_ —r FARM MECHANIZATION OF THE ’ SMALL HOLDINGS IN SURENAM Thesis for tho Dogm of M. S. MECHIGAN ”STATE UNIVERSITY Marius E. 6.. OH 1962 FARM MECHANIZATION OF THE SMALL HOLDINGS IN SURINAM by Marius E. G. 01f AN ABSTRACT Submitted to Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING 1962 Approved by 23y822ijéér'4427/’//:E;;41>’¢4:;/452:;\ AN ABSTRACT FARM MECHANIZATION OF THE SMALL HOLDINGS IN SURINAM By Marius E. G. Olf The problems of the small farms in Surinam are of great importance to the country's economy: About 80 per cent of the total agricultural area is occupied by small holders; their contribution to the national income is, however, only 25 per cent. The average income of the small farm family is about govern— sf 1000. It is the sincere intention of the Surinam ment to bring about improvement in this situation. A wise and responsible introduction of new farm machinery and the improvement of indigenous agricultural implements can aid in'attaining projected goals. The problems facing the small holders can be divided into: technical, economical, educational, social—religious, and political. The most important ones in these groups are: l. The small farms and their subdivision into numerous parcels.' 2. The high initial costs of farm machines. 3. The low income of the farmers. C L 4. The high transportation costs o farm products. 5. The inadequate irrigation and drainage facilities. It is true that farm mechanization can make unbelieva- ble progress possible. It is, however, very important to Marius E. G. Olf keep in mind that farm mechanization is not a cure—ail, a panacea that can be applied under all conditions. The improvement of indigenous hand and animal tools can, under certain circumstances, bring more progress than motorized farming. In a systematic way the problems have been analyzed and some suggestions toward the solution of them have been made. I In the discussion of the suggestions,emphasis has been put on a better cooperation with countries that have similar problems and where research toward the solutions of them has been conducted. The weather in Surinam is unreliable. In order to cope with this problem some suggestions have been made to ex- plore the field of deep well drilling. This can, especially in the direct vicinity of Paramaribo (the capital), eliminate the great price fluctuation of various agricultural products. The educational side of any program is one that should not be neglected. In connection with this, attention has been paid to the teaching of a sound mechanization concept, to especially the young farmers. hey, the future farmers, will determine, in a large measure, the fate of agricultural programs. Testing of foreign agricultural machinery, as well as the indigenous implements, will enable the agricultural workers to advise the farmers better in the selection and maintenance of their machines; It is, therefore, of utmost importance that more and extensive applied research be done. Marius E. G. Olf A good extension program is a very essential part of the overall program. With a sound extension service in farm machinery, the farm worker will be able to influence the farmers' attitude and make them mechanization-minded. . In this study the scientific method has been applied. This method consists of the following parts: 1. Determine the problems. ‘2. Analyze the problems.- 3. Search for alternative solutions. 4. Make a choice among the solutions. 5. Test the solutions chosen. 6. In case the solutions are right, accept them, and bear the responsibilities. Points 5 and 6 cannot be fulfilled in this study, but the author will be in the position in his home country to do so. V This study is far from complete; due to lack of more data, the author could not go into detail in certain matters. It must, however, be considered as a basis on which further 'work can be done. FARM MECHANIZATION OF THE SMALL HOLDINGS IN SURINAM by Marius E. G. Olf A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING 1962 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to express his heartfelt thanks and appreciation to Dr. W. F. Buchele under whose guidance and assistance this study was undertaken. He is also greatly obliged to Professor C. R. Hoglund of the Department of Agricultural Economics for his many practical suggestions. He appreciated the interest and encouragement received from Dr. Guy Timmons and Dr. C. J. Mackson, nembers of the guidance committee. He further acknowledges his indebtedness to the United States' Operation Mission to Surinam and the Surinam government that made the study possible.” A word of thanks to the many agricultural workers and farmers in the state of Michigan, who familiarized him with the,American agriculture and made valuable suggestions in relation to this study. The author, finally, appreciated the cooperation which he received from his wife, Nita, during the study. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY NATURAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL CONDITION OF SURINAM History Georgraphy Climate Wind Temperature and Air Humidity The Soil ‘ Economic and Social Conditions Productive Resources LITERATURE REVIEW SELECTION AND OPERATING COSTS OF FARM MACHINERY Cost Functions Operating or Variable Costs ‘ The Costs of Owning Farm Machinery PROBLEMS OF FARM MECHANIZATION IN THE SMALL HOLDINGS Determine and Analyze the Problems Search for Alternative Solutions Nickerie District Suriname District Saramacca District Commewijne District Coronie District EXperiment to be Conducted EDUCATION AND EXTENSION SERVICE IN FARM MECHANIZATION SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION REFERENCES APPENDIX iii Page 20 29 44 118 122 131 Table 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. LIST OF TABLES ! Export from Surinam in Millions Surinam Guilders . . Climatic Data, 1959 Composition of the Population National Per Capita Income Area and Production of the Important' Agricultural Products Tractor Costs Per Hour Economic Comparison of Gasoline and Diesel Tractors . Total Area of Some of the Important Crops Divided in Small Scale and Large Scale Farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Export Products of Surinam in 1957 Number and Area of the Farms According to Race of Holder, Absolute and in Percentages Number of Tractors in Surinam Tractor and Labor Requirement to Grow 1 ha of Rice . . . . . . . . . . . Q . . Method of Tillage and Threshing in the Surinam Rice Cultivation . . . . Average Family Size of the Farm Family and Number of Farm Workers Per Hectare of Agricultural Land Desired ProductiOn and Land Expansion Net Income of 1 ha. Rice Land Suggested Tractor and Labor Hours on 1 ha. of Rice Land iv Page 11 13 14 38 43 45 51 59 61 64 65 75 77 80 Table Page 18. Net Income of 8 ha. Rice Land . . . . . . . . . 81 19. Crop Harvest Calendar for Surinam . . . . . . . 100 20. Example of a Time Budget for a Suggested Plan of a Three-Year Farm Mechanics Course . . 105 10. ll. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 18a. LIST OF FIGURES Location of Surinam on the South American Continent . . Map of Surinam Surinam bauxite export Depreciation cost of farm machines Repair cost of farm machinery Tractor cost per hour in relationship to the annual hour used. . . . . . Cost of combine harvesting in relationship to acreage harvested annually Plowing the fields with a pair of bullocks Experiment with a two—wheeled rice rotavator Harvesting paddy with the harvesting knive ("ani-ani”) . . . . . . . . A Japanese harvesting implement tried in the Surinam agriculture . . . . . . . Puddling a rice field with a four—wheeled tractor and harrow . . . . . . . . A spade-like tillage implement that can be used on the heavy clay soils . . . First stage of converting a tractor to an "automobile” . . . . . . Another view of the ”automobile” Harvesting with the Poynter harvester Threshing paddy with bullocks Threshing with a portable threshing machine Animal-drawn earth scoop vi Page 18 36 36 4O 4O 48 48 57 57 68 68 83 83 88 Figure 18b. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. Page Bund former . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Clearnance of the land for dry farming . . . . 90 Experiments with a machine to control the aquatic weeds in the many ditches in the Surinam agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 A scythe is very rarely fOund in the Surinam agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 A Danish selfbinder at work in a paddy field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .'. . . . . 93 Manual peanut cultivation in the Saramacca district . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Experiment with mechanical cultivation of the peanut crop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Husking peanuts With a simple Japanese husker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Drying of the agricultural products is very important . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Example of plate to be used on tractor . . . . 102 vii Conversion Tables HA (hectare) = 2.47 acres; 1 acre F 0.404 ha. km (kilometer) = 0.621 miles; 1 mile = 1.609 km. kg (kilogram) = 2.204 lbs.; 1 lb. = 0.454 kg. g (gram) = 1000 mg (miligram) = 0.0353 avdp ounce avdp ounce 28.35 grams metric ton = 1,000 kg. = 1.102 short or net tons m (meter) = 3.28 ft.; 1 ft. = 0.304 m. m = 39,4 inches. 3 3 m = 35.3 ft.3; 1 ft. = 0.028 m3. 1. (liter) = 0.264 U.S. gal.; l U.S. gal. = 3.785 liters. kg/ha = 0.892 lb/ha. lb/acre = 1.121 kg/ha.~ Exchange Rate Surinam guilder (Sf) = 53 U.S. cents .88 Surinam guilders = l U.S. dollar viii INTRODUCTION There was a time during the colonial period when Surinam (better known at that time as Dutch Guiana) was con- sidered the most lucrative of all the Netherlands possessions. The colony had, in 1688, as many as 200 estates under culti— vation. This number increased gradually and reached its peak in 1785 when there were 591 registered estates. Between 1750 and 1775 the country exported agricultural pro- ducts worth 265 million guilders. Unfortunately this golden era could not he maintained. The number of estates declined rapidly after this period. Some of the causes of this de— cline were: 1. The abolition 0f slavery in 1863. through which the source of cheap labor disappeared. 2. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. The European entrepreneurs preferred Asia to South America, since this part of the world had an abundance of available cheap labor. The government made several attempts to arrest the de— crease of plantation agriculture. “he most important one was the stimulation of immigrating agricultural laborers from India, China, and Indonesia (the former Netherlands East Indies). These measurements did not, however, halt the decline. In 1950, only thirty-one plantations could be found in the whole country. Most of them are in economic trouble. .pcmcfipcoo cwofiume< apadm map so Ewnflnsw mo cofiumuoq .H ounmam 0% o 1‘ 0 L4. - .1, 1....-- an Jan. T. ... _ N 4 m m . \ _ m .\ ) ...! fl {.9 i .\ x2 _ . m. .)x f "\ .. \dlli... .\ \\ R M Q Q R 93.2...» 90 \ .0 x k >\ V q k V .58? .63. 8M0 0324 -.l + 58.-.: -5. on 893300 02.35 ..m . no»; ..- u: u: r » Plantation agriculture was gradually replaced by an— other form of agriculture, namely, that of the small hold- ings. In 1950, 90 per cent of the total land under culti- vation was in the hands of the small holders and 10 per cent remained in the hands of the plantation owners. According to the 1960 census, Surinam has 16,239 holdings with a total area of 105,832 ha; the average area per holding is 3.91 ha. About 50 per cent of the holdings are smaller than two ha; about 25 per cent are between two and four ha; around 20 per cent has a size between four and twenty ha; and nearly 2-1/2 per cent are larger than twenty ha (Vox Guyanae, 1959). It goes without saying that small scale farming is playing and will play a very important role in the Surinam agricultural program. In spite of the importance of the bauxite industry, agriculture is important in the country's economy, since more than half of its pOpulation's livelihood comes from agriculture (Table 1). The government, aware of this fact, is strongly emphasizing the development of agriculture. The agricultural policy is based on these factors: 1. Increase the production of agricultural products in order that Surinam grown food will meet the needs of the increasing population. 2. Improve the composition of the menu of the popu— lation. 3. Increase the export of agricultural products in order to improve the export—import ratio. 4. Improve the income of the farmers (1958 = 1000 Surinam guilders). 5. Create work possibility for the growing agrarian labor population (Departement van Landbouw, 1958). ’ TABLE 1 EXPORT FROM SURINAM IN MILLIONS SURINAM GUILDERS 4 4:4 1929 1938 1947 1948 1949 1950 1955 1956 1957 Bauxite 2.70 3.83 17.76-21.90 25.35 25.61 39.82 45.54 52.02 Wood 0.23 0.07 2.13 1.20 2.37 2.50 4.47 5.67 5.87 Rice 0.04 0.44 1.91 0.45. 3.23 1.18 2.80 3.43 2.72 Balata 1.01 0.31 1.17 0.73 0.51 0.55 0.58 0.59 0.38 Fruits 0.02 0.01 1.00 1.20 1.49 1.07 0.36 0.82 0.75 Coffee 1.85 0.47 0.24 0.26 0.47 0.44 0.80 0.60 0.69 Sugar 1.36 0.55 -- —— -— -- -— 0.18 0.35 other 0.74 0.93 0.30 1.70 0.80 0.05 0.85 1.04 1.00 items Total 7.95 6.61 24.51 27.44 34.22 31.40 49.68 57.87 63 77 Total import in 1929 was 8.64 million; in 1950, 39.3, of which 5.7 million were for food stuffs; in 1957, sf. 73.1, of which food stuffs and drinks sf. 10.1. Farm mechanization of the small holdings will help to the attainment of the above goals. In this thesis, the author will analyze the problems around the mechanization of the agriculture of this group and make some suggestions that can hopefully lead to the solution of them. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study is to present information needed for understanding and. solving the problems concerned with the mechanization of the small holdings in Surinam. The small holders are chosen because they urgently need aid and guidance in their farm practices. Specific objectives are as follows: 1. Analyze the technical as well as the social- economic problems that are playing an important role in the small-holdings. Determine ways to make more economical use of existing farm machinery. Suggest procedures for establishing a stronger extension program in farm machinery and an edu— cational plan to acquaint the farmers, especially the young ones, with the sound principles of farm mechanization. Propose a program for importing and investi- gating farm implements from countries with similar conditions. NATURAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL CONDITION OF SURINAM History Surinam, the former Dutch Guiana, occupied by the Spanish in 1529, has been thereafter under the English and Dutch flags. Since 1667, with a brief exception during the Napoleonic wars, the country has been under the Dutch flag. In 1949 a major degree of internal autonomy was granted to Surinam. The country came a step closer to complete autonomy in 1954 when the Realm Statute was established. At present it is an equal partner in the Kingdom of Netherlands. (The other two partners are the Netherlands and the Netherlands Antilles in the Caribbean.) Geography Surinam is situated on the northeast coast of South America. It lies roughly between the 20 and 60 parallels north and the 540 and 580 meridians west. The country is bounded on the east by French Guiana; on the south by Brazil; on the west by British Guiana; and on the north by the Atlantic Ocean. Excluding the disputed areas, it covers a territory of 142,882 square km (55,152 square miles). Topographically, the land can be divided into two distinct natural regions: the low lying coastal area 6 .90 n u u u "m ATLANTIC OC£AN , Va 1min 0n , ,_ .. . + H 13;;- . . g : 9 u‘. u , . no «I! i" A“ An” 4 Pr. $27“, . £9:ONII y'a'n V i"~- "Y 3'" Q ’ 4 E i Peron-lam S ’3" f 3 . o ' C a “ t i ..r‘ ‘9 zmcum j .' mm s / .’ Duh and. . w - § // . co 0". / .0 V 3 J 30 a SARA/1.44364 s" r ' V , / // Q - ‘4' SU INA/‘1‘ ’ t / /4' g In ‘ l A ‘ 'V// / ' . . ./° 100m mu n to. or mun ”AROMA/N / 5, / x J Lg /, \ R Q . +‘1 Do’apuhd Area ' Tumuc Hume: H04 2 J +‘lr‘fi‘ ‘+ 5’ : IJI$+fi+ "a: 0’" B R A Z I L . .* u a" :3 :3 u opuca nor. am 2000 inmate-u a - o - 100 m. 0 PLACE to» than 2000 inhabitants ' '00'500 n. Woo lun ‘ m 3 500 and mu. m. Figure 2. Map of Surinam. 03 (almost all of the population lives here) and the interior highland area which rises gradually to the Brazilian border. It is covered with forest and contains a number of low moun- tains and isolated peaks varying in height from 500 to over 1200 meters. Much of the interior is, as yet, unexplored. Surinam is traversed by numerous rivers, most of which run south to ncrth. The rivers and interconnecting canals pro- vide the chief means of internal transportation. Paramaribo, the capital, is located on the Surinam River, about twelve miles from the Atlantic Ocean. Climate Surinam has, according to the Koppen's classification. a tropical rain forest climate. The rainfall is less in- tensive on the coast than inland; it also decreases from east to west. The number of rainy days per year is 235. Precipitationawise,the climate can be divided into four seasons: 1. The short rainy season (from mid—November to the beginning of February). 2. The short dry season (from the beginning of February to mid-March). 3. The long rainy reason (from mid-March to the end of July). 4. The long dry season (from the beginning of August to mid—November). The long dry and rainy seasons occur every year; the short dry and rainy seasons can, however, vary in length from year to year. The average yearly precipitation of Paramaribo and Nickerie are 2284 and 1964 mm. respectively. omnum>< know oaafipazz x m.ha q.mm o.mm m.mm m.mm w.am ©.mm v.0m 0.0m H.8N ova.moa m.qu m.vv 8.50H o.woa .ooQ o.wH o.wa m.mm u.mm v.8m o.mm H.mm b.0m w.nm H.8m owa mma 0.30m m.m o.moH n.0vH .>oz v.0H m.am H.mm.m.mm m.om N.¢m N.Nm wxfim m.wm v.8m mmm 8mm w.omm H.¢H m.nw momm .poo %.wH m.mm b.mm n.mm o.mm o.mm w.mm o.mm.w.nm m.wm Hmm mmm o.mom o.w H.vw >.HOH .umom m.wH «.mm H.mm ©.mm m.mm w.Hm o.Hm H.Hm H.8m 5.8m on 8mm h.mam o.m© H.00H w.>u .w:< b.0H w.am m.mm m.mm h.vm b.am w.oN 0.0m 0.0m m.om owa flea o.omv m.mb H.0mm o.voa >H36 w.mH o.mm h.mm ©.mm F.VM H.Hm 8.0m o.wm 0.0m 0.0m «ma sea N.Hov w.oma w.mom m.amm wand o.nH o.am n.mm «.mm m.vm m.mm H.0m H.0m w.om m.mm oma 88H H.HH© o.oh m.va m.mnm >82 0.0H m.Hm o.mm v.mm m.mm o.mm ¢.om 0.0m n.0m w.om HMH mma o.vwm m.om m.mmm H.©bm .ud< 0.0H m.om w.mm v.mm H.mm v.mm H.0m v.0m.w.om 0.5m 0mg moa m.mwv o.oH h.Hom H.Nb .Hmz o.bH w.oa m.mm o.mm m.mm H.mm w.om m.om v.0m w.om oma ova o.mmm o.v w.wma m.mo .nom 0.0H m.om m.mm m.mm o.mm «.mm H.0m 0.0m m.om w.om NMH moa o.wom m.ma H.00H 0.0NH .cmh .GHE omoa x .o>m .xma omoa x .o>< x omoH x omon .xme .cfie x omoa .mnm .cfiE omoa .mnm .Xme omoa .mnm .mnm .mnm .mnm .oo 2M .QEoH .cfiz .00 ca .QEoH .xmz .00 ca .58 ca Hamwcamm QEoH .o>< . Aonfiumehmm .cofiwmvm HmUfimOHOHOmHMZV omoa . 004 040 00 000 004 000 .00 044 000 000 000400 00000 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 40 00000060 000 000 000 000 000 000 040 040 000 000 0000000 0000 000 0000 000 0040 000 4000 000 0404 040 000000 4004 0004 _ 000 400 0004. 000 000 000 0004 000 00oo 00000 44040 00400 00000 00040 40000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 m& 0: mx 0: w& . an .1 mx 0: mx 0: coflpmfi0omoo 0004 0000 0004 0000 0004 0000 0004 0000 0004 0000 .0o00 .0600 w0600 .0600 .0600 0004 0004 0004 0004 0004 mHUDoomm H<¢DHADOHmD< HZ c3583 5 Ii oEoSSm 232605 a. 8;. ... 3.835 3.6; 3 $35ch m: s a «a 5338a sacrum m; 8 l .1 o. a. Q; It .—A I 295383383 a. Uhuaooaa04u¢u2z n. .... 33¢le 8.22% 3258 . anxufixaé um2<\ 03... flat Hat amt .369 22k 393qu 0 mum wanna» .9! Fig. 5 . m 2an ..... m m ....... Y ...- m R 2 x. H H..- 5 .m‘ a. m r H. L o g m ... R 5.. ”.3 w E ...u. a,., . . I .. H ...I m .. m m . m ammmmmmmmm mu m. mam a. m m m w. hkaquonwool / knob >32 Sh Rut Moot at ~30 3:30. 37 of 50 per cent for gasoline used for agricultural purposes has been deducted.) Labor Sf 7.50 per day = 75 cents per hour, annual hours use — 500. The hourly costs for a tractor will be then as follows: Fixed Costs Depreciation.—-From Figure 4 the depreciation costs can be read two ways: 1. As a function of annual hours of use and hours of life. 2. As a function of annual hours of use and number of years until obsolete. The difference in depreciation costs between the first and second methods for the tractor on hand is Sf 0.45 (Sf 1.35 — Sf 0.90). To be safe, the higher figure will be used in this calculation. Interest.-—For the calculation use is made of Formula C: I ='C + S i 2N = 4500 + 450 6 = Sf 0.30 2.(500) Insurance.——0.25 per cent of the original value. Cost per hour is thus: Sf 4500 3-6—0_ . 0.25 = f 0.02 Taxes.——Since the tractor will make more use of the highways it seems more realistic to charge the license costs of a full year. The costs per hour will then be: 38 Sf 75 =.Sf 0.15. 500 Housing.——One per cent of the original value. Cost per hour is thus: Sf 4500 X 1% = Sf 0.09 500 Operating costs.—- Fuel. Use is made of Formula C: Fuel and oil cost per day: Belt horse— power x 0.8 x fuel price. 30 x 0.8 x Sf 0.52 = Sf 0.45 5000 Labor: Sf 7.50 per day; per hour = Sf 0.75. 'The summation of the total costs is reported in Table 6. The costs of other farm machinery can be calculated in a similar way. TABLE 6 TRACTOR COSTS PER HOUR Fixed Costs ' Depreciation Sf 1.35 Interest 0.30 Insurance 0.02 Taxes 0.15 Housing 0.09 Sf 1.91 Operating Costs Fuel Sf 1.25 Repair 0.45 Labor 0.75 Sf 2.45 Total Sf 4.36 3o Some points that the prospective buyers have to take into consideration with regard to machines are: l. 2. 5. 6. Reliability of the manufacturers. Design and workmanship. Adaptability to his farming system. The safety features. Ease of operation. Ease of service and adjustment. Farm management is also of great importance in farm mechanization. A good farm manager uses the available scarce resources as economically as possible. A farmer who wants to mechanize his farm must investigate the follow— ing points very carefully: 1. 2. 3. Capital position. Timeliness of operation. The value of labor saved. If these factors are unfavorable then he may consider one of the following factors to reduce the cost of mechanization: 6. Hiring custom operators. Spreading the fixed costs over more acres. Buying used machines at low cost. Owning machines cooperatively with neighbors. Increase annual use. Prolong useful life by better service and maintenance. Farmers are often reluctant to make use of custom service. Their main objections are: 40 Sf 1 $- ,1, ft. .1 .- ._ 1 .. . 1-1.. -\-..-in 1 1 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Fig. 6. Tractor cost per hour in relationship to the annual hour used. Average cost per 20 acre (dollars) 12—ft. S—P combine p.11 m 1”""T"“’_F'”— 1”,,1, 1,. - 1.-.-.-_..-,__1 i __---__1__E-. 0 ‘“ “'I00 200 300 400 300 Acres harvested per year Fig. 7. Cost of combine harvesting in relationship 4l 1. The custom worker is never available when he is -needed. 2. The custom worker has the tendency to skip small farms or farms with odd Sizes. Experience, however, showed that with good arrange- ment and understanding, this system worked perfectly. There are many more advantages than disadvantages in- volved in this service. Some of the advantages are: l. The custom worker delivers better work. 2. Reduction on investment and costs. 3. Conveniences. 4. Greater flexibility for the farmers. Sometimes farmers do not know whether it-will be cheaper to buy a machine or to let the work be done by a custom worker. Decisions can be made easier by using the following formula: B: F C — O - L (D) Where: = break even point in hours per year = custom charge in dollars per hour fixed cost of machines in dollars per year = labor cost in dollars per hour 0 r' an (3 w' n = operating cost (includes fuel, oil, and grease per hour) In Surinam the concept of custom work is relatively new. Very often the custom worker does not know the exact amount of money to be charged for a certain job. As a guide, the formula used by Mohsenin (1953) can be applied: Where: L I) 42 I): 1.25 (F +(D-FIJ + (I) (E) A — rate of performance in acre per hour — fixed cost of machines in dollars per year — net income in dollars per acre — labor cost in dollars per hour = price of custom work in dollars per acre The rate of performance in acre per hours can be calculated as follows: Where: (I) W Ef C = SHE (F) Sainer. et a1 (1955) 825 — effective field capacity, in acres per hour - speed of travel, in miles per hour - rated width of implement — field efficiency, in per cent Selecting Between Diesel and Gasoline A factor of great importance and difficulty is the choice of diesel or gasoline tractor. To make a comparison of a gasoline and adiesel tractor at least three important factors need to be considered: 1. [U The difference in price between gasoline and diesel tractors of the size under consideration. The difference in price between gasoline and diesel fuels in that particular area. The number of hours the tractor will be used per year (Fife. 1962). 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H0m.0 H0000 000.k_ 000.4 000.0 000.00 000.00 000.Hmfi 000.0H As00000 muse an an mGOH moo“ H0005 munanmmao 00050000“ mmcnnaom 000H :0. wmoa 000H 000H nuanona >m cummm xm mmumq >ummmmomz mmu< an mmcfioaom Hflmem mmu< oouflmmo 000Hnwm0H cofimcmaxm hummmmomz ZOHmz drill wells for the farmers. 88 Animal—drawn Fig. 18a earth scoop. h. 3'. -'-. v! v u .'q -~.. -~ g - o - -- .-‘c-t Bund former. :iL.g. 18b. I3 3 Q The uneconomical use of farm labor manifests itself in the use of time-consuming devices and practices. An example is the method of transporting of the paddy seedlings used by most of the farmers. He carries two bundles of the seedlings over a considerable distance. A more economical way should be the use of a sled or a carrier. The principles of farm work simplification could be used to change these practices. The problem of inadequate maintenance can be solved along the same line suggested in the Nickerie district. Since the number of tractors in this district is less than Nickerie and the farmers are closer to Paramaribo, one shop in the Santo—boma polder will be sufficient. The same procedure as suggested in Nickerie Can also be applied to the establish— ment of this workshop. Thereare a large number of bullocks and animal—drawn implements in this district. Many of these implements have 61 low field efficiency. Testing will be done in order to .irdcrease the features of the implements so that they can be Lzsseed more economically. :EiEing Income of the Farmers The farms in the Surinam district are smaller than in bJJ‘ <::kerie and ways to expand the area of those farms are not fEE: - . EEaSible. The government has, however. constructed a number of . . . . . new polders in this district With larger farms. A way to lir‘~<:rease the income of the farmers on the ”old land" is by (LCD‘nsolidating the smaller farms into larger ones. Part of Fig. 19. 3 5. g? . .30 . 9O Clearance of the land for dry farming. \. . x Experiments with a machine to control the aquati: weeds in the many ditches in the surinam agri~ culture. 91 the farmers can transmigrate to the new polders. This will also make the use of farm machinery better adaptable to the condition.- The problems and suggested solutions of the districts Nickerie and Surinam have been discussed extensively. Since most of the solutions can, to a great extent, be applied to the other districts, the author will not follow the same ap— proach. He will confine himself to the suggested programs that can lead to the solution of the problem. He will often refer to condition, discussion in the first two districts. Saramacca District The problems of this district are more or less the same as in the Surinam district. The peanut cultivation plays an important role in the life of the farmers of Indonesian origin. The rice area is 2567 ha. The greatest majority of the rice farmers use hand and animal tools (see Table L3). Suggested programs to solve current problems. 1. Introduce more advanced mechanical tools in the peanut cultivation. 2. Test the feasibility of a small two-wheeled tractor and implements in the cultivation of pulses. 3. Introduce a set of Japanese implements on farms suitable for their use. 4. Extension courses in farm machinery maintenance in Groningen, the district seat. 5. Use of farm simplication methods to improve labor efficiency on the farm. 92 Commewijne District Most of the large scale farms are located in this district. The principal crops grown on these farms are: citrus, coffee, cocoa, and sugar cane. Commewijne has 2762 ha. rice land (Table 8 ). The raising of vegetables and bananas is also of importance. Conditions are nearly the same as in the Surinam district. Suggested programs are the following: 1. D.) Introduce farm machinery in the northern part of the district where most of the rice land is located. Teach farmers from Indonesian origin to accept more economical ways of harvesting the paddy. Improve labor efficiency on the farms through farm work simplification. Introduce simple and improved hand tools in the vegetable cultivation. Establish extension courses in the maintenance and care of simple tools and implements in Amsterdam. Coronie District This district is mechanization-wise at present less ‘iITIIDortant. Most of the agricultural land is planted with C‘:> (:onut trees. The activities in this crop confine them- SSSE? :lves to the sporadic cleaning of the surface around the t21:~ (ees and the harvesting of the fruits. In the new rice polders, some mechanization can be f C:3‘1ind. Yn‘eErnts. Coronie has nine tractors and suitable tillage imple- Animal implements are not used in this area. The EL‘vailable bullocks provide tractive power for carts and other \ . “ ’ ‘," ~ . . ‘ ‘DR‘? ~§- n 3,, -'. I . '_ a. : . . \- v- _."- .... “- ”jg; " _ I ..flgigg‘akea 69:29 fifieefi- . _. y Fig. 21. A scythe is very rarely found in the Surinam agriculture. Experiments in other countries have proved that this implement can be used success~ fully in small farming. ‘.g. 82. A Danish selfhinder at work in a paddy field. The results with this machine were excellent. A drawback, however, is the high initial "~52. \ ‘5 .' 94 Manual peanut cultivation in the Saramacca District. The hoe is used here for earthen up and weed control. 5, . . ‘9'“"W in! v17 'q. \J eff-I'v- W7" .-._.'_A .5 “a , ,‘ , , ’. . . Experihwuat with rmnfizanica‘ iniltivxti: pt) arm 1 r. rap . -95 means of transportation. Hand tools are utilized for preparation of the small plots of dry land farming. Suggested program: 1. Improvement of the indigenous hand tool and method of cultivation. 2. Instruct tractor owner to use tractors and implements cooperatively. 3. Instruct the small coconut-grove owner to make cooperative use of spraying equipment and the like. Experiment to be Conducted In the foregoing pages the problems of the small scale farmer have been discussed and suggested solutions presented. Some of the solutions are based on experiences gained in other countries with similar conditions as in Surinam, other on hypotheses. In order to prove that they will certainly work in the country's agriculture, there is need .for well equipped testing facilities. There has undoubtedly MKDIR been done in this field in the past, but a lack of the £3170per instruments, fields for the testing of equipment, and C3C>c>peration were factors that hindered the development of such an important institution. Ubels (1956) mentioned, in connection with this, that llfl the past many results in‘testing were lost due to: 1. Insufficient diagnosis. 2. Inadequate preparation. 3. Few possibilities to chose and establish an experimental field on a responsible manner. 4. The dependability on private individuals for experimental fields. Fig. 25. Husking peanuts with a simple Japanese Husker. Fig. 33. Drying of the agricultural products is very im~ portant. In the photograph a dryer tested for use on small farms. 97 5. Poor maintenance as a result of inadequate control possibilities. Fortunately, there have been changes in this condition. Some of the suggested solutions can be executed within a short period, while others require a longer time of test— ;ing before they can be released as adaptable under the czonditions at hand. It seems, therefore. very proper to establish a short 'trerm and a long range program. A short term program can be cjlefined as a result of testing or change in present agri- <::Liltural practices that can be applied within a period of two ‘}7eears. Long term programs are those which will require a ‘triLme beyond the above mentioned period. Taking the suggested solutions into consideration, the :f’CDllowing can be specified as short term goals: 12.che 1. Test a complete set of the Japanese rice system implements. [‘0 Construct devices for bund making (the use of plastic can also be included). 3. Test the scythe for the harvesting of rice. 4. Construct harness for bullocks. 5. Construct simple transportation devices for farmers with hand and animal power. Conduct experiments with the Poynter harvester. 0\ Test implements to be used in the establishment of pasture. \] 8. Conduct research on irrigation and drainage of the banana fields. Tractor 9. 10. 98 Construct devices which will make it possible to use tractors as a means of transportation. Construct and test lug wheels with better floating abilities. irhe long range goals are the following: jFlice Slfiiller Crops 7. 8. 10. 11. 12. 13. Construct and.test mowing device attachable to the tractor (front mower). Test and modify some of the transplanting machines on the market. Construct and test simple threshing machines. Test apparatus for the drying of the rice pro- ducts. Use of rice straw in the rope and construction industry. Location of small combine suitable for Surinam. Conduct experiments with mole drainage. Conduct further experiments with irrigation and drainage of the banana fields. Test implements to be used in the vegetable and pulse crops. Conduct experiments with deep wells and their economical use, especially in the vegetable region of the district of Surinam. Conduct experiments to find an economical method of clearing the newly developed area. Work toward the solution of the mechanical harvesting of paddy. Standardize the import of farm machinery. The author realizes that this schedule does not give 99 a complete picture of the activities to be conducted in the future. It does, nonetheless, give the important points that need direct attention of a testing institute. A matter of great importance to the development of the JFarm mechanization in the small scale farms is to have a ‘swery'close contact with other countries where research is zanlso done on similar problems. An exchange of ideas and .i_rnplements will not only accelerate said development, but :i 1: will also enable the involved institutions to do more with 1 ess funds . It is not the intention to discuss the points mentioned ill the short and long range goals in detail, but some ex— tx1 zanation is needed. With standardization of the implements, ‘tr1demonstration and the actual involvement c:tf the farmers in the various activities. The teacher and extension worker must keep the words c>1? Dr. Knapp, the founder of the U. 8. extension service, j;r1.mind. He once stated: ”What a man hears he may doubt; vvlflat he sees he may possibly doubt, but what he does him— self he cannot doubt.” The extension service worker must also realize that he i.£3 imot assigned to solve the problems of the individuals. 14:1 3 job is more to help the people to help themselves. Besides the suggestions made in the previous chapter, t}1<3 following points will need the attention in the fulfill- In6311t of a mechanization program: 1. Have the tractor and implement manual translated into the Dutch language so that the farmer will be able to understand it better. Suggest the use of a plate similar to that of Figure 27. The farmer will, in this way, get more familiar with the maintenance and care rules of the farm machinery. Ex) 3. Teach personnel of the distrct extension service the essentials of farm mechanization. They can then help in the fulfillment of the farm mechanization goals. 101 102 .nowoeup :0 mom: on ow woman mo oaaaexm .em museum .oH «9:28 :o 300 05.32.... a 2:5 BE... 623.638» .16 443242 whobdxuao 5...: 3.22.: 2.4 .303: «.35, 28... «30> mum .325 955:. 0595 «Ed vooam 350.25 3.8» 325° «9. .935 ..o 2.322: .2333}. 335 2:. 5:5 .0... I ~.o. 3.3:. o .2656 .328 3.5.3.0 «30> OV— Udm I vouo>oo n) .300 Ego; 3.54 :0 5000 octooum 05:02 am on mam .. 3:: .23.. o» E: 2:... ..o 2.5 .2: a 5.8.622» ooe 0:323. 5.3 :38 I 332k 62... 266...: 95:00.0 229.30 .2308 :4 :25 2:. to}. 3.8 .38 2.562.... a 3:: .3... 2.06262 02: ... .828 3.23.. :00 2.6: So. o» 3.6. So 3:83... 2.: foam 093 £328 I :9...on £00 0395 .53 :30 a 325......5 OON 03. 3o 8.32.2. :59: 3.3.56 9. 30¢ I ow 22.... .825 2:32.... 8:. 305 N I 0596 «4 :0 2:3,. cot—3.33 3.22.00 23... 3:28 3:: 5.3 ...a s .. ...o m .5988 8:28 3:: a ..o 2.2: oo. so. 93 ...~n 3.8 .26“... new}? 2.2.4 ..85 .25.. .6 2.3.2.: 28: l :8: 2.2.4 ...S 52:32 .85 .23 23... .530 on . 3:230 .3663 3.: 33.224 £05 .328 .26.. 38:6: :60 1 2.3 3.85 .. 35:: o 35:: :85 ..o \ :o .201 S 20 I 239.3. E :3! 833m 35020 33.296 950... :5 ..I. .4 5516.95 5.; .23 o» ...: .85 26 .228 .3 co m: - 3 8 uoma 103 4. Establish a demonstration farm in each district. On this farm the interested farmers can acquaint themselves with the progress made and the possi— bilities of farm mechanization. The agricultural vocational school at Alliance (district <3f Commewijne) will be of great importance in the establiSh- :nment of middle class farming in Surinam. As stated in the .s;tudy, there are only small scale and large scale farmings. The program of this school has, however, not appro- }:>riated enough time to farm mechanization (farm mechanics). (:)Illy 40 of the 4,230 hours is available for the teaching of fTElrm mechanics. This is insufficient. A better understand- i.rjIg of farm mechanics principles will not only enable the 'y1:>ung farmer to manage his farm better, but he can also use ift: as a demonstrator. Farm mechanics deal with the unspecialized mechanical a(:l‘tivities carried on in daily farm operations and the per— fC>rming of those activities with tools, equipment, and aIZHilities which a proficient farmer could reasonably be ex- IDeBczted to possess. Farm mechanics instruction is focused on. 13G3‘tter selection of equipment, more effective use of me<:hanical and labor-saving devices, preventive maintenance, arlCfl simple building. It stands to reason that the planning of a farm me Chanics course is influenced extensively by the level of tz‘zi-ining of the students in mind and the existing need for tlriaLining in the area where the school is to be located. The fcbillowing plan was developed to teach activities of practical 104 interest and value to the agriculture of the specific area where the student originated. The purpose of this plan is to guide the teacher of farm mechanics. Since most of the students have not been exposed to such a program in the past, .it is recommended that the teacher proceed ata slow pace «ciuring the first few months. The development of a skill or za.ctivity chart is valuable in that it shows the accomplish— ment of the student and serves as a guide to both the stu— Ci¢ent and the teacher. The table suggests an allotment of ‘tuilne for the various enterprises during the complete three )7 e ar course . 105 TABLE 20 EXAMPLE OF A TIME BUDGET FOR A SUGGESTED PLAN OF A THREE-YEAR FARM MECHANICS COURSE Time Allotted at Each Grade Level Enterprise 1 2 3 Total I:>rawing and sketching 10 5 —- 15 Iz’arm carpentry 25 25 25 75 (:Zold-metal work 5 5 5 15 .I=<3rge work 15 15 25 45 IZJDpe work 4 4 -— 8 £3<>1dering and sheet metal work -- 10 10 3O F=a1rm electricity and motors -— —— 10 10 C3c>ncrete and masonry construction -- -- 10 10 P lumbing and water supply —— 10 15 25 ESeawage disposal -- 2 4 o I’cawer transmission -- 10 15 25 UTIractors and engines 25 2O 2O 65 F‘Eirm structures —- 10 10 20 P‘Eirm machinery 3O 20 3O 80 Fencing -- 5 6 11 I rfirigation 10 10 20 4O I3zizmltool fitting 10 5 5 20 Total 134 156 220 510 106 “powwow uoom Hmnme mcaaaam Hmpme mafiaafluo mwcfin ovum kuoe oHoo wcfipuso xuoz m wozupmcoo mpmumeOEmQ Hapm2.oaoo moms mucm8madefl nfionw cam mumqmummm Hmnpo Hweficm cooooz mameflm .mzmnom .mafiw: mo mma>H Hound so pmcflomo Hook mam mmuon 3mm -fluopme mcfioaflzn wcfipooamm xoo Hfimz mHOOH nocmnxuoz mafixuozoooz coesou mo mm: >upsmaumo mm “onupmcoo mwmuumGOEoo Emma Hafiumuma mfimfiumpme mo Hahn mummmum mo Haan a mcfiummmum mcfloafisn Sham ucflnoumxm Unmnmmum madefim mo mcfizmuo mamom mcflzmuo mfimom mcwfim Summ pUShpmcoo mcflHMwwoq mcflnopoxm OH mmmfloumxo mcfiumupmq owmupm:08mm pom mcfizmuo Amoofipom mmfipfi>fipo< pamUSHm moflpfi>fipo< sonommh mmfiumumpcm mfimcamv psproHH< oefih m BmauumoH2um:finome no muflmdou maaefim wcflxmz >umCfinomz om Show mHaEHm :ofipfiocoomm mwmuquOEoQ paw umzom Eumm >nmcfinomz mmcfimcm mm one umzom Emma :fl omUSHUSH pom quomuH mpocx mafiazon paw mumsvw wufi>e ooflaam CBOHU , mmofiaam moflamm o>m. “mono paw wGOA mmfixwz ooflamm.puonm mofifidm m>m cm wcflxwz mofiamm mcoq mofiaam czouo m mcflxmz gonad: odom mono mQOH wcfimdfizz w oxmz mumuquOEmQ Muoz mmom Hmpme mcfiumdemh Hmwme “on mcfipm>fiu .wcfinocsm .mcfi mom lawman .mcfiocsou .mcfiumsvm nocsm muflm mmuom m Hmmfino oaou wcflsfimpcfime was wcfluHMHW ma opmofiunmm mamuymGOEmQ Mao: mmuom mmoofiumm mofipfl>fiuo< “coonpm mmfipfi>fipu< monomoH omflumumucm mfimcfimv HCMEHOHH< oEfiH 326353 Em; 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