i:

/_ g

 

1!.

mu“ .0-
EL
..... L

"EH E315

1., ‘
.
til. ,
IIVV
Cola}. ).
:7-
. / ‘..
x .. .--.|.
i,
f

 

‘10- . III.

 

. ,7... n: ‘, ‘ . L.

 
 

.vmf \wr "1 N11} ‘11.“ ~r-‘p1rj
‘3 vi J). C.) $.14 4A....JuLJ

OE LUBRICATIIG OIL CT 39;;4 I.

A THJSIS
SUBLITT$J TO 9;; E433LTY OE
f“' Y

?. - "“1 - "-1 ---1-s r1 _-- "’1'.‘ :1
Till; 1-..1U...L URL. Dinah—J VCJJJJ-LJU—J CH

AGRICULTURE 4XJ gjglIJJ QCIJJCJ.

V

Candidate for the degree

of

Bachclur o: jcience.

June 1927.

TH £513

 

A STUDY OE TH‘ “EJ T3

or LUBPICAI liG CIL or ASQnALT.

The purpose of this thesis is to determine Lnd observe
the effects of lubricating oil on a sample of asphalt by
running a series of tests as outlinei b7 the American
Society of Testing fiaterials with a va rvin; gercenta5e of
lubricating oil of a standa d grade.

Asphalt is of great importance as a material for road
building and road ms'ntenance. The importance is 510 Jin5
with incredible ra11 i 7 at present, due to the increase
in automotive traffic as wel as the chan5e of hauling
frei5ht between cities, esgeciall7 less tn;n car load
fri5ht, that was formerlv carried b7 tne railroads. The
traffic situation is brin5in5 about a need for ingroved
roads - roads that will serve the gresent era as well as
the future, vet btin n3e efficient and econo.xicsl as to first
cost and maintenance. I

Careful stud7 and consideration has betn given the
qualitv and des fl)ilit7 of the materials constituting the
in5. re dients of t7w roads. hsn7 tests have been perforged
relative to this subject in an attemot to discover and
provide materials which would mire nearly reach that of an
ideal road.

Some motor vehicles in passing over a road drop oil
from the crankcsse or other places on the surface of the
pavement. This is not so noticeable in the main traveled

track because the? are in motion, tnus only dross strike

1034857}

the surface and are tistributed along and other vehicles

in passing help soread the oil around. It is quite notice-
able, however, near the curbs and p1rkin5 spaces where
vehiclps stand for considerable lengths of tine.

The question arises as to what effect this oil has on
the asphalt and in what way. Nothin5 has been done to
observe or determine the effects as vet. a series of tests
has been run, hewever, relative to the deterioration of
aSphalt paving mixtures by 59soline, an acccunt of which
appears in the Jaiuar7, 192 issue of heads and Streets.
This does not appear to be as practical or significant a
test as that of lubricating oil. It is seldom the case
that gasoline is on the surface to an7 great extent or in
any quantity. Gasoline leaks in automobiles and trucks
are usuall7 repaired at once as they are dan5erous and more
costl7 then oil leaks. Then, too, 5asoline evaporates so
rapidl7 that it would have little time to produce any
deteriorating effect on the surface.

Lubricating oil, on the other hand, does not evaporate
under ordinary atmosiheric temperatures and stays on the
surface until the traffic removes it or it is ma hed away
or is Worked in, thereb7, having ample time to produce any
deteriorating effects.

It is, then, the purpose of this thes's to observe
any effects of the oil on a sample of asphalt. a test of

this nature should be of value in comparin5 the physical

'2’
- ‘ -

characteristics of asshalt mixed With oil and to note any
deteriorating effects it mijht possess.

Only six of the tests for asphalt were used, namel7;
the flash point, fire point, d1ctilit7, adhesion, penetra-
tion, and softening point.

A standard 5rade of asphalt suitable for pavin; and

arts ted as such tas secured from a well known m nufecturer
for the experixents. Anou5h of the sample to complete the
six ests was carefullg wei5hed and pit in a seamless tin
container With a cover. sixtiaen such samples were prepired,
each.carei MELfvwi«nedzwv1to eachxmngcwded the Lhaficatin;
oil starting with zero and 50in; to fifteen percent inclus-
ive.

The oil used was a medium grade of solarine, as this
is one of the brands used me ost End also is the 5rade re-
1uired for the majoritv of mazes of automobiles.

Each 88 Incl“ W‘ L. has ta (1 to :i: temuGI‘fl‘Lfll‘c 01' about 150°
F. and thoroughlv stirred to insure preper mixin5 of the

‘

oil thruout the sample of asphalt. Covers were put on the
tins to lessen 9083‘ ibilitie= of evaporation by exposure to
the roorn air and dust collecting on the surface.

The flash and fire points were determined b7 the Open
cup method with the Glchland Open cup tester. The appar-
atus cons1sts or a brass cup of specified dimensions seated

in a metal plL'e six inches in diareter and one- owur‘h inch

in thickness. The cup \ s filled to a d pth of one inch

- 4 -
with the sample and a standard open cup flash point ther-
mometer,susaende; b7 a wire fastened to the frame, was
immersed to a depth of one-fourth inch from the bottom of
the cup. A Bunsen burner was used to heat the substance,
the temperature being increased at the rate of 10° E. per

'I

minute. A test flame of gas about five-thirty-secondths
inch in diameter was passed in a stra'ght line across the
center of the cup at every five degree mark. The temper-

ature at which there use a visible flash at any point of

the surface of the sample was taken as the flash point.

(D

When the flash point has be n letermined the temper-

r‘
I

ature was increased at the specified rate to the point

- -\

when the material i5niteu and continued to burn for a
period of at least five seconds. This tempurature was the
fire point and was recorded as such.

. The flash point and fire point were also determined
for the oil alone, not mixed with any asphalt. This was
for comparison of the curve in the graph.

For the ductilitv test the samples were prepared in
the Dow ductilitv mold which has a crors-sectional area at
the center of one Squtre centimeter. The mo ds were allowed
to cool to room temperature for one hour, tien placed in a
we er bath maintained at a constant temperature of twenty-
five degrees centigrade for an hour. at the expiration of

this time they were placed in the ductilitv machine and

immersed in mater at twenty-five degregs centigrade and

- 5 -
pulled apart at the rate of five centimeters per minute.
The length at which the sumoles parted was measured and
the mean of the three ralucs t;;en as the ductility of the
se.mple. In some cases the ductility has more than the
machine would register in‘Which case the hi5h=st value
only Has recorded with a glue sign. “he en tatin; the aver-
age the plus sign was not considered, thus Living a sli htlv
lower value \Ihich gave a 113 tte r curve at the beginninr of
the graph for those percentages whose ductility “as greater
then 150 centimeters.
The adhesion was teternined by me: s of the Lirs choraun
Adhesive tester thich co sists of a dynamoneter with a
max1mum reading indicator havind a be ll attached to the

lower end. a _w)l tior m vith side clips for holding the

container of the samgle is attached to a threaled bar,
ge red to a or nk for raisin; or laWerin: the sample. Two

samoles preocred weru glaced in the cups and stirred to
remove any air bubbles and.&llowe¢ to cool for one hour.
After this time th;y‘1.ere placed in the water bath for one
hour the sane as for the ductility test. The ssm3.cs \:ere
ext placed in the nachine and the Voodel ball covered Pith
linen cloth and a 100 gram weight sliced on the s1if
This was allowed to settle into the saznglc for thirty sec-
onds when it was null ed out Or turnin: the C‘anh aoout GO
revolutions Jer minute. The highest reading at which the
dynamometer registered ceiore the ball Suddenlj pulled

.|

away from tne semgle was taken as the adhesive iorce of

- 5 -

the sami3le. Several readings of etch samule were taken and
an average of the trials recorded.

In preparing tne Sim es ior the genrtrcticn test the
whole semgle was Leeted.aixi&rttrrefi to form a uniform and
homogencne mixture and gonrel into a slel tin container
and a; min stirred to rwamc ve Lny free air nuibles. izis
was ellcved to cool icr one thr to room tomg3ratare then

a

placed in the water bath at 25 de recs centi3rade ior one
hour as in tne ductility and adhesicn tests. Ah the end

of this time the sungle Wes clflced under the need e i the
penetration machine in a trggsier dish cont icing tater at
25° centigrede to maintain a ccnet nt tentere ture of the
sample. 3 50 gram wei ht Wis used in addition to the

Viei;: nt oi the needle Which Was also 50 grens Hakim; & total
of 100 grams. Che point 0: the needle use placed exactly

at the suriace ci tne semple and released for a 3ericd of
five seconds. Ehe dejth t0 uhich the needle pen 3trated Was
observed from the dial 3nd recorded. The reading re;istered
the depth in hundreitns of centimeters. bevc el‘el re Sidings
were teh3n at diiierent places on the surface end an aver-
age recorded. After each penetr: tion of the needle the

ted in order that the

V
ta

water in the transier dish tee chem
temperature be kept exactlfi Lt 25° centi3rad3 any not be
raised by the room temperet1r3. The needle w:e also cleaned

‘ch gonetrction. This is a very

(1.!

with e drfi cloth after

accurate method or testin; and bv 3r09;r mtnignlaticn

VI

- 7 -
accurate results can be obtained by Which to compare
samples of asphelt.

The procedire in findin; the softening point by the
ring and bell method consists in placing the samples in
we molds of smell rings on sn amalgamatei brass plate to
orevent adhering to th; plate. 413: the samplas coclei,
a small steel ball oi specified size eni we13ht was pched
in the center of each rin: and the ring pl cei in 3 fr ne

eL exuctflgr one inc}1z.3ove s

, ...J

such that they were susgwn
plate, the entire ir me being in a glass vessel or freshly
distilled veter cooled to iive degrees ccnti3rrde. ihe
entire vessel uith the seaples WLS then placed in the ice
bath and cooled to give degrees for a period of fifteen
minutes. After the expiration or the fifteen minutes the
vessel was then h3ated such that the temeerstnre increased
five de3rees centigrade per wine‘s at the point midway
between the sempl s, Where the thermometer bulb was located.
The temperature at the instant the ssmglcs touched the
bottom of the plate Bus taken as the sojtenin; point. the
average or th3 two samples WLS eccrded.
All the date from the above tests was put in tehnltr
form for each successive parcehte3e or oil from O to 15
percent inclusive and the dots plotted on greph pager.
An examination of the ilesh point and fire point

graphs shows the curve to hpprOXiLLte a strsi3ht line.

It Very likely vonld he a straight line, but the test flame

 

- 8 -
was passed across the surface only at the five degree marks
and the true point might be between the five degree marks.
Some results necessarily would be the same in view of this
fact, causing a horizontal line in the curve between two
percentages. The general curves are, ht ever, approximately
a straight line and can be considered as such. This would'
not be true as the percentages is increased as the fire
point and flash point of the pure oil is not in the sane
preportional decrease. .

Lhe graph of the ductility tests is not a straight
line altho it is cnlv slightlv concave downna"d. The
erratic values near the middle are the to differences in
temperature of the room th’ch effected the water bath and
also the samples were deformed slightlv in removing from
the amalgamated plate. The straight horizontal line at the
very first of the curve is accounted for bv the fact that
the ductilitv machine registered only 150 centimeters and
the first three samples exceeded this figure. The curve
is steadv and uniiorm in general and the decrease in due-
tility per percent increase of oil changes uniformly. The
oil itself has no measurable ductility and just where the
limiting point of measurabilitv is v.8 not determined as
samples containiné the large amounts could not be used for
the other tests owing to limitation of the testing apparatus.

The adhesion curve has a decided double ttist in it

tho not abrupt. It starts uniformly at the beginning and

- 9 -
increases to about 5 percent when the curve starts to
invert and decreases from the general trend. It spirox'-
mates an elongated "3" curve inclined upucrd to the hori-
zontal. According to the iiections the samule was not to
be immersed in vater to cool but it was completelv 'mmersed
in the water bath for one hour in this case. Very good
esults were obtained by this groceiure. The sa mole, how-
ever, w:s carefullv wiped dry before placing in the adhesion
machine to rem ve an: adhering drogs of water th aich mi ht
prevent the adhering of the sanple to the linen cloth.
The direction. also stated t.at the rate of turning
of the machine was of li.tle importance as the gear ratio
compensated for the non-uniformity. It was found in running
these test that the rate of turnin; does make a decided
difference in the results. A variation of 10 to 20 oercent
was noticed so that a speed of GO revolutions per minute
was adonted to perform the tests. hore uniform results
were obt ined in this vay. An error of 10 percent is
alloved in t: :ese tests b“ the Cirections to compensate for
rate of turninga mil changes in temperature vhile perform-
ing the tests.
sli3ht increase is noted as the curve continues to
the right in the penetration curve. It is concave downward
in general thruout its entire length. This shdfls thit the

penetration increased at an incre sin; rate per percertage

p.)

of oil increase. The penetr: tion 01 asonalt increase s

- 10 -

indefinitely as the gerceita3e of oil is increased. ihe

'A

linit oi the penetration m chine was 250 huntredths centi-

meter and.the 15 gercent came very clOse to this limit.

(0

The erratic results were due to not stirring the amgle
thoroughly. It was found in one case that the several
trials of the same sample varied by over 10 percent, which
when heated over and stirred thoroughly and tested again
gave results va yin; by only 1 ggrcent or less.
The softening point curve is a straight line. The
extreme v lues and several intermediate percentages were
determined by test and it w:s found by interpolation that
for each percent increase of oil th: softening point de-
creased 1 degree centigrade. This is a natural conclusion
after considering and com aring with the other test which
were approximated straight lines also.

From he graohs it is evident that the addition of

q

oil to a saugle of asphalt ;eCreases the flasn joint, fire
point, ductility, and softening point and increases the
adhesimizuniinnetration.

Only samples from O to 15 percent were used as they
were within the limits 0: the testing apn;ratns and furnished

§ 0

sufficient data tith.Wnich to note the ei

O

fee s. It was als
considered that no amount graater than this'would ever be
met with in practice.

Even the adfiition of as great a percentage as 15,

which would never be me with in practice of asyhslt eave-

-11-

.4.

ments, the limits were within the s ecifieation of the

TV . v.- . “ ‘ c“ "t '\ .“ ~. A “.J‘ ‘. ' I“ ’ ' .
511,211‘L‘Jaf for at) J..L~.1t 3)- VB cuts. l‘nere 18

.a

IQiCEllngl Sinrte
only about 10 erreent of actu l bitumen in an crtinar:
pavement and 15 percent of that figrre mould he an abnormal
case.

The significance of this subject is of vital importance
to the engineers ted-2:37. The oil on the surface is kneaded
into the mixture by the action of the wheels passin; over

ialt needs a

a)
m
(0

it. fhis er not be a detriment as t. _
certain amount of this kneading action to keep it alive or
pliable. The oil tends to mate it softer and more pliable.
ASphalt containing a bfifill amount of oil Would be beneficial

on streets havin3 little traffic to subglf this action and

near the curbs where cars are e rhed and do not furnish a

Cracks or chechs are found on asphalt p veuents lack-

ing in eliabilitv 2nd pits or depreSsions a~e formed :7 the
action of heavy vehicles pas ing. Ehe problem is confront-
ing the municipelities having bus service, especially where
they stop to take on or discharge passengers. The weight
of the vehicle while standin3 still at thee» olsces de-
presses the asqhalt.

is little or no data is found on tests of this nature,
nothing could be obtained fr m bcohs or periodicals relative

to the method of proce ure of the tests or the results that

would be obtained. Jith m re consideraticn Lnd thought other

experiments and tests could be devisei vhich would bring
out other effects of oil on esghult. len; tine deterior-
sting eizects are another inqortent consideration, but
require a consiierablc longer geriol to gerierm th:n fies

allottei for these tests.

Conclus ions .

 

The flash point oi the asphalt was decreased with an
addition oi lubricating oil st a definite and
uniform rate.

The fire point was decreased at a definite uiiiorm
rate also tith the addition 0: the oil

The ductility of the asghalt was decreased at an

approximately uniform ra+e.‘

The adhesion was increase; at varying rates with an
increase in 9 rcentage of oil, but no decided chan;e
was noted in all the tee s.

The penetration was increased at an approximately
uniform rate with an increase in gsrcentage of oil.

The softening point was decreased at an exactly uni-
form rate of 1 degree centigrade oer gercent increase
in oil.

The sameles u; to and including 15 gercent were with-
in the limits soecified by the Lichigan st te Hi;htay
Specifications for asghslt cavements.

The presence of oil on the surrace of a pavement is
not a serious objection if in small quantities, but
in reality helps to keep the surface gliable and

v: or he d in .

 

O Bercent dangle
Flash Boint 550 E Ductility Adhesion genetration
Eire Joint 621 E 150 160 47
150 90 48
Softening Boint 55.4 C 150 110. 49
5/ 450 110 48
Ave—5150"" loo 4 / "1'9?
1 2 O A‘Jve . 4 9

3/ 650

AVE) o 10:.)

1 fiercent dangle

 

 

 

 

Flash Boint 545 E Ductility Adhesion genetration
Eire Boint 615 F 150 110 59
150 100 60
Softening Boint 52.6 C 150 110 56
5/ 450 160 58
Ave. 150 120 57
150 5/ 290
6 /""""eeo Ave . as
Ave. 110
2 Percent Bangle
Flash Boint 540 E Ductilitv Adhesion :enetration
Fire Boint 615 E 150 110 62
_ 150 110 65
Softening Boint 51.6 C 150 120 61
5/ 450. 115 62
Ave. 150 110 62
5/ 565 5/ 21
Ave o 1].:; 6L;
5 geroent Sangle
Flash Boint 555 E Ductility Adhesion Denetration
Fire Point 610 F 125 126 76
148 120 77
Softening Joint 50.6 C 150 110 76
5/ 421 110 75
Ave. 144 150

76
120 5/ 580
6/ VIC Ave. V0
Ave. 116

Flash Boint
Eire Boint

Softening Joint

Flash Boint
Eire Boint

Softening Joint

Flash Boint
Fire Boint

Softening fioint

Flash Boint
Eire Boint

Softening Boint

4 Jerccnt

:uaxrple

 

520 r
605 r

49.6 C

Ductilitv

128
134
14 O
5/ 402

Ave. 154

Ave.

Adhe s ion

120
140
150
150
150
5/ 690
158

 

5 Bercent J uple

 

555 E
600 E

45.5 C

6 Bercent

Ductilit‘

95

110
110

5/ 015

.Adhesion

140
160
150
160
140
5/ ‘7535

AVG 0 ii) -

5:11;“ ole
J

 

'1‘

UT
to
(:1
r

(3"
O
0
rd

47.6 C

AVG.

Ductilitv

125
145
140

3/"Zie"

159

Adhesion

170
180
165
170
170

7 fiercent Sample

 

U1
{‘3
01
b4

01
'O
01
'21

46.6 C

Ave. 115

‘Ductilitv

104

114
122
5 540

Adhesion

150

200

200

210

180

190
6/1150
Ave. 185

Denetration

91
92
91
87
88
81
6/'540
Ave. 90

Benetration

100
104
98
100
98

*—
5 560

Ave o 166

Benetration

112
111
109
108
109
5/ 549

Ave. 110

Benetration

129
125
120
120
125

120

1:40
7/ 859
Ave. 135

Flash Point
Fire Point

Softening Point

Flash Boint
Fire Boint

Softening Boint

Flash Boint
Fire Point

Softening joint

Flash Boint
Fire Point

Softening Point

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

8 Percent Sample
520 F Duetility Adhesion Benetration
595 F 89 200 127
102 160 129
45.6 C 120 210 129
3 / "51'1"" 210 12 5
Ave. 105 180 128
v 5/ 9:10" ' 5/ 0
AVG o l 90 11178 0 :34
9 Percent dangle
515 E Ductility Adhesion Penetration
590 E 94 190 158
96 210 142
44.6 C 99 190 142
5/ 288 200 141
Are. 96 , 200 144
5 [—Te 9 5 /"‘7('—'; 8"
Ave. 198 Ave. 142
10 Percent Samyle
510 E Ductilitv Adhesion Benetration
585 E 75 200 152
92 200 158
45.6 C 110 170 155
3/ “27'7“ 2:730 152
Ave . "5'9"?" 4 / see 158
AVE 0 T55
11 Percent Sanple
510 E Ductility Adhesion Benetration
585 E 85 190 175
88 200 178
42.6 C 98 200 172
5/ 269 210 176
Ave. 89 . 210 174
5/1515 5/ 575
Ave. ~65 Ave. I70

 

 

lash 30int

”11

Fire Boint

Softening 2t.

Flash Point
Fire Boint

Softening it.

Flash Joint
Fire fioint

J

Softening 2t.

Flash Point
Fire Point

Softening ft.

 

 

 

 

 

12 Berccnt Sample
505 F Ductility Adhesion
580 F 82 200
67 210
41.6 C ‘ 90 200
5/ 259 206
Ave. 86 , 204
5/1050
£1er 0 ~00
15 Percent Ssmjle
500 P Ductility Adhesion
575 F 74 220
78 180
40.6 C 76 200
5/ 228 200
5/1000
Ave. 200
14 Jercent Sagple
495 F Ductilitv Adhesion
575 F 62 22
72 210
59.6 C 78 210
5/ 212 220
Ave. 71 ' 4/‘555‘
Ave. 215
15 Jereent Samgle
495 F Ductilitv Adhesion
570 F 58 240
66 220
59.6 C / 71 . 200
5 195 5/ 660

Ave. 05

Ave .

Penetration

195
195
195
195
194
5/"975'

‘ WI
“V3 0 190

genetration

209
209
209
210
24/7777“

“*—
'1":

2-4
(lib. £4109

Penetration

245
258
276
258
256
256
6/1427

.3W?_.

“Q0

Penetration

244
240
248

5/‘755‘

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

\flcu t\ XL; 6‘5 4.0% \H».

6 x N W t .51 m V m V \c \\ \N \w x.“ \Q. \Q%
vlllflwflsfli”
\QQMA. \u\.. (“:98 515% 815% Run. bike (name bk. 6N5 .526 616‘ «.6 his hush. dude sushi \Vh. ‘xmb
\II\.\.6. \UN the k\.\. $9.... k\ci «ch. 906 666 6049. “is. (“We 41%“ 9.5.9. 6&6 5N9 5N5. .WNQ 5V6
DSQQSV.‘ >415 \hd \.\c \45 >54“ \55. \h‘ xxx» \su wk wk WV me \m V\ m5
\N\\\ch\6\» \65. \\6 \\h \\W >5. >46 \\\ \mm. \\m \Vm. Nee NQN NQm N\m NEW th
beenxvvexcsxu 3m. 9% «N. Va we \55 \xc \hw \N\ \\N \tdv \Nu. \Vh. New N45 N45
RQXNRSW \3 but .me $5 is.“ FER

 

 

 

$166

\
§
5

flegre e: f?

 

 

 

 

 

 

NfiQ
.n .
/
. e
f ‘
.M N2. \VQBR x0§\\u\. W§\.\mw
a Q\ \VH\0\V§_\\. fi:§\u\n§\.\u\\w\
W Q\.\ \n\.Q\»u QR \0 \rWR.
. m \Eu .
c d
f
m ...... .3... 3.... . fl- -. .. a: . .............m m.n.w..\ ..... . swam». 2.x... ..2... 1. ::.... . ........ 2.. _
.M . .zfij. ix. ... \m . ATM... 2 22m Ngmzzyfir “xix” NM”... ~.\..\. \.N m ._\.,.w. .MMN..M\M.;..........\.:.:. . Mm... . 92?. r .
a” .1? .._.. .. . L L .. EM = . .. Mm firm. . a. ._ ML.
.. w .M _ mm .. , M 5%} w r. f M. .M r

 

. MM” ..
l” .. ... n. ._
M;M

QQQ
F.
w :33
c
r
4,
c
0
h $§
/
c
w
w .2
Q
r
c
.P
m
T LR

 

\nxxd. \DSVV \ h§\ (m
fix" $§Q§¢Q§\.W9Q\§SQ§QW
.Q\\ \YQ53 0£&.\d \Qflw&.

 

 

W. aw V

\$\nn§\§wm

V

Q\

\Q \\ \N \W \‘ \.\.

Q\.\

QQQ\\.\\\W WJ§\. V0

§\. \QDVQ \VQ\\ q§\w\§\.\u\\v%
Q\.\ $63 Bok \u \SN.

N
§
§

S

 

Dacfx/z'fy in (emf/777 82‘6/‘3.
E
Q

‘3

 

 

Q \NN$:W\V%V\§\\\N\M\\\.W

\nuh\.nn\u\.fi\fi «3“ Q\.\

li|||||l

 

 

Ma‘s \V\\\n..u\.m\u W§\V®
Q\ §Q\k§\\ Q,Q\V\Q\.§\.\Vw
Q\.\ \\.§\\u ka. \& \W.o\
kg
5
a
53.3
h
/
M \2
./
J
m
d
i ,3
0 \Nmfi,m.m\mww\§\\>~\m\$\&:

 

\uW\fim\V\rQ%m %\ Q\\

'll

 

 

 

 

% . .
.m a , \unSnX\.Q\\m\V “KER
/mv «in. §k\v\~§\\. fiu\u\r§\\v\.\uw ,
Q.\\ $33.3 Q _w\s \ro \ru...\. _.
m § _ n w
/
d. .
a m
d a
n m
a \nd .
fl .
m
_
. .\h§ . m
m _
h . _
M m
f F
C SQ M.
M g
P
a . _
\ N m k 8.. m V m V \m \\ \N \w \\ \(s...

 

\un \mWENNV mm %\ Q\.\

[-i

 

Def/“cc; Chm/[grade .

£5

“0

A.
Q

\Q

”rmcmxnxyxxuw \uuxva “$le
0‘“ \wh\\~§\\. fiu§\fi\\o\\um
Q\.\ \xeS §$ \ro \klak.

 

 

0: $ V m

rain nbxfim n Q \

Qx. \

. EFC i o. iot‘lfiav.‘
“ . . n q ‘

.o.

‘

 

 

 

 

 

   

 

.
l
.
O x
V
_
. a
.
r
. . ‘
. ’ .
.. K .
' w
I.
1 ‘ I,
.
» \ .
r
.
I I
. ‘
p
.
It A
I ‘
(
’ ,
. '
y‘
:l“
‘ I1! ‘ ‘V . :‘u
. , 4 rfla'iuzn‘ lu‘. ;. .
. Iv . , . .
.=. , .,
» V - Q: l I. . v
‘ ‘ ‘I 0 <
(i :3 1. € . 1!]: ‘ I . .‘Tmfl‘IWMIL‘Nfi.’ . I 2 p 7 , 1‘... J . T. ..
1.\,|€ .. v , II I l. l:..t1,l1. In} .1 art; ié‘ :. . u. ’1. ‘«:.‘-¢Illl.v ...s. V . ._
E ”JiJHJw‘dlp vduufl.b M19“: 11‘v,,..l.‘.ouv «o... h: c n ‘ ‘ . . v f.l...(rnu»il.urvrvhf.33. .. . . V
q 1 n‘ i . . y : ... ‘1nlvr‘v39L‘s 0.17:).K33! ... I..- .32.. I. , J...

 

A