil is proportional to the cation exchange capacity. Since
the major'portion of lime reacts with the reserve acidity of a soil,

lime requirement at a given pH increases with increasing reserve acidity

Figure 6.
35
A
9[
so
6
.5
f:
*‘i
t 20
D.
Q.
<3
C)
no
I:
(L
.n
3
a: 10
a
o
w
4.)
‘5
L)
35

30

2O

10

Cation Exchange Capacity (me./100g)

' Figure 7.

26

Linear correlation between organic matter content and
cation exchange capacity for nine Michigan soils.

<9

  
 

(C.E.C.) . -1
r - 4.

 

J I A l .1

l“ 2 3 h S 6
-- Organic Matter (%)

  
 

(C.E.C.) 3 6.1
r=+.

 

1 A l

10 20 30 to So 60
Clay (%)

Linear correlation between clay conte
exchange capacity for nine Michigan 3

.52 + n.73 (% O.M.)
9h1**

3 + .h3O (% clay)
O **

9 6

nt and cation
oils.

x 10‘3 (lbs/AFS)

Lime Req.

Lime Req. x 10"3 (Ihs/AFS)

12

10

 

2?

  
 

‘1581’+ 293 (c.E.c.)
4. 956“

10 20 30 MO
Cation Exchange Capacity (me./lOOg)

Figure 8. Linear correlation between cation exchange

12

10

O

I

 

.7

capacity and lime requirement for nine Michigan
soils.

  
 

L.R. = -6h36 + 11070 (log C.E.C.)
r - +.99h**

A A I

.8 1.0 1.2 “l.h

Logarithm of Cation EXchange Capacity (me./lOOg)

Figure 9. Linear correlation between the logarithm of

cation exchange capacity and lime requirement
for nine Michigan soils.

28

and cation exchange capacity. The plotting of lime requirement against
cation exchange capacity suggested a correlation between lime require-
ment and the logarithm of cation exchange capacity. Plotting the data
for these two factors resulted in a nearly perfect linear relationship,
as shown in Figure 9. The graph indicates that increase in lime re-
quirement is lowered with increasing cation exchange capacity. No
reference to such a relationship is made in the literature, and it is
difficult to explain. Additional experiments with a larger number of
soils are necessary to discover whether or not such a relationship is

valid.

Lime Requirement Determination by the

Shoemaker, McLean, and Pratt Method

Lime requirement of the nine soils studied was also determined
in the laboratory by using the Shoemaker, McLean, and Pratt (S.M.P.)
blffer method. As shown in Figure 10, lime requirement determined
in the greenhouse and lime requirement indicated by the S.M.P. buffer
method were closely correlated. Shoemaker, gt a}; (’45) and Keeney,
31 3.3;. (22) obtained the same relationship in similar studies. Figure
10 also illustrates that less lime was required by incubating the soils
in the greenhouse than was indicated by the S.M.P. method. The reason
for this may be that S.M.P. lime recomnerxiations are based on the use
of coarser limestone than was used in this experiment. Furthermore,
S.M.P. lime reconnnendations are suited to field conditions. Because
reactions in soils in the greenhouse are generally more intensive than

in the field, it is to be expected that S.M.P. lime recommendations

are high for soils in the greenhouse.

29

 

 

 

16 .
111 L
’8
3
a, 12 +-
:5
7> 1o -
9..
x. a - L.R. (s.M.P.) = 1.72 L.R. - 686
8' r = +.9hh**
m
92’ 6 ’
H
0—1
'0
3 11’
U
-:-l
'0
0
if 2 '
O L - n ' x a A L

o 2 L 6 8 10 12 1h 16
Lime Req. x 10"3 (lbs/AFS)

Figure 10. Linear correlation between lime requirement and
predicted lime requirement for nine Michigan soils.

30
Effect of Liming on Plant Nutrients

and Yield of Alfalfa

Table 5 contains the data for acidufluoride extractable phOSphorus,
exchangeable calcium, magnesium and potassium as measured by soil test
at given rates of lime. Exchangeable calcium in the soils increased
consistently with increased rates of lime application. Exchangeable
xnagnesium did not show this trend and remained relatively constant.

The data for the yield of alfalfa.and its calcium, potassium, and
phOSphorus content and uptake are given in Tables 1 to 9 in the appen-
dix. The data were statistically analyzed and grouped according to
Duncan's multiple range method. Bar graphs representing the totals
of each of the plant factors for three cuttings of alfalfa are included

as Figures 11 to 18 in the discussion.
Calcium

The effect of lime additions on yield of alfalfa and its calcium
uptake and content is shown in Figures 11, 12 and 13, respectively;
Liming increased yield of alfalfa on eight of the nine soils studied.
On the Ontonagon soil the check gave a higher yield than did the treat-
ments of 1,000 and 2,000 pounds of lime per acre. The first increment
of 1,000 pounds of lime per acre gave a large increase in yield on the
Plainfield and Warsaw soils. Suzukil found that the unlimed Plainfield
and warsaw soils at pH 5.60 and 5.50, respectively, were high in

aluminum phosphate. These results suggest that the large increase in

 

j”Suzuki, A., Lawton, K., and Doll, E. C. PhOSphorus uptake and soil
tests as related to forms of phOSphorus in some Michigan soils.
(Submitted to Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc.)

31

Table 5. The effect of rate of application of lime on available
phosphorus, exchangeable calcium, exchangeable magnesium,
and exchangeable potassium of nine Michigan soils.

 

Lime Applied (Pounds peFFAcna)

 

Soil gype Rate 0 500 1000 1500 2000
Ontonagon pH 5.50 -- §.h1 5.h8 5.50
clay Avail. P205 2h - 16 2h 2h
Exch. Ca. 5550 -- 5925 6075 6325

Exch. Mg. 1200 -- 1350 1500 1850

Exch. K20 690 -— 698 695 735

Iron River pH 5.50 5.29 5.32 5.80 5.50
silt loam Avail. P205 56 58 56 56 58
Exch. Ca. 2050 2375 2850 2575 2725

Exch. Mg. 75 175 130 150 130

Bath. K20 123 123 118 113 123

'Warsaw pH 5.50 -- 5.h5 5.60 5.68
loam Avail. P205 312 -- 30h 320 320
Exch. Ca. 2050 -- 2150 2366 2533

Exch. Mg. 170 -- 117 183 167

Exch. K20 h75 -- 508 515 512

Munising pH 5.50 5.h9 5.68 5.67 5.71
sandy loam Avail. P20S 136 160 152 160 lhh
Exch. Ca. 1017 1150 1867 1617 1617

Exch. mg. 33 50 80 83 67

Exch. K20 283 2h6 227 262 250

Kalamazoo pH 5.35 5.15 5.35 5.85 5.71
loam Avail. P205 2h 26 27 26 22
Exch. Ca. 1867 1667 1766 1950 2016

Exch. Mg. 33 SO 80 83 67

Exch. K20 283 2u6 227 -262 250

Pence pH 5.50 5.115 5.70 5.80 5.91
va‘ . P 0 88 96 10h 112 10h

sandy loam $3381 Ca? 5 1000 1250 1267 1800 1700
Exch. Mg. 67 83 100 67 83

Exch. K20 120 98 80 83 78

Montcalm pH S.h0 5.55 5.67 6.30 6.37
vs . P 0 168 168 176 168 168

sandy loam 233%E Ca? 5 867 883 1117 1183 1317
Exch. Mg. 80 133 87 83 83

inch. K20 150 163 162 157 153

 

Table 5.

Continued.

32

 

 

Lime Applied (FSunds per leis) Correlation
2500 3000 8000 5000 6000 7000 Coefficient1
5.53 5.;3 5.2; 5.33 6.0: 6.22
2 32 0.18
6600 6975 7050 7275 7525 7925 9
1825 1500 1800 1800 1325 1225
730 735 728 720 698 693 +0.079
5/59 5.65 6.00 -- -- --
56 56 58 - -- -- +0.2hh
2975 3100 3375 - -- --
125 125 175 -- -- ..
123 108 123 -- -- -- +0.060
5.75 5.85 6.25 6.82 6.52 --
328 302 296 280 296 - -0.718*
2750 2883 3200 3516 3616 .-
180 183 167 183 180 --
523 525 528 527 523 -- +0.661
5.80 5.98 6.21 -- -- --
188 152 188 -- -- -— -0.l71
1766 1850 2016 —- -- --
67 83 83 - .. --
238 228 286 -- - ~0.098
5.77 6.10 6.38 .. --
28 28 26 -. -- -- -0.210
2833 1866 2733 —- .. ..
67 83 83 -- -- --
238 228 286 -- —- -- -0.286
6.09 6.17 6.81 6.65 -— --
112 108 96 88 -- -- -O.ll9
1866 2033 2166 2550 -- --
50 100 67 50 -- --
83 95 92 85 - -- -0.806
6.82 6.55 6.78 - -- ..
168 188 168 -- -- -- -0.182
1550 1650 2083 -. -- --
83 83 80 -- -- --
160 187 157 - -- -- v0.371

 

ICorrelation coefficients for the relationship between soil reaction
and available phOSphorus and between soil reaction and exchangeable

potassium. 'Weights in pounds per acre.

*Significant at the 5 percent level.

Table 5. Continued

 

‘Lime Applied (Pounds perrAcre)

 

Soil Type Rate 0 500 1000 1500 2000
Nester pH 5.15 5.21 5.53 5.85 6.18
sandy loam Avail. P205 56 72 6h 72 72
Exch. Ca. 867 983 1150 1300 1350
Exch. mg. 133 133 133 100 100
Exch. K20 178 177 173 173 165
Plainfield pH 5.60 5.76 6.08 6.39 6.89
loamy sand Avail. P205 128 117 118 120 122
Exch. Ca. 867 767 851 1000 1183
Exch. Mg. 83 83 83 67 67
Exch. K20 70 100 98 102 90

38

 

 

Table 5. Continued.
Lime Applied (Rounds perlcre) Correlation
2500 3000 8000 5000 6000 7000 Coefficient
6.80 6.58 6.73 7.00 -- --
68 72 72 72 -- -- +0.528
1533 1700 2033 2300 -- —-
117 113 80 67 -- --
153 160 163 163 —- -- -0.835**
7 001 7 011 7 o 01 "" "" "'-
123 123 122 -- -— -- v0.130
1167 1333 1333 - -- --
33 80 83 -- -- --

 

*tSigniiioant at the 1 percent level.

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yield at a low rate of lime may be due to immobilization of toxic
amounts of aluminum. The yields on the remaining soils show a more
gradual increase with successive increments of lime. Figure 11 also
points out that pH alone is a poor indicator of yield response of
alfalfa to lime. For example, the checks of Ontonagon, Nester, and
Iron River soils with pH 5.50, 5.15, and 5.50, respectively, produced
more than four times the yield than did the checks of Plainfield and
warsaw soils with pH 5.60 and 5.50, respectively. However, lime
applied at a rate of 1,000 pounds per acre increased the yield on
the Plainfield and'warsaw soils eight and four times, respectively;
at 1,000 pounds of lime per acre little or no increase in yield was
apparent on the Ontonagon, Nester, and Iron River soils.

The effect of liming on calcium uptake and calcium content of
alfalfa is given in.Figures 12 and 13, reapectively; A comparison
of Figures 11, 12 and 13 indicates that within each soil type, in-
creased lime applications generally coincided with increased yield,
calcium content, and calcium uptake. 0n the Ontonagon soil, the yield,
calcium content and uptake of calcium by alfalfa was not appreciably
increased with increased rates of lime. This soil contained 60 per-
cent clay and had a base saturation of 60 percent. Therefore, the
Ontonagon soil initially contained a relatively large amount of
calcium. This may account for the lack of response of yield, calcium
content, and calcium uptake to additions of lime on the Ontonagon
soil.

Potasaium

The data in Table 5 show that exchangeable potassium in the soil

38
decreased significantly with addition of lime to Nester sandy loam.
Addition of lime did not produce a significant change in exchangeable
potassium in the other eight soils studied. According to Wiklander
(52) decreased availability of potassium may be due to a strong adsorp-
tion of potassium on the colloidal complex of a limed soil. In such
a soil calcium ions replace aluminum and hydrogen ions to a greater or
lesser extent. Adsorption of potassium is favored by this replacement
since calcium.ions are less strongly adsorbed than hydrogen and alumi-
num ions. On the other hand, potassium ions may become more available
due to increased activity'and replacing power of hydrogen ions which
yielded their exchange sites to calcium ions. The rate of each of
these two opposing reactions determines whether availability of potas-
sium will be increased, decreased, or unaffected in a limed soil. This
hypothesis explains the insignificant effect of liming on eight of the
nine soils and the decrease in availability of potassium on the Nester
soil. However, the decrease in amount of exchangeable potassium.in
the Nester soil is relatively small (approximately eight percent) and
may be’within.1imits of experimental error.

A1though.liming did not appreciably affect the amount of ex-
changeable potassium in the soil, potassium content in the plants
decreased with additions of lime on nearly all soils as shown in
Figure 18. .A comparison of Figures 13 and 18 shows that calcium con-
tent varied inversely with potassium content. It may be seen from
Figure 16 that the sum of calcium and potassium contents in the plants
is relatively constant for all soils and lime treatments. These re-

sults agree with those of several investigators (8, 18, 18, 19), who

39-81

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found that when the concentration of calcium relative to that of
potassium is low the calcium actually favors potassium absorption by
the plants. 'When the calcium is materially increased the potassium
absorption is depressed. Jacobson, gt_al, (18) studied hydrogen-calcium
interaction in relation to potassium absorption by excised barley roots
in solution. They explained the stimulating effect of calcium on potas-
sium absorption at a low'pH by postulating that the presence of calcium
in solution creates a barrier probably at the cell surface which pro-
vents hydrogen ions from interfering with potassium absorption. Cation
constancy in plants and the inverse relationship between potassium and
calcium uptake have been explained as being due to the controlling
role of potassium in effecting electrical neutrality in the plantsl.

The uptake of potassium is shown in.Figure 15. In nearly all
cases liming increased the amount of potassium taken up by the plants,

primarily because of increase in yield of alfalfa.
Phosphorus

As shown in Table 5, liming significantly affected phosphorus
availability in the Warsaw soil only. Suzuki2 found that this soil
was high in aluminum phosphate as determined by extraction with 0.5 N NHhF.
He found high.positive correlations between amount of aluminum.phosphate
present in the soil and amount of phOSphorus extracted by Bray's acid-

fluoride extracting solution. Because the Harsaw soil used inSuzuki's

 

IHendricks, Sterling B. U.S.D.A., Beltsville, Maryland. Personal
communication.

2Suzuki, A. , Lawton, K. , and Doll, E. C. Phosphorus uptake and soil
tests as related to forms of phOSphorus in some Michigan soils.
(Submitted to Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc.)

81

and in this experiment came from the same location, his results may
explain the decrease in Bray's acid-fluoride extractable phosphorus
at increased pH levels in this experiment since Bray's ph03phorus test
appears to measure a considerable proportion of aluminum phosphates
and aluminum compounds become more immobile at increased pH values.

The decrease of available Bray's phoSphorus in Warsaw loam upon
addition of lime was reflected in a corresponding decrease in phOSphorus
content of alfalfa grown on this soil. Liming also decreased phOSphorus
caltent of alfalfa on the Munising and Ontonagon soils as shown in
Figure 17. Liming increased the uptake of phosphorus in eight of the
nine soils studied, primarily because of increased yields of alfalfa
as shown in Figure 18. These results agree with those reported by
Dunn (12). He grew alfalfa on Washington soils in the greenhouse and
found that on some soils phOSphorus content of alfalfa was decreased
by liming. However, uptake or phOSphorus by alfalfa was increased by

lining on all soils used in his study.

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SUMMARI.AND CONCLUSIONS

Liming studies were conducted in the greenhouse on nine.Michigan
soils. The initial pH of all soils was close to 5.50. Different
rates of lime were added to the soils which were then incubated for
13 weeks in the greenhouse. At the end of the incubation period
alfalfa was planted and three cuttings harvested. Results of mechanical
and chemical soil analyses were studied and correlations calculated
to determine the effect of different soil factors on lime requirement.
The effect of liming on availability of plant nutrients in the soils
and on reSponse of alfalfa was also studied. Yield, calcium, potas-
sium, and phosphorus content and uptake were measured and statistically
analyzed.

The results of this experiment are summarized as follows:

1. Neither soil reaction nor percent base saturation

alone indicated lime requirement of the soils or
response of alfalfa to liming.

2. Variation in soil pH was related to variation in
percent base saturation.within each soil type.

This relationship was not found between different
soil types.

3. Exchangeable hydrogen, clay content, organic matter
content, and a function of pH-organic matter inter-
action, (pH 6.8 - soil pH) x:(% O.Mg) were closely
correlated with lime requirement. Silt content
was not related to lime requirement.

h. Organic matter content and clay content were signifi-

cantly related to cation exchange capacity; The
h3

7.

9.

an
effect of organic matter content on cation exchange
capacity was more pronounced than the effect of clay
content on cation exchange capacity;
Cation exchange capacity was very closely related to
lime requirement. Cation exchange capacity, which is
a function of the colloidal preperties of clay and organic
matter, was more highly correlated with lime requirement
than were either clay content or organic matter content.
A nearly'perfect correlation was obtained between the
logarithm of cation exchange capacity and lime require-
ment.
Lime requirement indicated by'the Shoemaker, McLean
and Pratt method and lime requirement determined by
incubating the soils for 13 weeks in the greenhouse
were closely correlated.
Liming increased the yield of alfalfa significantly on
nearly all soils. 0n Plainfield sandy loam and warsaw
loam a rate of 1000 pounds of lime per acre was suf-
ficient to increase yield of alfalfa from a negligible
quantity on the checks to approximately 70 percent of
the maximum.yield obtained from each soil.
Increase in calcium uptake and calcium content of
alfalfa was directly'proportional to increase in yield
and lime applied.
Potassium content of alfalfa decreased with increased
calcium content at successive increments of lime. Up-

take of potassium increased with additions of lime

LS
primarily because of increased yields of alfalfa.
lO. Liming enhanced total phosphorus uptake by alfalfa.
However, phosphorus content of alfalfa decreased on
three soils with addition of lime, and was not signifi-
cantly changed on the remaining six soils.

From the results of this study it may be concluded that soil
reaction alone and percent base saturation alone are inadequate criteria
for evaluating lime requirement of soils. Response of yield of alfalfa
to liming may vary with different soil types at the same pH and cannot
be predicted from soil pH only.

The results of this study point out that the soil factors, other
than pH, which are most important in indicating lime requirement are
cation exchange capacity, organic matter content, exchangeable hydrogen,
and clay content, arranged in order of decreasing importance. Soil
reaction in conjunction with these soil factors should give an accurate
indication of lime requirement. Because most of these factors are
related to soil type, lime requirement determinations based on soil
reaction and soil type should lead to more accurate lime recommenda-
tions.

Results of this study also indicate that soil factors besides
ijplay a role in governing response of alfalfa to liming. The scape
of this study does not permit making any definite conclusions but
indications are that at a low pH amounts of exchangeable calcium and
aluminum in the soil are important in determining whether or not
alfalfa will respond to liming. More study is needed to determine

the importance of these factors on different soil types.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

1h.

15.

LIST OF REFERENCES

Alban,A ., and Lin, C. J. Effect of lime additions on pH and base
saturation on five Western Oregon soils. Soil Sci. 86: 271-2714.

1958.

Albrecht, W. A. Adsorbed ions on the colloidal complex and plant
nutrition. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 5: 8-16. 191.1.

Albrecht, W. A. Drilling limestone for legumes. Missouri Agr.
Exp. Sta. Bul. 1429. 19m.

Albrecht, w. A. Soil and Livestock. Land 2:298-305. 19h3.

Arnon, D. I., and Johnson, C. M. Influence of hydrogen ion con-
centration on the growth of higher plants under controlled
conditions. Plant Physiol. 17:525-539. 19142.

Arnon, D. I., Fratzke, W. E., and Johnson, C. M. Pbrdrogen ion con-
centration in relation to absorption of inorganic nutrients by
higher plants. Plant Physiol. 17:515-52h. l9h2.

Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. 19145 . Official
and tentative methods of analysis. Washington, D. C. Ed. 6:112-145.

Bear, F. E. , and Prince, A. L. Cation-equivalent constancy in
alfalfa. Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron. 37:217-222. 191:5.

Bray, R. H., and Kurtz, L. T. Determination of total, organic,
anfi available forms of phosphorus in soils. Soil Sci. 59:39-15.
19 S.

Chai, M. 0., and Caldwell, A. 0. Forms of hosphorus and fixation
in soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 23:fi58-560. 1959.

Cook, R. L. Divergent influence of base saturation on the availa-
bility of native, soluble and rock phosphate. Journ. Amer. Soc.
Agron. 27: 297-311. 1935-

Dunn, L. E. Effect of lime on availability of nutrients in certain
western Washington soils. Soil Sci. 56:297-316. 19113.

Fiske, C. H. , and Subbarrow, Y. The colorometric determination of
phosphorus. Journ. Biol. Chem. 66:375-hoo. 1925.

Fried, M. , and Peach, M. The comparative effects of lime and
gypsum upon plants grown in acid soils. Journ. Amer. Soc. Agron.

38:61h—621. 19b6.

Gaither, E. W. The effect of lime upon the soil constituents.
Journ. Indus. and Engin. Chem. 2:315-316. 1910.

1:6

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

2h.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

h?

Hissink, D. J. Base exchange in soils. General views. Trans.
Far. Soc. 20:551-566. 1925.

Hunter, A. S., Toth, S. J., and Bear, F. E. Calcium-potassium
ratios for alfalfa. Soil Sci. 55:61-72. 19h3.

Jacobson, L., Moore, D. P., and Hannapel, R. J. Rate of calcium
in6absorption of monovalent cations. Plant Physiol. 35:352-358.
19 0.

Jenny, H. 5' le kinetic theory of ionic exchange: I. Journ.

Jenny, H., and Shade, E. R. The potassium—lime problem in soils.
Journ. Amer. Soc. Agron. 26:120-170. 193h.

Jones, U. S., and Hoover, C. D. Lime requirement of several red
and yellow soils as influenced by organic matter and mineral com-
position of clays. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 1h:96-100. 19h9.

Keeney, D. R., Corey, R. B., and Love, J. R. .Agronomy abstracts.
1961 Annual Meetings of the.American Society of Agronomy. Pp.
13. 1961.

Kilmer, J. V., and Alexander, L. T. Methods of making mechanical
analyses of soils. Soil Sci. 68:15-2h. 19h9.

Klingebiel, A. A., and Brown, P. E. Effect of applications of
fine limestone: II. The yield and nitrogen content of alfalfa
grown on Tama silt loam from different areas. Journ. Amer.
Soc. Agron. 29:978. 1937.

Lucas, R» E. Reliability of lime requirement calculations based
on the rapid copper method for exchange capacity. Soil Sci. Soc.

Lyon, F. L», and Bizzell, J..A. Calcium, magnesium, potassium
in the drainage water from.limed and unlined soils. Journ. Amer.
Soc. Agron. 8:81-87. 1916.

MacIntire, W. H., Shaw, W. M., and Young, J. B. The repressive
effect of lime and magnesia upon soil and subsoil potash. Journ.
Agr. Sci. 20:h99-510. 1930.

Marshall, C. E. Ionization of calcium from soil colloids and its
bearing on soileplant relationships. Soil Sci. 65:57-67. 19h8.

Mattson, S. The laws of soil colloidal behavior: V. Ion adsorp-
tion and exchange. Soil Sci. 53:1-1h. 19h2.

Mattson, 5., and'Wiklander, L. The laws of colloidal behavior:
XXI. The amphoteric points, the pH, and the Donnan equilibrium.
Soil Sci. 10:109-153. 191.0.

35.

33.

3h.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

h0.

h2.

b3.

bu.

b8

“ Mehlich, A. Base unsaturation and pH in relation to soil type.

Mehlich, A. The significance of percentage saturation and pH in
relation to soil differences. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 7:1674173.
19 2.

Mehlich, A. Rapid estimation of base exchange properties of soil.

Morgan, M; F. Base exchange capacity and related characteristics
of Connecticut soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. h:1h5-lh9.
1939.

Moser, F. Calcium nutrition at respective pH levels. Soil Sci.
Soc. Amer. Proc. 7:339-3hb. 19h2.

Naftel, J. A. Soil liming investigations: III. The influence of
calcium and a mixture of calcium and magnesium carbonates on
on certain chemical changes of soils. Journ. Amer. Soc. Agron.

29:526-536. 1937.

Peech, M., and Bradfield, R. The effect of lime and magnesia on
the soil potassium and on the absorption of potassium.by plants.
Soil Sci. 55:37-b8. 19h3. '

Peach, MA, and Bradfield, R. Chemical methods for estimating lime
needs of soils. Soil Sci. 65:35-h5. l9h8.

Pierre, W} H. Hydrogen-ion concentration, aluminum concentration
in the soil solution, and percent base saturation affecting
plant growth on acid soils. Soil Sci. 31:183-205. 1931.

Pierre, W} H., and Scarseth, C. D. Determination of the percentage
base saturation of soils and its value in different soils of
definite pH values. Soil Sci. 26:263-275. 1931.

Piper, C. S. Soil and Plant Ana sis. Interscience Publishers,
Inc. New YOI‘ o o "’ o 0

Pretty, K. M. The effect of certain liming practices upon the
chemical composition and prOperties of several Michigan soils.
Unpublished M.S. Thesis, Michigan State University, Pp. Bk.
1955.

Richards, Le A. (Ed.) Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and
Alkali Soils. Ag. Handbook No. 60, U. S. D. A., Pp. 85-86,

19Sh.

Shimp, N. F. A study of the relationship between pH, exchangeable
calcium, percent base saturation and lime requirement in some
Michigan soils. Unpublished M. S. Thesis, Michigan State College.

Pp. A2. 1951.

h5.

h6.

h7.

h8.

A9.

50.

51.

h9

Shoemaker, H. E., McLean, E. 0., and Pratt, P. F. Buffer methods
for determining lime requirements of soils with appreciable
amounts of extractable aluminum. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc.
25:27h-277. 1961.

Schmehl,‘W. R., Peech, M;, and Bradfield, R. Causes of poor growth
of plants on acid soils and beneficial effects of liming: I.
Evaluation of factors responsible for acid-soil injury. Soil
Sci. 70:393-h10. 1961.

Tedrow, J. C. F., and Gillam,'W3 S. The base-exchange capacity
of the organic and inorganic fractions of several podzolic soil
profiles. Soil Sci. 51:223-233. l9h1.

Truog, E. Soil Acidity: I. Its relation to the growth of plants.
Soil Sci. 5:169-193. 1918.

Truog, E. Lime in relation to availability of plant nutrients.
SOil SCio 65:1-70 19,480

thy; T. J. On the power of soils to absorb manure.' J. Roy..Agric.
Soc. 11:313-318. 1850.

Wiklander, L. Studies on ionic exchange with special references
to the conditions in soils. Diss. Ann. Roy. Agr. 001. Sweden
lh:l’l7lo 191460

'Wiklander, L. Influence of liming on adsorption and desorption
in soil. Transactions of 7th Int. Congr. Soil Sci. 2:283-291.
1960.

‘Wbodruff, C. M. Testing soils for lime requirement by means of
a buffered solution and the glass electrode. Soil Sci. 66:53—56.

l9h8.

50

Figure 1. X-ray diffraction patterns of the <2/lfractions
of surface and subsoil samples of Plainfield
loamy sand, Kalamazoo loam, Montcalm sandy loam,
and Pence sandy loan.

*4-

\

Patterns No. 1 Correspond to Mg
sample 3 .

and glycerol saturated

Patterns No. 2 Correspond to samples which were K+ saturated
and heated to 110° C.

Patterns No. 3 Correspond to samples which were KT saturated
and heated to 550° C.

51

 

MONTCALM

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d

no.1 I 14.3 i
. 7;: K I
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52

Figure 2. X-ray diffraction patterns of the (2/afractions of
surface and subsoil samples of Munising sandy loam,
Ontonagon clay, Nester sandy loam, and warsaw loam.

Patterns No. 1 Correspond to Mg++ and glycerol saturated

samples.

Patterns No. 2 Correspond to samples which were K+ saturated
and heated to 110° 0.

Patterns No. 3 CorreSpond to samples which were K' saturated
and heated to 550° C.

53

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5h

Figure 3. X—ray diffraction patterns of the (gafractions
of surface and subsoil samples of Iron River silt
loam.

Patterns No. l Correspond to Mg" and glycerol saturated

samples.

Patterns No. 2 Correspond to samples which were K' saturated
and heated to 110° C.

Patterns No. 3 Correspond to samples which were K' saturated
and heated to 550° C.

55

 

 

 

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soa.ms sao.ma sse.ma sos.ma sos.sa sas.ma pam.aa o\ws mosessc asses essence so
smo.o csHH.m ossm.e som.m osao.m cos.m smH.m soa\o ossssso oases sass»
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as as em as as as ems see Essa e. so... as so

 

adoa_hcqsm massage: a co macaw mmasmam an udhonmmonn pea asbwmmspom seasoado Ho oxwpgs use mmawuas
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63

 

 

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