OCCUPATIONAL IxiOBILITY OF \VOMEN WHO ARE FORMER STUDENTS 0F IVIICI'IEGAN STATE JNIVERSITY Thesis for the D:gree of Mast:: of Arts l‘fllCIIiIGA; TE UNIVERS.I’I"" Bumcc Iviart‘na Schaudt 1965 TH E513 LIBRAA‘x X Michigan State University TH E51 ABSTRACT OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY OF WOMEN WHO ARE FORiER STUDENTS OF MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY by Eunice Martha Schaudt The purpose of this study was to construct indices of intensity of occupational nobility and to determine direction of occupational nobility of married wonen who are former students of Michigan State University. With range in education limited. this study compared selected socio-economic background variables with direction of occupa- tional nobility to find if a relationship exists. Comparisons were also sade between direction of nobility and highest degree earned by subject. The sample used for this study was part of a non-randos sanple used in testing an instrument developed in another study designed to gather economic. occupational. and family structure information. Infor- sation taken from this questionnaire and used for this study included occupation of parents. education of parents, parents' attitude toward college education. number of siblings, size of community in which sub- Ject grew up, size of subject's high school graduating class, and subject's opinion of economic circumstances of parents while respondent was in college. Income was the single criterion used to determine direction and intensity of mobility. Direction of nobility was classified as upward. downward. or horizontal. This was determined by a comparison of the beginning salary of a new Job and the last salary of the previous Job. If the beginning salary of the new job was more than the last salary of the previous Job, the direction was classified as upward; if less. direction was downward; if the same. direction was horizontal. Four approaches were used in reporting direction of mobility. 1. Overall direction of nobility. 2. Direction of nobility before marriage. 3. Direction of nobility after narriage. k. Direction of nobility, first to last salary. Intensity of nobility was indicated by an index based on the starting salary of the first Job. This first salary was indicated as 100 and each change in Job was divided by that salary. Intensity was also studied in the four dimensions indicated above. Data taken from the questionnaires were coded and processed by the CDC cosputer into tabular form. _The findings indicated no significant influences that the selected socio-econonic background has on the direction of occupational nobility of sarried. college-trained women. There were. however. slight indica- tions that the number of siblings in the subject's family and the type of cosnunity in which the subject grew up may have had some relationship to occupational mobility. These conclusions. however, are only tentative. OCCUPATIONAL MCBILITY OF WOMEN WHO ARE FORMER STUDENTS OF MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY By Eunice Martha Schaudt A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Home Management and Child Development 1966 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS To the many people who have contributed help. suggestions. encouragement, and interest in this study, I wish to eXpress my thanks. I am grateful to members of my Guidance Committee, Dr. Beatrice Paolucoi and Dr. Jay Artie: I appreciate especially the time. patience. interest. and encouragement given by Dr. Frances Hagrabi. Chairman of this committee and director of this research. I also wish to thank my friends for their moral support in this .tud’ e TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES O O O I O O O O O I O O I O O O O O O O O 0 Chapter I. INTRODUCTIONOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO Rationale for Identifying Occupational Statement Of PTOblOI e . e e e e e e II. RELATED LITERATURE e e e e e e e e e e III. METHOD OF PROCEDURE e e e e e e e e e Direction 0‘ "Chilit, e e e e e e e Intensity of ”Chility e e e e e e e IV. FINDINGS e e e e e s e e e e e e e e e Direction 0! Mobility e e e e e e Education of father and mother. . . Occupation of father and mother . Hobili ty 0 O O Subject's opinion of economic circumstances of parents while respondent was in college Parents' attitude toward college education . . Number Of Oibliflg. e e e e e e e e e e e e e e Type of community and sins of graduating Highest degree earned by subject . . Intensity Of Mobility e e e e e e e V. SUMMARY AND‘CONCLUSIONB . . . e e e . Summary e e e e e e e e e e e e e e Limitations e e e e e e e e e e e e Implication ’0’ Intur. StU" e e e e LITERATURE CITED APPENDIXOOOOOOOOOOC0.00.... class 00.... O O O O O O Page iv 0\ \fi\l F‘ 13 15 18 19 22 22 22 22 28 u #3 #5 Table 1. 2. 3. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. lb. 15- LIST OF TABLES Number of jobs held before and after marriage . . . . e Direction of mobility and education of father . . . . . Direction of mobility and education of mother . . . . . Direction of nobility and occupation of father . . . e Direction of mobility and occupation of mother . . . . Direction of mobility and oubject'c opinion of parents' economic circumctanoes while respondent was is college in comparison to classmates . s e e e e . e e Direction of mobility and parents' attitude toward 0011080 education e s e e s e e e s s e s e e e e e s Direction of mobility and number of siblings e . e s . Direction of mobility and type of community in which subject grew up e s s e e e e e e e e e a e e e e e s Direction of mobility and number of students is subject's high school graduating class . . . . . . . Direction of mobility and highest degree earned by subject . . . e e . e . . e e , . e e e e , 9 e e e e Overall intensity of mobility e e . s . . . e . . e . . Intensity of mobility before marriage . . . . . . . . . Intensity of mobility after marriage . . . . . . . . . Intensity of mobility, first to last salary . . . . . . Page 15 20 21 23 24 25 26 31 35 B“ THE CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The importance of working women in our society is receiving continued recognition as core women Join the labor force and seek employment in response to an expanding number of Job opportunities. The United states Department of Labor has recognised the prominence of the woman worker in the 12§2 Handbook on Home; Worker; which states: The growing contribution of women to the economic life of our country is a direct reflection of the rising number of women workers, their expanding Job opportunities. and their effective Job performance. The present working partnership of men and women in the economic world has developed largely as a result of the many social and economic changes of the last half century.1 Eight out of ten women today will spend some part of their lives in the labor market. Reasons for employnent vary. but most will work because of economic nocossity.2 In April of 1962. women comprised 35 percent of the total labor force; and 36 percent of all women fourteen years of age and over were gainfully employed.3 In 1961. over half of the total number of women workers were married.“ Because women move in and out of the labor force more frequently than men, because the proportion of women in various occupations is 111.5. Department of Labor. Womenfio Bureau. 12§2 Handbook on Women W_o_____rkers. sun-m 285 (Washington. 1963). p. 3. Cited hereoftor as u. 3. Department of Labor, Handbook on women Workers. ngno A. Wells. "Women's Job Prospects," American Association of University Women, LVIII (October. l96h), p. 18. 3D. 8. Department of Labor. Handbook on Women Workers. p. #. l.Ibideg 1). “lo 2 different from men, and because the earning power of women is generally less than mans more information needs to be gathered about the employed woman. A broader knowledge of her situation would be helpful in pre- paring the married woman for her dual role of working woman and homemaker. The objective of this research is twofold: (l) to construct indices of occupational mobility! (2) to identify possible relationships between occupational mobility and the oocio—oconomic background. including level of education, of married. college-trained women. Studies which have been done on occupational mobility generally fall into two categories: (1) intergenoroticnal mobility. (2) the mobility of an individual. Most studies on individual mobility are based on the period of time from an individual's entrance into the labor force to a specific time determined by the study.6 The present study focuses on the period from the first Job hold by the woman after leaving college and the time of the survey. sin to seven years later. To date, these studies have focused mainly upon men; however, work has been done to show that there is a need to study men and women separately because of the sex differences in the characteristics of the 7 labor force. In our society. it is expected that a woman will become a wife and mother and that care of the family will be her occupation 7 5Lawrence Thomas, The Occupational Structure and Education (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Inc.. 1956), Chapt. 3. 6Leonard Reissman, Class in American Society (Glenooe, Illinois: The Free Press). p. 310. 7Seymour Martin Lipsot and Reinhard Bendix. Social Hobilit in Industrial Society (Berkeley and Los Angelesa University of Cali ornia m... 1959 . Chaptae 6.7. 3 at least for much of her young adult life. This differentiation between men and women in the occupational structure of our society is one of the reasons studios of occupational mobility might be more informative if men and women were considered separately. Occupational mobility may be studied in several ways. One way is to consider the direction of mobility as to whether it is vertical or horiscntal. Direction may then be studied in terms of intensity which would measure the distance or amount of mobility in either direction. Rationale for Identifying Occupational Mobility In order to measure occupational mobility, a definition must be formulated. Tumin points out. "Every study of occupational mobility faces the problem of defining the meanings of occupational rank. 0n the simplest level of analysis, occupational titles are used as indicators of income levels: in more complicated rank order, both income and educational characteristics of various occupations are taken into account."8 Thomas9 cites three dimensions to he considered in vertical mobility: (l) the qualifications of an individual needed to fulfill demands of an occupation. (2) the income received from an occupation. (3) the relative social prestige enjoyed by an individual because of 8Melvin H. Tumin and Arnold S. Feldman, "Theory and Measurement of Occupational Mobility," American Sociological Review. XXII (June. 1957). In 7, Po 282e 9Thomas, 22o 9—1;}... Po 22-21}. 1. his occupation. Of these three dimensions, the most basic, according to Thomas. is income received from an occupation. He bases this presumption on the following reasons. With only a few exceptions, the majority of workers view their occupational income as the primary determinant in both present employment and future aspirations, the reason for this being that the pressure for maintaining the existing level of living and anticipation of future level of living is so great. A second reason given by Thomas is that the more difficult and enacting the requirements for an occupation, the fewer people will be qualified for the occupation. Host of the enacting occupations are among the most important to our economy. classic economic theory suggests that income rewards must be proportionally high in order to attract qualified people to these occupations. Still a third reason is that the income scaling of occupation may also be an index to social prestige though.Thomas regards this as probably a symptom rather than a cause. ‘Usnally there is a "natural” scarcity of people to enter the more prostigeful occupations: but if such is not the case, members of the occupations can. and usually do take steps to insure the scarcity of people. The labor unions are the greatest exception to this generalisation. Thomas maintains that. "The income level of occupations. though probably not a primary cause. can still be judged as a reliable index of occupational prestige."lo ”rum. 1:. 2h. THI Statement of Problem Based on the rationale presented by Thomas. this study will use the level of earned income as the indicant of occupational mobility. Hany variables could be used in a study of occupational mobility. for example. the geographic locality of the family might be considered. the occupation of the husband could be significant. and the number of children in the family might also relate to mobility. Variables which will be related to mobility in this study are education and socio- economic background of the subject. The oasis-economic variables which are used are: (1) education of parents. (2) occupation of parents. (3) subject's opinion of parents' economic circumstance when subject was in college. (h) parents' attitude toward collage education. (5) number of siblings. (6) type of community in which subject grew up. (7) amber in subject's high school graduating class. and (8) highest degree earned by the subject. The respondent's current situation which would include such things as husband's occupation and number of children are not included though it may also affect mobility. This study will esplorc the selected socio-economic background variables mentioned above to find if a relationship onists between socio- economic background indicated by tho variables used and the direction and intensity of occupational mobility. Comparisons will also be made between direction of occupational mobility and highest degree earned by respondent. CHAPTER II RELATED LITERATURE The percentage of all women that have Joined the labor force and the percentage of the total labor force that women comprise has risen approximately 10 percent since 19%.11 Only in recent years have women been recognized for their contribution to the changing scene in American economy. occupational structure and way of life. The relatively recent recognition of women in the labor force perhaps accounts for the lack of literature related to the mobility of working women. According to the 1352 Handbook on Women Workers. "Women's occupa- tional choices and their opportunities for further Job advancements are strongly influenced by the amount of education they have received. In fact. whether or not a woman is part of the labor force at all is ' lzThisisagaim emphasised later in the same publication when it states. "Chances that a associated somewhat with her educational level.” woman will seek paid employment tend to increase with the amount of education she has received."13 The relationship between level of education and employment holds true for married women as well as single women although the connection is not quite as strong. 11U. S. Department of Labor. Handbook on Women Workers. p. h. lzIbideg p. 103o IBRid. g p. 109s 7 The percentages of married women in the labor force were: #3 percent of the college graduates. 34 percent of the high school graduates. 28 percent of the elementary school graduates. and 18 percent of those with less than five years‘ schooling. Among single women. percentages of workers varied from 8) percent of those with the most education to 27 percent of those with the least.1“ Not only does education affect the chances that a woman will be employed. but it also affects the type of occupation she will hold. "The amount of education obtained by a woman influences strongly the type of Job she can obtain."15 Lipset and Bendix write. "The evidence indicates that educational attainment is a major determinant of career patterns. a fact which provides the strongest and most direct statistical link between family background and the assets and liabilities with which individuals enter the labor market."16 Reissman writes. "Educational requirements are almost without exception the prerequisites for entry into the higher prestige occupations and into higher income categories."17 Information from the 1950 census clearly indicates that better Jobs and better education go together.18 Thomas writes. "The general trend . . . suggests that extended schooling is a prerequisite for placement in most of the better paid 19 ' categories." 1thid.. p. 109. lslbide. p. 109. 16L1p80t and Bendix. 22.‘g$£.. Pe 197s 17R lalbide. De 33ue l9T eissman. 22s Eise. p. 332s hOlfllg 22"2$£'. Pe 350e 8 Patricia Salter Vest points out. on the basis of a nationwide survey conducted by Time Hagasine in l9#?. that education is undergoing a qualitative change from one means of achieving social class advancement to . the main means. and that "it tends to become an actual criterion for placement in the top economic classes under conditions where this place- ment is the result of achievement of occupational status."20 The 21!! study and census data show that income increases with education. but incomes vary radically among the various fields of specialisation. Another important trend that seems to be indicated by this study is "that the opportunity afforded by higher education have. in this century. been opening up to more and more who seek to rise. but. that the access of these new 'clisbers' to the very tsp occupational classes to which education holds the keyo-top in terms of income or prestigeo-is less and less."21 The study also points toward the trend that more and more students are earning part or all of their way through college and that the college graduate‘s economic background is coming to influence his choice of occupational fields. Larger proportions of students earning their way go into lower paying jobs even to the top. lhere is more of a chance for a wealthy boy to get ahead is business than one who worked his way through college: the extent of possible upward mobility is declining. In a study on social class as related to college graduates. Eckland says. "the passage from school to college. in fact. seems to ”Upset and Bendix. 22’ me. p. “65. lebide. p. h67e 9 depend more upon socialization. life experience. and opportunity than upon imtellective factors. When the student reaches college. however. non—intellective factors presumably are replaced by intellective ones."22 "Only a handful of studies have shown a moderate degree of correlation between social class and college performance. while many more have found no relationship."23 In Eckland's study at Iowa State University. the academic careers of students enrolled as freshmen ten years earlier. in 1952. were investi- gated. All those students that had either transferred and graduated from another institution and those that had withdrawn for a period of time and returned and graduated later were counted as graduates. The following six social class indices were used in this study: (1) index of socio-economic status.2h (2) father's occupation. (3) parents' education. (k) parents assumed children would go to college. (5) family income. (6) who pays for college. All with the exception of family income and who pays for college were significantly related to final graduation rates. However. one of the findings. "that social class is an important determinant of college graduation for students from the lower rank of their high school classes but relatively unimportant for those from the higher rank"25 is not unexpected. According to Eckland. ZZBruce K. Eckland. "Social Class and College Graduation: Some His- conceptions Corrected." American Journal of Sociology. LXX (July. 196“). p. )6. ZBIbide. p. 37s 2~Duncan's SE8 index is applied to the father's usual occupation when the student was growing up (see Albert J. Reins. Jr.. Otis Dudley Duncan. Paul K. Hatt. and Cecil C. North. Occu ations and Social Status New York: Free Press of Glencoe. 1961. Appendix BS. ZsEckland. 22; 22-3). p. ‘68. 10 "students who did well academically in high school had already developed a level of skill and motivation which normally would carry them through to college graduation.”26 Other studies have compared occupational level and/or mobility of individuals with socio-economic background. focusing mainly on occupation of parents. In a study of intergenerational mobility in 1952. Pihlblad and Gregory compared occupational level of high school graduates in 1939 and 19h0 in small communities in Missouri and the occupational level of their parents. Occupations were grouped into five categories in mm ordinal rank based on social status. Concerning women. the study found that there seemed to be some tendency for women with a professional background to find Jobs on the professional level. and daughters of business class fathers tended to take business class Jobs. Less frequently did they move down on the occupational scale. A more significant part of the study showed that daughters of fathers in the professional level had a strong tendency to marry men also at the professional level. Daughters of businessmen tended to marry men of white collar occupations and professional men but were less likely to marry manual workers and farmers. Daughters of manual workers tended to marry men in the professions. business class. end manual occupations with about equal frequency. They were less likely to marry farmers.27 z‘Ibid.. p. #8. 27C. T. Pihlblad and C. L. Gregory. "Occupational Mobility in Small Communities in Missouri." Rural Sociology. XXII (March. 1957). PP. 90-9. 11 Another study by Jackson and Crockett in 1957 suggested that there was a clear tendency for some to follow in or near the level of their father's occupation; however. the influence was only moderate. This agreed with findings of earlier studies.28 It was shown in another study that executives tend to be characterised by higher occupational origins and higher educational achievements than in the case of lower managers. Educational level revealed the greatest difference. Twenty percent of the executives had earned a graduate degree whereas only three percent of the lower managers had such degrees}9 Crockett.3o in a study of intergenerational mobility. found that in individuals sharing equal opportunity. the strength of achievement motive was clearly related to upward mobility among some of fathers in the lower prestige categories but not among sons of fathers in the higher prestige categories. Upward mobility in this study meant a rise in an occupational hierarchy. This was determined by a comparison of the prestige of the respondent's occupation at the time of the inter- view. with the prestige cf the occupation of the farmer during the period when the respondent was growing up. 28Elton F. Jackson and Harry J. Crockett Jr.. "Occupational Mobility in the United States: A Point of Estimate and Trend Comparison." American Sociological Review. XXIX (February. 196h). pp. 5-15. 29Thomas R. Donovan. "Socio-economic and Educational Factors Influencing the Achievement Level of Individuals in Large-scale Organisa- tions." Sociology and Social Research. XXXXVI (July. 1962). p. #25. ' BoHarry J. Crockett Jr.. "The Achievement Motive and Differential Occupational Mobility in the United States." American Sociological Review. xxvxr (April. 1962). pp. 191-2oh. 12 The saplanation to these findings. in the judgement of the author. "is to be found in the differential effect of education level upon mobility in the higher versus lower prestige groups. Among sons of fathers in the two lower prestige categories. while higher education will certainly have a tremendous positive effect upon upward mobility. higher education is in fact not essential to upward mobility. This means that strength of achievement motive. quite apart from education level attained. may play an important part is.mpward sebility. Among sons of fathers in the two higher prestige categories. on the other hand. higher education is virtually essential to upward mobility (or stability).”}1 In essence these studies tend to support the conclusion that: (1) education is an important factor in acquiring higher paying and higher prestige occupatioas; (2) social class has some influence on who attends selleBOt (3) social slams has sose influence on occupational choice: (h) if the student possesses the characteristics which motivate him to high academic achievement is high school. social class will not influence his chances for graduation. Bllbid.. p. 203a CHAPTER III METHOD OF PROCEDURE the data for this study were taken from a questionnaire deve10ped in another study.32 the purpose of which was to design an instrument to gather economic. occupational. and family structure data. The instrument provided data on the sonic-economic background of the subjects and Occupational mobility as defined in this study. Members of the sample used in this study had a similar educational level in that all subjects had some college work. Range in education was thus limited. Information from the questionnaire that pertained to this study included occupation of parents. education of parents. parents' opinion about importance of education. size of family. sise of community in which subject grew up. sisc of subject's high school graduating class. and subject's Opinion of economic conditions of his home. (Appendix) The number of jobs the subject held since being a student at hichigan State University. dates of employment. and the starting and ending salary of each job with the enception of their present positiem. provided the necessary data for scasuring intensity of mobility. the salary of the respondent's present occupation. if presently employed. was taken from another part of the questionnaire. )2"An Instrument to Gather Economic. Occupational and Family Structure Data." Project 736. Michigan Agriculture Experiment Station. 13 lb A second questionnaire was sent to each of the respondents to elicit the date of marriage and the highest level of education reached. This additional data provided the necessary information to make the comparison of mobility before and after marriage. and to compare level of education with mobility. The sample used for this study was a non-random sample used in testing the original instrument. Subjects were drawn from a list of students who were juniors or seniors at Michigan State University in 1958-59. This list was obtained from the Hichigan State Alumni Office and only those for which the Alumni Office had addresses indicating that they lived in Michigan were used. Some were found to have moved so the final sample included some non-Michigan residents. The sample was stratified on the basis of sex. degree status. and marital status while the respondent was in college. 0f the respondents. only women that were married and had been employed full time after leaving Michigan State University were considered for this study. Part-time employment after marriage was not included. as it was assumed that part-time employment is only a temporary position to supplement the family income. A total of eighty-two women answered the original questionnaire. Of this total. twenty-four were never employed. two were single. and one was divorced. This left a total of fifty-five subjects that were qualified to be considered in this study. (Table l) Direction of nobility Direction of mobility was classified as upward. downward. or horizontal. The beginning salary of a new job was compared to the last 15 TABLE l.-Number of jobs held before and after marriage lusber of Number of Jobs before earrings 32:13:” 0 i 2 S m N %' N %' N %' N %‘ N %' O O O l 2 O O O O l 2 1 19 35 11 20 2 u 2 a 3a 52 2 ll 20 3 6 2 h 0 O 16 29 3 2 h o C 1 2 o o 3 5 I. 1 2 o o 0 o o o 1 2 Total 33 60 15 #57 j 5 5 2 h 55 100 V VI— ‘Pereestage rounded to nearest while percent. Fifty-four (98%) of the fifty-five subjects n.1e one er sore Jobs after sarriage while only one did not held any Job after ssrriage. Fifty-one (93%) of the women held fewer than three Jobs after sarriage. Twentybtwe (h0%) ef the women worked before-they were married. 16 salary of the previous job to indicate direction of mobility. If the beginning salary of the new Job was more than the last salary of the previous Job. direction was classified as upward; if less. direction was classified as downward. if the same. direction was classified as horisontal. Any change in income between Jobs was used to indicate direction sf mobility. Other factors smeh.ss a change in cost of living and mempmemetary benefits of the Job were not considered. Intensity of Mobility In constructing indices of intensity of mobility. the starting salary of the first Job was indexed as 100 and each change in.Job was then divided by the starting salary. Since the starting salary of the new job was used to determine the direction of mobility. the direction of mobility from one Job to another may be indicated as downward and have an intensity of more than 100 if the final salary of the first Job was more than the starting salary of the second Job. but the starting salary of the first Job was less than the starting salary of the second Job. In indicating the intensity of mobility after marriage. the beginning salary of the Job held at the time of marriage or immediately before was used as the base of 100. In the case of the individual who held three Jobs. one being upward in mobility and one downward. the mean intensity of these two Jobs was used to determine the over-all direction of mobility. If the mean was above 100. direction of mobility was indicated as upward; if the mean was below 100. direction of mobility was indicated as downward. 17 An overall direction of mobility was calculated which included the starting salary of the first Job and last salary of the most recent Job disregarding the number of Jobs held and the time of marriage. In the case of the individual who held only one Job. the starting and present or ending salary of that-job was used. Data taken from the questionnaires were coded and processed by the CDC 3600 computer into tabular form. CHAPTER IV FINDINGS 0f the total sample of fifty-five subjects, seven held two or acre jobs before narriage, and fifty-four held one or more jobs after narriage. For each change in job, the subject was classified as being upward. downward or horizontal in nobility. In addition to direction of nobility. indices of intensity were constructed to indicate how far up or how far down each subject noved. Ihese indices were based on inccne as was direction of nobility. Direction of Mobility In reporting direction of nobility. four approaches were Index 1. Overall direction of nobility was determined for those subjects who held more than one job. Twenty-eight cf the fifty-five subjects were in this category. Of this number. 64 percent were classified an upward in nobility. 21 percent as downward. and 13 percent as horizontal. 2. Direction of nobility before narriage was detersined for those subjects who held two or more jobs before narriage. Seven subjects were in this category. Of these. 71 percent were classified an upward in nobility, 29 percent as downward. and no subjects were classified as horisontal. 3. Direction of nobility after narriage was deternined for all subjects who held two or more jobs after narriage. Twenty-nix subjects 18 19 were in this category. Sixty-two percent were classified an upward in nobility. 23 percent as downward. and 15 percent as horizontal. Those included in the horisontal classification were subjects that had only one job and had no increase in salary. These subjects were not included in the other tables. Each of the above directions of nobility was compared to variables which were related to the background of the subject up to the tine she entered the labor force. These variables included: (1) education of father. (2) education of aother. (3) occupation of father. (#5 occupation of aother. (5) subject's opinion of parents' eccncnic circumstances while subject was in college in comparison with classmates. (6) parents' attitude toward college education. (7) number of siblings, (8) type of con-unity in which subject grew up. (9) number of students in subject's high school graduating class. (10) highest degree earned by subject. Education of father and aother No relationships were found in a coaparison of the four approaches to direction of nobility with the education of the father and the education of the aother as shown in Tables 2 and 3. The educational level of the parents of those subjects classified as downward ranged fron less than the eighth grade for the father and eighth grade for the aother to college graduate for the father and advanced degree for the aother. One interesting point concerning the education of the aother is that a greater percentage of subjects in the downward nobility classifica- tion in the two categories. Overall Direction and Directionérirst to TH _ n... 3 a # m .. a; a as- an use,“ a, a e kW 3%» n H o a? ,H o o ..H a”... -n‘ H o ~+... n H o a of»... 38...: n o o m _ o o o o H o o H H o o H £2. saunter a a N H H H o o H W n o H ~ n o H ~ .935 HH n H a H o o o o H a H ~ m a H N A .923 .8» a o o a , a o o a _ a H o n a H o a H.328 :H H H A o o H o _ a H H m n H ~ ~ H85. sci a ~ 0 ~ W H o o H H o H o , H o o 5 H838 and. .8 N o H H H. o o o o H o H o H o H . .1...» flann— ~ o o ~m. H. o H o H o. o H H o o stanza-n.9,. "I n r. ‘ n n n nu. . aw... mam. mam N: we saw u a m . a a r .- ....... . v m 34%” .2. . can»; ~21. as: 8 3h... obs... .9.th .25. «shun-.383 a 838.5 a 83.23 : can: no 8388. on. bases as SHuofiHslé g... TH E no ,a a o.— a [o . H n W a a an a a a aH H33 a H H u M o o o o H o H H ~ 0 H H 8...... c.2384 a o o a a o o o o H o o H H o o H 3.... 3.23.5 ~H ~ H a ., m o H H n H H n e H m n .s.HH8 a o H H o o o 0 ~ 0 H H m o H H .u.HHoo .8» H. m o n H o o H n H o ~ a H o n H8389 ~H H o HH .. H o o H H. ~ H a a w H a H8...- sea o n o n m o o m n o H ~ n o o n H85. H92 .8» n o o n H o H o n o H ~ m o H ~ .2...» flann— M- l W n v- ” .Mu W n; M- W M n hen—act. mm a a a m as; is... . H .. H H I a m m. _ m .m _ m 33 ”Inns «3 ca sunfis- ensue.— usuHuanoHvoeuS 833an Illlll sacs no soda-can one bacon «c '«ooeual..n and". 22 Last Salary. had mothers that had conpleted college. This difference was not found in comparing the education of the father. Further study night be helpful in this area. Occupation of father and mother Tables h and 5 seem to indicate no relationship between direction of nobility and parents' occupation. The highest number of subjects in this study had parents that were in the professional or managerial occupations. The findings indicate that more subjects that were classi- fied as downward in nobility also had parents in these two classifications of occupations. gubjcct'sopinicn of economic circumstances of parents while respondent We: The largest number of subjects who are classified as downward in nobility reported that they came from homes of "average" economic cir- cumstances in comparison to their classmates as shown in Table 6. This indicates that occupational mobility may not be related to low or high economic background. Barentn' attitude toward college education According to the findings of this study as indicated in Table 7. parents' attitude toward college education seems to have no relationship to direction of mobility. Host subjects that were classified as downward or hcriscntal indicated that their parents thought a college education was important. Number of siblings Findings reported in Table 8 show that none of those downwardly 23 chanson coaches eeHuoeocua unesnaesou can senate»... can: «a nuances neonacnnn cheats.- vns chewed-n luau sounds—He sucsdteanc can .neneacu .nsnsuusao sounds—Hm enough—can ans .sdneouuuo .saehsnsn neosHoaH 8...... Hana... es. Hana-.38.. SSHSHM .1 R o c o: a 0 ~ n n~ a w 3* am. e o H.# H38. H o o H o o o 0,: o o o o... o m. o 0 83.98. on H o o n . o o o a H H o o H H_ o o n51... 3.2 n o H a H o H o H o H H . H o H H Hula-H m H H n o o o o H o H H n o H H Helg- m H o a H o o H n H o H n H o H 8H... H o o H o o o o H o o H H o o H H.388 3 H H HH H o o H a o a m 0H 0 n H. H; HH n H «H n o H H o H o n H. H H n HHloHeIHEH v- I n we I a. v- s. . r- a. heaven no am: a”: Hmmw Hmmm ass. m m m m an.-- s... .33.... $5.... £4 s t ; ”38,89 L? 33.88 H185 33 H. 1.21:... HI. DHHHHI H. 1.3.9.3.... 5.3 chosen: one .3332? {nelson scar—es :63»an gonna use .nsseaem .asssuucao neosHoaHn ascendancua one .eHsHoduuo .sseusasn seochauw a}... HSHas... Ha. Hanan-dos SBHSHH ca NHNfi M3 NOHNOOR HHOOOON 28 OOOOOOO OOOOOOO HOOOOOH OOOOOOO IS h H H H H O O H O O N N O O O O P. I“ H H O H H 0\ H H HHH N o o H o o H n .0 o o o N A “HHOHHfi ~338on . Inca. m H m an I‘391 m m mmw n WM. I‘QQL .Hsocsofi... Ho .2: banana used c» anauuancauceadn “essences: no 33 , sneaks-n shone: Indaoehda a sustains-us .lodvoehfln . seeing an .cnm _, .358. no nouvsancco 14‘ annual no suspense ens ”anon we Suntan..." an A fi —_—_——— J A _ iii 25 an OH a He. 5 o H n A mm H a aH an a a HH H.aoa N H o H H o o H H o H o H o o H colounHHen mH o o mH n o o n H o o a H o o H HH..HH.. HHHH.H mH a a HH m o H H nH H m a HH H e a .e.u..< m m o n o o o o a m o H s n o H season n o o n o o H o H o o H H o o H season son: I n m- m. M n m. as M... n w- as M n seasnsssHo A»? 0 .e. m M M m u. .m m V m M m u. u M sends-anon 5 I m m. o. w W m w W n. m m. selsvnnnoaHo a . H H H is... cannoncqeea no .3» ”sausages «c .25 Hesse-snows: no 63 _ House—cacao: no 63 Hand-s Hana 3 3.3-. ensues causes nouns .3383 «57338an _ _ . no.3; noHuoeaHfi HHsueso seas-essHo 5H) scndasonoo sH eUsHHco 5 as: ease-on... .HHH: ...s.a.ss.aHe oases... .naaeuua He naHnHao ..H..HH:. as. HHHHHnos_H. uoHao..Hs.u.a Human an 3 H H4. H. o H air! ow H 9 i on H w mHflfl H38. H o o H o o o o .. H o o H H o o H . 83a. sudden: , w .8. as. a. T a , H o o H W o o o o. o o o o o o o 0 3.8.5.8.: H .. . H o o H a o o o o... H H o o H H o o 3.23. - w .. asnrenos one). w H H o o H . o o o o o o o o o o o o H8»... 9... a. a H H H . H o H o H o H H H o H H . Hudson-H «8.88., a 1 HH oneness .. H: H H HH m a o H H NH H H aH HH H a HH Hats-H 3.8.... m _ a w HH Hag. _, ,. t. J! F 1 . _ m. m m. n . m. . a . 83...... m _ m N M. m. N. . eneHHoo, cacao». sane—lo 9-H... as: 3 .8283; exude mes meow-ton engage Hung , “I .111 8:83. .s.HH8 883 833.. .38....— I. Haas.- H. 838.884. 83 ‘L. mama-rm: to hot salary run 8.-Mmtion of nobility and umber of 013nm __,' F w—v mo; 3 a 3 mama panda 2h 11 10 1&0 A; v? fiw’ Dix-actio- f before luring. i‘ 1'10} mun-ton mama 2 Direction L after Ian-up at. ‘ (lo. of roapondatg (no. of remnant-J 1 '1 mom mun! won panama n * z Overall direction loot 1 -t. S”, O: reap“! 1h 28 18 fiber of 31151135. Total 28 mobile had more than one sibling. While the majority of upwardly mobile respondents also had one or no siblings. one third had more than one. One possible explanation for this is that the number of siblings may be related to personality factors which in turn might relate to occupational flObilit’e Expo of community and size of graduating class Those subjects who came from the city had a low percentage in the downward nobility category, and also those who came from the village as indicated in Tables 9 and lO. Possibly the cultural background of the individual rather than his economic background is related to his occupa- tional nobility. The sin! of graduating class seemed to have no relationship to direction of nobility. This makes it doubtful that differences in schools cause a difference in mobility. Highest degree earned by subject In the category, Overall Direction, the findings are very similar to those in the category, Direction After Marriage, which is presented in Table 11. Half of the subjects who attended college but did not complete a degree were downward in.sobility and only one—fourth upward, whereas approximately two-thirds of those earning Bachelor's degrees were upward and all of those earning Master's degrees were upward. In Direction Before Marriage, eighty percent of those earning Bachelor's degrees were upwardly mobile while half of those earning Master's degrees went down in mObility. This might be because they may have taken lower paying Jobs to support themselves while in graduate school. 833.52. 80.3 unpoH eon-H.32— 8o.oH 3 SOHHHH 8:363. 8°.HH 3 8H.HH 83353 8H.H 3 8HH eon-Haas. 8H s...» 33H R M. m o m Hg HH H H HH H H H HHH. 38L— HH H H _ H o o H“ HH H H be HH H H H A HbHor o H o H. A“! H o o H . H o H H w H o H H m Hue? HHIn HH H H H H o H o , m H H H H. H H H Hash H H o H. l o o o o I H H o H . H H o H e Her-HG». H H H H H o H o H o H H H o .H H H15...»M Mums Mn mu. pass-seq W0 TN“ M M 5’ .8 i ‘3 gas Head on Hosanna—30995: an 3.8 3833 Home. .a Hum—aloe Ho 2:» one 3322. Ho IHaetSIH 39a HH 2 H HH H. o H H HH H H HH HH H H HH H38. H o o H o o o o H o o H H o o H «$-8H H o o H H o o H H o H H H o H H HHH..8H H H H H: o o o o: H H H o H H H o HHH..8H H o 0 Ha H o o H? H o o H H o o H $.78: H o o H o o o o H o o H. H o o H HHHnooHe H H H H, H o o H H H H HW H H H H HmHaooH HH H H HH. H o H H H H 0 HM H. H H H HHHoooH HH H H HW H o H H H H H H. H H H H R. no H n w m L NEH; L. :3 n... W a draw... H m: NH 5;: fa m m ; E i L. 8-H. 2.383% H83- 52 .583..- 3 3833.. Ho 83- I. HHHHHHI Ho lfietHaiaH Ba 31 asudunaoduoshdn HH 2 H H1. H. is H H HH H H JMH HH H. H H; Hana HH H o HHH o o o o. H H H M H H H Ha.W Scones—oz H o o H H o H H H o o H H o o H; 833: HH H H HH H o H H HH H H H HH H H OH .8325 H o H H o o o o H H H H H H H H~ Hen—3.8.. k t L: l t. Ly a a .m m. m m n u m m m m m m u w m x m x a m. .o. m m m as; season can no .on ,‘Asune a unease HaaH o» .emsauhss shone: susauass seams Iowaoouwn unaccoudn LII 'H‘ 3828 3 e3»... 8%... HSHHHH e..- HHHHHHI «0 82.9.8.1: 39a. soda—Hagen 80.0w heron moaned—Eon oooaon 3 80.3 8:353 08.HH 8 8H.HH 83353 8H.H 3 8HH son-Hanan 08 as: 83H H ma H309 a; bid.- ueeH 8 usual—saucepan flOHOON OOOH-fl’lfl CHI-ION." HONHN‘O "\H muss OHHON-‘l‘ O-IOMHH‘O Ht “HnNO‘ HMHHH HHHH» HHS» Haas snag 3 ~ A Iowan-fig mos lode 00.36 Hashes MB l 1Hr1 1 he“! no es .11.. Jill-ill, r1: 1‘3 as 3.3 883..- .:i... 3 hallo He can» use has... no lHueZBIH an HH 2 H HH H o H H HH H H HH HH H H HH H88. H o o H o o o o H o o H H o o H HHH c 02. H o o H H o o H H o H H H o H H HHH .. 8H H H H H o o o o e H H H o H H H o HHH .. ooH H o o H e H o o H H o o H H o o H HHH .. 8.. H o o H o o o o H o o H H H o o H HHH n 8H. H H H H H o o H H H H H F H H H H HHH .. 8H HH H H HH H o H H H H o H m H H H H HHH .. 8H HH H H H H o H H _ H H H H H H H H , HH .. o l 1H FFFF FF F F F FF F F Fees-Hui .m- n W W a My IA u- “ Sassoon» m N n W m w _ m , Ho 83 H _ m m o as. «o . unease Heed HHHHHcSHHoewHa 833.8 F 83.3! H158 .: F. ,F r: F.‘ FF .___: .. _.H_.F -FF FFFLF esqno cages—Hahn «comes an: Ease—fine an eases-us no ass-as use hoaxes we 'Haeshdntc6H Hana 31 HH OH H HH H. o H H HH H H HH HH H H HH H38 HH H a HH 0 o o o H. H H H H. H H H Saga on H o o H H o H H H o o H H o o H 2.3:: HH H H HH H o H H HH H H H HH H H S 283.25 H o H H. o o o o H H H H H H H H .5378: m. m H. m m m m n H. m. H. n w. m H. n .38 3.35.2... m m n u m. .. m x m H H m H m m I n u H m m m . 3838 B H388 8.33 32.3.. H..- .HHHHHHI H. lo«000hdnllodd mam<fi A ‘llitii - 32 In Direction-First to Last Salary, similar trends were shown as in the other categories of direction with the exception that a higher proportion of the non-degree group were upward in mobility. than in the other classifications. The reliability of the findings shown in Table 11 is questionable because of the limited number of subjects and the number of subjects in the sample for which the highest degree earned could not be determined. Intensity of Mobility Intensity was arrived at by using the first salary of the first Job as a base of 100. This base salary was then divided into the beginning salary of each new Job to determine intensity. An intensity of less than 100 indicates that the starting salary of that particular job was less than the starting salary of the first Job. In overall intensity of nobility, about 11 percent of the subjects that held two Jobs were downward in intensity and the same percentage were downward for those that held three Jobs as shown in Table 12. As might be eXpected, the intensity generally rose with each additional Job. Thirty-seven percent of those having a second Job showed an intensity of more than 120 compared to 77.7 percent of the third jobs and 100 percent of the fourth jobs. This same trend is shown in Table 13 and It. It is shown in Table 13 that one subject is downward in intensity in the second Job column and no one is downward in the third Job column. Table 1“ indicates that approximately the same proportion of subjects 33 was downward in intensity in the second job column after marriage as there was before marriage. Table 15, which disregards number of jobs and time of marriage, indicates that the intensity index for almost three fourths of the subjects ranged from 100 to 129. Two subjects were below 90 in intensity. Table 1% indicates that both of these subjects held several jobs after marriage. 3n TABLE 12.-0vera11 intensity of nobility 1st to 2nd job 2nd to 3rd job 3rd to hth job Number of Number of Number of Intensity respondents respondents respondents ooo - 089 1 1 090 - 099 2 100 - 109 10 110 - 119 h l 120 - 129 6 3 130 - 139 2 iuo - 11.9 1 150 - 159 2 2 160 - 199 1 200 - 600 1‘ 1' 1‘ Total 27 9 3 ‘This subject was a dietitian whose first job was her internship which was very low paying. 35 TABLE 13.-Intensity of nobility before marriage 1st to 2nd job 2nd to 3rd job Intensity Number of respondents Number of respondents 000-089 090 - 099 1 100 - 109 l 110 - 119 l 120 - 129 3 130 - 139 1 Inc - 149 150 e 159 160 - 199 200 - 600 1’ 1‘ Total 7 2 ‘This subject was a dietitian whose first job was her internship which was very low paying. 36 TABLE 1#.-Intensity of nobility after marriage 2nd to 3rd job 3rd to hth job 1st job‘ 1st to 2nd job Number of Number of Nuaber of Number of Intensity respondents respondents respondents respondents 000 - 089 1 1 090 - 099 2 100 - 109 9 8 110 - 119 1 2 120 - 129 1 2 2 130 - 139 1h0 - 199 1 150 - 159 2 1 1 160 - 199 1 200 - 600 Total 6 10 h 1 'First job refers to first job after marriage. 37 TABLE 15.-Intensity of mobility, first to last salary Mobility - First to Last Salary Intensity Number of respondents 000 - 089 2 090 - 099 2 100 - 100 10 101 - 109 8 110 o 119 13 120 - 129 9 130 - 139 1 1ho - 1A9 2 150 - 159 6 160 - 199 1 200 - 600 1 Total 55 CHAPTER V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The purpose of this study was to construct indices to indicate the amount of intensity of mobility fros job to job and to find if socio-eoonomic background is related to direction and intensity of occupational mobility of college-trained wosen. Change in incole was used as the indicant for direction and intensity of mobility. Summary The fifty-five women included in this study were part of a non- randoa sample used in testing an instrument developed in another study designed to gather economic. occupational. and family structure data. All of the subjects were sarried, some while in college and some after leaving college. All were enrolled at Michigan State University in 1957-58 as juniors or seniors. Direction of nobility was classified as upward. downward. or horizontal. The beginning salary of a new job was compared to the last salary of the previous job to indicate direction of mobility. If the beginning salary of the new job was more than the last salary of the previous job. the direction was classified as upward; if less. direction was downward; if the same, direction was horizontal. Four approaches were used in reporting direction of nobility. 38 39 1. Overall direction of nobility included all jobs held before and after marriage. 2. Direction of mobility before marriage included only jobs held before marriage. 3. Direction of mobility after marriage included only jobs held at the time of marriage and after marriage. h. Direction of mobility. first to last salary, included only the beginning salary of the first job and last salary of last job dis- regarding number of jobs and time of marriage. Approximately 29 percent of those employed before marriage were classified as downward in nobility compared to 23 percent of those employed after marriage. None of the subjects were classified as hori- zontal in direction of mobility before marriage,while 15 percent of those employed after marriage were classified as horizontal in mobility. The findings indicate no influences that sonic-economic background have on the direction of mobility of college-trained women. There are, however, slight indications that the number of siblings in the subject's family and the type of community from which the subject came may have some relationship to occupational mobility. These findings might be related to other factors such as personality development of the individual which might account for this relationship. However, this conclusion is only tentative. Intensity indices were constructed to measure the amount of nobility. Using the starting salary of the first job as a base of 100, the starting salary of succeeding jobs were divided by the base salary to determine intensity. to A wide range of intensity of mobility among the subjects was found. It ranged from less than 89 to more than 200. Inncomparing first and last salary. only four of the subjects had an intensity of less than 100 while 33 had an intensity of 110 or more. This study gave no indication that women move up the income ladder faster before they are married than after as might be expected because of less possibility of geographic mobility because of their husband's job. Limitations The author would like to briefly mention some basic limitations of this study. The first limitation is the small number in the sample included in the study. especially those that could be classified as to direction of mobility before marriage. A larger, randomly selected sample would have perhaps been more representative. The second limitation to this study is that length of time of employment was not considered. while all subjects entered the labor force at approximately the same time, some were employed for only a short period of time before devoting full time to homemaking; while at the other extreme. a few were still employed when this study was made. The intensity of mobility for those gainfully employed outside the home for a period of seven years would be eXpected to be more than those employed for only a few months or years as additional experience would probably increase salary. Another limitation is that certain other variables were not con- sidered which might be related to mobility as defined in this study. Only selected socio-economic background variables were considered; however subject's current situation may be more influential in determining mobility. #1 Variables such as husband's occupation, geographic location. age. and number of children might be considered. Any change in income. no matter how small. was considered a change in direction of mobility. Income other than earned money was not con- sidered. In some jobs, non-money remuneration is substantial. Implication for Future Study By constructing indices such as these in which each subject is evaluated according to his own accomplishments, many possibilities present themselves for future studies. An intensity of mobility scale such as this might be used in making comparisons between subjects in different occupations in order to determine if the mobility rate of one occupation is higher than another. Other factors such as consideration of fringe benefits of occupations and a uniform period of time might increase the validity of such comparisons. This type of index might also make possible the comparison of increase in salary and the cost of living index to evaluate whether salary increases actually add more purchasing power to the spending unit involved. Such a comparison is, of course, only tentative. This comparison was not valid in this study because intensity does not refer to the same length of time for each subject. To be valid, intensity should be calculated for one year, or a uniform number of years. and then compared with price index over the same time period. Another comparison could be made using a wider range of educational variables and other background factors to see if a relationship might exist between then and amount of mobility. Also a comparison of occupa- tional mobility and current situation might be made. #2 This type of scale might also be used in comparing the mobility rate of men and women in the same occupations or similar occupations. Studies such as this could contribute much information about the two segments of the working force which up to the present have largely been studied as a whole. Such studies might be relevant to current legis- lation concerning equal opportunity. Findings from this study suggest that one of the reasons women change jobs is to increase their earnings. A future study of mobility might want to investigate if women who are married are more restricted in their earning capacity than single women because of the limited number of jobs available in some localities. There may be employment oppor- tunities available for women, no matter what their location, than there are women to fill these positions, especially women who are college trained. Possibilities for future studies of women in the labor force are almost unlimited. There seems to be no indication that the number of women entering the labor force will decrease. The more that is known about the working woman, the more helpful educational institutions, especially colleges, can be in preparing these women for their future role as homemaker and career women. The studies mentioned above might give some insight into what women who enter the labor force might expect from their occupations. Such information might be valuable for our educational institutions in training in the skills needed to integrate their dual role as homemaker and career woman. TED ERATURE CI LIT ‘6 Literature Cited Crockett, Harry J. Jr. "The Achievement Motive and Differential Occupational Mobility in the United States," American Sociological Review, XXVII (April, 1962), 191-255. Donovan, Thomas R. "Socioeconomic and Educational Factors Influencing the Achievement Level of Individuals in Large-scale Organisa- tions," ociologl and Social Research, XXXXVI (July, 1962), “16-25e Eckland, Bruce K. "Social Class and College Graduation: Sose Miscon- ceptions Corrected," American Journal of Sociology, LXX (July, 196“). 36. Jackson, Elton r. and Crockett, Harry J. Jr. "Occupational Mobility in the United States: A Point of Estimate and Trend Comparison," American Sociological Review, XXIX (February, 196%), 5-15. Lipsit, Seymour Martin and Bendix, Reinhard. Class,_Status and Power. Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press, 1953. Lipsit, Seymour Martin and Bendix, Reinhard. Social Mobility in Industrial Society. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of CClifornifl PrQBB’ 1959s Pihlbad, C. T. and Gregory, C. L. "Occupational Mobility in Small Communities in Missouri," Rural Sociology, XXII (March, 1957), 50-9. Reisssan, Leonard. Class in American Society. Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press, 1959. Thomas, Lawrence. The Occu tional Structure and Education. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1953. Tunis, Melvin H. and Feldman, Arnold S. "Theory and Measurement of Occupational Mobility," American Sociological Revieg, XXII (Jun.. 1957), 281’288. U. S. Department of Labor, Woman's Bureau. 1962 Handbook on Women Workers, Bulletin 285, Washington D.C., 196}. Wills, Jane A. "Women's Job Prospects," American Association of University Women, LVIII (October, 19 , 1 ~21. an APPENDIX “5 SURVEY OF MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY ALUMNI January 1965 Schedule W/H YOUR EMPLOYMENT HISTORY 1. Are you currently employed outside the hose? No Yes If yes, which best describes your employment? Occastiosal Regular part-tine Regular full-tine NOTE: If you are currently unemployed, skip to question 10; if you have not worked at all since leaving college, skip to question 29. 2. Your Job title! 3. Please describe the work you perform: that is, how you spend your working til. e us h. 5. 6. 7. 9. #7 Which of the following best describes the type of organisation for which you work? (Check.gll that apply.) Company with 100 or more employees _____ Company with fewer than 100 employees Professional partnership Family business Self-employed Research organisation or institute College or university or Junior college Elementary or secondary school or school system Other educational institution, e.g., technical, vocational school Federal government (U.S.) State, county or local government " Hospital, church, clinic, welfare organisation, etc. Other (check and specify) Your work is in: the same field in which you majored in college. a different but related field. an entirely different, unrelated field. If your work is is a different, unrelated field, why did you decide on this type of work? How long have you worked at your present position? years How long have you worked at this type of work? years How many hours per week on the average do you spend on your job? Positions‘ggg Have Held This section is for the full-time Jobs you held after leaving the University. If the same one that you hold currently, skip to question 29. NOTE: On this page, you are asked to give information about your FIRST ggg AFTER LEAVING TBE UNIVERSITY. Please fill out one page for each Job you have held OVER SIX MONTHS up to your current or most recent job. If you held more Jobs than there are pages, please use as many of the extra Employment History Pages (stapled at the back of this questionnaire) as necessary to provide us with information on subsequent Jobs. 10. Job title (and/or rank) at the time you accepted the position 11. Duties (how you spent your working time) 12. The work was: very closely related to your major field of study in college. in a related but different field. not at all related to your major field of study in college. 1). Date of employment: from to total years 1%. Approximate annual salary: starting 8 leaving 8 15. Did you receive any promotions in title or rank while on this Job? No Yes If yes, please specify “9 16. Reason(s) for leaving this employer: (Check all those applying. Circle the one most important.) Return to school Not enough financial return Health No opportunity for advance- sent Business decline, laid off ' u Did not like the work Fired Did not like the people Job was too demanding Did not like the location Work was not challenging enough Other (check and specify) was offered a better Job elsewhere Mile! 1?. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Job title (and/or rank) at the time you accepted the position Duties (how you spent your working time) g_ Dates of employment: from to total years Approximate annual salary: istarting t t leaving 8 Did you receive any promotions in title or rank while on this Job? No Yes If yes, please specify I Reason(s) for leaving this employer: (Check all those applying. Circle the one most important.) Return to school Not enough financial return Health ‘ No opportunity for advancement Business decline, laid off Did not like the work Fired Did not like the people Job was too demanding Did not like the location Work was not challenging enough Other (check and specify) Was offered better Job elsewhere 51 Third £22 23. 28. Job title (and/or rank) at the time you accepted the position Duties (how you spent your working time) Dates of employment: from to total years Approximate annual salary: starting 8 leaving 8 Did you receive any promotion in title or rank while on this Job? No Yes If yes, please specify Reason(s) for leaving this employer: (Check all those applying. Circle the one most important.) Return to school Not enough financial return Health No Opportunity for advancement Business, decline, laid off Did not like the work Fired Did not like the people Job was too demanding Did not like the location Work was not challenging enouch Other (check and specify) Was offered better job elsewhere . 52 YOUR HUSBAND'S EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT HISTORY NOTE: If you are presently unmarried, skip to question 39. gig Education 29. Place a check in the space that indicates the highest educational level reached by YOUR HUSBAND, and fill in appropriate spaces. _____ Less than 8th grade _____ 8th grads ____. Some high school High school graduate: date graduated, 12___ Technical school or business college: date graduated, 12___ Some college: entered last enrolled month, year month, year College graduate: entered month, your Degree received when month, year Some graduate or professional training Entered last enrolled__ month, year month, year Received advanced degree(s): 1. entered degree received when month, year month, year 2. entered degree received when month, year month, year 3. entered degree received when month, year month, year 30. Was your husband ever a student at MSU? Yes No If yes, did he attend: (Check all that apply.) before you enrolled. 53 while you were enrolled. after you were last enrolled. Positions 3}: .322 M 31. Which.bg§t describes his current employment situation? _____ Employed full-time _____ Self-employed _____ Disabled _____ Employed part-time _____ Unemployed _____ Retired NOTE: If husband is currently unemployed, please answer through question 37 as you would for his major occupation. )2. His Job title: 33. Please describe the work he performs; that is, how he spends his working time. 3“. Check :11 of the following that best describe the type of organization for which he works. Company with 100 or more employees Company with fewer than 100 employees Professional partnership Family business Self-employed Research organization or institute College or university or Junior college Elementary or secondary school or school system Other educational institution, e.g., technical, vocational school Federal government (0.3.) State, county or local government Hospital, church, clinic, welfare organization, etc. 35. 37. Other (check and specify) 54 His work is in: the same field he studied in school. a different but related field. an entirely different, unrelated field. If his work is in a different, unrelated field, why did he decide on this type of work? f ‘ How long has he worked at his present position: years. 55 J 4 1 t .E, _ Sonata... .5 .a “as 3.:M es seam on. soda-5 95‘ 3:3 4§t3 {F .goxnmmsna twistseallnonwlonodsaga...» inclined-eon Doggone-fine“! can»: agggngzigmagmoaégogeflagésga 56 YOUR ECONOMIC SITUATION In this section, we are asking you about your current economic situation. This is a very personal area, but we would like to have some idea of how college students of the 1950's are doing in today's economy. Of course, none of this individual information will be released to anyone, and questionnaires will be destroyed as soon as they are punched into IBM cards. Please place checks in the appropriate places and fill in where necessary. 39. Do you own or rent your home? Renter If renter, rent paid: 8 per month Home owner If home owner, the current value of your home is approximately: C ho. Do you own a summer cottage or other type of second home? Yes No #1. If you own your home and/or a summer cottage or second home, do you have a mortgage on either of these properties? Yes, on one (state which) Yes, In both No First Second Mortgage Mortgage “2. Approximately how much is your present mortgage? 8 t 8 #3. How much are your payments every month? 8 ‘~ ‘~ 3 ht. What is the total amount of life insurance carried on your life? (face value) 3 57 NOTE: If you are presently unmarried, skip to question #9. #5. What is the total amount of life insurance (face value) carried on your husband's life? 3 (Include only "personal" insurance, not that carried an a protection for your business. Include group- insurance plans.) #6. How much did your husband receive from gages and salaries in 196#, that is, before deduction for taxes or anything? ‘ 47. In addition to this, did he have any income from bonuses, overtime, commissions? No Yes .. How much was that 3 h8. Did he receive any income from other sources? No Yes If yes, how much was his income from each source after allowing for expenses? professional practice a trade farming or market gardening roomers and'boarders any other self-employment rent interest dividends or royalties flflflflfl“-“dfi trust fund veteran's pension, veteran's school allotment, serviceman's family allotment unemployment compensation Social Security other retirement pay, pensions, annuities alimony or regular contributions from family @“fl’flfl public welfare, other government aid other (please specify) 58 69. AS A WIFE 0R SINGLE WOMAN, how much did YOU receive fromlggggg and salaries in 196“, that is, before deductions for taxes or anything? 3 50. In.addition to this, did YOU have any income from bonuses, overtime, commissions? No Yes - How much was that 8 51. Did YOU receive any income from other sources? No Yes If yes, how much was your income from each source after allowing for expenses? professional practice a trade farming or market gardening rcomers and'bcarders any other self-employment rent interest dividends or royalties es so so so as .i so as es trust fund veteran's pension,.veteramls.eehool allotment, serviceman's family allotment unemployment compensation Social Security other retirement pay, pensions, annuities alimony or regular contributions from family senescence public velfare, other government aid other (please specify) 52. 53. 5h. 59 Did other members of your household have any income which they pooled with your income (and/or your spouse's)? No Yes If ”3. “ha? Has it from! Wages ______ Salary Business Other Amount of income which they contributed to the pool: 8 He would like to have some idea of trends over the years. would you please indicate your approximate annual income Eggggg 33523 for each of the years indicated below. ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME YOUR (THE mE's OR SINGLE womms) ANNUAL moon 1957 s s 1959 s s 1961 s s 196) s s 196“ s s i 55. 60 Do you (and, if married, your spouse) own any common or preferred stock in a corporation, including companies you have worked for, or an investment club, or own shares of a mutual fund? Yes No If yes, how much are these stocks worth? 8 Do you owe any money in connection with your stock? Yes No If yes, what amount do you owe? 8 That leaves your net investment in stock 3 Do you (and, if married, your spouse) have any regular government savings bonds, war bonds, or defense bonds? Yes No “* If yes, what amount do you have altogether? (face value)! Do you (and, if married, your spouse) have any savings accounts in banks, savings or“buildings and loan associations, or credit unions? Yes No If yes, what amount do you have altogether in: Banks 8 Savings (Buildings) and Loan Associations 8 Credit Unions t 58. 59. 60. 61 Do you (and, if married, your spouse) have any checking accounts at banks? Yes No If yes, what amount do you have in your checking account(s) now? 3 Do you (and, if married, your spouse) have any other kinds of investments (other 0.3. bonds, state or local bonds, corporate bonds, other real estate besides home, mortgages or land contracts owed you)? Yes No If yes, how much are they worth? 3 Do you now owe any money associated with these items? Yes No If yes, what amount? 8 This leaves a net investment in these items of 3 Have you (and, if married, your spouse) inherited any money or property in the last year? Yes No If yes, what was it worth? 8 61, What is the total amount you (and, if married, your spouse) owe on credit accounts, loans, etc.? S 62 (Include only amounts that are carried for more than one month.) More specifically, please answer the following questions: 62. Do you (and,if married, your spouse) owe any money on which you make fixed payments? Yes 63. If yes, please fill in the following: NO rom what source d you borrow? For what purpose? low much are the payments? How many payments are left? Com- ments week month week month week month week month week month 3 per or 8 per week month 6'4. Do you (and, if married, your spouse) owe any other money? _Yes 65. 63 If yes, please fill in the following information: fires what scarce did you borrow? (Revolving charges accounts, friend For what purpose? .J Howsuch isncw owing? Is the amount which you report: ; or relative.) correct '___oorrect ___enac tly correct within 810 within 8100 correct ___ccrrect +__exactly correct within 810 within .100 __corrcct correct ___enactly correct within 810 within 9100 enactly correct ___correct correct - within 310 within 8100 correct correct ___enaetly correct within 310 within 8100 correct __correct ___enac tly correct within 310 within 3100 correct , correct “exactly correct within ‘10 within '1” 4 correct exactly correct within 810 1 :correct within 9100, 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 61+ YOUR parents Father Mother Age at first marriage Age now if living Age at death and date Country in which they grew up Religious preference Catholic Protestant Jewish Other Is YOUR father living? Yes No YOUR age at his death After his death YOU lived with Is YOUR mother living? Yes No YOUR age at her death After her death YOU lived with Did YOUR parents live together while YOU were growing up? Yes No Separated Your age then Divorced Your ago then Other Explain and give your age the the time Remarried? Mother Your age then Father Your age then You live(d) with him? Her? Some other person? 65 Check appropriate level for each parent. 71. YOUR parents' education Mother Father Less than 8th grade 8th grade Some high school High school graduate Technical, business, etc. Some college College graduate Some graduate or professional work - Received advanced degree 72. While YOU were in college Father's occupation Mother's occupation 73. How would you describe your parents' economic circumstances in comparison with that of the parents of your college friends? (ChOOk one.) Very much poorer Poorer About average Fairly well-off Well-to-do 7h. 75. 76. 78. 79. 66 Did your parents think it was important for you to get a college education? (Check one.) Thought it extremely important Thought it somewhat important They were neutral They were somewhat Opposed to the idea They were very opposed to the idea They differed in their opinions How many brothers and sisters did YOU have when you first started college? (State number of ...EIS OLDER brothers OLDER sisters None IOUNGER brothers YOUNGER sisters How many of your brothers and sisters are college ggaduates? Before you entered college, in which kind of community did you live? (If more than one applies, check the type of community in which you spent the greatest number of years.) Rural area, farm or non-farm, less than 530 population. Village, 500 or over but less than 2,500 population. Town, 2,500 or over but less than 25,000 population. Ill! Small city, 25,000 or over but less than 50,000 papulation. City, 50,000 population or over. You now live in Rural area, farm or non-farm, less than 500 pepulation. Village, 500 or over but less than 2,500 population. 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Maw. 33: 69 YOUR EMPLOYMENT HISTORY These pages are for use if you have held more than three Jobs - other than your current job - since leaving the University. Fourth £23 Job title (and/or rank) at the time you accepted the position Duties (How you spent your working time) Dates of employment: from to total years Approximate annual salary: starting 8 leaving 3 Did you receive any promotions in title or rank while on this Job? No Yes If yes, please specify Reason(s) for leaving this employer: (Check all those applying. Circle the one most important.) Return to school Not enough financial return Health No opportunity for advancement Business decline, laid off Did not like the work Fired Did not like the peOple Job was too demanding Did not like the location Work was not challenging enough Other (check and specify) Has offered better Job elsewhere 70 Fifth 93:. Job title (and/Or rank) at the time you accepted the position Duties (how you spent your working time) Dates of employment: from to l_ total years M w Approximate annual salary: starting 8 leaving t Did you receive any promotions in title or rank while on this Job? No Yes If yes, please specify Reason(s) for leaving this employer: (Check all those applying. Circle the one most important.) Return to school Not enough financial return Health No opportunity for advancement Business decline, laid off Did not like the work Fired Did not like the people Did not like the location JOb was too demanding Work was not challenging enough Other (check and specify) Was offered better Job else- where 71 Sixth £93 Job title (and/or rank) at the time you accepted the position Duties (how you spent your working time) Dates of employment: from to total years Approximate annual salary: starting 8 2 leaving 8 Did you receive any promotions in title or rank while on this Job? No Yes If yes, please specify Reason(s) for leaving this employer: (Check all those applying. Circle the one most important.) Return to school Not enough financial return Health No opportunity for advancement Business decline, laid off Did not like the work Fired Did not like the people Did not like the location JOb was too demanding Work was not challenging enough Other (check and specify) Hns offered better Job elsewhere MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES lHlHIlILlHIII l 3 69 3991 31293