THE EFFECT OF FIRE ON DIFFERENT
KINDS .0; ROOFING MATERIALS ,

Thesis for the Degree of B. S.

Clark 0. Nicdcrmcier
1928

 

 

 

 

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THE EFFECT UP FIRE OH DIFFJRSST IIHDS
of

ROOl'ILZG SLETEIIALS

A thesis submitted to the froulty of

Michigan State College
of

Agriculture and Applied Science

by
Clerk 0. gigdermeier.

Candidate for Degree
of
Bachelor of Science
June 1928.

i

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PREFACE

It is the purpose of this thesis to tell or show the
effects of fire on different kinds of roofing materials.
This subject is something entirely new in the field

of research. The author has been unable to find any

books relating directly to this subject. All the infor-
mation contained in this thesis is based upon my actual
experience that I have obtained 'while working on this
smbject. The data and information found in this thesis
has been checked by roofing experts and Professors of the
Michigan State College, who are men well versed along
this line.

The United States Bureau of Standards have practi-
cally no information along this line at the present
time. They have started eXperirnenting along this line
recently but have not published any information as yet.

I consider the information which I have obtained in
my study of this subject to be of extreme value to me
and h0pe that it will be of still greater value to some
person at a future date. Especially some one who has a
{meat fear of the FIRE GOD.

The thanks of the author are eSpecially due to ny
dear Professor of the Engineering Department at the
Yflchigan State College for the many suggestions and
aids in the preparation of this thesis.

East Lansing, Michigan. C. O. N.
June 1928. “
10319~

 

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INTRODUCTION

A roof is a very old thing indeed , in fact it has
been known and used from the beginning of man's exist-
ence here on earth, and has been used all the way up
through the ages until the present time. There is hard-
ly any doubt about man not needing a roof in the future.
For without a roof or shelter of some kind it is imposs-
ible for man to exist, unless civilization advances so
far in the future that man becomes supernatural and if
it is possible for such a condition to come about man
surely would destroy himself and consequently a roof
would be of no use to him under such conditions. This
is Just an extreme case and about the only conditions
under which man could get along without a roof or cover-
ing over him of some kind. Assuming this impossible we
can see the extreme value of a roof to mankind.

The first existence of a roof was perhaps when man
first discovered that he needed shelter'trom.the sun
and rain. The first roof that he probably constructed
was perhaps made from boughs of trees which he pulled
or broke off to cover himself and later to arrange them
in some sort of Lut or Wigwam fashion so that he could
move around under them without disturbing their position.

At this stage about the only destroying forces that
man had to protect his shelter against were the wind and

raine

2.

Soon man made the great discovery of fire which under
his control was very beneficial to him but out of his
control was very destructive to him and his possessions
as well. Perhaps man's first menace of the Fire God was
when upon returning from the woods with some desd animals
which he had killed for his food and upon approaching his
dwelling found the fire which he had left had flared up
and ignited the roof or perhaps had reduced his dwelling
to ashes. This was about the first time that he found
out that fire was something that should be reapected.
Ham's next home was a cave of hole in a rock which he
soon discoveded could not be effected of destroyed by
fire but the disadvantage of this kind of home was that
the position of it was fixed which sometimes made it
very unhandy or was at too great a distance from his work.
As he became more civilized and efficient it was only
natural for him to have his home nenr his work, so the
most logical kind of home that he build;was one for which
he could obtain plenty of material. This of course was
the tall timber found in the forest, consequently he
introduced the log cabin which perhaps contained a roof
of wood slabs or split logs. We might here call this
the first introduction of wood shingles of which man
already knew in this stage of life was a material, that
was not immune to the Fire God and also as the roof
became old and weathered with age it caught on fire a

great deal easier.

I.“

ii.‘

Remembering that his rock cave could not be destroyed
by fire, man resorted to a rock slab roof or if situated
in the vscinity of slate found out that this material
could be chipped off in very thin layers. This taterial

gave his a very effective roof which was a great deal

lighter in weight than ordingry stone slabs. The result
of which,he could use a comparatively lighter structure
for supposting the roofing material of his dwelling.

In the vacinities where slate could not be found the
use of baked clay of tile roof was resorted too which
was also a strictly fire-proof roof but somewhat of a
heavier nature than slate but lighter in weight than
rock.

It was not long after this that man happened upon
the discovery and use of the different kinds of metals
which he found were also fire-proof. At this stage in
life man found so many uses for the different kinds of
metals that as a roofing material they did not prove
practical. During the medieval ages the Anglo-Saxons
of England made a discovery of the metal which they
called tin. This metal they were able to produce in
abundance at a very reasonable cost, and because of
its various advantages such as, resistance to fire,
light in weight, thinness, endurance, and lasting
qualities proves to be a very good roofing material.

These different materials that have been mentioned so

far were the chief roofing materials during the stone

”In
fill

in
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PM

4.

and medieval ages, but as civilization advances still
more and we come to the modern age, the use of bitum-
inous materials came into use as a roofing material.
Bituminous materials are usually of a sticky plastic
nature, so naturally they require some sort of a basic
material as a foundation to hold the bitumen in posi-
tion and so that it could be handled easily. Bituminous
material is a very cheap material for roofing, so its
use for that purpose became very great. This kind of
roofing had a lot of good weathering qualities, but man
soon.found out that it was not very effective towards
rcIisting fire. I

Up to the present there has been quite a lot of
esperimenting done with these different kinds of roofing
materials to bring out and deve10p the good qualities of
the material. Particularly those qualities which refer
to decorative purposes and weathering but not very many
in regards to fire-proofing.

All the roofing materials that we have on the market
today consist chiefly of those which have been mentioned
except that they have been modified considerably as to
color, shape, size, and various compositions and comb-
inations. It has seemed for the last few years back
that a roof has been looked upon as something to decorate
er adorn a home with and to protect it from rain and sun.
Recently the Fire God has brought out one of the big

factors in roofing.

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Especially in cities where the houses are all gromped
together which makes fire a greater hazard than ever.
The roofing problem in reSpect to fire will become
more and more of a problem as time increvses and as
he number of d ellings increase, so I will endeavor
to show some of the results or effects that fire has
on the different kinds of roofing materials in the

lages following this discussion.

 

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Disc esion:

At BOOOF. the 553:"od shingle Eccen,s scorched, hile the
eQ*e “ad flvt grain refinin.uno”fectea. is 4&0 trey rature
in=3 ee"ea the stained shingle 5a? a lot 0’ SL310 2nd 5 urine
to glow like a piece of hot che?eoal. it 4000?. the flat

grained elinwle beren to curl, "hile the edre erminod Lia no ,

but ‘zoih lie efi‘e “T‘fl. f’T' t r““<"-i..ned ‘r‘ee'trée b '31:! F?“‘-‘*”:L.’3’l Pt

these vePfi‘ir n1 rurv who” i?“i ‘he efi'e “ruin C’iyele is
the Ye t V"“d Phir"‘e on {ha w-P Gt toény. The r? i391
shit 16 iirrover the locks of a roof, but is not very revis-
tent to fire. The Stain is usually eoxpoeed of creosote or
e bltWLlflO-u te“iel with a coloring matter in it.
Consequently this stain ignites at a tCIr 2r tn: 0 or vLen
br0“yht into cox‘ ct vitd a leGCu Tleme, 410 eby o: 1sir-g

the wooa to i~nito too.

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The fire vein? Fifi no+ vorv n e e“t Feel Fet“een ihe
thiTFd one {he envioinefl ehiwv‘e. The “e won ”or {lie woe
if t ‘Ec Ft in voreed o” it P“ fern of ””9 le‘vir“ on?" the
vood to i~rite. If thie shinrle h d been on e roe” it Vould

h"ve broken into flame at e gre t deal lower tam: roture,

for es

(7}

eon as it sttrted to glow the Wind woul” hote fented
it, thereby cone n; it to burnt into flare.

in old shingle th-t h 3 been on a roof for thirty or
fourty yee"s acts like a stained shirfile 03°Cft th t it is
a Whole lot worse. it 3300?. on old shinnle curls elirhily
and starts to plow are nfl the eéree .h't h‘ve been eféoeea
to ihe weeiher end gives 0?” o lo? 0’ swole. ’t AfifloT. the
r'rt ’k‘i hoe Weothereo elven of? a 4‘ejrreif‘ie nmovnt or smoke
end TOC”FOS one eve" or red hoi coals. The creeks in the
shinrle fore +o oven “iflcr ~ivin~ more bnvnin~ eurfnee.
in ole shinrle i this are will bre k into flame at "hout
5200?. and once it has broken into fl:re burns vivorouely and
mould yoke an awful fire on a roof if it rot e 5 ed at rt.

If a wood shingle, old or new, has hrolen into flame,
the effect of quenching the eiirfle causes it to eio m erd
812310. The flame 8 es out irnodidtoly lemvirw the skirrle
charred block like eh??00”l, end ”iih o lot of viae or 023
both longitudinnl end t?inrveree.

The bed feotnree 'loui “ooe Phinelee ore 1h t ‘Tter

they vet ole ikev will r+eri +o elow at o very lo“ tomter-

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eture, or elfe ei*rt ly 2 lein' chvl gnd try old rhinrle

h ’ or

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usually h- e o... co t 1...- .ny emae ,

tend to catch he 33 rho on; hold them. Then the old ehinrle
sets like a piece 01 rank, a:& US I eeifi before, i“ f used

by the wind r'ill 1:330:22: into flame finite rer‘dily and. been very
eigorO'ely.

Th‘t is the reeson e wood shin le roof hoe ou~h o low
ritine Vith fire inevrenee eerieniee. Pneihor fi'oe n 1? be-
eouce o? ife “bilifv in +r*re’ev or fiTrewd fire to 'djoining
buildirre on reeeive *hee in ’i”e moneor. 7 Wooo shiane
roof is r +Fo ,le lowee' o” *wv n? ’he aliierent lines of
rfiOfl'r'. 1“ term? on ihe r" '3'“ t 1:" The L‘1.éei“.'.'rit:f‘e' 1-611:-

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CLieaflo, vhifh
point: nod by the I tionel B are of Fire Undervritere.
This beer classifies rot yaant roofing? if
nonely,
Class A

Roof coverings wiion are ef?eciive ogeiret re ere =ifie e?-

exyoourc . Vader euoh ex oeuroe, roof covering? of tiie

close ore not re dily flem*eble, 'nfi do not c Try or new umieeie
fire: ei‘iord o. *‘eir‘y hie-h derree o“ be 1: 1319.111 ’tion *0 the

roof Geolv do not 91*“ Fee“ “c”i‘lon' *“PPG"S no flyir~ lrend

}W2"rP' or” Po Vof “e" i“e ** "'er* *9“ ire in order to main-

toin thei1?7?i e TPPl°tlf “ ere-eriies:

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are not readily
e"nicc to fire; a

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to the roof

decl,
’r1nd hezard; lut

meirtoizz

Pfir‘f onlferjn ,-~»\

erroeure.

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fford
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ble end

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from roe iti

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do not reedily cs Pry or com-

he1t innul“tion
ee no flyirn
order to

Rich 1 rerfiirr in

their fire-reeietirr 1“Jr‘ome.r‘t‘les.

ective 9"“1P“t 71"ht fire

roe? ec’crin e? 1L U

15:1.y cersy 11d ""n'-.x1_.111.ie

afford "t least a slight degree of he t ineuleti n to the rec?
deck do not eliz from position; my rescerts e. eli;-"n.t ”lyirg'
brand he a d; ‘nd y reguire fairly freq 1ert rc'-iro or

rene”els in order

The close

The menace of the woo?

to maintain

that wood

01"

.34-

ingl 1*

shiny-1e

1*?* *ev yecre ir r“ry e one on
cities.

1‘11 ejrhf'cr16 n” 9‘ 0}", ‘7' ‘9 19'-
"The City o” Teou+ifnl Tomes,"
fine entirely Ceetro ed 1y El e,

L'

3nd reno1~11~

jeoplc

tnei

homeless.

Q 0

r fire—resisting TreTerties.

n
Do

1:?

8 come 1111‘er I'r'tld le cl

h o hecome very rre t in ihe

ns’nc the destruction of whole

’hn ciiy of Berleley, m‘lif’orni‘,

rhich,on fe1teeber ?7, 1““3,

(‘fi' l1
U a»;

l r-. r 1 r-
_.‘ | u:

.A. ,5"
o ., 111,0 ,ooo

1° th t of

1 11 ..azoi;l::1' (11' e
S lee, loeegcbn cite, whieh in June, lTld, greyed corclurlrely
he theory that a city built i0 burn seldom 1ir r‘ointe The
skiprer of a tug-boot five miles out at sea rerorted lrrnire

’u

A.

w!
.

embers falli

two hurired and

loss

.1.‘.
‘. L

*- 1 a ,..
Lumeroun OTLCP c _

111311

of 5???

1"(1111 r”;

. L.
11;: 01. ii 8

C
771.1% ’6 1.111:-

111. "1'1 11?*‘"€

VPPQS. 19?“-
Alrz‘ "1" OFF
s U. ‘ ’ .

+7.1"- 9 T" e?” '1. r3

J n "1 (1'11;

' \

(1 annclets

‘ i
4-. .-
l ‘V
t e

7-.
\

,i:

 

 

16.

 

E“ T 77 rn—JM. .T—‘r— ————-———-—7__ -- -4— ,__.___‘___~,__-_,-___ _.

 

The city of :‘orkley, California, '.'h1011 on
1988,‘vfie reduced to a city of a hes three 5 the

functi1ninz of wooden shingle? as fire cor iers.

Tertember

ef“oetive

r)

t J

I .- I H... «1H “Inlii. 1 |IIIII| ulw- I ilnnnu .M «M, .-n» n .. ImuJPINI..- I... ..JM 1|- ul|uu rlnxm. vulntlvllhlii

 

17

 

 

A mute reminder of those 333/? in June, 192 when Talent,
Swept olefin by a shixgle roof ccni’lagr:.ti*n, ’..-'-‘.‘£3 tlzroz'rn uron

“1" charity of the rest of the comm.

 

 

18.

 

‘V . ‘ I I, '

’ O

_ 'ooden shingle roofs functioning as fire spreader: in the Atlanta conflagratio

 

 

  

' ..V , ' . "
n O » 7'
1 , ‘ ~ I;
. , , _
,1 .
_ ‘ I. . O ' a
O A . \ 7’ .
" '." ‘ u . . .‘p ‘
. - p
-. -. .7 ; e ,, ' _ ‘ -. -.L _
“' ’W‘ .4 e ' . ‘.- ‘ .' ;.-
‘l. n/. - ‘-’ ' " ‘ o I ‘ '5 ' o

“\ vd‘he shinglecroofed building may at any time be responsible for scenes like this. w

e v

 

'ThPTW?‘ re '1 “”P';' vvvnr citi-‘fi if“ EYM"VniWr‘d "ir‘tes 131 t

w *hcir cnrhfir"te

LJQ

Trfihi if TM“1°G c °'cc°en rtfica‘Tce vfi‘}:

liuitF, in firder tn Trotect 310KVG1 P” Pr‘m Ce ‘rfietifih.

3111;“ the

Table of Cities in Iifih1"an Iro;
Use of Hooden Shingles

..OOCOOOOOOOOOOOOGOOOOOO..OOOOOOOOOOOIOOQO..OOOOOOOOOOOOO000.000..

:fame of city :P 3ul 510“ :Date of idoptién: Porcezthee of :
3 2 3 : Feriirs ?ertitted:
:OIOOIOOOOOOOOOOzOOIOO0.0000:0000000000000000:00.00000000000cocoon:
: : : :.Srdinur3.:.fire....:
:Alle"¢n : e10 : Jan. 1, 1?76 : : :
:Bzzttle Creek : 36 ,“HO : J"n. 1, 19“0 z: “5 : :
:E‘y City : 47',5 O : Sort.1°, 10“1 : ”5 : “5 :
:C d111 c : 9,724 : Bert. 9, l?96 : 10 : 20 :
:Cheboy~:n 2:: 6,550 : Tfiy 19“6 : 9” : 2. :
:Sru3+ 7t. “brie: 1°,““6 : Tab. ”, 1“"1 : : :
:"'.en] no : -- z “119'. 1, 1.9”75 : : :
0 0 o . o :

0"O'OO'OIO-OU-'UI-v --oo- IOI'DD'ID'OIOIIOOOOOUOOIOOOOOOOOOCC0..

1“- (11‘ 1 ta .'~~.",(l " ‘ r: ‘1 r. ' ..1 *0 qr)
.LeLJK—L—- L.) <_'..{.. ...’lu.'CU.l..‘s.'lO.LL O-.'. ‘ {a

Slate Shingles

Esta

O

: It1.: Basie: Diff. : lowest : Glowi g : Tire :
2 To. : Itl. : lines : Tffeetive : Th1 t : ‘rint :
: : : : Tesrerstvre : : :
:ooaoo:ooaooo:ocooecc:one... ......3......6..:...oo..:
: : : Pine 2 5”“ fl : 1-°”“ : Hone :
: II - Pl"+e: : n : O z :
z 2 : ”“0? f 5“““F : 19°? F : Yfine :
o co oooooo ov- .- .. Cal!'OOOCOI"0...’O.............

Biscussion:

Blue sl te is scueuh3t hsrier than grey slate, it does
not chip q its as easily, and will stem 3 hsrfcr blow wl-n
grey slate.

" 0 f‘. 0“. U *
lzter s ten: rs are of abett 410 , is 3331191 to tre

sl‘t; h erfickiig noise can he hehrd, which is crused by

the expsrsion of the slate. This causes the layers of 9 ate
to separate vhieh is semevh t ‘estructive to the shingle,

nltfisurh it c rwot he decte d v t‘e human ere .

"tweet ’ Fine” ”nfl C39“ Slete

3t V‘rl“US temreretures

Else Slwte : Grey Slit
OOOOOOIOOOOOOIOOCOOOOOOIOOOOOOOOOOOOO00.000.00.000...O
Ifeat e feats it if CSOOF'eet of ants it is '110 ed

Pllo*ed to cool slowly : to cool slowly in air.
iAA Lqir. :

01.

Tops “0% P‘Tttfi” $59?
_ _ _ _ ‘ '1 I. .1 ‘ 'l ’. 7— ..-
“ILO;;C:;GL; 111 * 5: e;?. 4 e L
leetrovs tTe “t““eture "o
.ite trw Is we'y

‘11 1‘10 ‘6'; '3'} tor-."V1h .

a m ' - Q.-
“ 1e? t 'n tie

If eue1e.ed.‘ 21*xet r
does not shett er ei‘ fly
to pieces. The heat
re s the structlre we
tutti: mu 0:112”: totem}: it
with the finge"s.

r 0‘“...
. L)

a:3
J

'. U. I. .0 O. O.
C

’uenchin" the 3118 slate: .
11}:es it bre"k still :
es sier : o
8?0'5

? 9°“s e"ev. Dose “st : Tree's sore fist. "h‘tie
or c“ a“ ”in te vireev. ' 935 “rm"bles. Cam he hr'?03
3:051? 014.3 Fete a'79~."~'"7'm.r ' r?“ e"sil'f 1"‘It‘1'1 like Ti?1.'°0ft’f!.
r'fl'i'fif‘wre, :

..J
z
D
J
J

I
1

Does not shutter or : 1e12 e; 11 r to " T " 0 3y
CT?C:- but breeks very . : to z r” tew :"ree.

e oily wk n geenehed in :
vetei. :
123:0?

Ker.t destre"s et:cv.et— : Heat Ce :trfyr tie streeture
ure. Starts to shetter : Lore than it (Woe t 0 time
19 ntzea‘ehed 13? 1'"'e". : slrite.

Lees nit shstt e‘ vfen : 7?.ttters o 'te s tit vhen
cooled in TlT, eeC flees : fluorehei. Sees Efit shftter
not Ere”? very e.sily. : when eoeled iv sir. fiveth
Just a little bit r"sicr: efisier thin en unhe tee “iece.
than on u1he3ted rieee. :

t A“

A )

14
”steifle "“33 tr We ”firth eliwhtlv trcvr in
1? O‘TPT- 309" “of : 03103. The l'yers «ever fie

ch~1*cr W‘er nenlrfi 1w - viap~~ tr 3 ewe? etiefl ave
‘- .1? ht‘?t+ev" ‘11:“. 6.5- : t~.~r\eu\_. w-v-r‘ p:e.-‘ :..4;-311 INOl‘C

”’“TIF' f be? r“? neh

Kent does rot 3} tte' test 3h:
tse blue sl te. :11 ttei‘s e<ze ii; ,
finite a lot when .1eueled Lp stfi .11: ‘

18030?

0“ F .. r 3" J. ‘ V _ _ , “.1 1. . -, . _
eeelumzzz Cli is) Jit. 3.3 t e: ”1 or 1" thf't- e
Turns very day; brown in. heatea “me tuvne o‘*k
color. {hitters vhofi : in ,olOT. le9 all to Tirees
9, _ _ ‘l‘
quenened. : rues CflCJCQ.
O
O

a

the better 01 t1-

J
O
C?“
_ 4
“ 4
‘3
T53"
H0
9.4
r-)
C L:
3‘.

Slfl’t’e 15 :01: Illfiece .i'ev‘f e‘—*enSiY]elv tnf‘nw’f Alt-:1 {3‘ Ivor-"i_-..

mete3191 fer 639111339 bee wee A? its e treve “eifiht ,

w’ieh 0”713 ““3 etr~v~ wee” etvwcfvre.

fin 13339 33e‘1teet re? 3&2761333 913+e 13 used 331-
veyrelzy, Leezuee these builein e have a stronw, ftfirdy
roof atrueturr.

Q

Slate is an euselute Tire yroef metef'el 33L has a

IV}
[J

9'!

C :33 A ifieurenee rating. 019 e" the diseaV' tapes of a
slate roof is that it 13 a are t eleorIe1t of heat, which
if on a dwellirg causes an extyemely high ten erature

1

within the hune due to r~313tien, while 1“ a 13? e

buildizg the effect 13 net 30 339 t Teefiuee or were
circulation.

£38 335 we tte“ h3ve "Ten‘vteTv 3o atteet an rl3te.
33 171391r3tien 33n313" thie is n? tfie Kinw'e Colle3e

in 5331 re *kfieh has hvo e rlefe Ton? en 1t TOT 033?

5" yerrs 331 shim roof 1? Still if yer est cchitien.

I
w.

\-¢.

fin fioofixg

Data

I
O

.00co00000009000000.0000.0000000coo-coo
: Itl. ; Carlo ; Biffevent : 10w 3

: 30. : Ttl. : Iihés : Effective
: : : : Terp.
'ooocoo:coo0.00:0.loo-OIOOO‘OOOOOOIOOO.
O O O O

2 : 2 “1ain : 15“ 0*

: III : Tin : :

’ : : "a?v~*1ved: 1'““““

c .
.

. 4.

l

.. - x. u.

of Sheet iron and c ating tiem with tin

. u n.‘ , g n . ‘ -‘ I.” .P I
lZlug vulcn is L y; a; glRC.

I
\ .3 ~11
.L...J.L

coatimg

.5

in water urt’l a temve“a+nre 02
”~e b‘we
+he¢e

cnvfi”« ac ‘9? ~?9 fr“?

or 'f‘vwriz l 31?

trod by tuhin

.,- 1,-6 3-3,-

.

(‘71 0...: -'n‘:.~ I. o
?oint :
c

o

. O U . . O . . . :
3

1'! :- '~ 0-5, .

0., L-' .

n :
_3§“'T ’

or elre by

¢?nf¢ n'reur
Pvfitw H"? en +0
+he

(‘ m (x 9“
L. c '- u \o kl

n "-

'I u‘

0."

t in

0000.00.00
”Cltirr
‘nint
0.000.000.

a
fin! ~1~-v-1
.3 .

a.

" 00°?

0.0.0.0...

layers

rulvan-

*Hrm,the tin

shew-t iron.

0

(‘4.

w‘ a_ >. 45‘ V '0 4s» .5 , ‘ 4' ‘ ‘1 1"1_ __0 1' y ‘
t x r' 1‘ :t to .14 001‘. is up; sheet; mm. ..u.L.:.;:_ 2..."; r4

, 9n -. R‘ -fi ~ -
meltibg POLLt o; abo t
P”??? " N1 firs: fin "1 TD ‘ 1"“ - fl 1‘. r”? '7; 71 ., 4° '3‘ PM}
.r‘o ~o-- 01 t) I V‘ ‘1- ---L.’.;JVCJ- y'- 00:]. do‘j-t_-l k.) CO. -|."oJa(A-G-L- 0‘ U0 lJ Lou‘—

:- ." fl..- —-‘._ n n... 'L - : ‘m ' I -~‘L-!.“p
absoluue lire-4300* roc¢_ r I» -a.os a (122v d THL&;fi

6‘

Ft

2')
do

—*Sflr”?cc co 393193.

4he reasor why eve does not ee Tore ‘etrl roof? in

m

beams»? of 13:70 81* Or ylnfz‘y nature Of the #:7'e'izzl,

9&6 also beemn"e 0? 1+9 evaehe hfivh cos .

A

'we Eva itflhr ‘1+f1e e‘vfivfl_ H* v fi= 6T” r 1v~r1xmwi r00?
for fhp "5 ~19 We fi“w ¥hv* +Hn 0“ +iw~ a? *1? a“ rfiIVTNTEG
-: .. .L “.23: . -.\:_ +‘.-,‘ - ._ \_ ,r .331 . y- --_- ,.,

LPG" 3”L fiaai"- If n M? r1? yer. r,\¢ ;. 0 Eva 17;

~v n fihenicsl
s-‘a r“ r-m ' '3' "A : '-"-“ c -'~ - ~ -- «v " r-*~fi ~ ' ' -- - '» ---- -
l;o¢e¢ , ox1asab; eggs less g“ mm 4 ifiug tin. aogs‘;vcmtly

it -nkes a fiiigitl; better roofing pgtefiial.

(I!
0

Results and Iiscussior of 4.

C110 toofing

0.0.0.0...0.00.00.00.00...O...000...... 0.00.00...
0 o o : z z
t fitl. : 35910 : 10Ve¢t : Clnwifin : ‘0] 3 N :
z ”o. : ‘tl. ~ “frec+s e : Thint : ”aivt :
: : ' ”an”. t : :
:Ocoooozuorooo'lozooc-Io.O000:0...090.0:0000000000:
: : F““€d : A : : :
: I? : Cw'v : 1’4””? : 1"""" : Tfine :
.01000-0 no. 0' 0 can 0 a... or ..I.‘O.........

'-~ O
Id“
('3
L
..J
,L..:
ro-
J4
\
3J0
-\
A
O O

The tile roof is not affeciefi by Ee t or by 1192231 3
it in wa or, until a ter;c*aturo of about 14000? is
reiched. At trig tcxycrature the tile furrs a fcw ShfgCS
darker if color, bra doveloycs we or tvo haiv crrblr.
“uenchixg thw tile at this te:fernture 0003 not have ayy
effect on it at all.

it o fe“*erature of lfin“°* tie tiIe tenfis tn era T
QUi‘P n Int “rd nvnrc*‘ W it cnvwos "fire rd lfirver or his.

I‘
'+ 1nnn “ +19 +:~» "a;
- . ' . ) X!

+
a
a
.L
(D
J

nwrfipm n? crflc’s
PPG ””£¥3"37““65 {V‘ 0““1 **=<*ir C“‘*f° k¢ Tw*”?ev v9 1’

e 81‘? fifil the fir ers. TLcn g“€57hed in Tater the tile
brefi s into lrrgc jieces, hid-emu he Lrnicn %cri e wily

r'x' C’ -" .' .‘ a... .. .. ".1 - . u.
it ZUQO F 136 tile t;rLuJ to a VGJJ u'r color, bdt

A
h

(T)

 

did not break iato jiCCCT, althoufih a sfiir't tor c pref
the tile to orirbls. 5nexohix: a wood tTC file to Two
Qfiite fiLQTy.

T119 :3 roo¢inr VW+PT591 that ‘? Poi ~ out o” d"tc no
9 onvnvirw *or h" en. If is 9&171 used or 1 rwe “Tahiteot~

trfi‘ ?73’P"~¢ f a o“ r*flo‘Ob‘e er‘e t ”or vrtistio

vnr**sefi.

a builaiyw to benefie very warm witgix o: a hot gar: ? any
(age to "Caiatior of tie roof.

’Fe his no of?eof 0* a tile roof, it “at“ rtott the

S 3‘6 nf‘ fils?"t-E’ in? 131“? res‘veot.

 

Tesults ehd Tiseuseiots of To. 5
“Sthslt ’oofin"

DQ'tho

coo-no. Intent-40.0000loolouuoooou:9---OOOOOIOOCOOOOOOCI
:‘th: i32sie :; eltilmt : Ilsss. : Tie: :
:10 , ; 1111,13 , : 1- 0111.1: : ' Oil-1t : Z oint :
3 3 i 2 3 3
zoooo)oooooooooo'..ooooo.o.oooooooocooo:ococo...-=oooooi
: : : : = 3
g : F9115 : : : 3
g ; As1hslt ; o g o g o :
: v : Crushed : 2350 1?. : 615 1?. : 665 :1. :
: : R0015: : : z
: : Cork : : : :
: :Grsphite: : g -
‘OOOO:OOOOOIOOOO:OOOOOOOoozoooooooooooozooooooococoonno;

Discussion:

There are a are t sanv Fit°erent kinfie of eosmesition
or asrhe‘t roofless on the merket to ”y. The chief in:—
refliemfls sf on Perh"‘t re fins meterisl ere as halt and
Eifelt b Fe. The fur ese “f the felt is to hold the as-
Ifluxlt in glass and to make the roofing mxteriul so that
it (tan be h.ndled easily.

23rery eoxgsny that manufactu“es ss;hslt roofing h‘

C)

HOdified or sales something to this roofing material so
38 to eels his froauet sell better than the other Tel‘ovs.
Some Cd'the moaifientioxs or edaitirns have benefited the
TOOfiquumteriel eonsideembly, while others have been of
“0 VT‘lue whztsoever are only used to trick or deceive the
'Nflflilc into tuyin~ this rrriiewl"r w terinl.

Chqe “t the Fest cows“? es Felt ro“finv Wflt6?1RIS on the

 

market tndey is the oemweeitien re fins covered with

‘

ie~

1

crushed roe? W: is nsnn“v celored in order to vet
away frns the tire? 0’1"? A? vs halt.
First I will n.e1ver to show or tell some of the

effects of this psrtieulsr kind of roofing raterisl.

Test of Rock Covered Asyhslt Roofing Yet ris .

ZdOOF.
The material was 0.1. at this temyerutu e, exeeTt

that it became slightly soft and pliable. 3 person

could V'll on it witheut serious lsmsre being done,

but it would not be edvisnble.

n
ORA *9
I4 . O

‘

The e urbeo rec" does not revs, but the 33“hs‘t comes
n: thrvuvh bet e n the ‘srtieles of crushed reek. It
this terjerutu e the first signs of dam ye secured,
'which were not extrehely disastrous. The ssteriel be—

cmie quite soft and Elisble, but if allowed to lie flrt

‘ I

'3_ 1V

z:3d.not moved or bent the roof would still be TTCCtiCi
Sis good as it was originally.
2600?.
The crushed rook still does not nove but lerpe drors
of gprrajt nnme uv throveh between the vertieles of rock
fi
"'71" :1.
The stores 'eve or shitt e lit‘le “n9 the "s?3"1t h9-

"ins to run.

rm. .u
-he as:

1.8.5.1121;

seysrste to ruite a

Asrhslt and stone
of the sasrle. Sore

over the test

isrhslt srd stone
but a portion of the

""1116.

The ssjhelt and

leaving only a few

All the ssrhslt

of the t st s'trrle.

‘V (h - 1 (-4
s o .’ . ‘ ‘
(L J . surjlfs>
c“

C‘ 1'8 ..-.!lO"."I1

sor*le.

“f lhifl

99C“?.

‘4

-nslt and stone run but most of tie
in the s-ngle Lnder test.

degree.

3 .1-AOF .
still run
o

540 F.

still run

of the stone remains

the stone swim

te"rerctnre the e “*‘e ignites and tree‘s

1:11‘-te?.'i:".1
in bzeh fioelet cf thesis.)

st he re-

The yhrtieler of stone

but move very s orly.

and collect at the edfie

Shrinkled

edse of the trst s rrle,

at the center of the

all run off the s #110

1

:led nerr the center

irto

ft v ricus to r;rsture3

hp
{1' 1'.

.!. 1
t!) gave 8.

Quencllin" the test 23:21'13103 do: :1: :tot 91111:;
greet deal of effect on tlem exce t to lever tie teet-
ersture and hole in yosition or look in ricee the eerbblt
and crushca rock. This type of roefing meteriol does not
absorb hardly any heat and the swell emovnt tTdt it does,
radiates of” into the air very roridlr.

é earrle tkot hoe been on tRe roof for rbout tventy-

five veers looser 91’ the erwshed rock coverin~, lehvinr

only the srt"v"ted Pelt with e tPin contin' 6? nethelt on
tot of it. This eli PW?”3¢ is not effected by l"? to??-
e: tures. it ebout 43 of. little particles of as halt
begin to ooze out of the felt base, but this tezjerstu 0
does not injure the sunglc nearly so Inch as it unulfi have
heé the senile been of ne“ material. is the temyeriture
rose nore anr more of use osyhelt e no to tfie svrfnce end
broke into flame at sto“t 67007., which is tfie sore tenf-
ereture thet a yiecc of the new materiel U0117 Love is-
nited.

”n old reef ‘Pn “ith‘ n” the he“t with o't injury a
whfle let be" "‘1‘1' "hen '1 new rec?" Cnn until the fire T‘int
is re eTrd. Corsifierire V~ t‘rrin* conditions tno“~h an

ole roof is not Chitt so ennJ es a ne” 'ne for it is
subjectqd to destruction vesy easily Cue to in: enterrel

forces.

The Cary Cork-insnlsted Asrhult Shirrle.

t

The Cory cor7—insnlsted s ingle is an esvhfllt ski gle
CO‘fff‘TCd with crss’nod rec}: tree’s (1 into the zs ‘51:".lt, lui
the sdfied tentsre “b““t this shirele is tlst it Has a

co er‘nN or P? “r“ eo“* or ‘llfsshie e? tte shinsle th“t

rest" next to tke roe” besrflt.

Test of 'he Cork-lie Z ted isgfialt Thingle.

0 III (7",2 A].-.

Sterting Wits a tcnye stare of ab at uOr 1. the sz.rle
remaineé in perfect cord'tion, while with on orainsry
crushes rock coverea shingle, the crushes rock and ongslt

J

would he's all run off th surfhee o? the s

.
i

Lihé‘le .

it 3600?. the shingle becrme soft and ylieble but FOt
damage& at ell. Tove rr it was too soft to we’? vaon or
bend.

ft 4f“”‘. 1"v-v'r'ticelr1-'1 o? es “alt cvwwa11r thro~r51~tle

crus7r€ ree* vrfi *kr etiw ‘9 Fee" r very soft end eliob‘e.

it E”‘ '. tie e“ e’ef rec" rnn es ne‘t r“n oi' t7e ed~e
of t?e slim 3e deitroyinr tie outside surface. This sTinrle
ignites st about 6650 . rhieh Seems to be the five yoint
of blown esnhslt.

f", .N'IQ-O '9 ' : ‘ . a V '\ V“ '6 -‘..-‘ ‘~ .. Q ~ « . .— A ~‘ . 0-
..ile means QCt'll‘Ol‘S C'-J?3;L‘.;-.C.L.L .L CI‘ 1:46 COI‘.:--.E.- .S' ‘ L Cd 9...]..5710

0

fi'
(3
“2’.
3
0

1":
2

is that they claim on 3 rats winters Cay, w?
are c vered with snow, he snow will remain on s cork-

Klstei roof longer tlun on an cmfiinery ee“ielt feof,

p.
{3
C]

due to the insulatinfi proyerties ff the cork, vhieh i

J

to keep the heft within the louse from redihtis~ out

'0

through the reel. This of course is

t
extent, but the smocnt of cork insulhtion on the~e shin-

gles does not prevent enc sh he=t from eocsriap, to

comrcnsete for the siftetence in price of this shingle

frnm an Ordiretv netholt shinsle.

0

It is trre th t c ‘or"e ero”n* o* he t is lost due

to r"di'ti n th?fifi"h the rc‘” 6” 8 d 8‘11“”. Us?

71
OMB

No

CYTPrieente sh“? thvt one of the newt in the ever *9

home is lo t due to radiation through the roof, use 60;

of the remaining 40% is lost through the side rolls
winds 8, 'Ld loors. The remainder being £1803s6" by
the thiigs in the house and by the circulation 0* she
currents.

The types of ssgholt shirgics or roofing m t rials

sir

that have been fliscuesed so for, take s CliSS E inrurence

retina.

The Cornerclnd fhfinflle

This s‘l‘flir‘v'le is 1n reholt shire ‘le with a. felt bk: 0.

but ineto d of teinr coveree with cruzhed rock as tgor

previo sly discussed, it is CQYGTLQ *ith a very til?
coating of coyper which is put on the ester tof felt

electrolysis.

‘ie

A.

'7"?
0,1, .

Tests on the Coppereled Shinele

The stincle woe rot etfirctefl of 43009. excert th-t
1t hecnwe so t "he rliehle. fit 4FG'V. the eerholt

st'rtef to core not oi +he pelt on the bottom ride of

tie rkih~le. it 48“”?. the Shlfi’16 hecere very ro¢t ?
and fuckered up at the center; asyh it ran out of the i

felt. The eghyle was not caxegee very severely as :3: I
as weather confiitions Vere concerned, but ifl‘ green
coloring on the 003:0? was scorch a so b Ely that it
turned Trovn one eyeilea the looks of the shinrle.
it 5400?. he eorhelt still ran out from underneath
the eoryor coyerirg and the green color on the correr
turned a very dork brown. 1 root at thie testereture
ve"ld In“? territle enfl ch hoes are we 1c fiovelop a
few rinor lec‘e. it Fann“. necr‘y fill of the nethelt
cvre o‘i o” ‘he telt "r3 thr cotter coverioe curled uh,
l-evih~ the felf (r. ‘hr veenirinc veih ‘t or need.
it 6700?. the 1’1337.‘“"1O trole into flame. rIhe eel‘h'it
end felt hurnefi but the eoyjer covering did not. The
coyper coating tezk on e ooeieci eorfer color but did
not htve any holes in it, even after beir~ quenched in
water.

This type of shingle voila make a very "oeC roefine
material if it Weon't $0? the low melting point of the

eerholt. It is the only es h it etircle th t takes a

Cl“?* 1 ir'n'” ee ratinv.

One of the big otjoetions to this tyre e” roefixc rat-
eri;l is the outre5eone cost of it as come-re: to the cost
of other roofing n teriels on the fififJCt. This :2.

hos been on the m rhet but e short tire, so cr‘eeerertly

1

very little is known abort its 01ercet riot one

proyerties

T1g1n igwhqlt rantir~ “sterisl

T‘ein rsvh*’+ r“ ”in" is ”“58 V“ “f Q 7“??? 0r f91t
S”tnr ted fine Cfiverefi V’ih F“h it. t acts liie R71
011 r esjhiltic m teri l exceyt that it will C'teh on

J. «r V >‘. 'fl '. H as. 0" ‘- -‘ -': u v. ”I“ — .- -.: w .
lire fun: llylhi, "Mr--. :3. great :1.te 1:11.11..- 1‘ (Li-:1 e 7111‘

..-

.mlt roofisg, 1:21iel1 is :roteetec by heme
uncr nbestible material. This kin e of roofinfi n teriel

a: s a Cl es

C)

in surrnce r‘tizg . 1 he cos. t of it is

I 0 ,fi

Very chore-.11, therefore {it}. 126‘: ’3'7'?”I'"”11 on ”011113 1317?: 2'._-‘5ere

it is not prohihited or 1"here the e is very little
Geneer of ii 0. The Veeiherire Trererties c"'6 this tyre
rootinr referiel eve very roe” consider’rr the rrice,

but the feli row» ac+ w1~vv+cg r~1+n r~r111y with ”we and
1f ynt vi"~r u r v neetjvw «r we halt "mite often, teeores

‘ 1. . V1. A " . . .3 ....
fleetroyc" 1r {Le ”tree 1 the 11pm.

on

01‘

be

whinrles from Gtijkinf to

ar“lipfl to tho root.

11 J. . .0 . 1
Halo 3001135 is P

(\‘fihu
hid-AX -.

11oz“ (300101 thoroughly, fl‘fIfC
*e surf con to heat

(3n ‘1
IL.‘4 I

" .

tuctuyed Rafi

of 5r5 kit»

a

ofh r befé'

Jay. '30 ('2‘.

‘hey Gin

loint and Lire leint of Blown 3231 it.

The 2:220 in 1301:1311‘ ’

and fise goi2t of blown e

smallest ,1 aueti n tl't

the electric qunece Uwe

sueh a ehort rampe. Cone

éete W“S needed to ebee‘

uU‘e 1etveen the neltizr
Sfihelt is not very Creat. The

eeulC: 1e aeen‘ete y we z‘Ccd on
20°r. which vvs quite Tide for

eqnertly 2220 eeeUUeie l r tory

-nfi eerv re 1h“ 293 its whieh

Vere ~14“12“6 12 ‘2e e‘eetrie *UUwene.

Teltiv‘ ““124 Tort by i

The eofteuéifi of Eitnx
place at 20 aofinite Ioze2t or tem3cru1u e. 'C
peUetuUe rises, they 52 @2211

from bUiH le 02 o2ce a:

m teriel to e eo?ter 32a

reason the fletermin'tion

1

me xin~~erd- ell Ye Zed

'-.\,. 1. H l ..L .
. ‘: - ;_'A
l»- ‘.1 ..L: TA L; \.

*Jo
f.)

l: rcicrfllly idkos
*he tem-
r gnu i13erceftilly chem e
1.51-3; 13111011: 121111 5:--o -710 i117?

lees vireous liquid. Tor this

of the goiteniry 70int murt Te

made ty 3 fired, Ubitrery and elorely defiwcd method if

the rerulte o‘iojnefi owe
The 'v" 2U ‘wwe etell.'1“

. 1
(“) A FUUUF U “~ :.87

in Te more Ueb’e.

22121 of the folio 122:

F71

/8 in.) in iveifie

.' ”w, (
A‘ ...

ii“reinr .3) 6,73 pp, (‘/A n.) deer: thiEEHGSS of V1211,

is ible v-riatieh on inside

diameter are tiiek2e2: e? Uivw, 0.95 n:

[W
27.

(O.T1 12.).

This Idjurrfiv 11 1e fittV‘hpfi 111:1 eenvenie2t r 12 EU te a

To. 15 n & f nwpg bvaen ”129 (61 meter 1.79 2%.

--n,h?nfiin.)

(b) ’ 5tn91 1n11 9."? 22. (?/8 12.) in Pifiwet r

c 1..-, - c. ’1 5: ._fl H ~ ‘
1261.5va 7.0" or“. , A. a, , ff» ,m

(C) I NIvU" ver 9‘, “ *Ut‘e 0: heifi‘

thin 8.5 (31:. (3.574 in.) in tiarcter :22

(4.13 in.) in Ceyth from the boitem of the fibre. (L 0 Dec.

beaker, 10% Term, 20 ts this refitirexe
(d) A thermometer which eh ll 002T

*eeifie*tiezz::

Pam

H4.

Diametcr00000000000000000 000000000006.

Bulb length0000000000000000000000000014

TH1.1.1) G’L"FGtQ-~... 00000000000000.00000é

The 52262 11*22 25511 he

at 7c“2t 7F :25. 'b‘ve 5kg bei1 r: a? th
't l - ).. +~ {gn- M . I 4 5'1 A r‘ «O M;.\_fi,
6 u ' C IL L 9 1., -\' 15 ‘ 11 L \ ¢- 1.0 I r..- A.

27-

P3
Q]
C)
”3
C1
.57?
0

Li}.

Che thsrxnret r shall 10 lgrn’waad
(3121117102 at the to: h vs 3:22;; for
It “‘111 1:0 12-110 of? e. suitsble rsurillty
annealefl as zot to ch 250 its re: d'“”9

‘

of use. It shall 10 correfit to 0-7755"7

:3".

arm to the 201101123

Btfll length0'0'00'00000.000000000000370'400 ET. (14057-15075")

5-7.5 xx. (“.“56 e .955')
nm. (7.55")

50-5.b m. (O.177-O.TlV")

'. The ?°° m 2k shall be

1111'! 7:2 . Che 1. .031 712th

..2w 1, 1. u4_
{Ell}. -0 Let (3:311

.
I...

th an 021223 :2
btfin'lf" ters.

or 212?? iffi so
under the eenéitions

as .ete2mine6

9.44_x‘t‘¢! _- A 1 AA A!

by e r? wievn at full 1 “arrien Tith a Piril ? tier-

- . . -, ‘-_ .v (“.4 ‘__-_ 4.1. '1 -‘=-—-..—.- -..- t. .12. ". ., ‘,. .0
monetar e liyrwupd an Ldgl ¢ugLf113n Ly .“e flu,c u e;

Sf‘rigrds.

{MT‘ 1‘ f -‘- 1, " -'- 1 s- ..v-f .J- o. n r‘? ~~ - I -.

.-‘g “ 8-..‘,Il_._ .10 Eel._‘.ll 139 LC 1 uCCL. {41¢ f, x. iffCu. t -OI‘C‘ ...' 3.12,? ,
avcifiing iaeor;orafiisg air bubllee i: the 3 er, tnc
4-" r-x-W . 01 '9‘ 1 I! r}: Lian -n '71:? (5 ..fl 4L0 15—,(117' _ has, l-u-p ., (‘f-v w‘
UA-\._ J. nymvtt. —1\.'o Lsxx. 41..-..‘J $.40 ~ 1.) b ..rt «10 =.,-- (.___1- L.‘n~ Mn

C‘eling. Che Tiflf, vhile bein? filled, “to la reef on a
brass ylate “hieh h s veer avely‘wntca to r“evexf fhe
bituyinnue materiel frem “uh rive to it. ffter eonliflr,
Hie 9"097‘9 r- *‘m‘iwl FINN]. "9 0‘1? "N" '1‘ef1n1y 1111.211 9. Clif’hf-

1v hrn+rd ”wire

0

A
K b

.I
. 'J

~J
5-3.
..Q.
9.10

V'F“ ’“*‘r1e‘9 H” fr" Sortevine Thinfe 80°C. {176“T.)

freenble the av: ritue a: shovn.1n Gravinw. Till the
glass vessel to a Legth eutateztizlly 8.25 cm. (3.95 in.)
Tlih freshly bgilea, distilled water it SOC. (41°?.).
Ilaee the hell i? the cefiter of the urper surf ee cf the
bituuen in the rim” afia susrend it in the w far so thft
the lower surface of the filled $133 is cxvetly 2.E£ em.
(1 in.) above the bottom of tin glues vesrel and its
ufiyer eurfeee in 5.98 cm. (2 in.) telew {3. surface of the
weer“. ETTn” 5* +fi weevin in {he veter for 15 min. before
r1“~’y!r1" he 1‘. 'Wufi“rr3.41'e '}i“‘T*V'Pf57‘ so 1%: t tIN?'bot-

{*HR 0* ihe FTflT‘ 5P 1*“6” 5'? be F“+**Wn ”f fhe TIN”'PTK1

I'iikiiz O.€V”f ark. (Tlfi’ i ‘.) Ixjt xwvf tfvtehirwv t}ue rirtr.

Aryly -he he It in such a minner th t tfie tevrereiure

...
'—J

I-

1‘1111’0.

me tether tuta'e ”steered Ivy {he 1:? ertvzernrstrsr 0’: tie int 1'1"
the biifiLfi*1ovs‘rW'terio1.*rTweLee 4’43 Iott;1n o“ *fiL‘V¢1“P"
v0"?e1 "1'11 Le “evovt P ~P Th“ ro9teniw~ roint.

'"?e~ T" ‘5 _"" vi '0 '~” '*”*1‘PW”‘+11 n SFr 11 “e ”Tni "oven r1-d
SRP‘T re* re "Y01“'zr flier he Te~1ed e“ ih
:9xi:um Tvrritrille V‘T1“ti“n ’nr 3 Hi Mu e T Tied fifter
the fir t tL?ee ngll be 0.5 c. (c.e°?.). ”11 tee s

in which the rate of ?138 in t0h:fi?‘ifl”0 era: is iheee

11:3.tsrh311 Te rejected.

r—«c
.. 4
O
C}-
(D
O O

.+wo.d aut’or-

L0

The Committee on $0913 axe Inves
1203 the uee of e: QT“:ratue th t permiir more thin one
rinr to he Tl:ce& in Tonitien Po th“t fro or L““C firjlee
mt" 79 PH“ in " 313~1e over“t1on.
The fl“+e “h‘eh “ r 'T+”f< 8 Prev This ie”t rrefed Th t

"‘ ‘ ' '.‘ 1 L ‘ ' \ 3 . “ 'i' V!" ’- ." ! ‘ ‘ I‘ ~‘ '. -‘ 4
+pe v e 1:9 o ~*-:w ? T. 79¢ vie Pawn *r fece ui.e

or {he blown MP*h-1* ob—

‘3
L3
(‘3
v 3
:3‘
3
J
)4.
I:
4
J
‘5

“re“ my oLeam‘v; ‘irn of the diff.rent cejh 1t: 0 roe 1K3
P"t“_~(l that v,re tcsted in the electric lfl??¢”“. {he
ueltinr Toint of blown as.hfilt oeeurea a nuttrr o? tiree at
erprori: telj 2500?. Chi: eTeehs very eioeely The 3 t~ ob-

tained in the laboratory.

4-0.

 

 

 

 

 

\/

Brass 19!an

‘9/ Thermomete r.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

EZ;_E :——;'—::3:;— G/ass Bea/(er:
:E'“ CE":: : 24.”:

 

 

Eng} 51‘ and

 

”78/15/177 Pol/71‘ 7&5ter.

V ‘fe f1-e

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T w '1 1., . -.

LLSiCe a1: ete

r'\ a 0 :: .' - .e .

“JD.- SlLC (-1.3. OH-O 1'

Io“ '1 1- .‘u‘

I118 12- 3 118:}. 5r .LLt

ri'r- O '1..." _n -. _o____g_

422.10-“? CS 0.}. fOub~

‘ n "0 :1.- 1 --~ .

;ept; o; ill¢L **
O

S. 1“ 5- .t a }. 1
“rd 0* 5
T1 ‘6 s?

boare 1/5

:91?

.
\- J

the

eubestos be

betel pie

use of a
per.itte‘

131‘7-‘551

dfiftfifi

(-31 1'... n

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r- r. J“ m, r- ‘ 4‘ ‘\
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le“el P4 *he

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t3‘e1-1' fi?‘1f“+|'l't‘§c r-1I‘.Sl‘o '

Terwt?

' 9

1T

. «VP ‘1‘?"
JM .'. a

5‘

.inveter, E‘t aye ter Than stem.

* w 4:?” ~—-2 r a .1-
.' .Ct ‘01-]. ‘- .u‘: , 1.1 ‘MLL: .L. 8-1-‘01‘.~o?3' .

- 1 , 0....
£303 to 760“-.

'L": ~-, . «(a o
4\‘ "- J g

,-
-‘k’

"r envellv 93118119

In ereien: One inch. Che words "l—in. in region“
7 7 J- 7 - 1 - ~ -- '1 :5 .- ..,..". .7,
snell De 0 630$ 01 tee stem 3g also a lene 5:” g; tge

'24
H.

stem to in;

“J J.
.UJ. uO t

St'LCC

0: TDD.

version.

1b: 4? to 5FF5.

Tiet"nee to 7690 line from to“ 0 91cm: 89 to 4’ n3.
T5316”: Ti? open firs.
TOT T‘W‘Sh: P64 'TQqC r17".
CreCnr*i : £37 ‘ “or ”1‘"“e* n3 7effeTS 07err ett and
Cie‘iwc+.

T 19 ”?’C' Eel 5° Sivisierf.

Serle vuxqa'efi ere ; 200, the fir t t d e'eh ewe cedars
00?. line to Le 10:;e: then the oil "r.

q _ ' -
.c"'3”"":’ 'rr‘fl'.
..u '-. o s A v---

7'! c.
“for at any

a t

-.'o
x.
u‘ '

o e-h"’ s fil‘r°* "n ‘0 i ‘31
"er4 ”fl? *6‘ "F WT‘ A” v

to ° in'"e~ftfire fl‘ 7‘ .3 Ib'
19 Within the 1-5.2.411: 3300152161..

n r- n’.) \r-G
certilicztionz @20, 2 w , 4L”

1.
b

, ‘\ --. -. v-
Tne 1:416; 11.01.13

vcrtic:l rositic; by way sx

of the bfilb shall be i in.

or shall be Si

of JChe 011p, {111-3- {above a j‘oil‘t

nmd b ck of the cup.

The cufi. Shf'l] 1:8 f‘ille‘
such " rn“*e" fh" +“e {A*
fit €39 T1171?" ‘fi*c Pt ran?
tFe 01‘ sh"‘7 %6 ”Tee Tr*fi
oil "hove t?c fillir*‘?i;e
sraLus.

The test flan~ shall b:
in diametefi.

Iofie.-- for yurgoses cf

that a beaa of ruitulbc 11:"
in a co:vo:1cxt jds'tinn so
flare c n be dctcrnined. Th-

flnre r“y hp n” Dr? *”it’b*e

with tle

Fr.

' +9

hah

01"

fl
6.03:-

P.‘
.5 L

P" r‘ J" o J-‘.-
\.)t_)|) CIT:- ~r01nl 0.:

{he me igcnw 3
fi“erfl*five. The

m w..-
:‘efl. here Bu”

on the outridc

“roximatclr 5/

13‘77‘8, hut it it";

thrf t'r +iv be Pr rfixi~"‘nly 1/" in. (“.15“

fifiv*e*or Pf +‘v 0' .va ‘”‘ *

(~ ~7~ cw.) =r fii'*e%e°. I

the {983 flute ba nowrfed 1*

3‘ «L‘.

1

e tottcr

L217 way befvecn the cerfer

911 to he tostel in

ermgtly

Surface of

11 be r0

0

Ctr”ostcd

e Mmice ho 1/?“

e fe*ice f“? arerfit157

n-

wgwh & mnnrer 's

autoxatlc

fliC‘ ti

n of the sweep of the tebt are

fl . qt" 'I’: It ._.-, (a “W Q .
r elm .:o e 111: 51E311. ~ot lc—ee,tnzu1 6 in.
‘4‘ J." J’ .\ ‘n' s \ 'x -. 1 '7 ~ '- ‘-
TLB test 11110 rhall Lo er1llcc a? {n0 tez nr-twre
_ 41" IL- a —.- ~. - - 1“ q . r. ‘1' ~ —~
read on .le tLo1uonctor re chea 0 Ch successive 5° ‘.

It]? ‘I‘

A' 9—- J;.

m‘ n
+i—le J. 1:;

the cireu fer

r"
t

6 in.) r0109

to the dibret

4"? a *-

tefit e

011, le 1 t'
for tTe T sen

arwrfxt iteiy

r11,- “-L

00

1‘6 1"

t e 3; 91-311

The flush
re*d on the t
point on the

I fl‘ I! '
be 00111391 1

1‘ Le

3“]1.

' e

n

l" (‘I
L.’ .

|._, LJ

in

h
'. z

-1911 1a

(3."?

.-

V01-

fl
LLL-v U

emce u circle 13 a r’dius

the center of tfie cur anfl at rifiht

er Week's- tf':rn"v~h the flier‘rmr‘ete“.

while 1“”?in~ PCV0SS the surf 06 of the

1". e “4" tTe ‘1”‘8!’ e<"~'"e “v" the (min. The thee

%«

€- -" fie test 1‘1.” e (3108 the 0117‘ £251.11. W
1 sec.
. I:.9:..‘i‘i.'.i{‘f fie Oil 53119.11 b0 ”7-11:".3’113 ”:19

O

eafl on zeter

are than 11 T. 16? Ki”ute.

. ‘ .‘t .1 -. 4— ~ . a
1E1 U 3191] M t on t‘e te “n4“‘vrc
herroxcter v: n e flruh 21‘s rs “t :ny

49
!

0; 1E0 011. not

n
9- ’-' p- _
FA 33.1, J. 1 .PG

’

itn e bluifih hrlo t‘N‘t eo.eti:em enrrounfle

the test flv'e

.5". {‘4‘ (.‘r‘

Cfit'fl‘“‘€d

tert ”"“e 9‘
the 01‘ 1:115.

~1v~ +hp P1 ctfifi‘rf the he’ti“" Fb”11 he

tfc F’PCl’lPR ”"e, D“? Ovvlic“+1mr the

S

be fit the ereciflied interv J Urtil

'rfle

.d centiLues to b rn for ' peried o?

tengerature reid

I“:
L. I

S

be taken

(5:16!
1.4.1. A.

m.

,q..L.. .

1 31 sh roint the fire joirt

meée in a room or eexpartnent free from eir

thet the roar

d‘rtened surfiniert1y e0 th't the Plash r*y

penu+1we, the TallowiW~ reeific!

breethivg ever the surf ee of

or compartrent

itinn

« '3
(fl

bhall be

H
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613 . The

the
”re

0‘

be we'eily

Y‘Tf‘y

he erfiloyefi:

-e eLove, exeeyt th;t fl.eh cup Troper ch 11 be a
3-02. gill tyre can 5; cm. @151 etc” 1 3? cm. in deyth.
The can hell be heated in send bfith f L Cimmeter

1.7.
blgf

7. Tel. mtel’" 1; ice 1: of the can.

about ’ in. After placing the c n

‘J

SitiliL

shall be nfreed so as to eurrownd it

(107'131 o

(1‘
._,

In reportinv the test, re‘erence tell he

the yet’nfl Ufied.

Tie ? "11+v n1+e -v‘ ‘vaw W1 8 ‘e°‘ shew
fleeh wt n” 4*” ble'" T‘?‘1t '98 “t Fli“
fire 30:12:13 "rt 2",: 3.30 '. 1.1":1101’1 ‘15: Vit. 1:1 L0 T.

obteimed in Lhe ele t1le

1erheye due furry:

there ‘et

‘4. JU

fl

.. new“!-
xv

is always 10 ”euul error t

any e":eli er t th t 0:12:05 he 07

.‘t
Berth 04

additional

Slirht error L

0371;01 ‘3 1:1

to

1

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e “1116.

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to that

elven

the-t the

go,

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o? the results

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r11. . . -
V $140.11 {—.1r-tf..,

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Ply Sta/20’

F/06’A and fire foal/2t“ fgster

, ‘ " '9 I...‘ ‘ r“ -- 7“ . “J ’7‘ ‘. " ‘L I? >‘. A -’ 9 ra. t
iceulus 01 a 110w 1 so; ,laLe iirecuee .'.1uL

a is halt Stineie

'fTI.‘O"“'C zany man‘cf cturee o“ “9"E1f‘lt reafitvgw water-
inls cireviete eavertiemewte to the buvirt “fiblie “hieh
iWTFOVes a "rent feiTecv 1n heme? thet their trod et

rfrht te ~e+I“W~iz Q Vere etinrqivsiy'

The tw19”0? certainrd in one o” tTe eireilars is

a celered 3ictere of en asthult Slim le 00:0“03 Vith

P

:e fl :0 01 a bit? to"eh

. . _~. -~ 1 . - .' . 7 - ~

‘.'-"'"3 . '1 n ¢‘-1'~'~.r-«t .'-3 a

' 4'. I.).LJ.1.-ECL l ‘l—‘Ia: ’ L~ff v..‘..L.....‘ \- l‘lC'JJ. t
H

is directed, LEQ ehows no signs 01 dostrueti n to the
material uhateoover.

On tfle following peso is a :Kotogruph showivé the
effects of a bl w torch flame Gireeted cgcixet this
care ki‘a of sgimele ;or 33 seconds on each of the
euceecsive STOtS.

The eonciusione drawn ”rem thls thotovrerh firover

to owe th"t ‘e 1? tot ”‘W“¥e 0 r'omi voiiev to beiieve

677 etc "ere or re"fie or "7'ertisvenis.

48.

*. \/
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ti

-
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I -1- L

Photograph showing the effects of a blow torch flame

directed evainst an aevho‘t ehfinele.

#5
L”)

fleetitc and iiscussion of f6.

coco-oooooooooo.oone-00000000000000...oooooooOIOOO'
: ”ti. : Essie : Towest : "lfiWi F 2 fire 3
: To. : Tt1's. : “ffeetive : *eint : ”oint :
‘.."00.:OOOOOOOOO.:OIOOI0.0.0.:OOOOOOOOO:0...Ol..:
O o O 0 o 0
O a O C u 0
: : Concrete : o : n g z
: VI : : liOO V. : 39‘” 1.: Tone :
: : LSLGSUOS : : g :

coo-cocoon0000000000000000000000000l000000000

Biscussion:

The asbestos egingle lS cesyocc' 3 concrete
cnfl lSfi ns urei estestos 1 gets. The shingle is assu-
fectured in sltevnate layers of concrete std rrousd
fibers of asbestos. The put-bee of the asbestos fibers

is to reinforce or hold the concrete tosether, at the
same tive heirs ”ire-erect. Then the shinnie is subjected

to en ex ?FV81V Vi~h veessure to coersct it.

(— .; A . -. i. 1 ,'_. .-..
ice 3 on 1Sb€SLOS a1.lles.

Fl

yfliégle is Lot 31 acted either ty he time or

+31
:34
5.1.
I.)
L)

rivg in water extil a Longerature of stout 14'1 ,,

.‘

a r! . - ., . my: 1.“ 1 . ..n‘ .L. . .1- . - .
leciuec curve in e;s_e, =51 fitter it .13 yiezsse: i

tater the sfiitfile could tn t‘o‘en fifth the fiHVCFfl ?;'le

en unhe-tefl etc c0113 not.

I'“ .fi h ‘ 0 w > no -
" ’ -“' ”He cw“— cc Mast H c it am .~t
1"“ n *‘ 4'1 . ‘y'P a -. h -
.~ :: :.e e as 11% «ch c we e.
A (‘- . ‘1 _' i ' .L .’ - .. ' .
Lt IVA“ w. the S ‘r”le bre ’S Q 'i9t30 bit €9er?
‘I (J. 'V J .. "‘ I. .‘n 1‘ ' {'5‘ I' .‘ 1 ’-' " I —l u ‘ I‘ 1 a; ‘5 ‘ ‘1“‘
ft- LCI‘ be L. ' ‘_U.eIAC.LeCL 1.1"} L9: 12!:- J‘ , ._'.(‘1 . 1.1.1.78 5‘. SUNLC {ch-3.3.93?

Lu color phv.:q but of the oriwi::el the tee s in 1c.

r“ L-L- .1 . ,1 n O T- - 1. .14. w 0 .I .v.- .. .-‘-‘
ice siiigle at loOO I. LOCOLGS qc1.e cr11L1e .u
1- - ‘ 1a :- - d- . - ~- in 4" D ‘A ”r o ' " F \
era is very easilu, out loss sob e321,w o: shdtie: -en

Quencbefl in water.

139 physicu 1 ch: metetistics ere about tee srre it

20000 F. excejt that it turns siightlv flatter awfl eeexs

d'

0 break more e‘s;'ilyr the temperature incre.ens.
The ssEcstos shinele is en e‘soiute firc— ““oof
LL1hmrn+nui 1 ihet t ”as e Ciess 1 its".en‘e retins.

--

It viii state m heme FTAW withewt cr-c'in~ er shettering,

n

‘ ‘ - ‘ . ‘. . ~. I , ._ ‘ ‘ Q Q. q - o. . e .‘ “~| w
tPe ’1. at“ o; Le3dijirxfl113h tLix-sfii1xr1e c 4114:rwitjeeted

L+
Q

Viithefit nations a mafia is oxly about

H
CC!
)..I
w J
C)
1.5.

hi‘hffil fuels? to the Shingle, as the shingle

lies flat on foot axe is 103 sutjected to e fTG”t Seal

0 . _‘ _l- .- ~ a - J_ ’ I _
ml: UC9L1141 13.cu,teiy sreot;

it fetuses absorus a little Lore hcnt tL;s as e“‘ixary

ire hes "tseinteiy no effect on an =ebrstcs roef, for

heir" 7““e n“t 5” rflfwr11 61*an1 . ”e“thwriwv €099 not

" , - ’~ ‘ ‘- ..‘v‘ 3 J- 1.11 ‘ . (-1 u‘ ‘ "
nf‘c Wye n11.11- erm. 11‘s r; t I c n “at of tn .11

kJ _o~

'f

_ . VL ‘ " . ‘\ . 8
t1 8 19 n9 a:e .ova Telna

-‘O
I
.q

111121

I

go1e1 at 7F1m Ieaeh,
Tloriiw vhich his been covered with an erbestos ski filed
roof for about a 190 years aid right tofi y the roof 18 AS
good as the day it was first Tut on.

Cue of the interesting tkinge about an aefie~tos s”i“gle
is the mothoi or grocess by which the color 1“ etched
irto th siifrle. This method is done by takir: a chemical
1*0un7 that ooztaixs ‘he characterintic cold? yru so
d'sive ave yrofisirg it iwto the tow lbyer of the coeorete
whi1e 1+ is st111 ea?+. Then nfiter the concrete has hard-
enefi, {”16 1e “Hf he +hn ehee1c"7 cemrnund Vhieh ehtfi

i't ‘11 .111” 1‘”- 1111111‘1109 f‘ the Shir-1'10 31011312": “216. with

a color on it th1t is ¢1*os% 1vroscib1e to rcrcve Ly

Every day as we watch on& one the vast number of
houeo uni tuildiag- being built we so eti 93 we few how

q

so I"Iy build’ in To ea: be crevice on so Titil e‘ovnt of

the eerth'e surfeee. is 1e look Gow31 +1e streets 0” e

lorre city *mo Pee the ro”e and rave of con tlose hunters

of hoopeo, V9 eowetiwec wonfle" 9rd ir'Nine wh*t a “weeiinq

' J
J
I(.a"

r11 11v~1r5 1’11 mm: 1+ 1111111193 roarirw n= 1'" 111-71" down-'11
ibeno 101W to R of hoves- To th’n? o“ swab a 1&1?“
log-es one signifier, 17.1.11: 8 r3. nitriter of‘ fact 9.1.1-173“: t‘dt’ij‘f
is Losxihle and Goes Leyfiex 3P2? tiLec.

1033339 it is just s eh an i? go is tnio tkrt ii
asking tie fablic tozfl to ion; towar‘s tore iyd Tetter
fire protection. Cne of the rest ioyieel thiiCS to
:rotoot fieot on n dwelliu; is the roof, for th t is
the port of h h aso tint heeoyee the Caie: eovree of
def-1'LiI'uction.era/1*"1 xentlf the "00d efiiVWIC in fps
diSQPTe“ri“e on n roofinw ‘nteri.e.1 1he1e eve“ there is
env dor~er of fire.

”or fie fleet “5 ve”ts 1e'hu1t or oev oeition roofinz
the teen ’vvivv the Vlhee or the V007 shinele. The C les
of woofi shi1 lee as on ered to other rooFi‘v 'rtvriols
hue been on a decline ever since 1930 xnfi I til I rhnll

continue to o0 so f r years t: core.

A, In \ ,1 .-. ' . -. -. . .. 0 x. '1 '1 .I. , I.” .-. . .
nS1uLIT cert“? 1193 1eo_1un is 0 :ae c .3011 e QLWJLSt

’1v1nc II‘“19 QId 19 e vevv chew“ roofiId Wetcr1fil. ¢bfit
as the r"1n chcon "IV we Marv roofs toéov ere covered

11‘: 1.1::- Wrat1 '2"!
.3.. -- (. I

I

T118, 91v 9 fin vIfi estee1ee are the nn13; abeo1ute

9

‘

unGOLbueteble rooflnr Her ls thvt We h1ve on tie narKet
day. these are very rooa 1:06fixg Nwheri 1m indeed,but the
cost of tile, slate 8:11 tiz1 is too 11,; gecozjared to the
other roofing Interials onthe :anet. 50 the Tcewlt is thrt
not very £2,213.17 "ew‘lc use tneec unteriale for covering; their
howes. Tile , slate or tin roofipg mo1eriale are all righton
larce Iublic :311U1mr" wheIe {he maintenaflce of 'he bu11“1rc
hurt be keft an11 1o 1 wininfim aId vhere the budeiIc is

n“ such 9 rnture thnf it 1r not lively to ch nee minds

For a 1np~ 19r1na A” 1119. ”veer ewch condi‘ions 3 rec

.4.

1he+ 19 revrhfert, R“ A I'Pfi“, .9 ‘hn flesired one,

‘he fisher a? ehiw'11 is abet? *he bee? roo”1n7 Ihterlfil

(“VS

11v1 can 1e “013d on tie merre1 toe ;, cone Jeriwr the cent
of it 31d he away 1050 adv n1 yes wmich it has in comIer-
ieon to the other I ofiIg 13t<11*1s.
C1olutely fire-:roof Ogifid taxes a Clrm 3.. RSRTQECC retire,

it is 9,1rly lj“ht Rue (Wuleale. The age torhica this Inter-

. , 2: , ,, m ,- . -.J. ., r1 , -
1&1 laces or L03 the; U LS nlnoou 12-ium1e.

14
:1
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(I)

I have learner}; 122111 fem-1d 0-1t 1:12:11 1' .1

(D
3’
(.4

It ‘ndrw of I’ocfl‘ilm 12::‘1erir‘ 1.1:? eeoeeif‘fily 1.12:0 21111151313

1.. I . V

end effects of I"if-we on the”. *erhnte I 10 net realize ht

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.ujccu. -nC r:a on UCL4_ :IUL I”; bot

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. .1 0 _ ‘ fir .‘L. 1.- -_, _- .1.“ 3..., .-.- _- 43- J- -
a t;1s tlne. l u I Laow aId can LUW IIC brat Lac (Inc is

F

coming when I am going to call on tlis ’L?ornniion. Zerhhrn
I’ll 10 it uncona°0u~ly, :u nevertheless I vill have to

use it. for there is fin re?uon on GQTIh. V30 9* some time
or other i.“ rn* aPPectad or concerned with the TTOiGCt:On
which a rho? or?er9 +0 hit A? bar.

Therprn~e I kflve fhvf +hia ln‘ovwwiinn vill help and

~ ’1

inrn “WI TF”9118%‘9 ia a “we t Wflfly renrla esrecially

. '. ‘ . a u - . ~-. .., . . — I. . V. .. _ \ v - D '.. 9"! J
{Hafie VAC h9Vu a t;urt Ae»y€Ct 40: .118 anu are “1.nl” in
n ,. . _ -,.. .f'
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93 03168 98