AN ANALYSES OF TH£ RELATEQNS‘EFHP {EETWEEN GRANGE PANEGZEE’ATEGN FREQUEERKY AND MEMBER GRIENTANW TYPE AER-B AK EXPLQRAYIGN Q3? THE SGCEAL CHARA‘CZ’B'ERESTfiCfi ASSOQATED WEYH 'E’YPES CF QREENTATIQ‘N 0F MEMEERS TO __THS SUBORDENATE GRANGES lN MECHIGAN Thurs for 5:59 Dogma of M. A. MECHKGAN STATE UNE‘J'EE‘SITY Richard Lee Sandersoa 3.967 __ - ‘ LAA‘““3 LIBRARY ‘ 33'} ‘nn. 9W"? man I ' L1 University I “l|[-u[l|l 1!] ABSTRACT AN ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GRANGE PARTICIPATION FREQUENCY AND MEMBER ORIENTATION TYPE AND AN EXPLORATION OF THE SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH TYPES OF ORIENTATION OF MEMBERS TO SUBORDINATE CHANGES IN MICHIGAN By Richard Lee Sanderson The general problem of this thesis lies in the area of participation in voluntary organizations. and, in particular. participation in voluntary associations which have both expressive and instrumental goals. The problem consists of two parts. The first part is concerned with determining the influence of member orientation type (either expressive or instrumental) on frequency of organizational participation. The second part is concerned with determining the social characteristics associated with each orientation type. The problem was tested with an analysis of the responses of 315 Michigan Subordinate Grange members to a mailed questionnaire. The analysis revealed, with respect to the first part of the problem, that there is a significant difference in frequency of Subordinate Grange participation between expressively oriented and instrumentally oriented members. Richard Lee Sanderson The general findings for the second part of the problem are as follows: 1. Type of orientation is related to occupation. Members who have farming occupations tend to be more expres- sively oriented than those who have non-manual occupations. 2. Type of orientation is related to the occupation of the respondent's father. Members whose fathers had farming occupations tend to be more expressively oriented than those whose fathers had non-manual occupations. 3. Type of orientation is related to employment status. Members who are retired tend to be more expressively oriented than those who are employed. h. Type of orientation is related to age. The older a member is the more likely he will be expressively oriented. 5. Type of orientation is related to level of educational achievement. The higher the level of education a member has obtained the more likely he will be instru- mentally oriented. 6. Type of orientation is related to present residence. Members who live in rural areas tend to be more expressively oriented than those who live in urban areas. 7. Type of orientation is related to residence where raised. Members who were raised in rural areas tend to be more expressively oriented than those who were raised in urban areas. 8. Type of orientation is related to types of Richard Lee Sanderson communities in which lived. Members who have lived only in rural communities tend to be more expressively oriented than those who have lived in other types of communities. 9. Type of orientation is related to distance from the nearest Standard MetrOpolitan Statistical Area. Members who live less than fifty miles from the nearest. S.M.S.A. tend to be more instrumentally oriented than those who live fifty miles or more from the nearest S.M.S.A. AN ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GRANGE PARTICIPATION FREQUENCY AND MEMBER ORIENTATION TYPE AND AN EXPLORATION OF THE SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH TYPES OF ORIENTATION OF MEMBERS TO SUBORDINATE CHANGES IN MICHIGAN By Richard Lee Sanderson A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Sociology 1967 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A study of this kind is the result of a large number of contributions and ideas, impossible to in all cases acknowledge individually. The author wishes therefore to issue a blanket statement of sincere appreciation to teachers. colleagues. and staff personnel for their stimulation and cooperation. Specifically. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Professor J. Allan Beegle, my advisor and guidance committee chairman, for his most generous offering of assistance in all phases of the study. but particularly for his criticisms and encouragement. Professors Sheldon G. Lowry, Charles R. Hoffer. and James R. Hundley. Jr.. of the guidance committee. also gave willingly of their valuable time. A special note of thanks is owed to Professors William H. Form, Everett M. Rogers, and Harry Webb for their cogent comments, suggestions. and encouragement on the theoretical aspects of the study. my thanks also to the Michigan State Grange Research committee and the Michigan State Agricultural Experimental Station for financial support; to Gordon D. Grant for his generous assistance in printing the manuscript; and. although 11 they will probably never read this, to the respondents to this study. without whose cooperation and willingness to answer a number of rather personal questions the study would not have been possible. . Lastly. a special note of gratitude for their assistance and forebearance is owed to my family and particularly my wife. Sharon Kay. whose typing and corrections and especially encouragements and confidence were so necessary for the completion of this study. 111 CHAPTER I. II. III. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . The General Problem and Its Significance .- The Scope of the Study Objectives and Hypotheses Methods of Gathering the Data and Analysis Organization of the Study BACKGROUND DISCUSSION: A BRIEF TOPICAL HISTORY OF THE GRANGE . O a a o d 0 Introduction The Origin of the Grange Causes of the Rapid Expansion of the Grange The Development of the Grange in Michigan Selected Instrumental Activities of the National and Michigan State Granges Selected Expressive Activities of Subordinate Granges A.DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY POPULATION 0 Introduction Demographic Characteristics of the Study Population Grange—Related Characteristics of the Study Population iv 21» 27 29 29 29 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued CHAPTER Page Iv. TEST OF THE HYPOTHESES AND ANALYSIS OF THE DATA 9 C O C O O O O O C C O C O O u 9 Introduction 49 Test of the Hypotheses and Analysis of the Data 49 Summary of Decisions Concerning the Hypotheses 60 V. SUMMARY. LIMITATIONS, CONCLUSION . . . . . 62 Introduction 62 The General Findings 62 Limitations of the Study 6“ Conclusion 65 LITERATURE CITED 0 O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O 71 APPENDIX A O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 76 The Instrument: MICHIGAN GRANGE STUDY QUESTIONNAIRE. APPENDIX B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O I O O O 0 O 82 Table 32. Type of Orientation. as Compared to Frequency of Attendance, Holding Promptness of Questionnaire Return Constant. V LIST OF TABLES TABLE Page 1. Distribution of Grange Members by Major Occupational Groupings . . . . . . . . . 30 2. Detailed Distribution by Occupation of Grange Members as Compared to the . 1960 Male Employed Michigan Rural-Farm Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3. Distribution by Direction of Occupational Change 0 0 O O O O O O O O C O O O O 0 O 32 h. Distribution by Employment Status . . . . . 33 5. Distribution by Occupation of Member's Father 0 O O O O 0 O O O O O O C C O O O 31" 6. Distribution by Broad Age Groups . . . . . . 3h 7. Detailed Distribution by Age of Grange Members as Compared to the 1960 Michigan Rural-Farm Population Fifteen Years of Age and Older . . . . . 35 8. Distribution by Level of Educational Achievement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 9. Detailed Distribution by Level of Educational Achievement of Grange Members as Compared to the 1960 Michigan Rural-Farm Population Twenty-Five Years of Age and Older . . . 37 10. Distribution of Grange Members by Sex . . . 38 11. Distribution by Marital Status . . . . . . . 39 12. Distribution by State in Which Born . . . . 39 13. Distribution by Present Residence . . . . . #0 1h. Distribution by Residence Where Raised . . . #1 15. Distribution by Types of Communities in Which Lived . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 16. Distribution by Distance from the Nearest Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area . #2 vi LIST OF TABLES - Continued TABLE 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 2h. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 310 32- Distribution by Frequency of Subordinate Meetings 0 O 0 O O O O O O O 0 O O O 0 O 0 Distribution by Frequency of Attendance at Subordinate Meetings . . . . . . . . . Distribution by the Importance of the Grange to the Member . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution by Reason for Belonging tOtheGrangeaaaaoaaaooeooo Detailed Distribution by Reason for Belonging to the Grange . . . . . . . . . Frequency of Attendance, by Type of Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Type of Orientation, by Occupation . . . . . Type of Orientation, by Occupation of Respondent's Father' . . . . . . . . . . . Type of Orientation, by Employment Status 6 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 Type of Orientation, by Age . . . . . . . . . Type of Orientation, by Level of Educational Achievement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Type of Orientation, by Present Residence . . Type of Orientation. by Residence Where Raised O 0 O O O 0 O O 0 O O O O C O O O 0 Type of Orientation. by Types of Communities in WhICh Lived O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 Type of Orientation. by Distance from the Nearest Standard Metropolitan Statistical ”ea 0 O O O O 0 O O O O O O 0 O 0 O O O 0 Type of Orientation, as Compared to Frequency of Attendance, Holding Promptness of Questionnaire Return Constant . . . . . . vii Page “A “5 45 #6 5O 51 52 53 5h 55 56 57 58 59 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. The General Problem and Its Significance The general problem of this thesis lies in the area of participation in voluntary organizations.1 and. in particular. participation in voluntary associ- ations which have both expressive and instrumental goals.2 The study investigates the assumptions that the various functions of expressive-instrumental. or "dual". voluntary lBy "voluntary" organizations or associations we mean social units devoted primarily to the attainment of specific goals to which persons voluntarily associate them- selves. 2The use of the terms "expressive“ and "instru- mental" closely follows that of C. Wayne Gordon and Nicholas Babchuk. "A.Typology of voluntary Associations." American Sggiglogicgl Rexigg. XXIV (January. 1959). pp. 22-29. By "expressive" goals we mean those which have as their purpose the immediate and continued gratification of the members. By "instrumental" goals we mean those which have as their purpose the maintenance or production of a change which transcends the immediate membership. See chapter three for the operationalization of these definitions in this study. Determination of organizational goals may be obtained from a declaration of purposes. statement from a leading official. team of Judges. members. or observation of investigators. See Arthur P. Jacoby and Nicholas Babchuk. "Instrumental and Expressive Vbluntary Associations." §Qgiglggy_ang_§ggia1 Research. XXXXVII (July. 1963). 465. 2 h and farm organizations. organizations.3 such as trade unions both generals and cooperative.6 will have differential attractiveness to different membership orientation types and that membership orientations may be related to the social characteristics of the membership.7 The study of voluntary associations in American society has long been a primary concern of social scientists and observers.8 Theoretically. voluntary organizations are 3This study does not follow the distinction of "dual organizations" made by Amitai Etzioni. W C 0 (New York: he Free Press. 9 1 . 5 . By dual organization we mean an organization which has expressive and instrumental goals both of which are pergeived as predominate by a significant proportion of the mem ers. “William H. Form and H. K. Dansereau. "Union Member Orientations and Patterns of Social Integration.” , , x1 (October. 1957). 3. 5Charles P. Loomis and J. Allan Beagle. gnfia} 8 x T S C (Englewood Cliffs. . .3 rentice- all. Inc.. 1957 . pp. 297-300. See also David E. Lindstrom. "Interest Group Relations and Functions in Rural Society." Enral_éssislssx. XXVI (September. 1961). pp. 252-265. ' 6Ray E. Nakeley. "Sociological Research on Parmers' Organizations and Agricultural_Cooperatives." g31§1_§221219515 XXII (September. 1957f? 275. See also eorge M. Beal. "Additional Hypotheses in Participation gagegggh." Enral_éssislssx. XXI (September. 1956). pp. 7Porm and Dansereau. lgg. 911, Gordon and Babohuk. 22, 211.. 29. Nicholas Babchuk and Charles K. Warriner. "Introduction." §ggiglggiggl_13ggigz, XXXV (BprINS. 1965). 135- 8Usually mentioned is Alexis de Tocqueville. %&n2223%l_1n_ém22123‘_l;, ed. Philip Bradley (New York: fred . Knapf. Inc.. 1945). which is a report on the ro%;. function. and pervasiveness of voluntary organi- za ons. 3 viewed as performing functions created by a weakened extended family. church. and community.9 They are seen as functioning to integrate the society.10 satisfy self-expression and special interest needs.11 and provide a sense of security.12 Research questions which correspond with the aboveaapproaches fall into the following areas: (1) organizational function: the contribution of voluntary organizations to the total society. their function in integrating the society. and the role they perform in various societal processes such as socialization. opinion formation. and decision-making: (2) organizational size and formalization: (3) neighborhood type and cohesion; (4) extent of affiliation: (5) degree of parti- cipation or involvement: and (6) the orientation types of organizations in which " . . . persons play out their lives. seek the satisfactions of their needs. and express 9Arnold M. Rose. Theenz and Metheg in the Sgeig] S (Minneapolis. Minn.: University of Minnesota ress. 195 . PP- 50-71. l63-h. Louis Wirth. "Urbanism as a Way of Life." The Amezicen Jeuzne; of Secielogy. XXXXIV (July. 1938). 17. w. Lloyd Warner. W (Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1953 . 191. 10Babchuk and Warriner. ep, ei§.. 135. Peter Bossi. flhz_£emfi11ee_fleze,(Glencoe. 111.: The Free Press. 1955). pp. 32- 0. Werner S. Landecker. "Types of Integration and Their Measurement.” Amer c J l S c l . xxxxxvx (January. 1951). pp. 332-336. B§13561a§“%é%ghfifl;an John N. Edwards. "Voluntary Associations and the Inte ration Hipothesis." éssislssissl_lnnsizx. XXXV (Spring. 1965 . pp. 1 9-162. 11Rose. 0 . 211,. 59. 123211. Gordon W. Allport. "The Psycholog of Participation." Earshslesissl_§szien. LII (May. 1995 . 130. their conceptions of themselves as persons and of the world in which they live."13 Vbluntary organizations have been an integral element of such studies as those by Fromm. Nisbet. Whyte. 1“ and the subject of many investigations. parti- and Reisman. cularly since the seminal works of Komarovsky and Goldhamer.15 These empirical indagations. however. have been for the most part. directed at distinguishing individuals who participate in such associations from those who do not. and have. in addition. been largely limited to analyses of the relation- ship between membership in voluntary organizations and demographic variables16 or such factors as neighborhood cohesion or size.17 Such studies have been preoccupied with 13Babchuk and Warriner. lee, 211. 14Erich Fromm. Escape fgem Fgeedem (New York: Rine- hart and Co.. Inc.. 1941). Robert A. Nisbet. The §ee§§ fie: Qamnsniix.(NeW York: Oxford University Press. 1953 . William R. Whyte. The Degenizetion Mae (New York: Doubleday. 1957). David Heisman. The Lgnegy Gregg (Garden City: Doubleday. 1953). 15Mirra Komarovsky. "The voluntary Associations of Urban Dwellers." Ameliceg Seeielogieel Revieg. XI (December. 1946). pp. 686-69 . Herbert Goldhamer. "Some Factors Affecting Participation in Voluntary Organizations." unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. University of Chicago. 1943. 16Gordon and Babohuk. en. ci§.. 23. See also J. C. Scott. Jr.. "Membership and Participation in Veluntary Associations." Amer n So 01 c He . XXII (June. 1957). pp. 315-3233 and Richard F. Curtis. "Occupational Mobility and Membership in Formal VOluntary Associations: A Note on Research." Amegficeg Sociolegicel RQYIQR. XXIV (December. 1959). pp. - 8. 17Scott Greer and Ella Kube. "Urbanism and Social Structure: A Los Angeles Study." C un S t €n§_§ne1zeie. ed. Marvin B. Sussman (New York: Crowell. 9 9 . pp. 93-112. Noel P. Gist and L. A. Halbert. green §221231.(N3W York: Crowell. 1956). 331. the mere fact of membership rather than with the nature or meaning of the affiliation. Recent examples include studies of the relationship between participation in voluntary associ- ations and urban neighborhood type.18 and neighborhood cohesion.19 In each study. all of the voluntary organizations. such as professional societies. fraternal orders. church organiza- tions. and special interest clubs. were analyzed as though they were equivalent. The studies have not been concerned with the functional nature of voluntary organizations. even though such a consideration is an integral element of the theoretical framework related to them.20 A number of writers have investigated the functional characteristic of voluntary organizations. and have expressed this in terms of an expressive-instrumental typology.21 Although this classification has been used in few research reports. its significance for the study of 18Wendell Bell and Maryanne T. Force. "Urban Neighborhood Types and Participation in Formal Associations." 5 o c R w. xxx (January. 1956). pp. 25-34. 19Eugene Iitwak. "voluntary Associations and Neigh- borhood Cohesion." American Seeiolegica; Review. XXVI (April. 1961). pp. 258-271. 20Jacoby and Babohuk. ep. cit.. 465. Talcott Parsons. The SQQifil Syseem (New York: The Free Press. 1951). pp. 49. 75-88. 21Gcrdon and Babohuk. 122- cit. Rose. 99 ci§.. 52. George A. Lundberg. Mirra Komarovsky. and M. A. McInery. u : Ne A Sebgzpen Seudy w York: Columbia University Press. 193 . pp. 12 -l 9. 6 voluntary associations have been demonstrated.22 Only a few studies. however. have investigated the relationship between participation and the orientation types of members of expressive-instrumental organizations.23 Gordon and Babohuk. for example. limit their consideration of dual organizations to national associations which operate on " . . . an expressive level locally but on an instrumental level nationally."2u It would appear. however. that this is not the only possibility. but that dual organizations do exist and do tend toward a predominant orientation type (either expressive or instrumental).25 This predominant type will have greater salience for persons having the corresponding orientation type who will. therefore. attend more frequently than members not having the corresponding orientation type. If so. such a study would suggest a fruitful method for the 22Jacoby and Babohuk. lee. eie, Helen Gouldner. "The Organization Woman: Patterns of Friendship and Organi- zational Commitment." unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. University of California. Los Angeles. 1960. Nicholas Babohuk and C. Wayne Gordon. The Voluntery Association in the Slum (Lincoln. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Studies. Number 27. 1962). C. Wayne Gordon and Nicholas Babohuk. "A Typology of voluntary Associations." Americen Socielegice; Revise. XXIV (January. 1959). 29. 23Form and Dansereau. _e. cit.. 3. George M. 3631. loe. oi . 24Gordon and Babohuk. _e. cit.. 26. )4 ha 25130399 220 Mes 58o EtZionig 22o Cite. pp. 1.2—1“. 3" a —— analysis of participation in voluntary organizations and especially in those which are dual organizations. It might also provide a method for comparing organizations on various criteria as distinguished by membership orientation type as well as suggest a means for investigating the usefulness of organizational congruence theory (as applied to orientation type rather than type of compliance) and status-value homophily theory.26 B. The Scope of the Study This study focuses on the members of the local units ("Subordinates") in Michigan of a voluntary fraternal farm organization known as the Order of Patrons of Husbandry. Organized in 1867. the stated purposes of the National Grange. as it is commonly called. are the " . . . mental. moral. social. and material advancement . . . " of its members.27 Although the organization does have expressive and instrumental functions. it is generally recognized that it is predominately an expressive 26Etzicni. 22. 912.. pp. 3-14. Morroe B°r8°rv " Theodore Abel. and Charles R. Page. Ezeeeee_end_2ee§:elflin M S (New York: D. van Nostand Co.. Inc.. 195 . pp. 1 -37. 5 -66. 27Charles M. Gardner. The Grease: Frienfi e: the garnet (Washington. D.C.: The National Grange. 19 7 . 517. 28 organization. (Chapter two will further present a des- cription and history of the organization). C. Objectives and Hypotheses The problem of this study is twofold. The first part of the problem is to determine the influence of member- ship orientation type on subordinate participation.29 The second part of the problem has as its purpose an explora- tion of the social characteristics associated with each orientation type. On the basis of our theoretical framework. and what we currently know about the Grange and its members. the following hypotheses will be tested: 1. Frequency of attendance is related to type of orientation. Specifically. members who are expressively 28Lindstrcm. 22. gm... pp. 260-262. Charles P. Loomis and J. Allan Beegle lRur 1 So a S stems (New York: Prentice-Hall. Inc.. 1950 . pp. 29a 31. Dwight Sanderson. Sociolo nd Ru a1 Soc a1 Or anization (New York: John Wiley and Sons. Inc.. 19 2 . 512. Charles Russell Hoffer. I no. on 0 Eur l S ciolo (New York: Farrar and Rinehart. Inc.. 193 . pp. 85. 1 8. Lowry Nelson. Rurel Socielogz (New York: The American Book Company. 1952). 431. Carl Taylor. e 31.. R r 1 L fe in e U 1 ed St te (New York: Alfred A. Opts 1955 9 PP. 1959 3939 29"Participation" refers to the frequency of the attendance of the respondent to the Subordinate Grange. Answers to question two in the study instrument. "How often do you attend?" (see Appendix A for a copy of the instrument used) were used to classify the respondents as follows: "high attenders" (All of the time. or Most of the time)° "low attenders" (Half of the time or Some of the time): and "non- attenders" (None of the time). The answers of the respondents to question three. "Why would you say you belong to the Grange?" were used to categorize their orientation to the subordinate as either predominately expressive or instrumental. (See chapter three for examples of this procedure). The respondent's orientation was usually apparent from question three. In only seven cases were decisions made. oriented will attend more frequently than those who are instrumentally oriented. 2. Type of orientation is related to a series of variables as follows: I a. Occupation. Members who have farming occupations will tend to be more expressively oriented than those who have non-manual occupa- tions.30. b. Occupation of the respondent's father. Members whose fathers had farming occupations will tend to be more expressively oriented than those whose fathers had non-manual occupations. c. Employment status. Members who are retired will tend to be more expressively oriented than those who are employed. d. Age. The older a member is the more likely he will be expressively oriented. e. Level of educational achievement. The higher the level of education a member has 30The answers of the respondents to questions concerning occupation (questions thirty-eight through forty-two in the instrument) were classified using the occupational categories found in the U. S. Census of Population. 1960. PC (l) 10. U. 8. Summary. p. xxi. The occupations were then collapsed as follows: "farming" (Farmers. Farm Managers. andForemens and Farm Laborers): "manual non-farming" (Craftsmen. Foremen. and Kindred Workers: Operatives and Kindred Workers; Private House- hold Workers: Service Workers: and Laborers. except Farm . and Mine): and "nonamanual" (Professional. Technical. and Kindred Workers; Managers. Officials. and Proprietors: Clerical and Kindred Workers: and Sales Workers). 10 obtained the more likely he will be instrua mentally oriented. f. Present residence. Members who live in rural areas will tend to be more expressively oriented than those who live in urban areas.31 g. Residence where raised. Members who were raised in rural areas will tend to be more expressively oriented than those who were raised in urban areas.32 h. Types of communities in which lived. Members who have lived only in rural communities will tend to be more expressively oriented than those who have lived in other types of communities.33 31The answers of the respondents to question twenty-six. "In which type of community do you now live?". were collapsed as follows: "rural" (on farm. open country but not farm. and village under 2500): and "urban" (city of 250039999. city of 10.000-49.999. and city of 50.000 or more . 32The answers of the respondents to question twenty-eight. "In which type of community were you raised?". were collapsed as above. 33"Other types of communities" denotes that the respondent has either lived only in urban communities. or both in urban and rural areas. 11 i. Distance from the nearest Standard Metro» politan Statistical Area.3u Members who live less than fifty miles from the nearest S.M.S.A. will tend to be more instrumentally oriented than those who live fifty miles or more from the nearest S.M.S.A. D. Methods of Gathering the Data and Analysis The data used for this study were gathered as a part of a larger study which was made to determine the factors significant to affiliation and participation in Subordinate Granges in Michigan. Questionnaires were mailed in August. 1964. to a ten percent random sample of 8.192 Grange "families".35 A return of 205 or approximately twenty-five percent was received from this first mailing. 3Lh'Distance" refers to the distance from the city or village nearest the respondent's home to the nearest S.M.S.A. (if he does not live within one) by the most direct paved highway. Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area is defined as one or more contiguous counties containing at least one city of 50.000 or more (or a air of contiguous twin cities of at least this Joint size and having a generally metropolitan character based on the county's social andeconom‘ic integration with the central city. See U. S. Census of Population. PC(l) 1B. U. S. Summary for a more detailed discussion. 35A series of 8.192 address-o-graph plates in the office of the Michigan State Grange in Lansing repre- sented the universe to be used. Each plate delineated an address at which at least one Grange member resided. A cover letter sent with the questionnaire requested that the head of household. if a Grange member. complete the instrument. The last digit of a randomly selected number was the starting point from which each tenth addressuo-graph plate was selected. 12 A second mailing was sent in September. A return of 123 was received which made a total return of 328 or approximately forty percent. Of these. thirteen were incomplete and there- fore rejected and an analysis was made on the basis of a thirty-eight percent return. An investigation of the relationship among orientation type; participation frequency. and date of return was made (see Appendix B) to determine the possible effect of return bias.36 It was decided that return bias was not a significant factor. The data obtained from the questionnaires were coded by the author in collaboration with faculty members in the Department of Sociology. After the data had beed coded. the information was then punched on IBM cards and a preliminary summary was obtained by machine process. The marginals yielded were carefully checked for accuracy and consistency. Chi-square scores were then obtained for the desired tables. , 36E. C. Lehman. Jr.. "Tests of Significance and Partial Returns to Mailed Questionnaires." urel Soeiolegz. xxv111 (March. 1963). pp. 284-289. The procedure used by Lehman rests on the assumption that the nonrespondents will tend to be more like the late returns than the early ones. It serves to suggest the nature of the nonrespondents in such a way as to indicate what effect they would have on the analysis if they had returned their forms. An analysis of the table in Appendix B indicates that a complete response would not have significantly altered the results of the first part of the study. See also R. F. Larson and W. R. Catton. Jr.. "Can the Mail-Back Bias Contribute to a Study's Validit 7". Soci lo 1 R e . XXIV (March. 1959). pp. 2 3-245: Joseph Kivlin. "Contributions to the Study of Mail-Back Bias." figurfleikmflsflssmh XXX (September. 1965). pp. 322-326: and ent P. Schwirian and Harry R. Blaine. "Questionnaire Return Bias and the Study of Blue-Collar Workers." Peblic Qpinien my. xxx (Winter; 1966-67). pp. 656-663. 13 It will be noted that the above hypotheses are subsequently followed by a statement of the expected direction of the association. It is therefore desirable to test the null hypothesis using the one-tailed test of no association.37 Since it is necessary to establish a criterion for acceptance or rejection of the hypotheses. the .05 level of significance will be used. E. Organization of the Study This chapter has presented the problem to be studied. the significance and scope of the study. and the methodology and specific hypotheses. Chapter II will present a brief description and history of the Grange. Chapter III will discuss the characteristics of the sample population. Chapter IV will give the results obtained. Chapter V will summarize and discuss the findings. and present limitations of the study. 37Hubert M. Blalock. Jr.. Secigl See§1e§ics (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.. 1960) 21 . CHAPTER II BACKGROUND DISCUSSION: A BRIEF TOPICAL HISTORY OF THE GRANGE A. Introduction This chapter is devoted to a brief topical history of the National. Michigan State. and Michigan Subordinate Granges.1 The topics to be discussed are the following: (1) the origin of the Grange. (2) causes for the rapid membership expansion of the Grange. (3) develop- ment of the Grange in Michigan. (4) selected instrumental activities of the National and Michigan State Granges. and (5) selected expressive activities of Subordinate Granges. B. The Origin of the Grange Voluntary agricultural associations. both state and local. have existed in different parts of the United States since the latter part of the eighteenth century.2 Their influence. however. was slight prior to the Civil War 1The histories of the National and Michigan State Granges " . . . have been parallel in many ways." See Fred Trump. The Gzahge 1h Miehigen (Grand Rapids. Mich.: The Dean-Hicks Co.. 19 3 . v. 2Solon Justus Buck. The GIQBSSIP Melemeht: A --v ' :- e . O - -. - - Lincoln. Nebraska: niversity of Nebraska Press. 1913 . 40. 14 15 and was generally limited to wealthy farmers such as the large planters in the South.3 The years following the close of the war witnessed the rise and rapid development and often decline of a large number of agriculturalgorganizations and associ- ations some of which have produced " . . . considerable influ- ence on the progress of the farming population and on the economy and social development of the country as a whole."u The first of these associations to be organized on a national level was the Order of the Patrons of Hus- bandry. The organization was established in Washington. D. C.. in 1867. Although the later rapid development of the Grange. as it is commonly called. was due principally to economic and political factors which made the organization's instrumental activities particularly attractive.5 the iniital inception of the association came from Oliver Hudson Kelley who was at the time a member of the small staff of the newly-created Department of Agriculture. After the Civil War. the farmers in the country. and particularly those in the South. were undergoing at least relatively severe losses and hardships. Because of their 521219... PP- 3‘39. 6:91.100 PP. 3050 and 7e l6 circumstances. President Andrew Johnson authorized. in 1866. the Commissioner of Agriculture to send an individual into the South to procure " . . . statistical and other information from those states."7 Kelley was selected for this assignment. On his trip through the South. which lasted three months. he was " . . . struck by the lack of progressive spirit among the agricultural classes. A.mascn. and appreciative of the benefits of fraternity. he came to the conclusion that a national secret order of farmers was needed for the furthering of the industrial reconstruction of the South and the advance- ment of the agricultural class throughout the country."8 When he returned to Washington. Kelley expressed his ideas to some of his friends in government service. and enlisted their support. Among these individuals were William Saunders. J. R. Thompson. William Ireland. A. B. Grosh. and John Trimble. F. M. McDowell. a farmer from Wayne. New York. also became a member of the "Founders". These seven men established a ritual similar to that of the Masonic Order. framed a constitution. and met on December 4. 1867. to organize themselves as the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry. Membership in the organization was to be 7Solon Justus Buck. C c e f he F er n P 1 t cs Yale University Press. 1921 . 1. 8Buck. The Grange; Mevemehh. 41. ' maven. : 1? confined to persons. either male or female. " . . . engaged in agricultural pursuits."9 The organizational structure adopted included seven "degrees" of membership. four to be given by the Subordinate Grange. one by the State Grange. and the highest two by the National Grange. The four subordinate degrees for men were Laborer. Cultivator. Harvester. and Husbandmen: while the parallel degrees for women were Maid. Shepherdess. Gleaner. and Matron. The state grange was to present the fifth degree. Pomona (Hope). on subordinate grange masters and past masters and their wives. The National Grange could confer the sixth degree. Flora (Charity). on masters and past masters of state granges and their wivesswhich would qualify the persons receiving the degree to serve on the National Council. After serving for one year on the Council. which is a general policy-making body. the member could then receive the seventh degree. Ceres (Faith). and become a member of the Senate. This latter body oversees the ritual of the organization. The organizational plan during the first few years was to get a few active subordinate granges estab~ lished and then organize temporary state granges. Charters were to be issued for subordinate granges only when at least nine men and four women were pledged as members. The number 9Edward N. Martin H s of h G M ve- 7 men; (San Francisco: National u 3 ng o.. . . and Trump. ee. cit.. 12. The membership requirements have been liberalized and now include " . . . persons interested in agriculture." See Trump. e2. cit.. 254. 18 of charter members was limited to thirty of whom ten must be women.10 Kelley resigned his position in the Department of Agriculture and left Washington on April 3. 1868. to begin to establish subordinate granges. Kelley. who cone tinued to be the major impetus for the organization for several months. organized the first subordinate grange. Fredonia Grange. Number One. in western New York on April 16. 1868. He later moved to the Middle West and very slowly made progress. The first state grange to be established was that of Minnesota on February 23. 1869. Then came the Iowa State Grange on January 12. 1871. The Michigan State Grange was not organized until April 15. 1873. Before the end of 1872. more than a thousand sub- ordinate granges. distributed among more than one-half of the states. had been organized. During the month of December. 1873. more than 1.200 subordinate granges were established. The highest subordinate organization month was February. 1874. when 2.239 subordinate units of the association were formed. By 1875. the Grange was established on a state basis in thirty-six of the then thirtyunine states. and its paid-up membership was over 850.000.11 C. Causes of the Rapid Expansion of the Grange Agrarian movements expressing discontent have loBuck. pp, pie.. 48. 11The Grange Blue B ok (Washington. D. C.: The National Grange. n.d.). pp. 24-25. 19 12 been of frequent occurence for diverse reasons. Causes usually mentioned are categorically economic. political. social. and intellectual.13 It has generally been assumed that periods of agricultural dissatisfaction are preceded or caused by economic depressions in the agricultural population. Investigations into the causes of the English peasants' revolt of 1381 and the Peasants” War in Germany in 1524 and 1525 have shown. however. that the status of the farmer or peasant was. in both cases. gradually improving.1n Similarly. the conditions of farmers in the United States following the Civil War were not retrogressive. They did. however. feel an economic and social discrepancy. "The farmers believed that they were not advancing so rapidly as the other classes of American society. and it was useless to point out to them that they lived much better and enjoyed far more comforts than their grandfathers had. or to tell them that their financial embarrassments were due to extravagant desires. The fact was. their standard of living was advancing nearly. if not quite. as rapidly as that of other ranks of society. while their lZBuCk. 220 0150. 30 13W. A. Anderson. "The Granger Movement." Teee Jgnzng; Qfl Hiseozy ehd PQIIELCS. XXII (January. 1924 . 9. John D. Hicks. The Pepulist Revo%§: A Highery of ehe Fegeeze' d the Peo e's P t Lincoln. Nebraska: Univer- sity of Nebraska Press. 1961). 2. Buck. ep. c1§.. 3. 1”Buck. loc. cit. Hicks. ee. eit.. pp. 54-55. incomes were not increasing in the same proportion."15 They also felt that their relative social position had been lowered because " . . . the tilling of the soil . formerly considered one of the highest of occupations. had come to be looked upon as a pursuit suite is only to those who were U ‘11' b not equipped for anything else.“* They further believed that they possessed little politica1.inf1uence due primarily to their " . . . lack of knowledge of simple economic prin» ciples and their application to the politicomeconomic prob-Q~ lems . . . . ” which concerned them.17 Contemporary examples, provided the idea of organization and c00peration for mutual advantage. Manufacturers. merchants. bankers. brokers. and laborers were organized into stock companies. commercial organizations. stockeexchanges and clearing houses. and trade unions.18 A few years after the Grange had been organized. the locus of its attractiveness to farmers became its inm creasing interest in diminishing perceived railroad mono: police and high profits received by commodity middlemen. The prosperity of the farmer depended not only on his ability to produce crops for the market but also on his capacity to send his crops to the consumer cheaply. To 15Buck. ep. Ci .. 3. 16Itid.. 37. 17Ibid.. 38. 181bid. 21 facilitate distribution, two things were required: a reduction in the cost of (l) transportation. and (2) marketing by middle- men.19 These requirements. however; were not being met satis- factorily. Shipping rates continued to be high and discrimi- natory.20 while dividends on stocks purchased by the farmers, who frequently paid for them by mortgaging their farms, to support the railroad companies did not materialize.21 At the same time that farmers were receiving relatively low prices for their products, it appeared that middlemen. such as millers and grain merchants, were making sizable profits.22 It was due to the activities of the organization in these two areas. with the possible addition of purchasing cOOperation. thht the Grange was perceived by farmers as potentially beneficial to them}3 D. The Deve10pment of the Grange in Michigan . The first subordinate grange organized in Michigan was Burnside Grange, Number One. in Lapeer County on January 10, 1872. Mr. Edwin M. Jones of Perry, Iowa. who was visiting relatives in eastern Lapeer County. obtained a special deputy's commission from the National 2“ Before the _‘ Grange with which to establish the subordinate. 201bid.. 29h. Anderson, _p. cit.. 5. 21Buck, 22. cit.. 10. 22Martin. op. cit.. pp. 29h-295. 23Buck, op. cit.. 9. 2“Trump. op. cit.. 6. (\J' N) end of the year, nine addi ional subordinates were established as follows: four in Kalamazoo County. and one each in Jackson. Livingston. Ingham, Berrien, and van Buren counties.25 In March and April of 1873, ten additional granges received their charters and on April 15, 1873, the Michigan State Grange was organized in Muskegon. The first annual session of the Michigan State Grange was held at Kalamazoo. January 21-23, 1874, with 800 persons present representing 216 subordinate granges.26 By the end of 187%. a total of 31,189 persons had Joined the Grange in Michigan.27 The highest point in membership for several years was reached in September, 1876, and was 33,786.28 At that time there were #96 subordinate granges in the state.29 A combination of factors. but primarily dis; satisfaction with the economic and political successes of the organization. produced a rapid decline in membership. both nationally and within the state of Michigan.30 There were only 13,939 members in Michigan in 1880,31 and by 1895 251pgg.. 7. 26.1.21.” 8. 27M" 11:. 28l§;Q,; 18. 29Anderson. 9p. glioo 15° BOBuek. 3E. cite. pp. 69e73. Trump. ago site. pp. 39-56. 31Trump.pgp. cit.. 25. 23 this had dropped to 7,507 members.32 Gradually, however. as a redefinition of the organization took place, the member- ship began to rise.33 In 1898, there were 9,517 members in 256 subordinatess3a and in 1901, about 26,000 members in #76 subordinates;35 and in 1902. 33.h76 members in 5fl5 subordinates.36 By December, 1904, when the thirtymsecond session of the Michigan State Grange was held in Lansing9 membership in the Grange in Michigan had grown to h3,lOl. or more than six times what it had been in 1895.37 In 1912, the membership in Michigan reached its highest peak of 52,836 members in 850 subordinates. It was soon to again decline due to various factors. but primarily because of an increased selection of leisure activities and mobility, and a substantially reduced ruralnfarm population.38 In 1952, members of the Grange in Michigan numbered 28.691;9 39 while. in 1962, they totalled only 15,169. The decrease in membership in a decade was nearly oneehalf (h6.8 percent). ”leis... 5h. ”laid... pp. 57~77. 3";p;g.. 63. ”laid... 69. 36lsid.. 71. ”laid” 7n. 381bid.. 93. 39Bobert Eastman, et al., Preliminary Report - ‘ S . C . Structure‘ggduPrggrams Grange. l9 3 , WaShington, D. C.: The National - 24 E. Selected Instrumental Activities of the National and Michigan State Granges Although the original intent of the founders of the Grange appears to have been that the benefits of the organization to its members would be primarily social and educational. it became apparent very soon that " . . . the desire for political and financial advantages would prove a far greater incentive to induce farmers to Join.”0 By April. 187l._according to Oliver Kelley. " . . . 'Down with Monopolies' and 'Cooperation' were proving popular watch- words."41 This led early to two forms of activity. political and cooperative. which have " . . . left an indelible stamp upon the order." By "political" activities we essentially mean interests or programs agreed upon by policy-making bodies at various organizational levels of the Grange.“3 Selected interests of the National Grange and the year of their initiation are the followingzuh (l) regulation and control of transportation companies (1872); (2) extension and control of Land Grant colleges (1872): (3) establishment of an uoBuck. 22. cit.. 52. “IOliver Hudson Kelley. 0 d P es h P Husb in the United States Philadelphia: By the author. 1575;. pp. 253-259. ' ‘ #2 Buck. 92. cit.. 52. 43Charles M. Gardner. The Gr 2 e d he £g:mgz_(¥ashington. D. C.: The National Grange. 19395. pp. 93-101. ““12;g.. pp. 102-188. 25 extension service. and agricultural and vocational education (1878): (h) the establishment of agricultural experiment stations (1880): (5) pure food and drug regulation (1881): (6) parcel post (1887): (7) improved credit facilities for farmers (1891); (8) rural free delivery of mail (1893)s (9) the establishment of a Bureau of Public Roads and the construction of better highways (1903); (10) soil and forest conservation (l9lh): (ll) "Truthuin-Fabrics" legisa lation (1915); (12) rural electrification (1930); (13) federal crop insurance (l938)g and (1h) the modernization of parity (19ul). Selected interests of the Michigan State Grange and the year of their initiation are the followingth (1) the regulation of railroads (1872); (2) stronger support for the Michigan Agricultural College (1872): (3) prohio bition from the drinking of alcoholic beverages (187%); (4) the broadening of the tax base (1875): (5) the admisa sion of women to Michigan Agricultural College (1877): (6) the construction of a canal from Lake Michigan to Lake Erie via the Kalamazoo River (1877): (7) the establishm ment of an experimental farm (1879); (8) the construction of a dormitory for women at Michigan Agricultural College (1880): (9) the establishment of state normal colleges (1880): (lo) the establishment of libraries to assist in the rehabilitation of prisoners (1880); (11) the enactment of pure food and drug legislation (1892); (12) women's “5Trump. o . cit.. pp. 129232. 26 suffrage (1892): (13) the construction of better roads (1892): (lfl) rural free delivery of mail (1897): (15) the reforestao tion of cut-over lands in northern Michigan (1905): (16) "Truth-ineFabrios" legislation (1922): (17) the establishment of game refuges (1930); (18) sales promotion of Michigan farm products during the annual Michigan Week (l9h0): (19) the regulation of livestock auction markets (l9hh): (20) the regulation of motorboat operation (1951): (21) the establishment of a maximum highway speed (1953): (22) annual required physical and driving examinations for school bus drivers (1954): (23) a uniform vehicle code (1956): and (2n) the expansion of state and national parks (1961)o Cooperation in buying and selling by Grange members has been essentially organized on a seats or sub~ ordinate level although the National Grange has supported a mail order catalogue company: seeperative purchasing of such items as sewing machines. plows. cultivatorso and grain separators: and fire and life insuranceo#6 Selected cooperative activities of the Michigan State Grange and the year of their initiation are as followssl‘p7 (l) cooperative stores selling groceries and farm machinery (187h): (2) cooperative purchasing of agricultural lime from a plaster company in Grand Rapids (1875): (3) cooperative selling of wool (1881): (h) cooperative flour ”6Gardner, _po cits. pp° 312=328o h7Trump, gpo cite, 12m232o 27 mills (1888); (5) fire and life insurance (189?): (6) co- operative purchasing of binder twine, phosphates, salt. lumber. nails, wire fence. furniture, stoves, and clothing (before 1902): and (7) the cooperative selling of live- stock (1919). Since 1923. the cooperative activities of Grange members in Michigan have largely been limited to the establishment of contracts with manufacturing concerns. support given to various commodity organizations. and fire and life insuranceo The emphasis has been placed upon 49 the later, Grangemsponsored insurance. F. Selected Expressive Activities of Subordinate Granges Although instrumental activities received the largest amount of attention during the early years of the organization, there is general agreement that the sub- ordinate granges are currently emphasizing expressive activities.50 The regular monthly or semi-monthly meetings stress activities such as musical entertainment. uBIbido. 133. uglnterview with Fred Trump. August 16, 1965. 50David E. Lindstrom, "Interest Group Relations and Functions in Rural Society." Rura1_§ociolo , XXVI (September. 1961). ppo 252-265. Charles P. Loomis and J. Allan Beegle. Rural Social S stems (New York: Prentice- Hall. Inc.. 1950). PP. 629-631. Dwight Sanderson. Rural S ciolo nd Rural Social Or anization (New York: John Wiley and Sons. Inc.. 1932), 512. Charles Russell Hoffer. Introduction to Rural Sociology (New York: Farrar and Rinehart. inc.. 193H)T*pp. 85, 1h8. Lowry Nelson. Rura (New York: The American Book Company. 19 2 , #31. Carl Taylor. 21; 11., Rural Life in the United States (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955), pp. 195. 28 games. ritualistic proceedings. general discussion. plays and skits which are of general interest to family groups and older adults.51 Festivals. suppers. picnics, and dances are also frequent although there has been a substantial decrease in the latter which is provided now by other community organizations. This chapter has presented a brief topical history of the Grange. Chapter III will,provide a demographic and Grange-related description of the study population. 51Buck. op. cit.. 280. ,Gardner. 22. 212a. PPo 222-230. CHAPTER III A.DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY POPULATION A. Introduction This chapter presents a description of the study population. comparing it in some cases with the 1960 rural-farm pOpulation of Michigan. The chapter is organized into two parts: (1) a demographic description,' and (2) a description of the Grange-related character- istics of the study population. The latter will include (1) frequency of Subordinate meetings. (2) frequency of attendance to Subordinate meetings. (3) the importance of the Subordinate. and (u) the orientation (expressive or instrumental) of the respondent to the Subordinate. B. Demographic Characteristics of the Study Population Table 1 deals with the distribution of the respon- dents (77 employed persons did not answer the relevant ques- tions) by major occupational groupings. (See page 30.) Mem- bers who are farmers. as we might expect. compose the largest occupational category of the study pOpulation (hl.7 percent). Nearly two-fifths (38.9 percent) of the members have manual non-farming occupations, while one-fifth(l9.h percent)have non-manual occupations. 29 30 Table 1. Distribution of Grange Members by Major Occupational Groupings. Occupation Number Percent Farming 75 #1.? Manual Non-Farming 70 38.9 Non-Manual 35 19.4 Total 180 100.0 Table 2 presents a detailed distribution by occupations of the study population and male employed Michigan rural-farm persons in 1960. The members of the Grange generally have higher status occupations than Michigan rural-farm males. One-fifth (19.h percent) of Grange members have non-manual occupations as compared with one-eighth (12.1 percent) of the rural-farm popu- lation. There are no farm laborers in the study popu- lation. while one-tenth (9.7 percent) of rural-farm males had such occupations in 1960. 31 Table 2. Detailed Distribution by Occupation of Grange Members as Compared to 1960 Male Employed Michigan Rural-Farm Population. Occupation Number Percent (Grange) Grange Mich. RF Farmers, Farm Managers. and Foremen 75 #1.? 91.4 Farm Laborers -- ---- 9.7 Farming Total 75’ 51.7 51.1 Craftsmen, Foremen. and Kindred Workers 33 18.3 12.1 Operatives and Kindred workers 30 16.7 18.5 Private Household -- ---- 0.1 Service Workers 6 3.3 2.0 Laborers. except Farm and Mine 1 0.6 4.1 Manual Non-Farm Total ‘6' 33.9 36 . 6 Professional, Technical. and Kindred Workers 10 5.5 2.3 Managers, Officials. and ' Proprietors (except farm) 12 6.7 3.0 Clerical and Kindred workers 5 2.8 2.“ Sales Workers 8 b.h 1.7 Non-Manual Total 35’ 19.4 1271 Totals 180 100.0 100.0 Source: U.S. Census of Population. 1960. P5(l) 25C, Mich- igan. Table 57. p. 199. Table 3 presents information on the direction of occupational change of Michigan Grange members. Slightly more than two fifths (43.7 percent) made no change in their occupation (either farm or non-farm). while a majority 32 (56.3 percent) of the members did change occupations at least ence between 1945 and August, 1964. Two-thirds (68.4 percent) of the members have either remained farmers throughout the nineteen year period (1945 to 1964), or started as farmers in 1945 and then changed to a non-farm occupation during or before 1955 and remained in it until 1964. Only onenseventh (16.1 percent) of the members have remained in nonofarm occupations throughout the nineteen year period. Table 3. Distribution by Direction of Occupational Change. Direction of Occupational Number Percent Change No Change: Farm 49 27.3 Non-farm in 1945, farm in 1955. 1964 22 12.2 Farm in 1945, 1964, non-farm in 1955 4 2.2 Total Farm or __ toward Farm 75 41.7 No Change: Non-Farm 29 16.1 Farm in 1945, non- farm in 1955, 1964 74 41.1 Non-farm in 1945,1964, farm in 1955 2 1.1 Total NonaFarm or toward Non-Farm 105 58.3 Total 1 0 100.0 33 Table 4 deals with the employment status of the study population. The major proportion (75.6 percent) of the respondents are employed, while only one-fourth (24.4 percent) are retired. Table 4. Distribution by Employment Status. Employment Status Number Percent Retired 58 24.4 Employed 180 75.6 Total 238 100.0 . Table 5 presents a distribution of the study population by the occupation of their fathers. A large proportion (77.5 percent) of the fathers of the members had farming occupations. This prOportion is almost twice as large as that representing members who currently have farming occupations. One-seventh (14.8 percent) of the members' fathers had manual non-farming occupations, while a small proportion (7.7 percent) were employed in non-manual positions. 34 Table 5. Distribution by Occupation of Member's Father. Father's Occupation Number Percent Farming 231 77.5 Manual Non-Farming 44 14.8 Non-Manual 23 7.7 Total 298 100.0 Table 6 provides a distribution of the study population by broad age groupings. Four-fifths (81.3 percent) of the members are forty-five years of age or older while nearly one-half (47.0 percent) are sixty- five years of age or older. Table 6. Distribution by Broad Age Groups. Broad Age Group Number Percent 15 to 44 Years 59 18.7 45 to 64 Years 108 34.3 65+ Years 148 47.0 Total 5T5 100.0 Table 7 presents a more detailed distribution of the study population by age and compares it with the 1960 Michigan rural-farm population fifteen years of age 35 or over. The organization this thesis studies appears to be selective of persons who are older in age as the study -popu1ation is substantially older than the 1960 Michigan rural-farm population. While a large proportion (47.0 percent) of the subordinate grange members are sixty-five years of age or oldero only one-sixth (16.1 percent) of Michigan rural-farm persons are this old. Table 7. Detailed Distribution by Age of Grange Members as Compared to 1960 Michigan Rural-Farm Population Fifteen Years of Age and Older. Age Group Number Percent (Grange) Grange Mich. HF 15 to 24 Years 13 4.1 19.7 25 to 4 Years 18 5.7 12.1 35 to 4 Years 28 8.9 18.3 45 to 54 Years 49 15.6 18.6 55 to 64 Years 59 18.8 15.2 65 to 74 Years 96 30.5 11.1 75+ Years 52 16.5 5.0 Total 315 100.70 10070 Wensus of—Population, 1960W Michigan, Table 16; PP. 41—44. Table 8 presents a distribution of subordinate grange members by level of educational achievement ob- tained. The data reveals that approximately oneathird (32.8 percent) of the members have had eight years or less of grade school education while nearly one-half 36 (46.0 percent) have had at least some high school training and more than one-fifth (21.2 percent) have attended college. Table 8. Distribution by Level of Educational Achievement. Level of Educational Number Percent Achievement Eight Years or Less 102 32.8 One to Four Years High School 143 46.0 One Year or More . of College 66 21.2 Total 311 100.0 Table 9 provides a more detailed distribution of the members by level of educational achievement and compares it with the 1960 Michigan rural-farm population fifteen years of age and older. The subordinate members have a higher level of educational achievement than the Michigan rural-farm population. While two-thirds (67.2 percent) of the Grange members have had at least some high school training only one-half (49.8 percent) of Michigan rural-farm persons had obtained that level of education in 1960. The proportion (21.2 percent) of Grange members completing at least one year of college was nearly three times as much as that of the rural farm population (7.2 percent). 37 Table 9. Detailed Distribution by Level of Educational Achievement of Grange Members as Compared to 1960 Michigan RuraleFarm Population Twenty-Five Years of Age and Older. Level Of Educational Number Percent Achievement (Grange) Grange Mich RF Four Years or Less 1 0.3 5.3 Five to Six Years 5 1.6 5.7 Seven Years 12 3.9 7.1 Eight Years 84 27.0 32.1 One to Three Years High School 53 17.0 17.1 Four Years High School 90 29.0 23.5 One to Three Years g. College 45 14.4 6.5 Four Years or More College 21 6.8 2.7 Total 311 100.0 100.0 Source: U.S. Census of Population. 1960, PC (1) 245, Michigan, Table 47. p. 191. Table 10 shows that a majority of the study population are male. This, of course, was expected as the cover letter sent with the questionnaire requested that the form be completed by the head of the household if he or she was a Grange member. Although this distribution may dl-fer slightly from that of the sex distribution at Grange meetings, the variation will have a small and in- significant effect on our analysis. (An investigation of the relationship between sex and frequency of atten- dence, and sex and type of orientation to the subordinate 38 was made to determine the effect of sex on the proceeding primary thesis variables. The investigation suggests that the of "b e 0 t is inconsequential). Table 10. Distribution of Grange Members by Sex. Sex Number Percent Male 184 58.8 Female 129 41.2 Total '53 16633 Table 11 presents a distribution of subordinate grange members by marital status. The data reveals that a large proportion (71.6 percent) of Grange members are married wnile more than onemfifth (21.4 percent) are widowed. A "separated" marital status Option was prom vided in the questionnaire but was not used by the respondents. 39 Table 11. Distribution by Marital Status. A: _ u- -—- .———. v.._~.__' Marital Status Number Percent Single 1 '.s Married ZZZ 71.6 Divorced 5 1.6 Widowed 67 21.4 Total 313 100.0 __ —-— n-_,_ -_----l_fl" Table 12 provides a distribution of members by the state in which they were born. This variable is used as an index of mobility. The data reveals that only oneefifth (21.3 percent) of the members have moved from the “state" in which they were born. Table 12. Distribution by State in Which Born. —— *--—- _ —..-.. State in Which Born Number Percent Michigan 248 78.7 Adjacent States* 27 ‘ 8.6 All Other States 33 10.5 Foreign uBorn 7 2.2 Total 315 100.0 ——t—_ —r _‘n‘. i‘énie, Indiana. and Wisconsin. 40 Table 13 provides an apportionment of the members by location of present residence. As expected, a large pron portion (82.9 percent) of subordinate members currently rem side in rural areas, while only one-sixth (17.1 percent) are presently living in urban areas. Table 13. Distribution by Present Residence. Present Residence Number Percent 0n Farm 171 54.3 Open Country but not Farm 45 14.3 Village under 2500 45 14.3 Rural Total 251 32.9 City of 2500-9999 25 7.9 City of 10,000uu9,999 20 6.3 City of 50,000+ 9 2.9 Urban Total 34 17.1 Total 31 100.0 Table 14 presents the dispersion of the meme bers by location of residence where raised. Although simm ilar proportions of the members were raised in rural areas as presently live in them, a larger prOportion (73.0 percent) of the members were raised on farms than currentm 1y reside on them (54.3 percent). 41 Table 14. Distribution by Residence Where Raised. Residence Where Raised Number Percent On Farm 230 73.0 Open Country but not Farm 21 6.7 Village under 2500 18 5.? Rural Total 269 85.4 City Of 250019999 15 4.8 City of 10.000~49.999 15 4.8 City of 50,000+ 16 5.0 Urban Total E3 TETE Total 31 100.0 Table 15 provides information on the types of communities in which the members have lived. A.majority (55.2 percent) of subordinate members have resided only in rural areas. Table 15. Distribution by Types of Communities in Which Lived. Types of Communities Number Percent Rural Only 17h ‘ 55.2 All Others 141 44.8 ' Total 315 100.0 42 Table 16 presents a distribution of the sub- ordinate members by the distance they reside from the near- est SMSA. The table indicates that nearly one-half (45.4 percent) of Grange members reside either in an SMSA or within twenty-five miles of one. One-sixth (17.2 percent) of the members live seventy-five or more miles from the nearest SMSA. Table 16. Distribution by Distance from the Nearest Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area. Distance Number Percent Lives in SMSA 9 2.9 Less Than 25 Miles 134 42.5 Total Less Than 25 Miles 142 E5.5 25 to 49 Miles 90 28.6 50 to 74 Miles 28 8.9 Total 25 to 74 Miles 3 118 37.4 75 to 100 Miles ' H VIP 0 0 NW) 100+ Miles Total 75+ Miles '34 kn .e e) an» H‘ \1 o N Total [.4 O O O O 43 C. Grange-Related Characteristics of the Study Population Table 17 presents a distribution of the mem» bers of the subordinate granges in Michigan by the frequency of the subordinate meetings. The meetings are generally .(78.8 percent of the time) held twice a month, for example, on the first and third Tuesdays. An investigation of the relationship between frequency of subordinate meetings and both type of orientation and frequency of attendance to the subordinate determined that the variation of frequency of subordinate meetings will have an insignificant effect on the results of the study. Table 17. Distribution by Frequency of Subordinate Meetings. Frequency of Subordinate Meetings Number Percent Once per Month 82 12732" Twice per Month ‘ 219 78.8 Total 301 100.0 Table 18 provides the dispersion of subordin- ate members by the frequency with which they attend the meetings of their subordinate. More than onemhalf (54.3 percent) of the members are "high attenders". while one» third (31.4 percent) are "low attenders". and only oneu seventh (14.3 percent) do not attend at all. 44 Table 18. Distribution by Frequency of Attendance at Subordinate Meetings. Frequency of Attendance Number Percent All of the Time 76 24.1 Most of the Time 95 30.2 "High Attenders" 171 54.3 Half of the Time 25 7.9 Some of the Time 74 23.5 "Low Attenders" 99 31.4 None of the Time ("Non-Attenders") 45 14.3 Total 315 100.0 Table 19 presents the distribution of the Grange members by their answer to the question "How important is the Grange to you?" (See Appendix A, question eleven). The data in Table 19 suggests to us that members generally feel that their subordinate is important to them. A large proportion (75.3 percent) of the members consider their subordinate grange either very or fairly important. while only one-twelth (7.7 percent) feel that the Grange is unimportant to them. A large number (17.0 percent) of the respondents chose the option of "neither important nor unimportant" to express'the significance of the subordinate to them. 45 Table 19. Distribution by the Importance of the Grange to the Member. Importance of the Subordinate Number Percent Grange to the Member Very Important 7? 24.8 Fairly Important 157 50.5 Neither Important nor TTnimportant 53 17.0 Fairly Unimportant 9 2.9 Very Unimportant 15 4.8 Total 511‘ 100. o Table 20 presents an apportionment of the members by the categorical reason they belong to the Grange. As expected, a large proportion (81.9 percent) of persons belong to the Grange for expressive reasons (see pages 46- 48 for representative rationales given). while less than one-fifth (18.1 percent) affilitate for instrumental reasons. Table 20. Distribution by Reason for Belonging to the Grange. Reason for Belonging Number 7 Percent Expressive 258 81.9 Instrumental 5? 18.1 Total 315 1 O O O O 46 Table 21 presents a more detailed distribution of subordinate members by the reasons for which they belong to the Grange. Table 21. Detailed Distribution by Reason for Belonging to the Grange. Reason for Belonging Number Percent Expressive 172 54.6 Predominately Expressive, also mentioned Educa» tional 66 21. o Predominately Expressive, also mentioned Economic 20 6.3 Total Expressive or Predominately Expressive 258 81.9 Normative 6 1.9 Educational 16 5.1 Economic 6 1.9 Educational and Economic 29 9.2 Total Instrumental 57 18.1 Total 315 100.0 The following are representative of the member rationales which were placed in each of the seven categories of orientation type: Expressive: "I enjoy the fellowship with kindred souls." . "I enjoy meeting these people I've known all my life." "Fellowship with other people in the community." "Peeple are so friendly and we have 9 pnnfl time," 47 "Mostly because most of my friends belong." "Family participation." "w. like the people in it as most are old friends." ”it provides a chance for fellow- ship with other people and an op- portunity to get out from the house." Predominately expressive. also men- tioned edu= cationalz "Fellowship. education." "For its socialability. its educa- tional value." "Companionship of neighbors and friends and educational part of program." "The fellowship of others. information." Predominately expressive. also men- tioned econ nomic: "Social and for insurance." "Participation and insurance." ”Enjoy the fellowship of the meetings and members. insurance." Normative: "For the good of the nation." "Because I like what the Grange stands for and feel they do a lot of good in the community." "I like to work for other peoples' comfort, etc." "I like very much the moral structure of the Grange ritualistic work because it goes along with what I believe." Educational: "Because it's educational." "Discussion on local affairs." "Good programs. Interesting discussions of local projects." Ecomonic: "Insurance." "Farm contacts for business reasons." "Part of my work to improve rural representation." 48 Educational and eco- nomic: "To keep informed on farmers' affairs and insurance." "To discuss farm problems. Insurance." "Educational and farmlreasons. Also insurance." By way of summation. the "typicél Subordinate Grange member" may be characterized as follows: He is employed in a manual occupation which like his father's is usually farming. is fifty-five years of age or older. married. and has had at least one year of high school education. He was born in Michigan. raised on a farm. has lived only in rural areas. and currently resides on a farm which is within fifty miles of a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area. 'He belongs to his Subordinate Grange for expressive reasons. considers the organization important to him. and attends at least most of the time. This chapter has presented a demographic and Grange-related description of the study pepulation. The next chapter (Chapter IV) will test the hypotheses and analyze the data. CHAPTER IV TEST OF THE HYPOTHESES AND ANALYSIS OF THE DATA A. Introduction This chapter is devoted to testing hypotheses dealing with the relationship between type of member orien- tation to the Subordinate Grange and selected membership characteristics including participation frequency. Type of orientation is viewed with one exception (Hypothesis I) as the dependent variable. while Grange membership variables such as occupation. age. level of educational achievement. and residence are viewed as independent variables. The hypotheses presented in Chapter I will be tested utilizing data from the sample of the membership of the Subordinate Granges in Michigan. B. Test of the Hypotheses and Analysis of the Data £129§g§§;§_;: Frequency of attendance is related to type of orientation. Specifically. members who are expressively oriented will attend more frequently than those who are instrumentally oriented. It was noted earlier that participation in an organization might be related to the orientation of the member to that organization. We may then test the null hypothesis of no relationship between frequency of attendance and type of 49 50 orientation to the Subordinate. Such a test yields a chi-square value significant beyond the .001 level. An inspection of the data (see Table 22) reveals that it conforms to the hypothesized expectations. Almost two-thirds (63.9 percent) of expressively oriented members are high attenders while only oneatenth (10.5 percent) of instrumentally oriented members attend that fre- quently. Likewise, while only one-tenth (10.5 percent) of -expressive members are non-attenders. more than three times that proportion (31.6 percent) of instrumental members do not attend any meetings of the subordinate. Table 22. Frequency of Attendance. by Type of Orientation. Type of High At- Low At- Non-At- Orientation tendance tendance tendance Total N z N.Z N z N 3‘ Expressive 165 63.9 66 25.6 27 10.5 -258 100.0 Instrumental 6 10.5 33 57.9 18 31.6 57 100.0 Total -71' 99 45' gig x2 = 54.627; df = 2; p<.001. Hypothesis II: Type of orientation is related to occupation. Members who have farming occupations will tend to be more expressively oriented than those who have non-manual occupations. 51 A-test of the hypothesis yielded a chi-square value which was significant beyond the .001 level. The hypothesized relationship between orientation type and occupation is also supported by the data (see Table 23). While a large proportion (86.7 percent) of members who are farmers have an expressive orientation to the Grange, a majority (62.9 percent) of members who have non-manual occupations have an instrumental orientation to the subordinate. Somewhat more than two-thirds (72.9 percent) of members who have manual non-farming occupations have an expressive orientation. Table 23. Type of Orientation, by Occupation. Occupation Expressive Instrumental ' of Respondent Orientation Orientation Total N z N z N x Farming 65 86.7 10 13.3 75 100.0 Manual Non-Farming 51 72.9 19 27.1 70 100.0 Non-Manual 13 37.1 22 62.9 35 100.0 Total "—129 31' T1 0 2 X = 28.90“: df = 2: p<.OOl gypg§n§§;§_;l;: Type of orientation is related to the occupation of the respondent's father. Members whose fathers had farming occupations will tend to be more expressively 52 oriented than those whose fathers had nonumanual occupations. The test of the hypothesis yielded a chiwsquare value which was beyond the .02 level of significance. An examination of the data (see Table 24) shows that it does concur with the eXpectations. Somewhat more than four-fifths (8h.4 percent) of members whose fathers had farming occupations are expressively oriented to the Grange, while a smaller pron protion (61.9 percent) of members whose fathers had non-manual occupations are similarly expressively oriented. Four-fifths (81.8 percent) of members whose fathers had manual non-farming occupations likewise have expressive orientations to the subordinate. Table 24. Type of Orientation, by Occupation of Respondent's Father. Occupation of Respondent's Expressive Instrumental Father Orientation Orientation Total N x N x N % Fanning 195 8h.4 36 15.6 231 100.0 Manual Non-Farming 36 81.8 8 18.2 #9 100.0 Non-Manual 1h 61.9 9 39.1 23 100.0 Total 535 '3 298 x2 a 7.937; df = 2; p<.02. 53 gxpothesig IV: Type of orientation is related to employment status. Members who are retired will tend to be more expressively oriented than those who are employed. The test of the hypothesis that a significant difference in type of orientation exists when retired members are compared with employed members produced a chi-square value which was significant beyond the .001 level (see Table 25). An inspection of the data reveals that it does conform to the hypothesized expectations. Each of the retired members has an expressive orientation, while more than two-thirds (71.7 percent) of the employed respondents are similarly oriented to the sub- ordinate. Table 25. Type of Orientation. by Employment Status. Employment Expressive Instrumental Status Orientation Orientation Total N z N x' N % Retired 58 100.0 -- --- 58 100.0 Employed 129 71.7 51 28.3 180 100.0 Total T1 7 “ST 233 x2 a 20.915; df = 1. p<.OOl. gypgthesis V: Type of orientation is related to age. The older a member is the more likely he will be expressively oriented. 5h The chi-square value obtained when the hypothesis of a relationship between orientation type and age is tested falls beyond the .001 level of significance (see Table 26). The hypothesized relationship between the variables is supported by the data. While somewhat more than oneuhalf (55.9 percent) of members who are under fortyofive years of age are expressively oriented. four-fifths (79.6 percent) of members forty-five to sixtyafour, and an even larger proportion (93.9 percent) of members sixty-five or older are expressively oriented to the subordinate. Table 26. Type of Orientation, by Age. Age Expressive Instrumental Orientation Orientation Total N z N % N 1 15 to an Years 33 55.9 26 h#.l 59 100.1 #5 to 6# Years 86 79.6 22 20.9 108 100.0 65 Years or Older 139 93.9 9 6.1 1&8 100.0 Total 538' 37 5T3 x2 = 41.645; df = 2; p<.001. Hypothesis VI: Type of orientation is related to level of educational achievement. The higher the level of education a member has obtained the more likely he will be 55 instrumentally oriented. A test of the hypothesis yielded a value which was beyond the .001 level of significance. An investigation of the data indicates that it does conform to the hypothesized expectations (see Table 27). Almost all (97.1 percent) of the members who have had eight years of education or less are expressively oriented. while fivewsixths (86.0 percent) of those who have had one to four years of high school.lmu:1ess than one-half (#8.5 percent) of those who have had one or more years of college are expressively oriented. Table 27. Type of Orientation, by Level of Educational Achievement. Level of Educational Expressive Instrumental Achievement Orientation Orientation Total N z N x N % Eight Years - or Less 99 97.1 3 2.9 102 100.0 One to Four Years High School 123 86.0 20 14.0 1&3 100.0 One or More Years College 32 48.5 39 51.5 66 100.0 Total é5u §§’ 311 x2 a 66.h96; df = 2; p21001. 56 Hypothesis VII: Type of orientation if related to present residence of member. Members who live in rural areas will tend to be more expressively oriented than those who live in urban areas. A test of the hypothesis that a significant difference in type of orientation exists when members residing in rural areas are compared with those residing in urban areas yielded a chi-square value which was significant beyond the .001 level (see Table 28). An inspection of the data shows that it does conform to the expectations. While a large prom portion (86.6 percent) of members living in rural areas are expressively oriented to the subordinate, a smaller proportion (59.3 percent) are similarly oriented. Table 28. Type of Orientation, by Present Residence. Present Expressive Instrumental Residence Orientation Orientation Total N x N z N % Rural 226 86.6 35 13.9 261 100.0 Urban 32 59.3 22 90.7 54 100.0 Total 258 57 315 x2 = 22.550; df = l; p<.OOl. 57 Hypothesis VIII: Type of orientation is related to residence where raised. Members who were raised in rural areas will tend to be more expressively oriented than those who were raised in urban areas. The chi-square value resulting from a test of the hypothesis suggests that the variables are statistically independent beyond the .01 level of significance. The expected relationship between the variables is supported by the data (see Table 29). While five-sixths (84.8 percent) of members who were raised in rural areas are expressively oriented, a smaller proportion (65.2 percent) of those who were raised in urban areas are expressively oriented to the subordinate. Table 29. Type of Orientation, by Residence Where Raised. Residence Expressive Instrumental Where Raised Orientation Orientation Total N Z N z N 1 Rural 228' 84.8 41 15.2 269 100.0 Urban 30 65.2 16 34.8 46 100.0 Total 253 37' 315 x2 a 10.121; or = 1; p<.01. 58 Hypothesis IX: Type of orientation is related to types of communities in which lived. Members who have lived only in rural communities will tend to be more expressively oriented than those who were raised in urban areas. A test of the hypothesis produced a chi-square value which was significant beyond the .001 level. An examination of the data reveals that it does concur with the expectations (see Table 30). A majority of members from each residence category are expressively oriented to the subordinate although members who have lived only in rural areas are more likely (88.5 percent) to have an expressive orientation than members who have lived in other types of communities (73.8 percent). Table 30. Type of Orientation, by Types of Communities in Which Lived. Types of Communities Expressive Instrumental in Which Orientation Orientation Total Lived o N z N z N z Rural Only 154 88.5 20 11.5 174 100.0 All Others 104 73.8 37 26.2 141 100.0 Total 258 57 315 x2 = 11.428; df = l; p<.001. 59 Hypothesis X: Type of orientation is related to distance from the nearest Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area. Members who live less than fifty miles from the nearest S.M.S.A. will tend to be more instrumentally oriented than those who live fifty miles or more from the nearest S.M.S.A. The chi-square value resulting from the hypothesis suggests that the variables are not statistically independent. An investigation of the data. however. shows that they do concur with the expectations (see Table 31). One-fifth (19.7 percent) of members residing within fifty miles of an S.M.S.A. are instrumentally oriented, while a smaller proportion (15.3 percent) of members residing fifty miles or more from the nearest S.M.S.A. are instrumentally oriented. Table 31. Type of Orientation, by Distance from the Nearest Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area. Distance from the Nearest Expressive Instrumental S.M.S.A. Orientation Orientation Total N z N z N % Less Than 50 Miles 185 80.3 44 19.7 229 100.0 50 Miles or More 72 84.7 13 15.3 85 100.0 Total 257 57 314 x2 e 2.521; df = l; .20