l ‘ , h j? ‘li’ 11 W}? I H l H H H h \‘ \ k. THE EFFECT OF TWO :THIRDS MAXIMAL STATIC CONTRACTIO‘NS ON M RATE OF EW‘RQVEMENT UN fiATEi STRENGTH Thesis {or ”we Degree of M. A. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSE” Bruce Jack Nob-sic 1957 1:2! 9- LIB R A R Y Michigan State THE EFFECT OF TWO-THIRDS MAXIMAL STATIC CONTRACTIONS ON THE RATE OF IMPROVEMENT IN STATIC STRENGTH By BRUCE JACK NOBLE AN ABSTRACT Submitted to the College of Education of Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation Year 1957 /' Approved 4§Z%;%Za? ABSTRACT 12.121: The effect of two-thirds maximal static contractions on the rate of improvement in static strength. S en e PI b e The problem of the study was to determine the static strength changes in elbow flexion produced by daily static contractions, 2/3 of the tested maximum held for six seconds, as compared to cutting off the circulation to the arm for a designated period. More specifically the following sub- problems were undertaken: (1) to determine the effect of 2/3 maximum.static exercise, held for six seconds, on static strengths (2) to determine the effects, on strength, of cutting off circulation to the muscle for three minutes. Madam Eighteen men from the required physical education program at Mdchigan State University were matched into three groups with six members in each. Group A, the six second con- traction experimental group, participated in one 2/3 maximum six second contraction at 110° of flexion,five days a week, for six weeks with the exception of the fourth week which was only three days. The 2/3 maximum was computed on the first day of each week. Group B, the anoxia experimental group, had the circulation cut off in their right arm for three minutes, five days a week, for six weeks with the exception of the fourth week which was only three days. Group C, the control group, participated only in their normal every- day activities. Allsubjects were tested, with the cable tensiometer, for maximum static strength (110°) before and after the experimental period. The reliability of the testing procedurewas found to be .878. Analysis of variance and the "t" test of significance were used to analyze the data. W l. Static contraction of the arm flexors for six seconds to 2/3 of maximum had little, if any effect upon increasing static strength. 2. Oxygen deficit as obtained in this study produced a decrease in static strength. THE EFFECT OF TWO-THIRDS MAXIMAL STATIC CONTRACTIONS ON THE RATE OF IMPROVEMENT IN STATIC STRENGTH By BRUCE JACK NOBLE A THESIS Submitted to the College of Education of Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation 1957 Dedicated To My Family -— Past, Present, And Future ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS At this time, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to Dr. wayne vanHuss for his guidance and invaluable assistance during the course of this work. I should also like to acknowledge Joseph Kavanagh for his technical assistance in the design and construction of the experimental apparatus. Special thanks is extended to the su jects whose faithfulness contributed to the success of the testing program. The author is also indebted to his wife,Sallx,for her encouragement and practical suggestions during the write-up of this thesis. Bruce J. Noble Chapter II III IV TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION.00......000........COO....0 Statement of the Problem...........' Definition of Terms................ Limitations........................ REVIEW OF LITERATURE.................... Static and Dynamic Strength........ Strength Testing................... METHODOLOGY............................. Design of the Experiment........... Details of the Test Administration. Apparatus.......................... Statistical Methods................ ANALYSIS OF THE DATA.................... Analysis of Data................... Results............................ Discussion......................... SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS.................... Summary............................ Conclusions........................ Recommendations.................... BIBLIOGRAPHYOO.00...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOO0...... APPENDIXOOOOOOOOCOOOOOO0.0...O.OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. Page \Ommp-ww 12 12 13 15 16 18 18 19 20 22, 22 22 23 2h 28 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Weekly Mean Strength and Standard Deviation in Group A ...... l9 2 Comparison of Static Strength Changes Between Groups ............. 20 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Strength Testing Apparatus ... l7 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Experimental research concerned with testing strength has been carried on for over 150 years.1 Many fields have collaboratedin the collection of this material, each with their own specific goals. However, many basic questions have been left largely unanswered. Recently Hettinger and Muller2 have shown success in strength deve10pment through static contraction. They report that a 2/3 of a maximum contraction of a given muscle, if held for six seconds duration, resulted in most rapid increases. They attribute the improvement to an oxygen deficit in the muscle fiber produced when 2/3 of the maximum load is reached. This work has not been con- firmed by supplementary research. Ublbers and Sills3 1P.A. Hunsicker and G. Greey "Studies in Human Strength". W1. zézllé. May 1957. 2T. Hettinger and E. A. Muller, "Muskelleistung und Muskeltraining", Agpgitgphzgiglggig,ulsz 1112126, 1953. 3C. P. Wolbers and F. D. Sills, "Develo ment of Strength in High School Boys by Static Muse e Contractions", W. 27: 146-150. December 1956. 2 conclude that their results confirm Hettinger's and Muller's findings, but their exercise controls would not seem ade- quate to warrant this conclusion as the exercise was in part dynamic. Also, there was no assurance that the force application was 2/3 of the maximum static strength. Some investigators suggest dynamic contraction as the most effective and expedient method of strength development. Houtz“ concludes that strength improvement is related to intensity of the contraction rather than duration. Hellebrandt5 reported recently that the amount of work done per unit time is the critical variable on which the extension of the limits of performance depends. These. studies contradict the results of Hettinger and.Mm11er; however, Hellebrandt, and Houtz are dealing with dynamic not static strength. It is questionable how closely the two are related as has been pointed out by Larsoné. The present study was undertaken to repeat Hettinger's and.Muller's results under controlled conditions and to “S. J. Houtz, et. al., "The Influence of Heavy Resistance Exercise on Strength”, W, 26: 291-298, 1946. 5F. A. Hellebrandt and s. J. Houtz, ”Mechanisms of .Muscle Training in Man: Experimental Demonstration of the Overload Principle". W. 36: 371-383. 1956. 6L. Larson, "A Factor Analysis of Strength variables and Test with a Test Combination of Chinning Dipping, and Vertical Jump",‘figaggzgh_gna;§§:11, ll: 82- 6, December 19h0. 3 test their postulated cause of strength deve10pment (oxygen deficit). WW To determine the static strength changes in the elbow' flexion produced by daily static contractions, 2/3 of the tested maximum held for six seconds, as compared to cutting off the circulation to the arm for a designated period. More specifically the following sub-problems were undertaken: (l) to determine the effect of 2/3 maximum static exercise, held for six seconds, on static strength; (2) to determine the effects, on strength, of cutting off circulation to the muscle for three minutes. W C T t . An instrument designed to measure the tenSion of cable. This tension can be converted directly into pounds on a calibration chart.7 Angzig. The oxygen deficit produced by cutting off the circulation. A §§§§i§_§2§§£fip§ign, DevelOpment of tension in the muscle without movement of the joint, i.e. isometric con- traction. The exercise used in this study was 2/3 of the tested maximum, held for six seconds. 7H. H. Clarke, "Recent Advances in Measurements and Understandi of Volitional Muscular Strength " We}; 5mm, 2 : 263-275, October 1956. ’ W. The maximal load which can be handled through the complete range of motion. 1231123. This term as used in this study is defined as being the amount of pressure, in pounds, that can be pulled on the cable tensiometer in a static contraction by the elbow'flexor muscles. .Limiisiiena. 1. 2. 3. The lack of material available concerning the relationship between the intensity of work in the muscle and the possible resulting anoxia made it necessary to define the time it would take to simulate the anoxic effect of a six second con- traction. The 30 fold increase in time may or may not be valid. ' Due to a mechanical error in designing the strength testing apparatus the angle from the wrist strap to the point of pull was not 90°. This caused a consistent error of 1 point (3 1/3 pounds) on the tensiometer. The psychological factor is always difficult to control in human subjects. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE The literature abounds with studies which verify strength development due to exercise. These increases in strength occur in both static and dynamic training programs. However, there is an evident lack of quanitative information which clarifies the cause of strength development in each program. In order to determine the relationship of strength to power and the relative importance of strength to movement and sport, this differentiation must be made. It is hoped the present study will in a small way contribute to this body of knowledge. W When considering a problem dealing with strength development, the immediate question becomes one of choosing the type and intensity of exercise which is most efficient. Hettinger and Muller1 recently have conducted several interesting studies in the area of static strength. They related the deve10pment of strength to the intensity and frequency of training. Seventy-one individual experiments 1T. Hettinger and E. A. Muller, "Muskelleistung und Muskeltraining“, Angigsphygiglggig, 15: 111-126, 1953. 6 were carried on, with nine male subjects, over a period of 18 months. They found that strength increases an average of 5% per week when the training load is as little as 1/3, or even less, of maximal strength. Upon increasing the intensity of training, strength increased more rapidly up to 2/3 when increase had no further effect. One practice period per day, in which the tension was held for 6 seconds, resulted in as much increase in strength as a longer period (up to full exhaustion in A5 seconds) and more frequent Npractices (up to 7 per day). Holbers and $11132 confirm these results from an investigation conducted at the State University of Iowa. One group of high school students performed static contraction exercises, which consisted of two subjects offering resistance to each other and then reversing. Another group acted as the control. The members of the experimental group made gains significantly greater than those of the control group. However, the validity of this study is questionable due to the fact that the exercise was in part dynamic and the point of 2/3 maximum could not have been objectively measured. Hettinger and Muller3 suggest that the cause of increased strength in their work is due to an anoxic effect 20. P. wolbers and F. D. Sills, "Development of Strength in High School Boys by Static Muscle Contractions", W 27: 1.46-1.50, December 1956. 3Hettinger and Muller, loc. cit. in the muscle fiber. Edward Capen4 in his study, dealing with heavy resistance exercises, states that, although his results do not agree with Hettinger and.Muller5, in three of the four programs tested, the movements are so slow that there is a high probability that a considerable prolonged period of anoxia is produced. Hellebrandt6 states that "it is well known that strong static contractions can arrest circulation". The present study is intended to test Hettinger's and Muller's7 findings under controlled con- ditions and to test the postulated cause of strength deve10pment (oxygen deficit). Some investigators suggest dynamic contraction as the most effective and expedient method of strength development. Houtz, et. al.8, in their work on the influence of heavy resistance exercises on strength, concluded that deve10pment is related to the intensity of the contraction rather than the duration. They suggest that the rate at which improve- ment progresses depends primarily on the degree to which the 4E. K. Capen, "Study of Four Programs of Heavy Resistance Exercises for DevelOpment ofouscular Strength, " - Research Quartegix, 27: 132-142, May 1956 5Hettinger and Huller, loc. cit. 6T. cL. DeLorme and A. L. Natkins, Egggzggsiyg ' t i1. Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., New York, 1951 pp. (Frances A. Hellebrandt). 7Hettinger and Muller, loc. cit. 8s. J. Houtz, et. al., "The Inlluenoe oi Heavy Resistance Exercise on Strength, " W 26: 291-298,19A6. 8 person is willing to punish himself. Strength and endurance increase when repetitive exercise is performed against heavy resistance. Recently Hellebrandt and Houtz9 reported that the amount of work done per unit time is the critical variable on which the extension of the limits of performance depends. They state that mere repetition of contractions, which place no stress on the neuromuscular system, has little effect on the functional capacity of the skeletal muscles. Speed of training involves changes in the central nervous system. Many programs of dynamic contraction have been suggested by many different authors but few have been completely substantiated. Larson10 questions the relationship of static and dynamic techniques. He states that dynamic strength is nearly three times more significant in predicting a com- posite index of motor ability than is static strength. He suggests that control of body weight is fundamental in good large muscle motor performance. This fundamental is present in dynamic strength techniques, because of the movement of weights through a range of motion involved, but +1 9F. A. Hellebrandt and 3. J. Houtz, ”Mechanisms of Muscle Training in Man: Experimental Demonstration of the gaggle“ Principle." W 36: 371-383. 10L. Larson "A Factor Analysis of Strength variables and Test with a Test Combination of Chinning, Diningg and ecem e Vertical Jump." W. 11: 82-96. r 1955. 9 not present, in static strength techniques. This is due to the fact that this technique records strength only in terms of tension on an instrument. However, Rasch11 found no difference in the amount of tension recorded between the two exercises in a study conducted on 24 male subjects. W When undertaking a study to examine strength, many variables must be considered to record effectively. Clarke, et. al.12, states, "that other things being equal, a muscle exerts its greatest power when it functions at its greatest tension". He finds that strength of the elbow flexor muscles follows an ascending-descending curve. This type of curve is attributed to the low tension developed at full flexion and the poor leverage at full extension. It is important then to place the subject in a position where he can apply the greatest amount of tension. According to Clarke, et. al.13, this position is between 100 and 1A0 degrees. 11P. J. Rasch, "Relationship Between.meimum Isometric Tension and Maximum Isotonic Elbow Flexion," W Quartgzlx, 28: 85, March 1957. 12H. H. Clarke, et. al., "Relationship Between Body Position and the Ap lication of muscle Power to Movements of the Joints." Wm. 31: 85-89. 1951. 13Clarke, et. al., loc. cit. 10 Mullerl4 states that the position of the subject should be fixed, in strength studies, so that the conditions of each testing period can be exactly duplicated. Hakim, et. al.15, emphasizes this point in his work, also. .Mathews and Krusel6 found in their study on isometric and isotonic exercises, a five day exercise program was most beneficial. Duvall, et. al.17, and Houtz, et. al.18, agree that when exercise is resumed after a prolonged lay off following the establishment of a skill, there apparently was little or no loss of strength, and in some cases, increase occured. Elkins, et. al.19, suggest that wrist straps should be used in strength testing, because this is the normal usage of 1TB. A. Muller, "The Regulation of Muscular St th", - ; ;;Ae e! or ' -° .;0 :9 - fleece, -- " 0!... ' J- 9'- - M! l : ’1’. Y'rc P31 .570 15K. G. Hakim, et. al., "Objective Recording of Muscle Strength" W. 31: 90-100. February 19 . 16D. K; Mathews and R. Kruse,UEffects of Isometric and Isotonic hercises on Elbow Flexor Muscle Groups", W W. 28: 26-37. March 1957. 17E. N. Duvall, et. al., "Reliability of a Single Effort Muscle Test". WW. 28: 213-218, 19470 188. S. Houtz, et. al., "The Influence of Heavy Resistance Exercise on Strength", W, 26: 291-298, 1916. 19E. C. Elkins et. al., ”Objective Recording of the Strength of Normal Muscles", A ‘ L ' 32: 639-6A7, October 1951. ll arm flexors in lifting loads. Rasch20 found the mid- position of the forearm exerted the greatest tension when testing the strength of this body part. Clarke21 has found considerable success in testing strength with the cable tensiometer. These factors were considered in designing the experimentation for this study. 20F. ‘J. Rasch "Effect of Position of Forearm on Strength of Elbow flexion", W1, 27: 333-337. December 1956. 21H. H. Clarke, "Objective Strength Tests of Affected Muscle Groups Involved in Orthopedic Disabilities", W W. 9: 1.: 118-47. May 191.8. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY This chapter deals with details of the research methods concerning the present study. The details under discussion include: design of the experiment; details of the test administration; explanation and utilization of the apparatus; and statistical methods used for analyses of data. D 7 0 ° t The study consisted of a six week longitudinal investi- gation of the effects of 2/3 maximum static contraction on static strength in the elbow flexor muscles. The 18 subjects utilized were taken from a group of 30 volunteers from the required physical education program at Michigan State University. 3 The subjects were matched according to their static strength (pounds) in the elbow flexor muscles of the right arm.(llO°). The right arm was dominant in all cases. The angle of 1100 was selected because it was known to be within the range of maximum application of force found by Clarkel. 1H. H. Clarke, "Recent Advances in Measurement and Understandi of Volitional Muscular Strength", Begggpgh , 2%: 263-275, October 1956. 13 Two tests were given on different days, of three trials each, and an average strength was calculated from the calibration chart of the cable tensiometer. The second test average was said to be the true indication of performance because the first test involved an adaptation to the appa- ratus. ane of the subjects participated in varsity athletics or heavy work in the two school terms previous to, or during, the testing period. This investigation was conducted in the Spring term of the 1956-57 school year. Three groups were set up with six members in each. The groups were equated, each consisting of one man with a right arm static strength (110°) of 57 pounds, one with 67 pounds, one with 73 pounds, two with 80 pounds, and one with 87 pounds. Group A, the six second contraction experimental group, participated in one six second con- traction, five days a week, for six weeks with the exception of the fourth week which was only three days. The one contnaction was 2/3 maximum as computed on the first day of each week. Group B, the anoxia eXperimental group, had the circulation cut off in their right arm for three minutes, five days a week, for six weeks with the exception of the fourth week which was only three days. Group C, the control group, participated only in their normal everyday activities. D Te A ' ° t t' Each of the 18 subjects were tested before and after the six week experimental period for maximum static strength 14 at 110°. The subjects were instructed as follows: to sit up straight in the chair with their back against the back- rest; both feet were to be kept firmly on the floor; the shoulder of the arm being tested was to be kept firmly on the shoulder board; the hand of the Opposite arm should be kept in the lap; the elbow should be kept well back into hinged joint between the shoulder board and the forearm board; the wrist strap must be kept over the wrist bones (radial and ulnar styloid processes); the forearm should be kept in the mid-position; the pull should be straight upward; the pull should be maximum; and the pull should be increased uniformly and not jerked. The amount of strength was recorded to the closest whole number on the tensiometer. The function of the experimentation in Group A was 'to determine if static contraction, of the intensity and frequency previously mentioned, is effective in gaining static strength in the elbow flexor muscles. The six members of this group were tested at approximately the same time every day. On Monday of each week maximum static strength at 110° was recorded from 3 averaged trials. This ‘figure was changed to pounds from the cable tensiometer calibration chart, and the 2/3 maximum was calculated. The calculation was again changed back to an instrument reading for use in testing for that week. The subjects were instructed to pull up gradually until the investigator told him to "hold" at the point where the 2/3 maximum was 15 reached. At this time the stOp watch was started and remained running until it read six seconds when the command to "hold" was given again. On the second "hold" command, the subject completely released tension on the wrist strap. The purpose of the experimentation in Group B was to determine the effects of cutting off the circulation to the elbow*f1exor muscles on static strength at 110°. The circulation was cut off for three minutes each day. The sphygmomanometer and stethoscOpe were used to determine the peak of the systolic blood pressure, which was normal (120 mm Hg.) in all but one subject (1A0 mm Hg.). After this point the circulation (or oxygen) was considered to be stOpped. To be certain that this was true, the mercury was raised to 180 mm., at which time the stop watch was started, and kept on or just above this point for the remainder of the three minutes. At the end of the allotted time, the watch was stopped and the circulation was allowed to return slowly with the arm raised. The subjects experienced only minor discomfort and little after effects from this activity. Assam Upon selection of this study, the investigator faced the problem.of finding strengthntesting appartus that would fit certain specifications. It was decided to design and construct the needed apparatus due to the lack of satis- facuxY'requirements in known testing equipment.. The 16 desired specifications included: apparatus that would allow the subject to be in a sitting position; apparatus that could be adapted to subjects with different upper arm lengths which allows the shoulders to be level during the testing; apparatus that has a board that the subject must keep his shoulder against; apparatus that has a movable wrist strap to allow for different forearm lengths; and apparatus which keeps the pull at right angles to the wrist at all times. These specifications were desired so as to keep the position relatively standard in all subjects and one which allows for maximum pull. This apparatus is pictured in Figure l. The reliability of the strength testing procedure was found to be .878. A clinical sphygmomanometer cuff was used to curtail the circulation in the elbow flexor muscles. The point at which this curtailment occured was determined by a stetho- scope. All timing was done by means of a stop watch. W . The Pierson product-moment coefficient of correlation was utilized to determine the reliability of the testing procedure. Analysis of variance was applied to the weekly scores of the six second contraction group. The differences between the groups before and after the experimental period were tested using the "t" test of significance. 17 Figure 1 Strength Testing Apparatus (testing chair including tensiometer, adjustable boulder board, adjustable degree bar, and adjustable wrist strap.) CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS OF THE DATA This study was undertaken in an effort to determine the static strength changes in the elbow flexors produced by daily static contraction 2/3 of the tested maximum, held for six seconds, as compared to cutting off the circulation to the arm for a designated period. Eighteen men from the required physical education program at Nfiohigan State University, participated in the experiment. All subjects were tested before and after the eXperi- mental period, and data were collected on the strength changes of the elbow flexor muscles (110°). Also, weekly static strength data were collected on the group participating in the daily six second static contractions. W The data were analyzed in the following manner -- the significant differences between weekly variances in means of Group A, six second contraction group, was calculated by analysis of variance. Also, the student "t" method was used to determined the significant differences in static strength between the groups. 19 W W S S c d St ti St th t . The F ratio of .987 calculated on the weekly strength data was not statistically significant. Table 1 shows the standard deviations and mean strengths in the six second contraction group. TABLE 1 WEEKLY MEAN STRENGTH AND STANDARD DEVIATION IN GROUP A week Mean Strength (lbs.) Standard Deviation 1 75.66 8.96 2 73.00 10.27 3 75.50 8.18 A 77.16 10.60 5 75.16 9.19 6 72.66 7.04 Cgmpggiggn 9f Statig Stpgngth Changes Betwegn Gggupa. The control group improved significantly during the experi- mental period though they were completely inactive. The "t" test calculated on the difference between the control and six second contraction group was significant (less than the 5% level). The significance was attributed to the control's improvement up; the experimental's. The controls were also 20 significantly more improved than the anoxia group (less than 1% level of significance). Group A gains showed a "t" of 2.987 over Group B (significant less than 5%). Table 2 shows the above relationships. TABLE 2 COMPARISON OF STATIC STRENGTH CHANGES BETWEEN GROUPS T1 Mean T2 Mean Mean t P Diff. Group A 61.3 61.6 .3 - - Group B 57.8 52.3 ~5.5 - - Group C 59.0 65-3 6.3 ' ' Comparison of, C and A - - - 2.918 .05 C and B - - - 6.126 .01 B and A - - - 2.937 .05 21mins. The results found in the analysis of the data do not confirm Hettinger's and Muller's findings. The exact :reasons for this disagreement are unknown but they merit idiscussion. The relatively short length of this study rnight be considered a cause for the lack of improvement in 21 the six second contraction group. However, Hettinger and Muller claim an increase of 5% Per week with the intensity of training as small as 1/3 of maximum. If this is true, there should have been a 30% improvement during this six week investigation. The four day lay off in the fourth week of training possibhr is the reason for the apparent decrease in strength in the last two weeks (see Table l), but Mullerl states that strength rises slowly for seven days following a single contraction before falling to its initial value in 1h days. Although the intensity of training in the anoxia group, which decreased in strength, was only defined to simulate the six second contraction intensity, we know that the circulation was cut off. Thus, the caua of increased strength mentioned by Hettinger and Muller must be due to some other factor than oxygen deficit. The increase in strength found in the control group would possibly be due to increased activity in the Spring of the year. On the basis of the present results the training programs of the six second contraction and anoxia groups would seem to have retarded strength improvement during this period rather than stimulated it. 1E. A. Muller, "The Regulation of Muscle Strength", JO-.w!.=_- 0f 131: 1‘40 t e 0 'h "1:._ -t. e M t Reh-bi - semen. : A -z». rc ~pri 5. CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS W _ Eighteen men from the required physical education program at Michigan State University were matched and equated from a group of 30 volunteers for the purposes of this study. This six week longitudinal investigation was undertaken to determine the static strength changes in the elbow'flexors produced by daily static contractions 2/3 of the tested maxi- mum, held for six seconds, as compared to cutting off the circulation to the arm for a designated period. Analysis of variance and "t” test of significance were used to analyze the data. Qanslnsiens The following conclusions seem justified on the basis of the statistical data presented: 1. Static contraction of the arm flexors for six seconds to 2/3 of maximum had little, if any effect upon increasing static strength. 2. Oxygen deficit as obtained in this study produced a decrease in static strength. 23 W The following recommendations are made for further study in the area of static strength: 1. 2. A. 5. Several studies should be undertaken to compare the phenomena of increasing strength involved in static and dynamic contraction techniques. The study presented herein should be repeated to validate the data. An investigation should be made to determine the effects of static strength: at one degree of pull on other degrees; in the bilateral limb on the contralateral limb . Static strength studies should be made on body parts other than the elbow flexor muscles. The apparatus utilized in this study should be further standardized so as to allow right angle application of force at all degrees. BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS Butsch, R. L. C., H t 3 ti ti , Milwaukee, The Bruce Publishing Co., 94 . 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"Effects of Isometric and Isotonic Exercises on Elhow Flexor Muscle Groups", Research Quaztezly, 28: 26-37, March 1957. Muller, E. A., "The Regulation of Muscular Strength", Jo r-.. ._ the A-so :_io fo Ph -i a, .nd Ment: Re abi itation, 11: 41-47, .rCa- pril 1957. Provins, K. A., and N. Slater, ”Maximum Torque Exerted About the ElbOW'JOint", Jguyngl of Appligd Phygiglggy, 7: 393-398. 1955. Rasch, P. J., "Effect of Position of Forearm on Strength of Elbow Flexion". W. 27: 333-337. December 1956. , "Relationship Between Maximum Isometric Tension and Maximum Isotonic Elbow Flexion", Rggggych ngyterly, 28: 85, March 1957. Slater-Hammel, A., I'Bilateral Effects of Muscle Activity", W. 21: 203-209. October 1950. Steinhaus, A. H., "Chronic Effects of Exercise", fihygiglggigal, 1.12m. 13: 107-110. 1933. 27 Wakim, K. G., J. W. Gersten, E. C. Elkins, and GM. Martin, "Objective Recording of Muscle Strength", Ayghiggg Wine. 31: 90-100. February 195 . Wilkie, D. R., "The Relation Between Force and velocity in Human Muscle". WW. 110: 249-280. December 19h9. Welbers, C. P., and F. D. Sills, "DevelOpment of Strength in High School Boys by Static Muscle Contractions, W. 27: 4116-450. December 1956. APPENDIX APPENDIX A P h T D Name.......OOOOOOCOOOOOOOO Address................... Telephone................. Age....................... Dominant Arm.............. Are you or have you recently been in training for any varsity sport (if so, which one)..................... Have you begun and do you expect to continue any heavy work 0 any kind (or do you anticipate any) O.......OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.......OOOOOOOOOOOOOO...... HeightOOOOOCOOOOOO00...... weightOOOOOOOOOOOOO0...... Build......OOOOOOOOOOCOOOO Degrees.......OOCOOOOOOOOO Test # 1 Test # 2 aOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO bOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. cOOOOOOOOOIOOOOOOOOOO Average.............. Pounds............... Next date............ a.................... b.................... COOOOOOOCOOOOOIOOOOOO Average.............. Pounds............... APPENDIX B GROUP A WEEKLY MAXIMUM DATA 29 Subject . R. 62 E. R. 65 B. G. 81 J. P. 83 R. s. 78 L. C. 85 60 63 74 91 79 71 Week 61: 67 78 89 78 77 61 61+ 83 85 83 87 61 61+ 78 83 83 82 th 61+ 65 73 81+ 78 72 30 APPENDIX 0* MEAN STATIC STRENGTH AT SELECTED DEGREES 0F FLEXION OaAi AI... 7 5H. 5 55 and newest... ‘° m *The data in.Appendix C was collected but not reported. 31 A- |S\ H? mm 0 mm H1 mm \o as as s 1 3% C 1 76 ...w.—dlv —.~ .V-n. 32 a .... w m m .33 Susanna ...! S In S ‘1’! \B ‘11 1's HUNGMSMM 1% “1313132 123113 no “(.112 10910510: 1% A c1 $9.82. 33 t M \01 1‘12 31"? 1| H8 I‘M 13‘! BI 12% \n “S H“ \ I...... v 31+ A uC- TI 7) son :11 m: us m 107101.1qu q» A One-11V -.uq..w.~..v w J 1. .[I $1 76 ‘H m We \03 \OO ‘15 ‘11 \ \ N6 \‘11 I Tuv- ~'.\ us: 0 151‘ i I Demco-293 ,IHuuyuulynglnjumwumumlululwuuui 69 018