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A SUGGESTED PROGRAM OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT PREVENTION

FOR INDIA BASED ON AMERICAN PRACTICES

By

JADURAI L. RUPANI

A THESIS

Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan
State College of Agriculture and Applied Science
in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS

Department of Business Administration

'/
1951 c/‘f/if ,
5&4”

TH E515

Q15
/-.9' <{ c

I
.54 [/2737

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author wishes to express his gratitude to all
those who helped with the completion of this study and
the preparation of the manuscript. Valuable guidance
was especially given by Dr. Rollin Head Simonds of the
Department of Business Administration in the planning
and supervision of the study as well as in the reading
of the manuscript. The study became much more inter-
esting due to Dr. R. H. Simonds' special interest in the
"Industrial Safety." His own pamphlet of "Estimating
Accident Costs in Industrial Plants" helped the author to
a large extent in preparing manuscript of costs of ac-
cident in Chapter III. A

Thanks are also due for Professors E. A. Gee, head
of the Business Administration Department, and Dr. S. E.
Bryan, for encouraging the study.

Finally, the author is indebted to the National
Safety Council of America who provided the necessary
literature and National Safety Congress transactions of
the year 1948.

Jagdish Amin's help in the preparation of charts is
greatly appreciated.

The author, of course, assumes full responsibility

for any errors that may be present in this manuscript.
BSGJSS

Chapter

II
III
IV

VII
VIII ,

CONTENTS

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . .

Accident Statistics in U. S. A. . . . .
Effects of Accidents on Production . .
Suggestions for Prevention of Accidents

Industrial Accident Prevention
Activities in U. S. A. . . . . . . .

Application of American Practices
in India- 0 O O O I O O O O O O O O O

surrlmary O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0

Literature Cited . . . . . . . . . . .

Page

U]

20

32

47

Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Why This Subject was Selected for Study

 

India is an agricultural country. 86% of the people
live in the villages. 14% of the total population is en-
gaged in industries like textile, mining, chemical, etc.
Industrialization is in its infancy. It has many chances
to develop its industries. Textile, iron and steel,
chemical and Jute manufacturing industries are consider-
ably developed in the country. There is continuous
movement of population from rural to urban areas. Sur-
plus population in agriculture find employment in the
cities where industries are conducted, with the result
that the present trend of the people is to move towards
industries. Accidents are common and are increasing
with the greatest speed. Very few accident prevention
methods are practiced. Government tries to projpct the
interest of the workers through factory and compensation
laws, but the management does very little in the direc-
tion. Management is working in that direction but they
do not have enough suggestions and definite schemes.
Study is needed in that direction and the main purpose of

this study is to enable Indian industries to adopt some

of the safety suggestions. Suggestions for accident
prevention are made on the basis of American practices
but much attention is paid to make it suitable for
Indian business conditions, hence they may be found much

useful.

Its Importance, Implication and Application

 

Industrial safety and security of jobs is the real
challenge to the industry today in every country. Exist-
ing laws and rules in many countries require in varying
degree that the work places be maintained in safe con—
ditions, adequate first-aid facilities be provided, acci-
dents be reported and employees be compensated when
accidentally injured. Management should not care for
increased production at the cost of lives of its em-

ployees.

The State of This Study Up to Date

 

The subject of industrial safety is in its youth
as compared with the other subjects of industrial rela-
tions but due to its youthfulness, it is full of abundant
energy. Very few industrialists realized the value of
accidents in terms of human deaths and volume of produc-
tion. American Society of Engineers has been functioning
for 35 years and it takes keen interest in the field of

industrial safety. The National Safety Council is the

prime safety organization in America. It renders many
important services in the field of accident prevention.
It has functioned since 1913. They collect thousands
data, investigate causes and suggest remedies in their
annual proceedings. They publish a monthly magazine
and provide a continual flow of safety materials to their
thousands of members. Since World War II, this organi-
zation has become much more important in the field of
safety and the narrative account is available since
then. They have been publishing "Accident Facts" every
year. This report mainly consists of collection of data
on the nature and causes of accidents. H. w. Heinrich,
Assistant Superintendent of Engineering and Inspection
Division of the Travelers Insurance Company worked on
"Industrial Accident Prevention" and made a scientific
approach to it. His work is mainly on philosophical,
psychological and educational aspects of the subject.
During the war, the division of industrial hygiene
of National Institute of Health prepared a manual of
industrial hygiene and published it in the year 1943.
The work has been mainly done on the prevention and con-
trol aspects of diseases in industries particularly along
the line of public health and sanitation requirements.
H. H. Judson and James M. Brown, professional engineers
of New York have worked on occupational accident preven—

tion. They have suggested in their book some of the

safety activities and improvements of the plants. Wood—
bury, Arthur H. Reede of Harvard University and w. R.
Dittmar have worked on workmen's compensation laws

which is one of the important aspects of safety plants.

Since then, Dr. R. H. Simonds of Northwestern Uni-
versity did work on the cost aspect of safety. Very
few persons have made objective studies on the cost
problem of safety even in America. This work has pro-
vided a sound basis for calculating the money value of
accident reduction. He has proved cost of accidents to
industries in terms of money, production and man—hour
losses.

As regards India, no such specific type of work has
been done in the field of accident prevention. Subject
of production in the field of business administration
has been neglected. Less amount of output, larger num—
ber of working hours, low wages and more physical labor
is required to operate machines. The idea of mass scale
production is not yet in practice. In a country like
India where millions of peOple do not even find bare
necessities of life, mass scale production would result
in more supply with less prices. The present trend of
the National Government is towards industrialization
and with the growth of many industries, production will
involve many problems and problems like industrial safety

will be given enough consideration.

Chapter II

ACCIDENT STATISTICS IN U. S. A.

Importance of Accident Statistics

 

United States, today is the most mechanized country
in the world. Its industrial economy has given tremen~
dous prOSperity and increase in the living standard.

Yet associated with it, the modern developments are the
increasing number of accidents. The loss of manpower

to the nation can be judged from the statistics in table
1, in which the accidental deaths are compared with those
caused by diseases for the years 1944, 1945, 1946, and
1948.

Throughout the years 1944-1948 it is found that
only three diseases caused more deaths than accidents.
They are heart disease, cancer, and cerebral hemorrhage.
135 to 323 deaths per 100,000 resulted due to heart dis-
ease in those years. Those caused by cancer and cerebral
hemorrhage during the same period were 135 to 129, and
76 to 94 reSpectively. Eleven years ago deaths caused
by Nephritis and Pneumonia were more than those caused
by accidents, but improved medical facilities have dropped
down these casualties by about 28% in case of Nephritis

and 54% in case of Pneumonia. The drop in accidental

ON

Table 1*

 

Deaths per 100,000

 

Cause of Death

1944 1945 1946 1948

 

Heart Disease 135 321 307 323
Cancer 129 134 130 135
Cerebral Hemorrhage 94 86 78 76
ACCIDENT 72 73 7O 67
Nephritis 69 67 58 53
Pneumonia 49 44 38 35
Tuberculosis 41 40 36 30

 

deaths during that period was only 11 percent. Even dur-
ing the four years 1944—1948 period, it is seen that
deaths due to cerebral hemorrhage dropped down from 94

in 1944 to 76 in 1948, registering a steady decline.
During the same period accidental deaths have moved down
only to 67 in 1948, from 72 in 1944. It may happen that
in years to come even cerebral hemorrhage may cause less
deaths than accidents. The National Safety Council fur-
ther points out: "If you make a 10 minute safety speech
- 2 persons probably will be accidentally killed and 200

injured while you talk, costs will amount to $135,000."1

 

* The table has been composed from the "Accident Facts"
reports of National Safety Council, 20 Wacker Drive,
Chicago. The years reports consulted were 1946, 1947,
1948, and 1949.

"Accident Facts," National Safety Council publication,
20 Wacker Drive, Chicago 6, 111., year 1946, page 17.

The devastating effects of accidents may be brought

out more clearly from Tables 2 and 3.

tims of accidents are studied.

Table 2

The ages of vic-

 

 

Deaths per 100,000

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sex

1944 1945 1946 1948

Male 106 107 99 93

Female 41 42 42 42

Table 3
Deaths per 100,000
Age

1944 1945 1946 1948

All ages 71.8 72.7 70.8 67.1
0 to 4 62.6 58.9 59.3 335.6
5 to 14 30.6 31.1 28.1 24.6
15 to 29 69.3 61.9 61.9 55.4
25 to 44 49.2 50.8 49.5 46.6
45 to 64 68.2 70.6 70.0 65.9
65 & over 280.6 290.7 285.4 284.0

 

It is seen from Table 2 that the accidental deaths

in males are considerably higher than those of females.

In 1944, 106 deaths per 100,000 resulted, the figures in
1948 were 93, a drop of 13, in the females, however the
death rate has remained practically the same.

The age group to be affected the most in 1944 were,
in decreasing order of magnitude: (1) 65 years and above;
(2) between 15 and 24; (3) between 45 and 64; and (4) be-
tween 0 and 4. The decline in the death rate has not
remained uniform and in 1948 the positions were (1) 65 and
above, (2) 45 to 64, (3) 5 to 14, and (4) 0 to 4.

In 1944, 280.6 persons per million died in the first
group. Four years later they died at a slightly in-
creased rate but since it represents a group in which
most of the constructive energy is already spent, it is
not so important.

Children between the age of 0-4 died at the rate of
62.6 per million in 1944. In 1948 their death rate was
55.6 per million, registering only a slight decline.

This is a serious disadvantage as it reduces the man—
power which otherwise would be available after 15 years.

Accidental deaths in the age group of 15 to 24 is
yet another serious drainage as it deprives the actual
working manpower. In 1944 their death rate was 69.3
per million and in 1948 55.4. It is gratifying to note
that the decline in accidental deaths in this group is
the strongest. Fewer deaths have also resulted in the

group with age limits of 45 to 64. In 1948 the death

rate in this group was 65.9 per million as compared to
68.2 per million in 1944.

It is thus seen that accidents take a heavier toll
than that taken by some diseases, that males have higher
deaths due to accidents than females and the children
and youths between 15 and 24 are the most important

groups affected.

Types of Accidents

 

Accidents in different Spheres of life are compared
in Table 4, for the years 1945, 1946, 1947, and 1949.
The major fields in which the comparisons are made are,
motor vehicles, public non-motor vehicles, workers off
job, occupational and home.

Total accidental deaths during the years 1945 to
1947 increased from 96,000 in 1945 to 97,000 in 1947,
but decreased suddenly to 91,000 in 1949. Injuries also
followed a similar trend registering 10,60000 as maxi-
mum in the year 1946. The motor vehicle accidents kept
up an increase from 28,600 in 1945 to 32,300 in 1947
and dropped slightly to 31,500 in 1949. The injury during
the same periods were highest, in 1946 about 1,200,000 but
dropped in later years. In 1949, 1,100,000 injuries were
caused. Occupational accident deaths were 17,000 in
1947 which is the highest number but dropped to 15,000 in

1949. Injuries in the same group recorded a similar

IO

 

 

Table 4
Type Of 1945 1946 1947 1949
Accidents
A11
Accidents
Deaths 96,000 99,000 100,000 91,000
Injury 10,250,000 10,400,000 10,600,000 9,500,000
Motor
Vehicles
Deaths 28,600 33,700 32,300 31,500
Injury 1,000,000 1,200,000 1,150,000 1,100,000
Occupa-
tional
Deaths 16,000 16,500 17,000 15,000
Injury 2,000,000 2,050,000 2,050,000 1,850,000
Worker's
Off Job
Deaths 29,000 36,000 32,000 31,500
Injury 2,500,000 3,250,000 2,700,000 2,600,000
Public
Non-motor
Vehicles
Deaths 15,500 17,000 18,000 15,500
Injury 1,850,000 2,100,000 2,200,000 1,950,000
Home
Deaths 33,500 33,000 34,500 31,000
Injury 5,000,000 4,950,000 5,200,000 4,650,000

 

change, dropping to 1,850,000 in 1949 from 20,500 in 1948.

Deaths due to accidents in workers off job rose sharply

in 1946 and so did the injuries but dropped down consid-

erably in recent years.

Accidental deaths in home were

highest in 1945 and so were the injuries in the homes in

1949, they fell to second place for deaths and remained

in the first for injuries.

Public non-motor vehicle

11

recorded the least number of deaths in 1945 though not
the injuries. Its relative positions changed but the
number of accidents were practically the same in 1949.
Injuries however increased.

Among these groups, the occupational group has
considerable importance even though it is not the high-
est in incidence. The reason for this is that injuries
and deaths in this field lead to working hour loss,
loss of manpower, higher cost of production and economic
disturbance since these accidents involve people who
are engaged in active work. Rest of the work shall be
devoted to the study of various aspects of occupational
accidents.

Accident costs are magnified 4 times by indirect
losses. The high indirect cost of industrial accidents
- 4 times as great as the direct cost should be regarded
as an important factor while determining costs. Author»
ities agree that the indirect cost of industrial acci-
dents involving injuries to persons is four times greater
on the average than the direct cost of medical payments
and disability benefits. Indirect costs are costs of
time lost by other employees who stop work out of curi-
osity, out of sympathy or to assist the injured employee,
cost due to the damage to the machine, incidental costs
due to the interference with production, failure to fill

orders in time and payments of forfeits.

12

an&
Direct costs are the cost of medical payments,“disa—

bility benefits.

Graphical representation is made in Graph 1.

It is seen that both the frequency and severity
rates have come down appreciably from 1926. The decrease
in these rates is not however uniform but shows occa-
sional ascending tendencies also. It is found that both
these rates are considerably higher in 1929 and 1941 in
comparison to the years immediately preceding them. By
about 1941 the decrease is very slow and no appreciable
results are produced until 1946. After 1946, however
the decline in both these rates is rapid and last year
it has hit the minimum record ever reached. It is to
be studied weather this decline goes on uniformly now
or both these rates will go up slightly as before. In
general when trends for both severity and frequency rates
examined, it is found that considerable decline in both
the rates has taken place. The decline however is not
uniform. This decline is due to definite steps taken
to minimize the accidents.

The same conclusion is confirmed in Table 6, for
some of the industries. The industries thus examined are
automobile, chemical, electrical, petroleum, railroad,
steel and textile. The table is given on page 15. In
this table are given the frequency and severity rates
for the years 1945, 1946, 1947 and 1949. In each of the

industries a = Frequency rate, and b = Severity rate.

13

 

 

 

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Table 5
048211;. "22:22” 89:42:22
1926 1725 31.87 2.50
1927 2089 25.95 1.88
1928 2552 24.52 2.03
1929 3603 25.39 2.25
1930 4118 18.47 1.97
1931 4383 15.12 1.72
1932 3937 13.20 1-59
1933 3776 14.56 1.59
1934 3866 15.29 1.70
1935 3796 14.02 1.58
1936 4093 13.57 1.64
1937 4032 14.05 1.58
1938 4497 12.18 1.53
1939 4734 11.83 1.42
1940 5163 12.52 1.44
1941 5325 15.39 1.53
1942 5537 14.68 1.49
1943 6060 14.52 1.20
1944 5857 14.46 1.21
1945 6262 13.63 1.16
1946 6212 14.16 1.28
1947 6634 13.26 1.23
1948 6707 11.49 1.12
1949 7185 10.14 1.021

 

1 "Accident Facts," National Safety Council report, 1950,
page 28, 20 N. Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois.

 

15

 

 

Table 6
Industries 1945 1946 1947 1949
Automobile
a 10.29 11.10 10.06 6.35
b .62 .83 .66 .57
Chemical
a 10.08 10.09 8.86 5.72
b 1.06 .86 .92 .60
Electrical
a 6.34 7.36 6.02 4.83
b .44 .53 .45 .38
Petroleum
a 14.38 13.61 13.16 10.54
b 1.33 1.48 1.33 1.03
Railroad
a 15.37 11.14 8.08 8.35
b 1.44 1.09 1.11 1.62
Steel
a 7.23 7.19 6.08 4.96
b 1.75 1.69 1.60 1.49
Textile
a 12.13 11.44 8.83 7.88
b .68 .78 .54 .57

 

Frequency rate is the number of disabling occupational

injuries per million man-hours exposure while the sever—
ity rate is the total time charged for occupational in—
juries per thousand man-hours of exposure. The time
charges for each injury include actual calendar days and

arbitrary charges for deaths and permanent disabilities

based on a time charge of 6000 days for a death.

All these industries have decreased their frequency
and severity rates in 1949, than in 1945, yet three of
them have maximum frequency and severity rates in 1946,
such industries are automobile, chemical, and electrical.
Those in which these rates were not maximum in 1946 had
a negligible change in 1946 as compared to the decline
in these rates in post 1946 period. Railway industry
had the highest frequency rate of 15.37 and severity
rate of 1.44 in 1945. Next to it were Petroleum and
Textile industries with frequency rate of 14.38 and 12.13
respectively. Their severity rates were 1.33 and .68.
The highest severity rate was in steel industry of 1.75.
The lowest frequency and severity rates were in elec—
trical industries. In 1949 petroleum industry in spite
of its appreciable amount of drop had highest frequency
rate of 10.54. The railroad had the highest severity
rate of 1.62. The lowest in both these rates in the
year 1949 was also electrical engineering with frequency
rate of .83. It is interesting to note that the sever-
ity rate of railways has suddenly shot up in 1949.

It is now proposed to study influences of various
agencies in causing permanent disabilities and death
during the period 1937—1941. These causes are divided
into three groups. They are: (a) unsafe acts; (b) per-

sonal cause; (c) mechanical causes.

17

Tables 7, 8, and 9, which are given on the follow—
ing page give the percentage of these accidents during
these years. Tables have been compiled from the ”Acci-
dent Facts" reports of National Safety Council of the
years 1944, 1945, 1946, and 1948.

Both mechanical and personal causes have created
4818 accidents during the same period. The other group
of unsafe acts has slightly less number of accidents -
3112. Improper attitude caused by 50% of the accidents
among those due to personal reasons. Lack of knowledge
and skill caused another 30%. The two factors contrib-
uting between them 8&6 of the total caused by personal
reasons. Both these factors can be very effectively
reduced by imparting proper knowledge and skill, since
improper attitude may arise frequently from lack of
knowledge. Employment of skilled and intelligent labor
may also reduce accidents considerably. Among the acci-
dents caused by mechanical causes, hazardOus arrange-
ments begs 36% and improper guards and defect again
claim 25% and 15% respectively. Unsafe dress causes 63
of the accidents in this group. All these factors can
be very effectively controlled. The most unsafe acts
causing accidents are unnecessary exposure to danger,
unsafe use of equipment and work on moving equipments
reSpectively, causing 25, 15 and 14% of accidents caused

by unsafe acts.

18

Table 7

Accidents Caused by Unsafe Acts

 

Number of

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Accidents Percent
Total Accidents 3112 100
Unnecessary EXposure to Danger 796 25
Unsafe Use of Equipment 467 15
Work on Moving Equipment 428 14
No Protective Equipment Used 275 9
Improper Starting or Stopping 284 9
Overloading and Poor Arranging 214 7
Making Safety Devices Inoperative 157 5
Operating at Unsafe Speed 93 3
No Unsafe Act 398 13

Table 8
Accidents by Personal Cause

Number of

Accidents Percent
Total Accidents 4818 100
Improper Attitude 2376 50
Lack of Knowledge or Skill 1457 30
Bodily Defect 102 2
No Personal Cause 883 18

Table 9
Accidents by Mechanical Cause

Number of P t

Accidents ercen
Total Accidents 1418 100
Hazardous Arrangement 1634 36
Improper Guarding 1214 25
Defective Agencies 747 15
Unsafe Dress 277 6
Improper Ventilation 32 1
No Mechanical Cause 914 19

 

19

It is found that accidents are near the top among

the causes of death and that the accident rates have

declined less than the death rates of many diseases.

Occupational accidents are one of the important losses

of accidents. The modern trend in various industries

points to sharp decline in frequency and severity rates

in 1946-1949 period. Among some of the more important

causes of accidents are:

(l)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

Improper attitude

Lack of Knowledge and Skill
Hazardous arrangements
Handling improper equipment
Unnecessary exposure to danger

Unsafe use of equipments

Chapter III

EFFECTS OF ACCIDENTS ON PRODUCTION

Even though accidents are not considered tolerable
in any society, the financial problems often dominate
the practical situation. No industrial administrator
likes to run his industry at a loss and, therefore, is
likely to judge the preventive measures on a profit and
loss basis. He may tolerate the preventive measure,
the application of which in industry does not give any

extra profit but he will certainly not tolerate any

 

measures likely to produce net loss. Therefore esti-
mates for the savings made by the preventive measures
must be accurately made. Accidents have therefore
been studied by analyzing cost Ufflproduction, cost of
accidents and cost of injuries, etc. It has been found
that annual reports of accidents expressed in terms of
dollars lost due to accidents carry to the management as
much meaning as those expressed in terms of severity and
frequency rates would. In this chapter is studied cost
of accidents and other financial aspects of industrial
accidents.

In Table 10 are reported the cost of accidents in

millions of dollars for the years 1945, 1946, 1947, and

1949. These costs have been subdivided as those due to

21

Table 10

 

 

 

Dollars in Millions

 

1945 1946 1947 1949

 

Total 1000 1100 1300 1300
Wage Loss 680 750 800 750
Medical 100 130 140 120
Overhead Cost of Insurance 240 240 380 450

 

wage losses, medical expenses and overhead costs of in-
surance.

Total costs in occupational or industrial accidents
have gone up steadily since 1945 to 1947 from one thou-
sand million dollars to 1300 million dollars. They have
remained steady in 1949 at the 1947 level. Wage losses
which were steadily increasing from 1945 to 1947, dropped
to 750 millions in 1949 from 800 millions, in 1947. The
hospital expenses also show a trend parallel to that of
wage losses. In 1949 they dropped to 120 millions from
140 millions of 1947, only losses which kept a steady
increase throughout all these years were overhead costs
of insurance. They have arisen from 250 millions in 1945
to 450 millions in 1949.

It was shown in the severity and frequency rates giv-
en in Graph 1 and Table 5 on pages 13 and 14 in Chapter

II that both these rates increased during the period 1941

 

   

 

 

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23

to 1946 but dropped down considerably in recent years
and recorded a minimum in 1949. The costs of accidents
did drop down as sharply as the severity and frequency
rates, but in many spheres a drop is definitely recorded.
In some cases the loss is maintained at the level of
previous years. A sharp agreement between the two data
may not be expected due to other factors like inflation
and subsequent higher wages paid to labor. These have
tended to increase the actual loss per loss of man-hour.
Yet the close relation between the prevention of acci-
dents and lowering of these losses could readily be seen
from the above comparison.

Time lost by accidents is yet another measure whereby
the cost of accidents can be figured out as in the ab-
sence of accidents much time could have been utilized
for increased production and subsequent higher profits.
The time thus 10st can be divided into two groups as
reported in Table 11. The first one includes the time
lost by injured workers and includes hours lost due to
absence, leave for hospitalization or during treatment,
etc. The second one is that of time lost by other non-
injured workers. This is caused by those who rush down
to the scene of accidents, give aid to the victims,
watch them and discuss the causes and results of the
accidents. The first loss can be reduced only by re-

ducing the number of accidents. In Table 11 are given

24

Table ll

Time Lost in Millions of Man-days

 

1945 1946 1947 1949

 

Total time lost 276 280 280 275
By injured workers 46 48 48 45
By other workers 230 230 230 230

 

the time lost by industries in millions of man-days dur-
ing the years 1945, 1946, 1947, and 1949.

276 million man—days were lost in 1945 out of which
46 million man—days were by injured workers and 230 million
man-days by non-injured workers. Thus the time lost by
non—injured workers was 5 times as much as that lost by
injured workers. The trend of this loss has increased
from 1945 to 1946 to 280 million man—days. In 1947 it
has remained at the level of 1946 but dropped down in
1949 to 275 million man-days. This figure is the mini-
mum during the years 1945 to 1949 and represents the
saving of 5 million man-days from 1947. The time lost
by injured workers also shows a similar trend. Its
minimum of 45 million man-days loss in 1949 represented
as saving of 3 million man—days from the 48 million man-
days loss in 1947. The time lost by non-injured workers
has remained steady throughout this period at the level

of 230 million man-days.

This data compares favorably with the severity and
frequency rates shown in Table 5 of Chapter II and costs
of accidents in Chapter III. The severity and frequency
rates increased till 1946 from 1941 and then reached a
minimum in 1949. Costs of accidents increased up to 1947
but kept the same level in 1949. As compared to this,
the time lost due to accidents increased up to 1946, re-
mained steady in 1947 but dropped to a minimum in 1949.
Thus it is seen that the time lost has a close connec-
tion with costs of accidents and severity and frequency
rates.

Table 12 presents the losses in terms of millions
of dollars during the years 1945, 1946, 1947, and 1949.
These losses have been classified according to the agen-
cies which caused them. The group studied are accidental
injuries, property damaged due to motor—vehicle accidents,
fire losses and other costs of occupational accidents.

Total loss incurred has constantly arisen from 5100
million dollars in 1945 to 7500 million dollars in 1949.
The greatest single group for expenses is that of acci-
dental injuries. In 1945, 2700 million dollars were
lost in this group. In 1949 the loss was 4400 million
dollars. The fire losses also show a tendency similar
to the previous two groups. They increased from a 484
million dollars in 1945 to 652 million dollars in 1949.

The property damage due to motor-vehicle accidents rose

16

E 4 ‘

o‘. l&. {axo‘l*

[alclnIOIO

 

6340.. mg nu

.32.»?33926) «are! 2» 35;: 5.3.0.:

.arzuinuoc J330Hrtauuo no «Paco JUSFO
.3532..— 5533a
.3253. 43.0...

 

A

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o
o
O
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I
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0000

 

mute»; o: nouns.

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Table l2

(figures in millions of dollars)

 

 

 

 

1945 1946 1947 1949
Accidental injuries 2700 3600 4100 4400
Property damage in
Motor—vehicle accident 650 900 1100 1100
Fire 108888 484 554 648 652
-Other costs of
Occupational accidents 1300 1300 1300 1300
5100 6400 7100 7500

Total (rounded)

 

to 1100 million dollars in 1949 from 650 million dollars

in 1945.

mained steady during these years.

Other costs of occupational accidents has re-

In Table 13 are compared the losses undergone in

various occupancies during the years 1944, 1945, 1946,

and 1948, due to one of the above agencies, namely fires.

The figures represent losses in millions of dollars.

In 1944 the total loss caused by fire was 456 mil-

lion dollars; it increased continuously during the sub-

sequent years and in 1948, 714.8 million dollars were lost.

Dwelling occupancies suffered the greatest financial loss

due to fires.

In 1944, they lost 112.5 million dollars.

This loss was temporarily reduced to 108 million dollars

in 1945 but increased in 1946 and 1948.

1948 was 201.4 million dollars.

The loss in

The mercantile industry

28

Table 13

(losses in millions of dollars)

 

 

1944 1945 1946 1948

 

Total 456 485 580 714.8
Dwelling occupancies 112.5 108 152.5 201.4
Mercantiles 87.5 115 146.3 168
Manufacturing 98 85.4 107.1 147
Public buildings 68.65 40.1 30.4 37.4
Miscellaneous 87.35 131.5 139.5 161
Fires, other than buildings 2 5 4.2 40.9

 

was the third biggest occupancy to suffer in 1944. Its
loss was 87.5 million dollars but it rose to second place
in 1948 losing 168 million dollars in that year. The
increase in the losses was continuous. Manufacturing
occupancy lost 98 million dollars in 1944 being second

in loss in that year. In 1945 it dropped to 85.4 mil-
lion dollars. In 1948 it was the third occupancy on the
loss basis. This drop in the position did not indicate

a drop in the dollars lost. On the other hand the losses
have continuously risen from 1945 to reach 147 million
dollar loss in 1948. Public buildings was the only group
which showed an actual decrease in the losses. In 1944,
68.65 million dollars were lost, whereas in 1948 only

37.4 million dollars were lost. The figure of 1948

29

however is greater by 7 million dollars than the 1946
amount which was 30.4 million dollars. The loss there-
fore did not decrease uniformly in this group. Fires
other than the buildings have caused many times more
losses in 1948 than in 1944. In 1944 two million dol-
lars were lost but in 1948, the loss amounted to 40.9
million dollars. Though the relative positions of
various groups have changed slightly. All the fields
excepting one have shown increased losses in 1948 as
compared to 1944.

In Table 14 are compared the losses incurred by
fires in various industries for the years 1944, 1945,
1946, and 1948. The industries that are thus compared
are flour mills and elevators, wood workers, metal work-
ers, railroads and other manufacturings in general. The
losses are reported in millions of dollars.

Flour mills and elevators lost 20 million dollars
in 1944. In 1945 the losses dropped down to 13 million
dollars but increased suddenly in 1946 to 26 million
dollars and were 25 million dollars in 1948. The wood-
workers lost 11.75 million dollars in 1944 but in 1945
and 1946, they had lost only 3.8 and 3.7 million dollars
respectively. In 1948 however the losses increased again
to 15 million dollars. Metal workers lost 8.5 million
dollars in 1944 had increased losses of about 15.7 mil-

lion dollars in 1945, again reduced to 5.1 million dollars

30

Table 14
Losses in Various Industries

(figures in millions of dollars)

 

1944 1945 1946 1948

 

Flour Mills & Elevators 20 13 26 25
Wood Worker 11.75 3.8 3.7 15
Metal Workers 8.5 15.7 5.1 14
Railroad 16.1 - — 8.2
Other Manufacturings 57.75 52.9 67.7 86

 

in 1946 to rise again to 14 million dollars loss in 1948.
Data for the railroads are not available for the years
1945 and 1946 but they lost 8.2 million dollars in 1948
as compared to 16.1 million dollars of 1944. Other
manufacturing group in general rose from 57.75 million
dollar loss in 1944 to 86 million dollar loss in 1948.
The rises and the drOps in the amounts lost by fire were
not uniform in any of the groups excepting one. They
fluctuated from year to year and excepting from the rail-

roads all groups have shown increased losses in 1948 as

compared to 1944.
Summary

Accidents in modern years are studied in three ways:

(1) Amount of damage measured in terms of dollars

(2) Time lost measured in terms of man-hour and
man-days lost

(3) Agencies which cause them.

The losses due to accidents is reported in terms of
wage losses, medical expenses, overhead cost of insurance,
and indirect costs. These losses are compared with the
frequency and severity rate interpretations. The close
relations between time wasted and dollars lost is also
brought out. Moving to more details the relative im-
portance of some of the agencies causing damages by some
of the accidents has been studied. We have noted also
in this chapter the losses caused by fires alone in

various spheres and industries.

Chapter IV

SUGGESTIONS FOR PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS

Accident prevention was usually regarded as a joint
problem of management, federal and state governments,
insurance companies and similar other agencies. Later
on the importance of the management in combating the ac-
cidents was more clearly understood.* In 1948 Dr. J. L.
Rosenstein stressed that management should recognize
that safety is a monetary concern of the stock holders
but it concerns the worker more deeply in his life, his
home and his whole future; and therefore advocated that
management give the safety program mainly to the worker
and only offer complete financial and technical help in
the same way as they offer technical help to the employ-
ee's credit union but do not control it. This advice is
out of a conviction that safety is a workers' problem
financially, physically, emotionally and socially, whereas
the management is only concerned financially.

Many other authorities in safety and management

would disagree with Rosenstein in his conclusion. Although

 

* Source: "Some thought for management men,” from the
"Human side of safety," Vol. 34 of transactions, 1948.
National Safety Congress, p. 4—9. National Safety
Council Publication, Chicago 6.

33

labor unions often become seriously concerned with the
problem of accident prevention, workers on the whole

have to be forced or led by management to wear safety
equipment and follow safe procedures. Dr. R. H. Simonds
of Michigan State College believes that it is a reSponsi—
bility of management to plan, direct and control produc-
tion and safety must be built into conditions and methods
of production.

In the remaining part of this work are discussed
various measures for accident preventions as they exist
in the U. S. A. Suggestions for adoption of certain
accident prevention devices in India are also made taking

into consideration the Specific Indian conditions.

Safety Organization

 

In the recent years, the American industrialists
have awakened to the far-reaching consequences of acci-
dents due to considerable degree to the efforts of
National Safety Council. Today almost every important
plant has some system of ensuring safety. The safety
program has been worked out by three different methods.
They are:

(a) Organization by safety director,

(b) Organization by safety committees,

(0) Line organization.

34

In the first method, the whole safety program is
put under the supervision and initiative of a single
individual. This person who usually is a very important
man in the top administrative circles of the plants
has got to be intimately connected with various workers'
problems and is the only person to devise suitable means
to prevent accidents. As such besides being competent
in this field he must command a very high esteem of the
workers so that his suggestions might be carried out.

In the second method the safety program is in
charge of a committee formed by the heads of different
departments. The chief executive of the plant act as
a chairman. This system is adopted in many small and
medium size plants. More effective methods, quicker
decisions, prompt execution and proper investigations
result out of this system. ~The most important factor
is that the particular conditions of the departments
are fully represented by its heads. Many large plants
adopt a system which is a combination of both the safety
committee and safety director. This is the modern safe-
ty plan.

In line organization, all the functions as regards
safety are carried on by the personnel of the plant. This
system has certain advantages and they are:

(a) Safety work is directly coupled with other

operating problems so the personnel of the plant
can devote more on safety.

(b) It makes safety an integral part of all work-
ing processes.

(c) It is sound and logical because when a job is
done, it is safely done and the best way of
performing any task is naturally a safe way.

It results in lesser supervision.

The disadvantage of_this system is that the every
worker on the line must be skilled and educated to a
conscious responsibility of doing things safely.

The National Safety Council in its safe practices
pamphlet N0. 42 on "organizing a complete industrial
safety program” emphasizes an e1even:point scheme in
starting a planfto_prevent~aceidénts from which real
results may be expected. It lays emphasis on management
leadership, cooperation of superintendent, role of safety
directors, accident record analysis, executive coopera—
tion, inspection of various departments, mechanical safe-
guards, first aid provisions, educational work and im-
proving machinery and equipment.

Three principles of management's part in safety are
outlined in Volume 19 of the transactions of 1948, Na—

tional Safety Congress by R. Hargrove are:

(a) Management should be interested in safety,
itself.

(b) Management should enforce safety practices.
The National Safety Council in its eleven-point
program urges the manager to convince an average worker

of his sincerety towards safety plan. According to the

36

pamphlet this could be done by visible science in the
form of mechanical guards and good lighting. The main
argument for these steps is the necessity of securing
the cooperation of the worker, without which no safety
plan would succeed. It is gratifying to note that many
managements have exhibited interest in safety and co-

operated with National Safety Council.

Cooperation of Superintendent

 

The role of manager and superintendent have equal
reSponsibilities in the safety plan. "He must be field
marshall in the safety campaign and by his own faith and
enthusiasm he must win for it the respect and support of
his foreman. If he treats it as a side issue, his fore-
man will treat it likewise. It must be made a vital part
of the operating department.”1 This necessitates a very
close cooperation between the safety director and the

superintendent.

Safety Director

 

Many workers have advocated a safety plan in which
one man must be made responsible in the safety program

in every plant regardless of its size, where the costs

 

1 Safe practices pamphlet No. 42: ”Organizing a Complete

Industrial Safety Program," National Safety Council
publication, Chicago , page 2.

37

of maintaining separate safety director cannot be suc-
cessfully met with, is advocated that management itself
should take over the responsibility of a safety director.
In a medium size plant an assistant may have the respon-
sibilities and the nature of these responsibilities may
decide a significant title like the safety engineer, a
safety director or safety inspector. It is important
that this work is not assigned to an overworked indi-
vidual who mEVIslde track the whole safety plan. It

is not necessary for the safety man to be technically
educated though this knowledge may be a definite asset
because he may obtain the necessary knowledge, generally
from others. In highly specialized industry he may
however need some training. More than the technical
qualifications, the safety man should have nearly every
personal qualifications that makes a successful man."He
should have vision, initiative, diplomacy, persistency,
judgment, leadership and above all sympathy. Usually
this post requires much tactful handling not only with
the workers but also with other businessmen, engineer
designing machinery and higher bosses.

In order to couple very closely his work with the
branches of that department, the safety director should
be in close contact with other departments handling
employee relations. Sometimes he is in charge of other

employee relations.

38

Analyzing the Accident Records

 

No safety plan is likely to make much headway un-
less the results produced by it are scrutinized properly
and accident records analyzed. The analysis of accident
records is a duty of the safety director. Instructions
on how to start and carry out this analysis are given
in detail in the National Safety Council's safe practices
pamphlet No. 21 on “Industrial Accident Records and
Analysis.” This suggests that all accidents be classi-
fied at least by departments; by agency (lathe, grinding
wheel, hammer, etc.); part of agency (belt, geer or
pulley); by manner of performance (gperating, cleaning,
oiling); by method of contact (falls, caught in or be-
tween, struck against); and finally by proximate causes
(defective equipment, unsafe conditions, physical handi—
caps, lack of knowledge). Many foremen and others, some-
times may take an attitude of "we never had any accidents."
A safety director without facts and figures is often at
a disadvantage in a situation like this. Results which
may be obtained by such records are:

(a) Increased attention may be given to departments

where accidents occur the most because they

are sorted out.

(b) Mal-condition, practices and agencies causing
accidents are pointed out.

(0) Individual qualities of foremen in handling
their men are pointed out. They have thus
chances to strengthen their weaknesses.

39

(d) Friendly rivalry for improved records between
departments can be set up.

(e) Workers most susceptible to meet with acci—
dents are easily pointed out.

It is impossible to separate estimating accident
costs from these records. Detailed instructions on how
to estimate accident costs in industrial plants have
been given in the National Safety Council's pamphlet
No. 111 on that subject, by Dr. R. H. Simonds of Mich-
igan State College. He lays out a plan in which the
total costs of accidents include the costs of medical
care and compensation of injured workers, costs of pro-
duction delays and property damage by accidents whether
or not the accidents caused injury to the worker. He
further divides the accidents in two divisions: (a)
injury accidents; (b) no injury accidents. In the first
group are the injuries sustained by employees in the
course of and arising out of their employment, and
industrial diseases. The second group includes acci-
dents arising out of the activities of a company that
cause property damage or interfere with production in
such a manner that personal injury might have resulted
even though no one happened to be hurt. The industrial

accident costs serve two purposes:1

 

1 Interesting information about this problem is given in

”Standard Methods of Injury Reporting," Vol. 27, p. 22
of transaction of National Safety Congress, National
Safety Council publication, Chicago 6.

40

(a) They provide basis for decisions upon which
efficiency and profit depend. Even in so ob—
viously desirable activity as accident pre—
vention, some proposed measures must be ac-
cepted or rejected on the basis of their
probable effects on profits.

(b) Safety engineers frequently find the annual
reports expressed in terms of dollar savings
as meaningful to higher authority as those
using frequency and severity rates.

Holding Meetings of Operating Executives

 

A11 supervisors, foremen, superintendents and
operating heads should be summoned to general meetings.
The main purpose of these meetings is to mobilize these
men who are in a key position for the safety plan. This
is usually accomplished in a number of ways. Operating

executives and foremen should be kept informed of the

‘—

 

" """W

_ 4 .H‘O-Wm
. ~‘h‘

accident prevention plan in advance. In thismmeeting,
the foremen and the superintendents should be convinced
of the dangers of accidents, of management's interest
in cutting down the accidents, their own profits in
case of decreased accidents and finally of the respon—
sibilities. Since the worker's attitude towards safety
will depend on the attitude of the foreman, he is a
trigger to start of any plan. If he is convinced, he
will pour enthusiasm on workers for the safety plan at

departmental meetings presided over by him.

41

Plant Inspection

 

Loose machinery is often the cause of accidents.
Each and every plant should employ one plant supervisor.
Safe practices pamphlet No. 75 on "Safety Instructions"
by National Safety Council contains valuable information
about this accident prevention measure. According to
pamphlet No. 42 of National Safety Council, plant in—
spection helps:

(a) The foreman in each department to prepare his
report as requested at the foremen's meetings.

(b) To determine physical condition of a plant and
checks dangers that need to be safeguarded.

(c) To prepare for the guarding program.

(d) Improve general housekeeping and sanitation.

The pamphlet suggests that inspection work should
be carried out by foremen under supervision and guidance
of safety director. Fire hazards, fire protection,
(fire escapes, fire extinguishers) ice and snow hazards,
yard hazards (open pits, railroad crossings), electrical
hazards (open switches, defective portable lights),
hazards at machine point of operation, power transmis-
sion hazards (unguarded belts and pulleys), material
handling hazards (defective trucks), chemical hazards
(acid, caustics), lighting, ventilation, housekeeping
and spots of past accidents usually need inspection

effectively to prevent accidents.

42

Some of the states have safety laws for the con—
:srtruction, operation and maintenance of factories. New
Tifork State Labor Department has such standard laws for
't;he operation and maintenance of factories. Construc-
‘tzions of buildings is supervised and the department has
ea;uthority to order for the alteration of construction

<:>r equipment which are harmful to employees. Municipal

 

zaLuthorities control under penalty, threat, exits, fire”
earscapes, fire retarding construction, sprinklers, ele-
‘urators and boilers in buildings and housekeeping. Ho-
dtzels, laundries, restaurants, bakeries and food manu-
IETacturing concerns, storage of combustibles, welding
'Eand spray coating are also controlled by municipality.
“(Jsually different boards are set up to control different

(occupational concerns by municipality.

Mechanical Safeguards and Engineering Revision

 

After inspection is made, a number of mechanical
causes likely to cause accidents are recorded. Usually
the foreman makes a number of suggestions regarding im-
provements. Unless these accidental causes are dealt
with, it would be of no use to inspect the plants or to
keep records. The safety director can help his super-
intendent to classify the recommendations as those which
should be carried out, and referred back to foreman for

"go ahead," those which should be sent to mechanical

w..;\

43

department for repairs and those which seem impracticable
and need discussions to clear out. It is important to
remember here that all safeguards have to be installed

in accordance with the Specifications of the state and
insurance company standards.

Taking safeguards are only temporary steps to pre-
vent the accidents, but more fundamental means of elim-
inating the hazards of accidents is the engineering
progress and subsequent engineering revision. This
redesigns the machinery in such a way that they not only

eliminate hazards but increase efficiency and production.

”(7 41'3“" ""-‘ h!“ "'1‘ “r” '- -i‘ ‘E .“J'u h‘fi‘K'Ht lawn-.15.
1m,

WI—‘fim "0 'W "

This is often a neglected field which will pay unusually

large returns on time and effort invested.

First Aid

 

Unless an injured worker receives preliminary first
aid treatment, it may be that a minor injury may take a
serious turn and result in an infection or disability.
Detailed instructions for the first aid organizations
are discussed in safe practices pamphlet of National
Safety Council. In small plants it may be enough to have
a first aid kit and some few workers trained in first aid
but in large plants, first aid dispensary with graduate
nurses may be necessary. Many concerns have appreciated
the value of first aid. In words of Mr. Miller of the

Texas Company, "First aid training plays a major part in

42+

effecting substantial reductions in both injury, frequency
and severity rates. It necessarily follows therefore that
it contributed largely to a reduction in injury costs."l

Psychologists have pointed out that security and
self-being are among very important points of basic needs.

Both these factors are very intimately connected with

first aid.

Educational Program

 

Since it is absolutely necessary to obtain active
cooperation from management and the workers, an educa-
tional program which interests both of them does more
good than any other program. Information about this
program can be had from National Safety Council safe
practices pamphlet No. 72 on "Safety Committees." It
says that the safety educational programs should be
divided into three groups:

(a) For the management

(b) For foremen

(c) For workers

Short reports and presence of management executives
are essential to keep up the interest both of workers

and of the administrators. Foremen need training in:

 

1 First aid organization, Vol. 6, p. #, Transaction,

National Safety Congress, 1948. National Safety Coun-
011 Publication, Chicago 6.

45

(a) Determining standards for guarding machinery
and equipment.

(b) Formulating safety rules.

(0) Investigation of accidents and deciding what
must be done to prevent their recurrences.

(d) To review all safety suggestions and recom-
mendations and decide upon their practicability.

The workers usually need detailed instructions about
local plant conditions and safety behaviour to prevent
accidents. This can be done by posters, films, giving
examples of insured workers emphasizing safety on calen—
dars, on pay envelopes and finally by foreman M§p§g;a;_fl,
other activities like special safety instruction to new
employees, warning signs, rule books, posting safety
rules pertaining to particular departments, suggestion
systems, classes in safety and first aid, fire drills

and fire brigades, mass meetings or meetings by depart-

ments. Motion picture and film slides, prizes and bonus

-Wad-I"'RV”
«NW‘... .,.‘,..._ .. 4'9“" "3"“ "~“ “-9- -,wn. IL-J ‘- MM

for safety and playlets, contests between departments,

reaching the home of the workers through various agencies.

Workmen safety committees and Special campaigns such as
“NM" mm A "'~'""""'----- . ._ . _ . ~ . . ._ ,. ..

"no accident week”M§hdw"clean up week" help a lot to

enhance the educational program. Throughout the educa-

tional program, it is very important to arrange the pro-

gram in such a way as to maintain interest throughout

the program which has to be made continuous.

1+6

Workmen's Compensation Acts

 

In spite of all these anti-accident devices, acci-
dents do occur and injure men. Men may be injured to
a severe extent or die or suffer only slight injuries
but all these mean financial loss which has got to be
compensated. European countries took the lead in this
matter and passed workmen's compensation acts. They have
dual function of covering the losses resulting from per-
sonal injuries and of giving benefit payments which
worker is entitled under the law. In U. S. A., passing
of the compensation acts began in the second decade of
the present century. Generally the concerns are re-
quired to carry insurance for workmen's compensation.
Industrial injuries take a heavy toll in every country.
Some of the individuals involved in the injuries are
killed but quite a few are left to spend a miserable
existence permanently incapacitated. The American Work—
men's Compensation System is a living thing, constantly
changing as laws are amended, administrative practices

altered and work practices are improved.

Chapter V
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT PREVENTION ACTIVITIES IN U. S. A.

American employers became keenly aware that many
accidents were unnecessary and costly early in the 20th
century. The passage of various state workmen's com-
pensation laws gave impetus to the activities of a few
employers. National Safety Council was organized in
1913 and since then it has enjoyed a long and successful
career. Practically every large company in the United
States has a formally organized program. They generally
carry on their work through line organization. Each and
every plant has a safety committee and it is formed of:

(a) Top management.

(b) Safety supervisor.

(c) Employees.

(d) Foremen.

(e) Maintenance department.

(f) Worker-safety committees.

Each of the departments has to perform certain
duties to maintain safety in the plant. We can discuss
duties of each department in brief.

Top management:

(a) It generally accepts reSponsibilities for
all accidents.

(b)
(C)

48

Enforces safety programs.

Attends and takes active part in safety
meeting.

Safety supervisor:

(at)

(b)
(C)
(d)
(e)
(1‘)

He is responsible for operation of spe-
cialized safety program.

Maintains accident records.
Analyzés accident records.
Coordinates safety activities.
Interviews all new employees.

And heads safety committee.

Employees, foreman, maintenance department and

worker-safety committee works under safety supervisor;

and each has certain duties to perform safety program

successfully.

Employees:

(a)
(b)
(C)
(d)
Foremen:
(a)
(b)
(C)

(d)

(e)

We shall see functions of each.

To work safely.
Obey safety rules and regulations.
Serve on safety committees.

Make safety recommendations.

To train men to work safely.
To investigate and report all accidents.

To maintain good housekeeping, proper
ventilation and light.

To assume responsibility for accidents in
their departments.

To give first aid when needed.

(f)

(s)

(h)

49

To inspect daily for clear aisles, safe
piling, proper floor loads, safe clothing
and safe practices.

To hold lE-minute safety meetings with
employees once per month.

Serve on safety committees.

Maintenance Department:

(a)
(b)
(C)

(d)

To work with safety committees.
To safeguard against mechanical hazards.

To keep all machines and building in safe
condition.

To inspect fire extinguishers, fire doors,
exits and exit lights, sprinkler system,
elevators and floor loads each week.

Worker Safety Committees:

(6!)

(b)
(C)
(d)

(e)

To check safety activities against acci-
dent trends.

To make plant inspections.
To investigate serious accident.

To make recommendations for removal of
accident hazards.

To study and help the department to im-
prove accident record.

Such are the safety functions of various groups in

the plants in America. This type of safety functions

have been found in all large plants. A point should be

added as regards the duty of the engineer who is reSpon-

sible for safety in machine design.

50

Compensation Laws

 

Workers are familiar with compensation laws of the
states in which they are employed. They are educated
and directed to study that law. New York State has very
good law of compensation. It was passed in 1913 and
then was modified. It describes designated remedy in
all cases of industrial injury. All types of workers
are eligible for compensation. Industrial illness ex—
penses, medical expenses and medical examination expenses
have been covered by the compensation laws. They exist
in all states. Some states has compulsory laws while
others have optional or elective. Every state provides
for some form of insurance for financing and guaranteeing
the payment of benefits to the injured workman. Stan-
dard workmen's compensation and employer's liability
policy is available throughout the country. Private
insurance companies and other insurance carriers can
issue such policy. It is known as standard workmen's
compensation and employers liability policy.1

Rates of premium are based upon wages earned during
the life of policy. The standard policy contains in-
juries and diseases, death and medical benefits. In

some states funeral expenses are generally allowed. In

 

l W. R. Dittmar: State Workmen's Compensation Laws.

Oceana Publications, 461 W. 18th St., N. Y., p. 8,
year 1950.

51

half of the states, the burial allowance is $300, in

Connecticut it is $450 and in Illinois and Massachusetts

it is $500.1 The list of the states having workmen's

compensation laws has been given at the end of this book.
Workmen's compensation acts today have been separately

legislated in each of the individual states in this

country. This is due to wide range of difference in em—

ployment and industrial conditions in different parts of

the country.

First Aid and Hospital

 

Even the smallest industrial establishments where
workers sustain injury have first aid equipment and the
provision for medical and hospital service in the event
the latter is required. The first aid cabinet is kept
continuously stocked in accordance with local require-
ments. Such first aid cabinets have first aid attendent
and he is available all working hours. He is properly
instructed by a physician and it also offers hospital
facilities and the services of a physician, if necessary.
First aid cabinets have enough instruments, drugs and
dressings equipment. This is for small plants but in
larger industrial concerns they have dispensaries, plant

emergency hospitals and the full time services of

 

l W. R. Dittmar: State Workmen‘s Compensation Laws,

p. 49.

physicians are available. Dispensary buildings are on
the premises with hot and cold running water facilities.
They have graduate nurses who attend during the working
hours. G. M. C. has such dispensaries in all its plants.
Ford has very good hospital for its employees. Majority
of the large plants have resuscitation. Some big plants
have two or three. They are trained in resuscitation.
Instructions are repeated before the workers from time

to time as regards first aid and resuscitation.

Plant Inspection and Accident Records

 

Regular weekly plant inspection is common in all
plants. They have plant supervisors who are trained in
the line of plant engineering. He inspects plants reg-
ularly and assures that they are in good working con-
dition. Safety superintendent keeps the records of ac-
cidents. He is provided with all kinds of information
as regards accidents. His duty is to find out the prox-

imate reasons of accident.

Education to Employees

 

This job is generally done by the foremen in all
plants. Travelers Insurance Company has suggested some
safety apparel guides for women which have been practiced
in every plant where women are employed in hazardous

occupations. Such safe costuming are of immense use to

53

women workers. They have been asked to put on:
(a) Turban or cap to keep hair out of machine.
(b) Short sleeves — no turn back.
(c) No jewelry and no wrist watch allowed.
(d) No hip pockets to catch.
(e) No cuff and no trip.

(f) Safety shoes with hard plastic toe military
heel and sturdy sole.

(g) No loose clothing to catch on machinery.l
Heinrich has given a list of safety follow rules in
his book ”Industrial Accident Prevention." Some of the

rules are given below:

(1) Many plants hold safety meetings and educate
their employees through

(a) Publicity, safety bulletins, posters,
notices, special letters, payroll envelope
inserts, slides and films, house organs,
etc.

(b) Safety plays.

(c) Instructions in first aid and resuscitation.

(d) Employee rule books.

(e) Hiring and trining programs.

(f) Use of loyal employees in "setting good
examples."

(g) Safety messages on work orders, correspon-
dence, etc.

(h) Contests.

 

1 Source: Spriegal - Industrial Management, John Willey

& Sons, N. Y., Year 1947, p. 613.

54

(i) Job safety analysis.

(j) Featuring specific safe practice rules.

(k) Attendance at safety conferences.

(1) Preparation of safety codes.1

However these instructions are of much importance

and many large plants carry them successfully. It is
impossible to follow all directions for the small plants
but some of them are easily followed by them with the
least expenses. Plant magazines is an excellent form of
promoting safety among the workers. All plants have
safety programs and they use safety posters of some kind.
National Safety Council has an elaborate poster service.
Most of the casualty insurance companies include a poster
service as one of the items in their workmen's compen—

sation policies.

Industrial Lighting

 

Poor lighting is one of the causes of accidents so
the Illuminating Engineering Society of New York has
recommended the industrial lighting standards and it has

been practiced by majority of the industrial plants.

 

1 Source: Heinrich: Industrial Accident Prevention,

McGraw Hill Book Company, N. Y., 1941, p. 361.

Eye Protection

 

The eye is a very complex structure. It lies in a
bed of fat which gives it great mobility and protects it
from pressure. The creator has placed the eyes in the
safest and most useful location. When the creator has
taken so much care of eyes to place it at the safest
place it is but natural that we should take its proper
care and try to protect them by all possible means.
Today soft colors are being used on walls and machines
to eliminate eye fatigue. Goggles or face shields are
commonly used by majority of the workers while perform—
ing processes like welding. Eye diseases have become
common in factory life so they have begun to keep eye
doctors in factories. Eye sight surveys are being tak-
en by doctors after certain time. Eye hazards are
covered in several good films. The film "To Live in
Darkness” is effective. It is shown by many plants to
their workers. The EncyclOpedia Britannica's film,

"The Eyes and Their Care," presents an educational ap-
proach to the problem. American optical company's motion
picture, "Right on the Nose," discusses a subject com~

mon to most plants, the proper of protective goggles.l

 

1 Source: Paul R. Ignatius - Film in Industrial Safety

Training, Harvard University Press, p. 49, year 1949.

56

Safety Rules

 

Some of the common safety rules followed by all

types of plants are:

(l) Guards are kept in place before a machine is
started. If the machines are to be operated
with the guards removed, permission is obtained
from the foreman.

(2) Elevators must be operated with guards, safety
gates and doors in place.

(3) Defective or imperfect tools are not used.

(4) Defects in machines are reported and are
repaired at once.

(5) Goggles are used when instructed by supervisors.
(6) Only regular operators operate machines.

(7) Horseplay or practical jokes are forbidden on
company property.

(8) Materials are decently piled.

(9) Finger rings are not allowed by many super-
visors.

(10) Employees are not permitted to ride on any
moving machines such as hand, gas or electric
trucks, etc.

Such rules are practiced in form of "safety posters"
or "safety bulletins" and they are placed wherever it is

necessary. Their use is common because they have the

"eye appeal."

 

1 Source: Frederick Lippert: Accident Prevention Ad-

ministration, McGraw Hill Book Company, New York,
1947, p. 105.

57

Film Shows on Safety

 

Many concerns have employed films as a means of
accident prevention training. There is a wide selection
of commercially produced films and these are used to
emphasize some phases of training such as lifting meth-
ods, eye and foot protection or plant housekeeping.

Some companies prepare their own film strips. It takes
enough time for planning and shooting. Other drawback
is that they are wide in scope and certain portion of
them may not be applicable to the situation in a certain
plant. It is more possible for large plants only.

Some of the films and slides have been described by
Mr. Paul Ignatius of Harvard University. He says, "Films
which apply specifically to one's own problems are ob-

viously more effective."1

Eye hazards are covered in
several good films. The film, "To Live in Darkness” is
effective. The National Film Board of Canada has made

an excellent series of four films under the general title,
"Accidents Don't Happen." Two of them are very much
useful for safety committee training. P. H. Glatfeller
Paper Company's motion picture, "Plan for Safety" is an

important device for safety training. National Safety

Council's slide film, "Invisible Red Ink," gives the idea

 

1 Source: Paul R. Ignatius, "The Films in Industrial
Safety Training,” Harvard University Press, 1949, p.48.

58

of indirect cost of accident. The supervisory series
of motion pictures is produced by the United States
Office of Education is useful for safety training. They
are four in series.
(1) "Safety in Shop.”
(2) "Maintaining Good Working Conditions.”
(3) "Introducing the New Worker to his Job."
(4) "Placing the Right Man on the Job."1
National Safety Council motion pictures on safe
practices relating to the use of portable power tools

and Pullman Company's "Yards of Safety” have rendered

valuable services in the field of safety.

 

1 Source: Paul R. Ignatius, "The Film in Industrial

Safety Training," year 1949, p. 50. Harvard University
Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Chapter VI
APPLICATION OF AMERICAN PRACTICES IN INDIA

"Industrial safety” is a burning problem of Indian
industries at present. Since 1934 there was no specific
facility for industrial safety in Indian industries.

Very little protection was given to the workers in form
of medical aid and sick leave with pay for a particular
period. No compensation or security of job was given
prior to this period. Security of jobs to injured work-
ers is even neglected today but with the passage of fac—
tory act of 1934, many changes have taken place in Indian
industries. The act provides that any part of machinery
which the local government may prescribe must be ade-
quately fenced. It also provides means and provisions
for the escape in case of fire and for the portection
from danger of persons employed in attending to the
machinery in any factory.

Factory inspectors can order management for certain
measures to be taken to remedy defects. The most urgent
need for improvements in safety managements is in the
case of seasonal factories. Many buildings have defects
in structure. In cotton ginning factories there is always

danger to workers on account of number of belts and

6O

pulleys connecting the main line shaft and the confined
space in which the operator has to work. The act fur-
ther provides the prohibition of employment of women
and children upon any operation in a factory which in-
volves risk of bodily injury.

Mines act of 1923 emplowers the president to make
regulations providing for the safety of mine workers,
the means of entry to and exit from mines, the number
of shafts, the fencing of shafts, pits and outlets, the
setting and maintenance of pillers, the use of safety
lamps, etc.

The Royal Commission on Labor found that the regu-
lations of safety in mines was in advance because of
the certain measures. Factory accidents in India in-
clude accidents of all kinds that occur to workers dur-
ing working hours. Accidents go on increasing every
year. Workers are not trained in handling complex ma-
chinery. Employers neglect their elementary duty of
installing proper safety devices. Number of accidents
go on increasing rapidly every year. Dr. Kuczynski ob-
serves: "The fact remains that no country in the whole
world shows such a rapid increase of the number of acci-

dents as India."1

 

1 Source: "A Short History of Labor Conditions in Great

Britain and the Empire," London, 1942, p. 130.

61

Safety activities are in infancy today. Labor unions
and management are working closely together to find out
the proper remedial measures. Many of the textile plants
in Bombay have begun to organize safety training programs.
Practically all textile plants have well equipped dis-
pensary and a graduate licenciated physician. It is not
only the necessity but the requirement too. Tata Iron
and Steel industry plant, the biggest of its type in
British Commonwealth has an excellent well equipped hos-
pital for its employees. They have a safety plan for
its employees. Many plants have first aid posts, dis-
pensaries, still however many of them do not have enough
drugs, appliances, qualified doctors and nurses. Re-
cently departments for clinic, ear, eye, nose, throat,
tuberculosis have been started by many plants. Tata
Iron and Steel Company at Jamshedpur has 400 beds in
their hospital. Delhi cloth mills have up to date X-

ray department.l

Welfare Activities

 

Labor welfare activities have done a great deal in
coal mines. Welfare plan in tea plantation is under con-
sideration. State governments have given up their pol—

icy of laissez faire in regard to welfare work. All

 

1 Source: Indian Year Book, 1949. Published by the

government of India, New Delhi, Industrial Safety Sec-
tion.

62

railways have undertaken extensive schemes of ”safety
first" propaganda including the putting up of safety
posters of safeguards both in English and vernacular
languages at all prominent points and places. Free is-
sue of illustrated booklets on accident prevention, pub-
lication of special articles with photographs in rail-
way magazines, magic lantern lectures and the organi—
zation of safety first committees are in extensive use.
The mill owners' association has done a considerable
amount of good work in accident prevention by drawing
safety codes for the cotton textile industry and these
codes were published. They are in operation since
August l, 1940. Still however much remains to be done
in the field of safety. American safety practices are
simple and useful. Indian industries can easily adopt
many of the American practices. American industries
have expensive safety programs and would involve much
administration problems if adopted by Indian industries
in the similar manner; still there are many possibili-
ties of conducting safety programs on American lines.

We can examine some of these possibilities.

Safety Organization

 

No plant has specific department for safety. Man—
ager of the plant looks after the diSpensary and sees

that it functions efficiently but no other programs are

63

carried out by his office in the field of safety. Simple
line organization can easily be introduced and can be
well conducted. In such type of safety organization,
all the functions as regards safety will be carried on
by the general manager (personnel) because it is directly
concerned with operating problems. Other advantages of
such type of organization would be that safety would be-
come an integral part of all working processes and can
be more sound and logic. Safety department can be headed
by a safety director and he can be assisted by:
(l)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

Safety director can head the above named accident

safety supervisor,
safety manager,
safety engineer,

safety inspector, and

3>§1>3>3>3>

safety adviser.

prevention specialists; who must be trained in the safety
methods. Each can be assigned certain duties and in
order to perform above functions effectively, they must
be taught principles of line and staff organization.

Big textile plants in Bombay and Ahmedabad can easily
afford such type of safety plans. Worker's safety com-
mittees can be formed and they may work with jobbers
(foremen), maintenance department, safety supervisor,

and the top management. Day to day safety problems may

be presented by the individual workers to the workers'

64

committees which may work out in cooperation with other
safety specialists. A chart explaining the safety
program for Indian industries has been given.

It describes the duties, powers and posi—

tion of each individual involved in safety activities.

First Aid and Hospital

 

Dispensaries with an experienced doctors and com—
pounders are found in many textile, sugar and chemical
plants. Bombay and Ahmedabad textile plants have to
maintain part-time experienced graduate physicians. They
go for two hours and examine many patients. So far as
medicine, drugs and dressing equipments are concerned,
they are not so well equipped. Sometimes some dispen-
saries lack drugs, while others lack dressing facilities.
Anyhow they operate inefficiently. They just Operate
because of the local governmental laws. There is hardly
any incentive to serve the workers. The first aid cab-
inets should be made compulsory in all the plants. First
aid attendant should be made available during all work-
ing hours. Hospital facilities and services of a sur-
geon must be made available when they are needed. Dis-
pensary should be on the premises. Many of them do not
have. Trained nurses can be easily introduced in the
dispensaries of all plants. Ahmedabad and Bombay textile

and chemical plants have begun to introduce trained

nurses. There is no habit of keeping resuscitation in
the plant dispensaries. It is quite essential. Arti-
ficial respiration to workers working in hot climate is
strictly essential but neither the workers are trained
in resuscitation instructions nor it is maintained by
any plant. Management has neglected it totally. It can
be introduced in group plants which are engaged in same

type of production.

Plant Inspection and Accident Records

 

They have plant inspectors but they do not examine
it regularly. They are careless in this respect. Boiler
inspectors are appointed by the local governments who
examines the boilers. Their opinions are hardly put
in practice by the management. With the result that
bribery has become common among boiler and factory in—
spectors. Hundreds of lives are lost every year by the
explosion of boilers. Accident records are inadequately
maintained. Accident record forms may be revised and
it should contain all details and information as regards
accident. There should be regular weekly honest inspec-
tion in all plants. Safety superintendent should be
appointed to keep the records of accidents. Plant super-
visors should be kept and their training should be in
the line of plant engineering. He can examine the plant
regularly and should be able to assure that they are in

good working condition.

66

Education to Employees

 

Education to employees in lines of safety is an im-
portant device by which accident can easily be eliminated.
It is easy and cheap to provide with the workers. Very
few plants have recently realized the value of such edu-
cation for the employees. In illiterate countries like
India, instructions through the media of posters, pic-
ture diSplays, films, slides and safety meetings can be
explained in a simple manner. Employee rule books would
not work successfully but hiring the training programs
in form of concerts or dramas would work wonderfully
among uneducated workers. Safety plays can easily be
organized by the mill owners' associations. Women work-
ers in textile plants put on native costumes like Saries
and it is very dangerous for them to work with such costumes.
They should be educated in this direction to put on safety
alliences like American women workers. They may be asked
to put on turban or cap to keep their hair out of machines,
use short sleeves and habits of using slacks with no hip
pockets should be encouraged. Jewelry is commonly used
by all women workers. They do not want to put it for the
sake of fashions or liking but just to show their economic
satisfaction. It should not be allowed. They hardly
cover their feet with even ordinary shoes. Safety shoes
with hard plastic toe, military heel and sturdy sole may

be introduced.

67

Industrial Lighting

 

Poor lighting is found in most of the plants. Even
during the night shifts low voltage bulbs are used. There
is no such standard like industrial lighting. It should
be introduced and soft colors may be used on walls and
machines to eliminate eye fatigue. Habits of using gog-
gles or face shields may be used to protect eyes. Eye
sight surveys are never being taken with the result that
the workers have to suffer many eye hazards. Workers
do not care too much for their eyes so education in eye

protection may be given through movie films or slides.

Safety Rules

 

Jobbers themselves hardly know any safety rules.
Some rules are printed under their job contracts but
they are either in English or in vernaculars. Indian
workers are hardly able to read or write for any purpose.
If some rules are hanging on walls or in the office of
the manager, nobody cares to look at it even. In coun-
tries like India, where mass illiteracy is prevailing,
safety rules printed on papers would not be an effective
measure to educate their workers. The simple and inter-
esting method for them is education through movie films.
Such movies may be in their vernacular languages.

New workers are not introduced to their jobs so

they do not know how to handle machines, with the result

68

many new workers become victims. It is necessary on the
part of the management that worker's education in line'
of operating machines be wisely planned. They can be
either introduced through some experienced workers or
movie films in the line of introducing the workers to
the new jobs may be shown to them. This practice would

eliminate many accidents.

Need of National Safety Organization

 

India has lot of economic resources. It has abun-
dant mineral wealth. Coal and iron are found in abun—
dance in Bihar and Bengal (Eastern States). Government
of India has undertaken number of hydro electric projects
and the power derived from these projects is provided to
many industries. More and more people go into indus-
tries and the country is in the stage of industrializa-
tion. All of them will have to face industrial safety
problems. It would be of much advantage if National
Safety organization like American National Safety Council
is started. It can easily be formed if all the plant
owners and their engineers cooperate and work out a
standard safety program to be carried out each year. It
can collect data from different industries, can analyze
and interpret for finding accident facts. This type of
work is done by National Safety Council at Chicago on

the nationwide basis. Annual report may be published

69

and conventions may be held every year. It can serve
thousands of innocent workers who become victims of
accidents every year. Many agencies, groups of work-
ers, companies and individuals can cooperate to publish
annual angers reports every year. It may be organized
like National Safety Council of U. S. A. on a non—profit
cooperative basis. It can carry out educational pro—
grams for reducing accidents. Finance may be done
through individual membership. It can serve the indus-
trial concerns, insurance companies, traffic, home or
farm safety organizations. It can extend its c00pera-
tion to all those working to prevent accidents. Such
organization can gather and distribute information

about causes and methods of prevention of all classes of
accidents. American National Safety Council has found

a great success by working in this manner. India should

have such national safety organization to promote safety.

Need of Workmen's Compensation Laws

 

Workmen's compensation laws are important and use-
ful for every worker who is especially engaged in hazard-
ous activities. Human life is uncertain and it may meet
death at any moment. It is but natural that when a work-
er meets such ill fate, his family members who are de-
pendent upon him may be provided with some sort of help.

Such laws would help a lot to the disabled workers. Not

70

all the states in India have such laws to protect work-
ers. Managements do not show much interest in taking
compensation policies for their workers, though some of
them have recently started for their employees but
they are very few and can be counted on tip of fingers.
Nationwide compensation laws are essential and the fed-
eral government should give power to state governments to
legislate such laws. U. S. A. has such laws in all the
states. In recent years, the government of India is
taking a great deal of interest in industrial safety.
Dr. R. H. Simonds says: "Workmen's compensation
laws are important not only to give aid to the injured
worker after the injury, but for their effect in prevent-
ing accidents. Experience in the United States showed
that when management knew its costs through workmen's
compensation insurance would be higher with a bad ac-
cident record or lower with an improved safety perform-
ance, that provided a financial inducement to put money
and effort into safety programs. As the cost of produc—
tion losses and property damage resulting from accidents
is more widely measured and recognized through the use
of the new method for estimating uninsured costs, that
will provide a further financial stimulus to management

to reduce accidents.”l

 

1 Dr. Rollin H. Simonds: "Estimating the Cost of Acci—
dents in Industrial Plants," p. 2 (21); National Safety
Council Publication, Chicago, Safe Practices pamphlet
No. 111.

71

Insurance is one of the greatest safety devices,
the use of which should be widely advocated. Government
of India is serious about this problem. Recently a new
office called the office of the chief adviser of fac-
tories has been started in New Delhi and this office
issues from time to time valuable literature on the
subject of safety. Federal government at New Delhi has
proposed to open an industrial safety, health and welfare
museum in New Delhi.

Sir Wilfried Garrett, chief inspector of factories
in the U. K. was officially invited to India to look into
many questions dealing with factory administration and
industrial safety.1

Indian industries can get much for their safety
programs from the American safety practices. Social
environment, economic resources and business conditions
are much similar to the United States of America and
practically all the above advocated practices can be

adopted without any difficulty.

 

1 "Industrial Safety," section of Indian Year Book, 1949.
Published by the Government of India, New Delhi.

Chapter VII

SUMMARY

Importance of Safety

 

Employers realize that accident prevention is a
profitable combination of humanitarianism and common
sense good business policy. Day by day there has been
remarkable increase of public interest in the conserva-
tion of life and property. The average person has be-
come more safety conscious. Accidents cannot be fully
measured in terms of money because human life is much
more valuable than anything else in this world, but in
this materialistic world parts of human body are measured
in terms of money by many insurance companies and safety
organizations.

The safety movement in the U. S. A. has become a
thing of national importance. Thousands of persons give
their valuable time to it. Millions of dollars go every
year into safety programs. Safety programs have been
organized on national basis in the U. S. A. and safety
has begun to acquire prominence on an international
basis. In countries like India where industrialization
is in its infancy, the number of accidents increases

with the highest speed. No other country in the world

73

has such a rapid rise as India. India should become
aware of the losses of human lives and production.
Productivity of any country can be raised while dimin-
ishing the rate of its accidents. Only America has e-
merged from the war an economically stronger nation,
having improved its production capacity to the extent
of 50 to 75 percent on the pre—war level. During this
period America proved that productivity rate can be in—
creased when the accident rate is decreased. Many plants
installed efficient safety plans, workers were given
security by many safety devices, and the fear of death

or injury was removed from many minds.

Accident Prevention

 

The accident prevention movement actually began in
the second decade of twentieth century in the United
States and it has been rapidly growing since then.
Accident prevention has been treated as science because
it is based on facts and natural phenomena. It is
solved with some kind of reasoning which is successfully
applied to many types of sciences. First aid is gener-
ally available, and safety appliances are widely used in
American industries. Though first aid training is by no
means responsible for the entire success of a general
safety program, it has perhaps contributed more to the

success of that program than any other single factor

74

involved in the safety program. This type of training

is often refered as the master salesman of the American
safety program. Nowfdays more progressive companies
accept safety as an integral function of operation. To-
day methods are employed which isolate and identify the
causes of accidents and which enable direct and positive
action to be taken to prevent their recurrence. Proper
preventive measures are being taken and they are found
very useful in reduction of accident rate in all indus-
tries. The worker is safer today in industry than he was
before. The National Safety Council renders many im-
portant services in the field of prevention of accidents.
It investigates, collects and interprets data from dif-
ferent industries. Remedial measures are suggested and
safety rules are advocated by the council.

Such types of preventive measures for Indian indus-
tries would be of immense importance if properly intro-
duced. Indian industries will benefit and will be able
to reduce the accident rate if American safety practices
are adopted in a suitable manner. The potentiality of
any country depends upon its industries, and no nation
can be said to be economically powerful if its industries

are not properly developed.

10.

Chapter VIII

LITERATURE CITED

Books

 

Clark W. Irving: Health service in industry. Pub-
lished by MacMillan Company, New York, year 1922.

Dittmar, W. R.: State workmen's compensation laws.
Published by Oceana Publications, 461 W. 18th Street,
New York, year 1950.

Frederick Lippert: Accident prevention administra-
tion. McGraw Hill Book Company publication, New
York, year 1947.

Frank Lang: Workmen's Compensation Insurance.
Published by Richard D. Irwin, Inc., Chicago, year

1947.

Heinrich: Industrial Accident prevention. McGraw
Hill Book Company publication, New York, year 1941.

Paul R. Ignitus: The film in industrial safety
training. Harvard University publication, Boston
63, year 1949.

Judson E. Brown: Occupational accident prevention.
Published by John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York,
year 1944.

Reede, Arthur H.: Adequacy of workmen. Published
by Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., year

1947.

Spriegal: Industrial Management. John Willey and
Sons publication, New York, year 1947.

Woodbury, Robert Morse: Workmen's health and safety.
Published by MacMillan Company, New York, year 1927.

am

11. "Accident facts.” Annual reports prepared by the
statistical division of National Safety Council,
year 1946, 1947, 1948 and 1950. National Safety
Council, 20 N. Wacker Drive, Chicago 6.

12. Government of India publication: Indian year book.
New Delhi, India, year 1949. Dr. Kuczynski's Short
history of labor conditions in Great Britain and
the empire included.

13. National industrial conference board: "Medical
Supervision and service in industry." Published by
National industrial conference board, Inc., New
York, year 1931.

14. National industrial conference board: "Medical
care of industrial workers." New York, 1926.

15. Edited by William M. Gafafer: Industrial hygiene.
Published by W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia,
year 1943.

16. Health and Safety Department of T. V. A.: Health
and safety for T. V. A. employees. Chattanooga,
Tennessee, year 1944.

17. New York State department of Labor: Accidents in

the paper products industry. State office building,
80 Centre Street, New York, year 1931.

Pamphlets

 

18. Safe practices pamphlet No. 21. ”Industrial acci-
dent records and analysis. National Safety Council,
20 N. Wacker Drive, Chicago 6.

19. Safe practice pamphlet No. 111. "Estimating Acci—
dent Costs in industrial plants" by Dr. R. H. Simonds.

gational safety council, 20 N. Wacker Drive, Chicago

20. Safe practices pamphlet No. 42. "Organizing a complete
industrial safety program," National Safety Council,
20 N. Wacker Drive, Chicago 6.

21.

22.

23.

24.

26.

27.

28.

29.

77

Monthly Magazines

 

Scientific American: ”Powdered Coal feeds a tur-
bine," by Harland Manchester, Aug. 1946, 24 West
40th Street, N. Y. 18.

Scientific American: "Safety increases but . . ."
by Edwig Laird Cady, June 1946, 24 West 40th St.,
N. Y. 1 .

Scientific American, "Safety with solvents," by
Hé P. Quad land, Aug. 1944, 24 West 40th St., N. Y.
1 .

American City: "Accidents are too expensive," by
William J. Deegan, Jr., Published by American City
magazine, 470 Fourth Avenue, N. Y. 16, September
19 9.

American City: Safety and appearance feature,
completed lightling program by Lester E. Holloway,
American City magazine, 470 Fourth Avenue, N. Y.
16, year July 1949.

Industrial and labor relations review, New York
School of industrial and labor relations: Cornell

University, Ithaca, N. Y., year 1950.

National Safety Congress Transactions, Year 1948

 

Vol. 1. Transactions. National Safety Congress,
1948. Published by the National Safety Council,
chicago 6.

Vol. 2. ”Industrial Safety." 1948 National Safety
Congress. Published by the National Safety Council,
Chicago 6.

Vol. 3. "Aircraft manufacturing industry.” 1948
National Safety Congress. Published by the National
Safety Council, Chicago 6.

Vol. 6. ”Cement and quarry industries.” 1948
National Safety Congress. Published by the National
Safety Council, Chicago 6.

33-

34.

40.

41.

42.

78

Vol. 7. ”Chemical industries." 1948 National
Safety Congress. Published by the National Safety
Council, Chicago 6.

Vol. 8. "Coal Mining industry.” 1948 National
Safety Congress. Published by the National Safety
Council, Chicago 6.

Vol. 11. "Electrical Equipment industry.” 1948
National Safety Congress1 Published by the National
Safety Council, Chicago 6.

Vol. 13. "Glass and ceramics industry." 1948
National Safety Congress. Published by the National
Safety Council, Chicago 6.

Vol. 14. "Industrial Nursing.” 1948 National
Safety Congress. Published by the National Safety
Council, Chicago 6.

Vol. 16. "Meat Packing, Tanning and leather indus-
tries." 1948 National Safety Congress. Published
by the National Safety Council, Chicago 6.

Vol. 18. "Mining industry." 1948 National Safety
Congress. Published by the National Safety Council,
Chicago 6.

Vol. 19. "Petroleum industry." 1948 National
Safety Congress. Published by the National Safety
Council, Chicago 6.

Vol. 20. "Power Press operations." 1948 National
Safety Congress. Published by the National Safety
Council, Chicago 6.

Vol. 23. ”Public Utilities industries.” 1948
National Safety Congress. Published by the National
Safety Council, Chicago 6.

Vol. 24. "Pulp and paper industries." 1948 Na—
tional Safety Congress. Published by the National
Safety Council, Chicago 6.

Vol. 25. "Railroad industry." 1948 National
Safety Congress. ”Published by the National Safety
Council, Chicago 6.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

79

Vol. 26. "Rubber industry." 1948 National
Safety Congress. Published by the National Safety
Council, Chicago 6.

Vol. 27. "Textile industry." 1948 National Safety
Congress. Published by the National Safety Council,
Chicago 6.

Vol. 29. "Transit industry." 1948 National Safety
Congress. Published by the National Safety Council,
Chicago 6.

Vol. 30. "Wood Products industries." 1948 National
Safety Congress. Published by the National Safety
Council, Chicago 6.

Vol. 34. "The Human Side of Safety." 1948 National
Safety Congress. Published by the National Safety
Council, Chicago 6.

 

 

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