A SURVEY OF MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY USERS: A COOPERATIVE PROJECT A SURVEY or MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY USERS: A COOPERATIVE PROJECT 5y MBrgaret Murray wylie l THESIS Submitted to the school of Graduate Studies of Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER or ARTS Department of Sociology and Anthr0pology 19h8 ACKNOWLEDGMEN TS This work is sub-titled ”A cooperative project" and it has been truly that. The members of the County Library Section of the Michigan Library Association have played an integral part in the work. It was they who conceived the idea of such a study in the f irst place. They devoted two weeks of their busy winter season to interviewing library patrons; and they filled out other questionnaires so that complete in- formation might be provided. The Survey Committee of the section, with Alta Parks as Chairman, spent an even larger amount of time giving direction to the develupment of the project. Without the continuous support of Dr. Charles P. Loomis and the encouragement and guidance of Dr. Edgar Schuler and other members of the Sociology and Anthropology Department staff, especially Dr. John Thaden, Dr. J. Allan Beegle and Dr. Duane Gibson who contributed to the methodol- ogy, the progress of the work would.have been much more difficult. The liberal help and leadership which the Adult Education Department of the College. under the auspices of J. Donald Phillips, gave through meetings and workshops, not to mention clerical assistance and supplies. made possible the cosperative organisation of the program. To each of 01836 persons I am indeed obliged and wish to extend my gratitude for their generous assistance. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PART ONE . INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Io INTRODUCTION TomSTUDYOOOOOoeeeeeeoe0.0000000000000000e 1 II . BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY -- HOW DEVELOPED -- PART OF THE COUNTY LIBRARIANS - LIMITATIONS OF STUDY -- ADVANTAGES THAT CLOSER CONTROL BY ONE PERSON WOULD HAVE HAD AS AGAINST ADVANTAGES THAT WERE GAINED BY DECENTRALIZED "ORE OF THE COUNfl LIMIANSOOOOOOCOOCCOCOCCOOOO0.0... 7 PART TWO. METHODOLOGY III. THE LIMY USERS STUDY ." ITS SCOPE AND Pm-POSEeeeeeeeooo 1“ IV. THE LIBRARY AGENCY QUESTIONNAIRE AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LIBMYATTENDANTOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 20 V. THE WIDER VIEW OF THE LIBRARY -- sms IN CWMUNITY DELINEATION AND THE COMMUNITY CHECK LIST............... 26 VI. THE SPOTLIGHT ON ONE BRANCH -- THE RESULTS FROM ALL THE STUDIES FOCUSED ON ONE BRANCH TO SHOW HOW SUCH A DIAGNOSIS MAY CLARIFY THE WORK AND POINT THE DIRECTION OF A BRANCH'S GROWTH................................... 31 VII. ACTION BY RESEARCHERS -- INDICATIONS 0F STILL MEDED PROCESSES AND METHODS OF SIMPLIFYING AND ADAPTINC ALREADY DEVISED TOOLS FOR USE BY COUNTY LIBRARIANS PROVIDED THEY HAVE INTERPRETATIVE AND ANALYTICAL WHOM SOCIAL SGIMISTSCO0.000000COOOOOCOOCOCOOCOOO 51 PART TRRBBRBSULTS AND INTERPRETATIONS OF THE STATE WIDE STUDY VIII. STATE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIMY USERS................0.0. y 11. BOOK SBIBCTION AND USE .. THE STATE PICTURB.. ...... 81» x. ACONPOSITB LIBRARY BRANCHANDATTBNDANT............ ..... . 92 XI. IMPLICATIONS FOR ACTION IN MICHIGAN BASED ON RESULTS (ACTIOH BY LIBRARIANS)eeeeeeeeeeoeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 106 PART POUR. EVALUATION OF THE PROJECT WITH ITS BROADER IMPLICATIONS XII. THE COUNTY LIBRARIANS EVALUATE THE STUDY -- A SUMMARY OF REMARKS AND IMPRESSIONS GATHERED FROM THEM DURING THE YEAR'S WORKOOOOOOOOOOOCOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 110 Page XIII. BROADER IMPLICATIONS, NATIONAL, REGIONAL, AND DEMONSTRATIONS: COOPERATION OF RESEARCH AND ACTION GROWSOOOOO.0OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.0.00... 113 BIBLIWMHY (NOTED)OOOOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 117 APPENDICES A. FILE OF MATERIALS UTILIZED IN THE COOPERATIVE PROJECT ARRANGED CHRONOLOGICALLY BY THE CHAPTER TO WHICH THEY ARE MOST PERTINENT.... CHAPTER II. a Objectives of county libraries (summery) June 7, 1946 County Library branches in which survey will be taken. b Letter from Margaret Murray to Ibpartment of Sociology and AnthrOpology, November 15.1ew. III. a Michigan survey of county library users - Survey instructions for county librarians. b Michigan survey of county library users -- Survey instructions fOrlibrary agency attendant c Michigan survey of county library users -- Library agency summary. d Michigan survey of county library users -- Reader's characteristics questionnaire IV. a Letter from Margaret Murray to county librarians, April 24, 19h? b Questionnaire on library agency and library attendant in which library users study is made V. a Letter from Margaret Murray to county librarians, May 15,191+? b Checklist to assist in the study of communities to be delineated with reference to library service c Steps in the delineation of community boundaries by J. I. Thaden d Supplementary directions to be used with "Steps in community delineation” by J. I. Thaden VII.a Directions for coding schedules fOr Michigan survey of county library users II. a Book selection and use questionnaire III. a Department of Sociology and Anthr0pology, and Adult Education summary of Questionnaire filled in by librarians at Clear Lake workshop, June 5 through 9, 1946 -- library tabulation. lI||\.llln|.“llluulll.'.ll|.‘.l|.(III._.I‘l|-\.'|-|\{ll‘naulaul‘lll‘‘.il‘4=il.llu| B. G. 3 b Letter from Margaret Murray to county librarians. March 6, 191W. MPEABETIGAL LIST or MAGAZINES SUBSCRIBED TO, OR RECEIVED AS GIFTS IN THE MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCPEES SURVEYED: DECEMBER, 1946. TITLES AND SUBJECTS OF LIBRARY BOOKS READ AND OPINION OF THE BOOKS GIVEN BY MICHIGAN STATE LIBRARY USERS SURVEYED, DECEMBER 1946. [[[Il[[.[[[[l[l TABLE II. III. IV. VI. VII. VIII. XI. XII. XIII. TABLE S ORGANIZATION IN CARLETON GROUPED ACCORDING TO IMLUEINCE AND SIEOO0............OOOOCOCCOOOOOO0.0.0.... POPULATION OF THE CARIETON COMMUNITYHU.................. SEX COMPOSITION OF MONROE COUNTY LIBRARY, CARLETON BRANCH USERS DECEMBER, 1946 AND TOTAL COUNTY POPULATION, 19140 SEX RATIO OF MONROE CGINTY LIBRARY CARLETON BRANCH USERS DECEMBER, 1946, AND COMPARABLE COUNTY POPULATION, 1940 EMPLOYMENT DISTRIBUTION OF MONROE COUNTY CARLETON BRANCH LIBRARY USERS SURVEYED DECMBER, 1946 AND TOTAL COUNTY POPWTION. 19%.0.0.0.0...0............OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OT MONROE COUNTY CARIETON BRANCH LIBRARY USERS SUREVEYED DECEMBER, 19% AND TOTAL COUNTY POPmTION. 1914'0.OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.00.0.0.0...00...... EDUCATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MONROE COUNTY,CARLETON BRANCH LIBRARY USERS OVER TWENTY-FIVE YEARS OF AGE DECEMBER, 1946 AND TOTAL COUNTY POPULATION, 1940. . . . . . . BOOK CIRCULATION OF CARLETON BRANCH LIBRARY FOR THE PAST MOOOOOO0.00000000000000000.0000000000QOOOOOOOOO. LIST OF MAGAZINES, BY TYPE, AVAILABLE IN CARLETON BRANCH LIBRABuY, MONROE COUNTY LIBRARY, DECEMBER, 1%60000000000 DISTRIBUTION OF MONROE COUNTY CARLETON BRANCH LIBRARY USERS SURVEYED DECEMBER, 191.56 BY PLACE OF RESIDENCE ANDTOTAL COUNTY POPUILATIGN, 1%....0......OCOCOOOOOOO. RANK ORDER OF FIRST FIVE ETHNIC GROUPS REPRESENTED BY MONROE COUNTY CARLETON BRANCH LIBRARY USERS SURVEYED DECEMBER, 1946 COMPARED WITH COUNTY POPULATION, 1940.. ... SPECIAL READING INTERESTS OF MONROE COUNTY CARLETON BRANCH LIBRARY USERS SURVEYED DECEMBER, 1 946. . . . . . . . . . . . SOURCES FROM WHICH LIBRARY USERS OBTAIN READING MATTER, MONROE COUNTY CARLETON BRANCH LIBRARY USERS SURVEYED MOWER, 1%6000000000......OOOOO......OOOCOOOUOOOOI... Page 33 35 37 37 38 38 39 #1 “3 M! 1&6 u? TABLE XIV. XV. XVI. XVII . XVIII. XIX. XXII. XXIII. XXIV. XXV. TITLE AND SUBJECT OF LIBRARY BOOKS RETURNED AND OPINIONS OF BOOKS GIVEN BY MONROE COUNTY CARLETON BRANCH LIBRARY USERS SURVEYED DECEMBER, 19u6. . . . . . . . . . . PERCENTAGE SEX COMPOSITION OF 806 MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCH USERS SURVEYED DECEMBER, 1946 AND COWARABE STATE POPWTION’ 1%0000000000000000000000 PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION 01' MARITAL STATUS OF 389 MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCH USERS SIXTEEN YEARS OF AGE ANDOVER SURVEYED DECEMBER, 1946 AND COMPARABLE STATE POPULATION, 1940. FIFTEEN YEARS OF AGE AND OVER.. PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE EDUCATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF 289 MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCH USERS TWENTY-FIVE YEARS OF AGE AND OVER SURVEYED DECDIBER, 19146 AND COM- PARABLE STATE POPULATIONS. 19140........................ PERCENTAGE EMPLOYMENT DISTRIBUTION OF MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCH USERS AGE SIXTEEN AND om SURVEYED DECEMBER, 19% AND COMPARABLE STATE POPULATION,19!+O.... PERCENTAGE OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF 389 MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCH USERS AGE SIXTEEN AND OVER SURVEYED DECEMBER, 1946 AN D COMPARABIE STATE POPULATION, 1940....................................... THE PERCENTAGE DISTANCE OF RESIDENCE PROM LIBRARY OF 806 MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCH USERS SURVEYED DEcmm. 1W6........OOC......OOOOOOOOOCCC0.0.0.000... PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF 806 COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCH USERS SURVEYED DECEMBm, 1946 BY LOCATION OF RESIDENCE AND COMPARABLE STATE POPULATION. 19‘+0.................. PERCENRAGE DI STRIBUT ION 0F NATIVITY OF 806 MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCH USERS SURVEYED DECEMBER, 193% AND Cowwm STATE POPUIAATION’ IguOOCOOOOCOOOOOOOOOO. PERCENTAGE DI STRIBUTICN OP NATIONALITY BACKGROUND or 806 MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCH USERS SURVEYED _ DECEMBER, 1946 AND COMPARABLE STATE POPULATION, 191w... PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF 806 MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCH USERS SURVEYED DECEMBER, 1914'6 AND COMPARABLE STATE POPUMTION’ 1%0000000090000000......OOOOOOOOOOO. DISTRIBUTION OF TYPE OF LIBRARY SERVICES UTILIZED BY THE PATRONS 01‘ THE MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECMER. 1%600000.0.000.........OCOOOCOOOOOO Page 1&9 63 63 65 66 68 69 70 71 71 73 TABLE m1. XXVII. mIII. XXIX . XXII. XXIII. XXIIII. mIv I I0\ PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF EXTENT OF CLUB PARTICIPATION AMONG 389 LIBRARY USIms AGE SIXTEEN AND OVER MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 1946. . . . . . TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONS IN WHICH OFFICES WERE HELD BY 389 MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY USERS AGE SIXTEEN AND OVER OF THE MICHIGAN C(IJNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DEcmm. 1%6...’........0......C..............O..O. PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTIIN BY YEARS OE AGE OF 79 cm OFFICERS SIXTEEN YEARS OF AGE AND OVER AND 310 NON- CLUB OFFICERS ON MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 19% PERCENTAGE SEX DISTRIBUTION OF 79 CLUB OFFICERS SIXTEEN YEARS OF AGE AND OVER AND 310 NON—CLUB OFFICERS OF MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 19106....................................... PERCENTAGE EDUCATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF 79 CLUB OFFICERS TWENTY-FIVE YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, AND 228 NON CLUB-OFFICERS TWENTY-FIVE YEARS OF AGE m OVER MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 1946..0O0...........OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOO0.0.000...O.0.. PERCENTAGE OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF 79 CLUB- OFFICERS SIXTEEN YEARS OF AGE AND OVER AND 310 NON CLUB-OFFICERS IN MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SU‘RVEYED DECEMER919M'6000000009000.0000000.0.0....000 PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF SOUECES FROM WICH 79 CLUB OFFICERS SIXTEEN YEARS OF AGE AND OVER OBTAINED READING MATTER COMPARED WITH 310 NON CLUB-OFFICERS MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 1%6000000000OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOIOOOOCO00.000.000.000... PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF TYPES OF MATERIAL WHICH 79 CLUB OFFICERS SIXTEEN YEARS OF AGE AND OVERJIOULD LIKE TO BE ABLE TO ERRON FROM LIBRARIES COMPARED WITH 310 NON CLUB—OFFICERS, MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, l9‘+6..................... PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF TYPES OF MATERIAL WHICH LIBRARY USERS WOULD LIKE TO BE ABLE TO HDRROW FROM LIBRARIES, MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 1%6000000000000.00-OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO PERCENTAGE AGE DISTRIBUTION OF 85 MUSIC-PATRONS, SIX- TEEN YEARS OF AGE AND OVER AND 30“ NON MUSIC-PATRONS IN MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER. 1946....................................... Page 7a 714 75 76 76 77 78 79 80 81 I {I n . u . q . a I . . _ , . I o o u v a v a _ p . . u g . g . u u u 5 o b I . q - Q o I g g u s I ' I I u . . a , . n . c - u . n u a u . o s A n . . r . n . a . u . o u t c . n _ I t n a . h ¢ . a I u r a t u u b o u I u A . o ~ . . ‘ b u o I a . o t a . . v d . . o v n h r ‘ . a . a . . u . u I u . . . . . o . u . . A c a . o . . ¢ » . . n . . . . . . u . . . c v . . 0 . . ‘ t . . u u TABLES XXXVI . XXXVII. XXXVIII. XXIII. mm. PERCENTAGE EDUCATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS or 1+8 MUSIC- PATRONS TWENTY-FIVE YEARS or AGE AND OVER AND 241 NON MUSIC-PATRONS TWENTY-FIVE YEARS or AGE AND OVER, MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEY‘ED DECEMBER, 1946 PERCENTAGES OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUT ION OF 8 5 MUS IC- PATRONS SIXTEEN YEARS OF AGE AND OVER AND 3014 NON MUSIC-PATRONS, MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECWBER, 1946............................"... SWRCES EROM WHICH LIBRARY USERS OBTAIN READING MATTER, MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 1%600000000000000000000000000000...0.000000000000000... PERCENTAGE DI STRIBUTION OF TYPES OF READING MATERIALS BEST LIKED BY 125 ADULT LIBRARY USERS, SIXTEEN YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, AND 255 JUVENILE LIBRARY USERS. HICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 1%6000000O0.00.000........OOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00...... PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION 01' TYPES OF READING MATERIALS BEST LIKED BY 215 ADULT LIBRARY USERS, SIXTEEN YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, AND SUBJECT MATTER OF 389 ADULT BOOKS RETURNED, MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECMER. 1%600900000000000000000000000000000. PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF REASONS GIVEN BY LIBRARY USERS FOR HAVING GIOSEN THE BOOK RETURNED AT THE TIME OF THE INTERVIEW, MICHIGAN C OUNTY LIBRARY moms MVEYED. MOWER, 1%600000000000000000000... Page 81 82 83 86 87 88 .{ll'u'lllllllillll'nl FIGURE 3. 9. 10. 11. 12. 8 FIGURES COMPARISON OF TRADE CENTER COB’MUNITY OE CARLETON, MONROE COUNTY, DELINEATED FEBRUARY, 1947. AND TRADE AREA OF CARLETON ESTIMATED BY THE MERCHANTS.. ..... PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION BY YEARS OF AGE OF 30 MONROE COUNTY, CARLETON LIBRARY BRANCH USERS, DECEMBER, 1946 AND THE TOTAL COUNTY POPULATION, 1%................... NUMBER 0]? HOURS PER DAY COMBINED TOTAL OF COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED WERE OPEN To PUBLIC ONE WEEK AND THE NUMBER OF HOURS PER DAY THAT THE SURVEY WAS CONDUCTED (NOT NECESSARILY IN ONE WEEK) IN THE 23 MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BPANOIES SURVEYED DECEMBER. 1%......... DISTRIBUTION OF NUMBER OF BRANCES OPEN AFTERNOON AND EVENING HOURS EACH DAY DURING THE WEEK OF THE SURVEY TWENTY-THREE MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED (Two OMITTED) mcmm 191*60000000ooooooooOooooooooooooo TYPES OF BUILDINGS IN WHICH THE MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED HERE SITUATED DECEMBER,19’+6. . . . . . . . . . . DISTRIBUTION OF HOURS OPEN TO PUBLIC PER WEEK, OF THE MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBERJ946. . NUMBER OF VISITORS TO THE MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DURING THE HOURS OF THE INTERVIEWING DECMEQ 19146.....O.........OOOOOOOOO0.0.0.0...0.0.0.... COMPARISON OF NUMBER OF ADULT AND JUVENILE BOOKS CIRCULATED BY THE MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED HIRING HOURS 0? m STUDY DECEMBER, 194609000000000000000000000. NUMBER OF REFERENCE QUESTIONS ANSWERED IN m3 MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED MING THE HOURS OF T“ STUDY. DEGREE, 1W600...........OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION BY YEARS OF AGE OF 806 MICHIGAN MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCH USERS DECEMBER,191+6 AND TOTAL STATE POPULATION. 1WD.I0......OOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOO POPULATION DISTRIBUTION OF C(MMUNITIES SERVED BY THE MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED,DECEMBER,19LP6.. DISTRIBUTION OF EmCATImAL FACILITIES AVAILABLE AMONG THE MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY RANCHES SURVEYED,DECEMBER, 1%00000O.0.0.0.000...OOOOOOOCOOOOCO......OOOOOOOOOAOOOOO Page 36 37A 56 57 58 59 59 61 92 93 FIGURE 13. 1h. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 . 21. 22. 23. 21+. 25. 26. DISTRIBUTION OF YEARLY, MONTHLY, AND DAILY CIRCULATION FIGURES FOR MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMER’19b6000OIOCOC0....00......0000000000000000O. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF TYPES OF MAGAZINES AVAILABLE IN THE MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DEcmm' 1946......O........OCOOOOOCO......UOOOOOOOO DISTRIBUTION OF QUALITY OF THE LIBRARY ATTENDANTS' SERVICE AMONG THE MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SIEVEYED DEcmm’19u6.0.0.............OOOOCOOOOOOOOO TYPE OF READING FACILITIES FOR ADULTS AND CHILDREN IN MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 1%600000000000....0..........OOOOOOOOOOOOOO0.0...... TYPE OB REFERENCE FACILITIES AVAILABLE IN MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBEB,II946...... QUALITY OF LIGHTING AVAILABLE IN MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 1 9&6. . . . . . . . . . . . . QUALITY OF EXHIBITS IN MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBEB,219H6... ......... .................. NEATNESS AND ATTRACTIVENESS ON LIBRARY IN MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER,I9B6....... PROM INANCE OF SIGN OVER LIBRARY IN MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES S URVEYED DECEMBER, 1946. . . . . . . . . . . . . QUALITY OF WINDOW DISPLAY SPACE AVAILABLE IN THE MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 1%600000......OOOOOOCOOOOOOOOO......OQOOOOOOOOOOO... RANGE OF QUALITY OF EXHIBITS AND TALKS AT MEETINGS AMONG THE MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DEGEMBE. M6000OO.....00.0.0..........OOOOOOOOOOOOOC NUMBER OF LIBRARIES HAVING HOURS FOR CHILDREN AMONG MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 1%000000 oooooo coocoo00oo.0000.00.00.00...00000000.. AGE DISTRIBUTION OF ATTENDANTS IN THE MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER,191+6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . EDUCATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LIBRARY ATTENDANTS IN THE MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED “CHEER, 1%600000......0.0OOOOOOOOOCCCOOO00.0.00... Page 95 96 96 97 97 97 97 98 98 98 99 99 99 FIGURE 27. 28. 29. 30. 310 32. 33- 35- 10 CERTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LIBRARY ATTENDANTS IN THE MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECMER. 1%600000......OOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOO DISTRIBUTION OF YEARS OF RESIDENCE IN THE COMMUNITY OF LIBRARY ATTENDANTS IN MICHIGAN COUNTY BRANCHES SIEVFJYEDDECMER.19’4'60000000000000000000000000000 DISTRIBUTION BY YEARS OF SERVICE OF LIBRARYHATTENDANTS IN THE MICHIGAN COUNTY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 19%....0.00.........OOOOOOOOOOOCOOOO0.0.000....... FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF CLUB PARTICIPATION BY LIBRARY ATTENDANTS OF MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER,II946.......... ........ . FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF BOOKS READ IN THE PAST MONTH BY LIBRARY ATTENDANTS OF TIE MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 19N6........... FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF TYPES OF BOOKS READ BY LIBRARY ATTENDANTS IN MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SIB-VEYED DECEWER. 1946......OOOOOOOOOOOOO FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF TYPES OF WORK ENJOYED MOST BY LIBRARY ATTENDANTS IN MICHIGAN LIBRARY BRANCHES SIEVEYED DECMM’ 1%6000000.0.0....0000000000900. RANGE OF STRONGEST POINTS OF SERVICE IN LIBRARY ATTENDANT'S OPINION RENDERED BY MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER,Il9u6........... DISTRIBUTION OF WEAK POINTS OF SERVICE IN OPINION OF LIBRARY ATTENDANT RENDERED BY MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY FRANCES SIJRVEYED DECMER’ 19%....000000. Page 100 100 101 101 102 103 103 10h 10h PART ONE INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY The cooperative project which is discussed in this taxis is so designated because it is the product of the thinking and working of two professional groups. each.with its own specialized vocabulary, policies and.methods. but similar in their ultimate goals. How to make living more effective, how to help people become adjusted to society, what makes society what it is, how it differs in.various civilizations. how the world as it is and the needs of an individual can be reconciled - this is the field of the sociologist. Books and materials of communication. which if studied and utilized, will help to develop a thinking citizen, a con- trolled and educated man. a socially adjusted human being -- to make these tools produce this end-product is the purpose of libraries and librarians. The County librarians of Michigan felt themselves to be pioneering in bringing books to people in areas of the state which had not had easy access to them before. They felt that they needed more information about the basic values of their patrons - the rural people. They sought to Open new channels of communication with their patrons whichvvould help determine what library materials would be the most valuable. The county librarians turned to the sociologists for the answers. The sociologists knew that the active participation of the librari- ans would be essential if research was to result in answers. methods, and new modes of thinking which would really give the librarians the maximum help possible. Therefore, they suggested a cooperative approach to the problem. -2- This thesis is an analysis of the develoPment of a set of materials which.may act as a guide to librarians in studying and understanding rural areas. It presents the schedules and questionnaires deve10ped, and by an analysis of results illustrates the use to which these materials may be put. In addition, it includes a description of some of the modifications and changes in professional techniques and attitudes on the part of the participating librarians. which resulted. This study demonstrates one method by which sociological theory and research can be utilized by techni— cians in other fields to their own advantage. There is much current evidence in the United States as well as in other countries that sociologists are putting more and more emphasis upon making their theory. skills and teChniques, available to others. In the Journal 9; social issues1 an entire number was recently devoted to describ- ing such a project in action on a large scale. There have been a.number of studies which.parallsl in some respects the subject matter of this one and which have made valuable contributions to the field of reading habits and methods of book distribution in rural areas. James I. Hodgson made a detailed study of the provision of reading matter to rural people. particularly in the areas of the influence of land- grant colleges, Agricultural Extension Service and rural librariesz. He analyzed the amount of reading materials found in homes of four counties in Illinois.two with. and two without county-wide library service. In this 1Journal 2; social issues, v. 3 (1947) no. 2. See especially the introduc- tion by Jacques Elliot and the article by A.T.M. Wilson, pp. 11-27. 2James Goodwin Hodgson. The printed pggg_lg,rur§;_homes. Unpublished manuscript generously loaned by the author, Fort Collins, Colorado. (19“?) 39+ 1:- - 3 - analysis it was found that newspapers were the most important scurce of rural reading. magazines were second, pamphlets third. and books fourth. Where library facilities were difficult to use because of distance it was found that farm and non-farm families made approximately the same amount of use of the library. but where rural library service was avail- able it was the non-farm families which made the most use of the service. Hodgson concludes this analysis of present conditions of reading in rural areas with a very detailed and carefully prepared outline of further studies which should be made before the ramifications of the problem will be clearly understood. One of these problems is I'a study of of the persons served by rural public libraries. with particular reference to their age, economic status. educational status. distance from library, and other factors which influence their use of books and libraries3. In a recent study of reading in a small city and its surrounding countryside made by David I. Eastonb’ it was found that of the four largest groups of peOple studied the rural groups showed the highest reading interest average in all subjects. A questionnaire was distributed through the organisations in the community; it listed eleven non-fiction subjects. The people surveyed were divided into sixteen educational, social, pro— fessional. labor, and commercial groups. A comparison of the city and 31bid. p.330 ”David I. Baston. l'What htland reads; a publisher asked the peOple of a 'typical American community' what non-fiction books interest them. Here are the revealing replies they made.“ Survey Graphic XXXV no. ll, Nov. 1%. punch-1407. - h - country readers showed that the country residents chose science, vocations. handicraft, and homemaking, while the city residents ranked government. world affairs, and psychology first. Of these rural residents 19 percent read non-fiction in the fields of the inquiry. while in the total sample fewer than four out of ten read non-fiction'books in any of the eleven fields listed or evinced any desire to do so. The conclusion which the author drew from the high rural-interest is two-fold, that country dwellers surveyed are more accustomed to reading books as a way to spend leisure time than city people; and that the Vermont regional library, through its excellent service in rural areas, has contributed to the above condition. A Canadian library study which is very pertinent to the present one was made by Chandler and Croteau5. It is more nearly akin to the problems posed by the county librarians in Michigan than any other study available. This library on Prince Edward island was started with a Carnegie grant and then taken over by the peeple of the province. The study was made in an attempt to showwwhat use a.particular rural pepulation made of a library designed specifically for its needs. In order to discover what modificap tions are needed in traditional library practices it sought to answer in detail several questions: Who read the books? What books were read? What group of peoPle profited most from the library? Was there any change in reading habits during the five year period of the study? The study concen- trated almost entirely upon adult reading habits. It analysed the reading habits of 25,000 people who read over 1,000,000 books in the five years covered by the study. These were classified according to the sex. age, 5 H.B.Chandler and J.T.Croteau. ALRegional library and its readers; Q’stu 2;,five years 2;,rural readigg. American.Association for Adult Education, 19% - 5 - education, occupation, and residence of the readers. It discovered that the huge bulk of the fiction circulation of the library was concentrated upon a relatively few volumes of the lighter classes of fiction. This study contains an excellent analysis of the relation between place of residence and distance to the library as factors influencing use. The results of this analysis are discussed later in connection with the presentation of data on the residence of the Michigan County Library users. An experimental library in the United States provided the basis for the next study to be discussed. The Tennessee Authority established a widespread library system to accomplish definite objectives for on-the-job training, adult education in the art of living for its workers. and as a supplement to its elementary and secondary school program. John Chancellor. in The library 1.}; 33;; LL}; A_gt_1_l_t_ Education proggamé, studied the success and results of these efforts. He found this program contained the following characteristics different from the general public library service which could be advantageously utilised by county libraries. These were: (1) The advantage of putting quality book collections and personnel into the friendly atmosphere of the small library. (2) Recreational literature was given place only as a stepping stone to more serious reading, and fiction and nonpfiction were mixed in display cases. (3) The ability of the local libraries to use the TVA technical and headquarters library through interlibrary loan left the small libraries much freer to concentrate on pOpular education. (h) An in- formal atmosphere and.p0pular education was carried out through having the libraries housed in community buildings containing other frequently used 6Zj’ohn Chancellor. The libragz in Egg T.V.A. adult educatign_program. Chicago. American library association, 1937. 75 p. -6- services or eouipment. (5) Much emphasis was put on sldlled personnel; the librarian had to be a. leader who could demonstrate successfully the value of learning through reading: a leader who had sympathy with the library patrons and their objectives. Each of these criteria has value as a basis for judging any county library branch in Michigan. From a survey of these studies reviewed above a basis assumption of the Michigan librarians was confirmed, namely, that the geographic location and educational livel of the rural people influence their reading habits. It remained to translate this assumption into terms of the Michigan popula- tion and Michigan County Library situations for practical application7. T Only some of the literature most closely related to this study has been reviewed, but the student interested in the ramifications of this problem will find the following materials of value. Leon Carnovsky and Lowell Martin. The Library _i_r__1_ the Community. Chicago: University of Chicago press, 1944, 238 pp.; University of Denver. National Opinion Research Center. _._I"h____at. . . wher_____e_... flay... d_o_ people read?: highlights p_f_ 2., survey md____e_ 1.11.: the Tmerican library association _a____nd ll c__o_- gperatigg gity libraries. Report no. 28, Denver: University of Denver, _ 1946, 32 pp.; Ethel M. Fair. Cpuntry—wide library service: _a_ gompilatigp 11; articles pp services grganized by ggunties and other large units. Chicago, American Library Association, 1934, 208 pp.: William S. Grey and Ruth Monroe. Readigg intergstg m habits if; adultg; a preliminary report. New York, Macmillan, 1929, 305 pp.: William E. Hall and Francis P. Robinson, "Role of reading as a life activity in a rural community," ,Iourngl _o_f_ Applied Esychology, v. 26, pp. 530-542, August, 1942; Carlton B. Joeckel. Library Extension: problems and solutions...Chicago, University of Chicago, 1946: Henry C. Link and Henry A. Ropf. Eegple gag books: _a_ $331511 9; y§_a_d_:_i_ng gig, book-buying habits. New York, Book Manufacturers institute, 1946, 166 pp.: New York State Department of Education, Division of Research. Interim repgrt _o_i; the gurvey 91 publig librarjgg _i_1_1_ N331 York State, 1946, 21 pp. mimeo.; Mary Rothrock. “Objectives for rural library service." 33531. America; v. 15, pp. 6-9, September, 1937; Dwight Sanderson. Logatipg _t_‘z_1_e_ rural ggmnmnity. Ithaca, NJ. Cornell University, New York State College of Agriculture Extension bulletin 413, 1939, 18 pp.: Dwight Sanderson. Eurgl figgiglogy and. rural sogial organization. New York, Wiley, 1942, 806 pp.: United States Department of Agriculture, Earmerg _i_n_ g ghanging society; _t_h__e_ yearbpg}; _o_f_ a iculture, 1940, Washington, Government printing office, 1212 pp.: Douglas Naples and Ralph W. Tyler, my; people want 3g read arbout; _a_ study 9_i_‘. ggoup interestg and _a_ survey pf problems. in adult readjfpfig, Chicago, University of Chicago, 1931, 312 pp.; James West, pseud,£1ainville, 5.11., New York, Columbia University press, 1945, 238 pp.: John D. Willard, “Libraries and rural adult education.” Adult education Elli fly: librar , v.4, pp. 3-11, January, 1939. CHAPTER II BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The Michigan County Library Project grew out of the expressed need of the County Librarians Section of the Hichigan Library Association. This group has been meeting regularly twice a year since 1941 to deal with the problems of their daily work which do not seem to be similar to those en- countered by the other sections of the Association. Out of these semi-annual meetings a close knit, hard working group has evolved. At various times this group has considered its library processes of book distribution; it has had a continuing concern and interest in mobile equipment for libraries in rural areas: it has studied.and deliberated on the problem of the relation of the school and the library. Each subject has been viewed from the standpoint of specialists in the field who were invited to participate and with.much study and investigation on the part of committees of librarians themselves. Increasingly a desire was felt which came to be expressed in the group for more knowledge about the areas where their libraries were situated and about the peoplo whom they were intended to serve. Some attention was focused upon this need as early as February 1945 when Dr. Charles P. Loomis, Head of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology of Michigan State College, was invited to be the evening speaker at one of the section meetings. His discussion of visiting patterns, and the channels of communication by which news travels and opinion is formed, created.much interest and his suggestion that possibly at some future dateliis department might find it possible to make e.pilot study of a Michigan county library was remembered. The next attempt the librarians made to acquaint themselves with rural -8- sociology was in the fall of l9b5 when they invited Dr. William McKinley Robinson of Western Michigan College of Education to discuss the sociological implications of education both through schools and through libraries for rural areas. Simultaneously with this and other projects: the librarians had been studying techniques of public relations and the part which they could.play in the experimental pregram of Adult Education established by the lichigan State legislature in 19““. Mr. Don Phillips of the Adult Edu- cation office at Michigan State College was consulted on various occasions and gave assistance in innumerable ways to the librarians' study of school libraries and otherprojects which they had in mind. At the February meeting in.l9h6. the members of the County Library Section decided that two day institutes did not give a long enough period to analyse to any great extent the many problems which they found. The county librarians felt that a refresher course or workshop. similar to those which the State Library and the State Board of Vocational Education.provided for the village librarians, was what was needed. However, the subject matter was not to be a refresher course in library techniques, but rather was to deal with the use of those library techniques in the most efficient manner in order to promote their maJor objective: the deveIOpment and spread of a thinking, reading group of citizens in their respective counties. As a be- ginning they decided that a course covering the field of rural sociology was needed. A.workshop committee was appointed which approached Mr. Phillips with their idea. He was interested and agreed to cooperate by providing the funds and direction for such a workshop. When Dr. Loomis was approached -9... with the request to furnish such a staff the librarians discovered that not only was he willing and ready to cooperate but he had already assigned a graduate assistant, working for his doctor‘s degree, to make a study of a county and a county library in Michigan. The first workshop of the County Librarians was held at Clear Lake near Battle Creek in Jpne, 1946. The librarians' objectives were to learn some rural sociology and to acquire some new techniques in recreation leader— ship. Thernain objective of the sociologists, anthropologists, and social psychologists was not to teach a brief survey course in rural sociology but to determine what were actually the librarians! greatest problems, what part sociological disciplines could play in their solution and to offer their services for that end. The workshop group attempted to clarify their think- ing and to lay out a group of objectives for county libraries. They sought to identify the problems they found in meeting those objectives and to indi— cate in some detail where and how sociology and sociological research could help and where the librarians had the necessary techniques among their own group to solve those problems. The workshop finished with a well organized plan of procedure for the coming year.8 First, it was decided, that a.pilot study would be conducted by the graduate assistant in sociology under the direction of a staff member of the Michigan State College department of sociology and anthropolOgy and was to include such phases as social aspects, sociometry, trade area delineation, attitude toward the library, use of the library, characteristics of the pop- ulation, and the socio-psyChological phases of the people in the area which 8 For a brief report and analysis see: Edgar A. Schuler, “A workshop that worked", Extension ggrvice review, v. 17, no. 10, pp. 134-135, Oct., 1946. -9... with the request to furnish such a staff the librarians discovered that not only was he willing and ready to cooperate but he had already assigned a graduate assistant, working for his doctor's degree, to make a study of a county and a county library in Michigan. The first workshop of the County Librarians was held at Clear Lake near Battle Creek in Jpne, 1946. The librarians' objectives were to learn some rural sociology and to acquire some new techniques in recreation leader— ship. Thelnain objective of the sociolOgists. anthropologists, and social psychologists was not to teach a brief survey course in rural sociology but to determine what were actually the librarians' greatest problems, what part sociological disciplines could play in their solution and to offer their services for that end. The workshop group attempted to clarify their think— ing and to lay out a group of objectives for county libraries. They sought to identify the problems they found in meeting those objectives and to indi— cate in some detail where and how sociology and sociological research could help and where the librarians had the necessary techniques among their own group to solve those problems. The workshop finished with a well organized plan of procedure for the coming year.8 First, it was decided, that a.pilot study would be conducted by the graduate assistant in sociology under the direction of a staff member of the Michigan State College department of sociology and anthropolog; and was to include such phases as social aspects, sociometry, trade area delineation, attitude toward the library, use of the library, characteristics of the pop- ulation, and the socio-psychological phases of the people in the area which 8VF‘or a brief report and analysis see: Edgar A. Schuler, WA workshop that worked", Extension ggrvice review, v. 17, no. 10, pp. 134-135, Oct., 1946. -10.. might condition library use. The County Librarians indicated three types of counties in which they would like to have such a survey conducted. 1. A rural county like Branch, Van Buren, or Lenawee. 2. A.metr0politan county with an industrial fringe pepulation like Genesee, Kent or Muskegon. 3. A sub-marginal county in the northern two- thirds of the state, Menominee, Wexford or Gladwin. Lenswee was chosen as the first county to be surveyed and work was begun there in the summer of l9u6. But this was not enough. The County Library Section did not want to wait for two years for the final results. The librarians wanted to learn, to take some part in studying their own counties, to have made available to them any and all information which at present was collected about their counties pertinent to their problems. Accordingly.enother section was added to the plan. Que County Librarian was offered a graduate assistantship to work toward s.naster's degree in Rural Sociology and at the same time to help the librarians learn what they could about their own counties. For this project the librarians again set up three goals which they wanted accomplished. 1. A.study of the library users in the counties: Who are they? Where do they live? What do they read? 2. A method of community delineation which would be simple enough for them to use and.which would be of’assistance in locating branches or bookmobile stops. - 11 - 3. A study of leadership which would be applicable to libraries. Since this had started in a cOOperative fashion with the librarians and the sociologists working out the plans together, it was apparent that the groundwork for continuing seeperative direction had been laid. A committee called the "Survey Committee" was appointed before the workshop closed. This committee was composed of the Chairman of the County Library Section. five county librarians, Dr. Loomis, the director of“the studies for the Sociology Department, Dr. Judson T. Landis of the same department later replaced by Dr. Edgar A. Schuler whenlie Joined the department in the fall of 19b6 and Mr. Don Phillips, the Director of the Adult Education pro- gram, and Mr. Irving Lieberman of the Hichigan State library staff. One of the County Librarians, Margaret Murnmn from the Kent County Library, was approved as the graduate assistant and the program began. Throughout the whole year the Survey Committee spent considerable time in directing this work. They acted as a direct channel for communica— tions concerning the projects and evaluating their usefulness to the pro- posed goals. i'he final result of the study, 800 interviews from a possible total of approximately 35,105 persons, is not an impressive sample. Any generali- sations from such a small sample must necessarily be wary and guarded. But from the value to the individual librarian in what each has learned of scientific method, procedures, and ways of viewing situations, it seems clear that this 800 has Justified its purpose. One cannot say conclusively that the peOple who use Michigan County Libraries do this or that, but the trends are clearly indicated. -12- If this study had been done as most studies for graduate degrees are, by the graduate assistant only, with the times, places, and methods of interviewing very closely defined and adhered tq and without the possibility for misinterpretation of questions by many interviewers,one might consider the results to be a more reliable and authentic. However, this was a c00perative project. .At each step of the study the plan was approximately as follows: The Survey Committee was presented with the projected schedule or checklist and worked over it, changing.and adding, or subtracting, as they felt it necessary for the best results. All the County Librarians were then given an opportunity to practice or try out the schedule.and to send back their criticism. The fall l9h6 and spring, 19“? sessions of the County Library Section were devoted in considerable part to the survey: the County Librarians decided what type of branch should be studied (since it was im- possible to study the whole county) and the time when the study should be made.. At these sessions methods of interviewing were learned, although. with so large an area,much of this training was done by means of letters. Part of these sessions too, were devoted to the presentation of results. The librarians helped with analysis of them and by discussion indicated the next steps in the pragram. This method of’procedure afforded an Opportunity to each librarian to take part in the study, and to gain in a practical situation, some of the information desired. They were able to become familar with the sociologists' techniques of study and analysis, and, at the same time, to objectively view one branch library and to compare it with others in the state. - 13 - The growth in understanding on the part of the librarians which this method of procedure afforded is one of the important outcomes of the study as will be shown by their own evaluations later in this report. PART TWO METHODOLOGY CHAPTER III THE LIBRARY USERS STUDY In many parts of the country, county librarians have felt that they are filling only the surface needs of their library patrons. The Michigan county librarians formulated specific areas about which they wished more information for the purpose of using this information as a yardstick against which to measure their progress. The first statistical attempt to gather that information is presented here in hopes that the questions, the schedules, and the methods of administering them may be of value to the librarians else- where, and that it may thus be made accessible to Michigan Librarians for continued'use. Librarians in libraries comparatively small in size of book collection and sometimes in pepulation to be served, but spread geographically over an area of five to eight hundred square miles, found many new problems. One question,which recurred again and again during county library meetings,was : Ihat effect does the administrative system and distribution method of a county library have on the reading tastes and habits of the pOpulation to be served? Through census statistics it could rather quickly be determined what the characteristics of the pepulation were, the density of pepulation, age groupings, occupations and nationality groups present in each county. This might seem to be sufficient, but, in order to use this information in the most efficient manner, it was necessary to know in what ways if any, the people who use the library differ from the whole county pepulation. The librarians felt that the work as done at present was reaching but a small percent of the people and they wanted to know why. - 15 - The specific questions, then, in which they were interested and for which the sdhedule was designed might be enumerated as: 1. 2. 3. 10. The age, sex, marital, and occupational status of the user. The location of his residence, in town, or open country and its distance from the library. The number of’people available to use a book once it is in a home. The nationality or regional background and familiarity with foreign languages of the library user. Education. Habits of library usage, frequency of visits, use of reading room, reference material and librarian's services. Leadership traits as exemplified by club participation and office holding. Reading interests, general and particular, and interest in use of other types of library materials. Other sources for obtaining reading matter than the library. The type of books actually read and Opinion of the ones most recently read. The following criteria for the library users schedule were established (for a sample of the schedules under discussion see Appendix A): 1. 2. It should be a questionnaire which would be useable by a librarian, not only immediately, but anytime in the future that the librarian felt the need of gathering this type of material. It should be in a form which could be administered by the county librarian herself, since it was felt that one of the benefits which this particular study would be able to give to one who used it was the objective familiarity with the situation in one of her own branches. -15- 3. In some cases the results might be no more than a disciplined systematic analysis of materials already vaguely known to the local librarian, if not to the county librarian. lb. The schedule was to be devised to be taken during an average period of usage. 5. The use of this with all patrons for a week would not indicate all the types of persons who might at one time or another use the library, but the books which circulated that week might be expected to indicate what types were being read. Ho high correlation between the type of books read and the expressed reading desires of persons has ever been found9. One reason for this is that the types of books read depends on the availability of readable books in the desired fieldlo. In building a libraryls‘ book collection the reading interest of its patrons is important. This survey asked the library user what types of read- ing he liked. And, to see what correlation there was between his expressed interest and his reading, part two of the schedule asked specifically what books the library user returned and what reaction he had to them. In order to determine the reliability of a patron's expressed interest in a type of book a study would have to be made over a period of time suchas the one Chandler made of Prince Edward Island”, or Chancellor's analysis of reading in the TVA area”. This was not the purpose of the present study but it was gDouglas Waples. "Relation of subject interest to actual reading," Library ggggterly, v. 2 (1932) u2-7o. For a method of determining reading interests see: Douglas Naples. What peeple want to read about; a gaudy-_gf my interests and a survey of problems in adult readigg. Chicago. University of Chicago press, 1931, 110-121. jar-Henry B. Chandler and John T. Croteau. A regional libragy a__n_d it; readers; _a_ study _o_f_ five years 2; rural reading. American association for adult education. 1940. 2 John Chancellor. Libragz in the .TE,V,A. adult education program.Chicago, American library association, 1937. - 17 - hoped that in the light of the findings, a librarian could re-evaluate the adequacy of the book collection from the viewpoint of the patron. Such studies as those by Lorge13, Fleschlu, Edgels, Jackman16 , or Foster17 would help to analyze the readability of the books and their suitability to the expressed interests of the peOple. Of course, the final important decision which.must rest with the individual librarian is whether her collection should be assembled entirely with a view to meeting the expressed interest of the patrons, or whether she should depend onihe tendency to read.what is available to help in broadening or deepening their reading range. In rural areas the logical trade centers and the direction of traffic flow are important considerations for library administration for if the books are to be read they must be available at the location where peOple normally go. The questions about location of residence were included to show from what distance people actually came to the libraries. Further delineation of the areas would be required to indicate whether these are reasonable area baininiesin the respective localities. The preceding discussion has shown the purpose of the library users 1? Irving Lorge, ”Predicting readability,” Teacher's ggllege recogd‘ Rudolf Ilesch, Marks 2;.2 readable style: 3’stugy i3 adult educationI new York, Columbia University press, 1943. 15 Sigmd A. Edge, Bodks for selfeeducatign, Chicago, American library azsociation, 1938, 70, 73:80. 1 Mable E. Jackman, ”The relationship between maturity of content and simplicity of style in selected books of fiction,‘I Library,quarterlz, v.11, (1938). pp. 302-327. 7 Jeanette Foster, ”An approach to fiction through its readers,‘ Libzagy, quarterly, v. 6 (1936), pp. 121L474. -18- and book selection schedules and what information could be procured by using them in a library study. The time limits and the location of the branches to be studied were determined at a meeting of all the county librarians concerned. These limits were set by the necessity of finding a convenient period of time which all could use simultaneously and which would not be too long for a.busy librarian to handle. Taken individually the branches chosen were not always the one most typical.of the county library system but they were limited in selection by the necessity of conforming to a state pattern. All the librarians present at the meeting listed their branches, the number of hours each was open, and the number of books in each. These were assembled and analyzed. An attempt was made to pick a branch for each county which would be representative and at the same‘time comparable to the other counties. The librarians decided that the survey should.be made during the first two weeks of December, l9h6. The agency chosen igheach case was to have a reguhar attendant for the hours which it was Open. Each was to be Open as close to twelve hours a.week as possible and to have as close to the number of twelve hundred books as possible. A11_psrsons who came into the library during twelve consecutive library hours during those first two weeks in December were to be interviewed by the county librarian. At least thirty peOple were to be interviewed. These criteria as was previously stated were selected to give uni- formity to the state-wide study, and the adequate picture of an individual branch would of course necessitate a greater number of schedules being taken. - 19 - The instructions to the librarian administering the schedule, and those to the attendant in the agency where it was administered and cOpies of the questionnaires themselves are included in Appendix A. These in- structions were clear and easily followed by the librarians. It is necessary to emphasise here that if one were studying a single library rather than as part of a larger total the sample would need to be larger to be representative. The minimum sample which would achieve this would be a continuous survey dur- ing the whole time the library was Open for at least two weeks, and an inter- view with at least fifty peeple. In those libraries which did not have thirty patrons in the twelve hours designated the County Librarian continued interviewing for a longer period until thirty interviews were obtained. The discovery of the small amount of trade during the library hours gave the County Librarian information which could.be utilised in making adjustments in the branch.program, This was one of the immediate results of the survey. CHAPTER IV. THE LIBRARY AGENCY QUESTIONNAIRE AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LIBRARY ATTENDANT For a number of years the Michigan State Library and the State Board of Control for Vocational Education have been running a series of joint work- shops which are in-service training programs for small town and village librarians and for the branch attendants of county libraries who have not had library school training. These workshops are run in conjunction.with the state certification program for librarians and are one of the most effective means of raising the quality of Michigan libraries. The certificate qualifications should serve as a base in any study of librarians or library attendants in Michigan. First grade certificate: Graduation from a high school and two years experiénce in a library approved by the state board for libraries, or graduated from a high school and successful completion of two library voca- tional workshops accredited by the state board for libraries within three years after appointment. Validity - such certificate shall be valid for two years from date of issue and may be renewed annually upon submission of evidence of successful work during the period fer which the certificate was issued. Second_grade certificate: Successful completion of two 'full years at college or university approved by an accredited association of more than statedwide stand- ing, and two years experience in a library approved by the state board for libraries. Or, successful completion of two full years at a college 3? university approved by an accrediting association of more than stateswide standing, or equivalent education supplemented by the successful completion of two library vocational workshops within three years after appointment. -21.. Validity - Such certificate shall be valid for two years and may be renewed biennially upon submission of evidence. It may be renewed by successful comple- tion of one of the following: (1) One library vocational workshop, or its equiva- lent in a library internship. (2) Summer courses at summer school, or (3) Library courses in correspondence or extension work. Third grade certificate: Graduation from a college or university approved by an accrediting association of more than state-wide standing, including or supplemented by one full year of training at a library school accredited by the American Library Association. Validity - shall continue in force for theLlife of the holder. Fourthtgrade certificate: Same as third with.two years experience in a library approved by the state board for libraries in addition. rifthggrade certificates: Same as third but adding not less than four years experience. Certification forgpositions held on July 1, 1992: W.P.A. Workers retained by their local library boards in the positions they held on July 1, l9b2 shall be issued certificates for the positions held on that date ....... . All persons holding library positions on July 1,219U2 will be urged to attend workshops, as a.part of in- service training. Certification credit toward a graded certificate will not be given unless the applicant has the educational requirements1 . These certification requirements state the minimum qualifications of a librarian but the Michigan librarians in studying the ‘results of the survey of the library users, felt, almost unanimously, that the survey could be evaluated more satisfactorily if more information were available about the agency and attendant. Waste aid 33 libraries and the certification 9;; mblic librarians rules and regulations. Lansing, Michigan state boardbr libraries, 19%, pp. 5:9- -22... Accordingly the short questionnaire entitled "Questionnaire on library agency and library attendant in which library users study is made” (see sample in Appendix.A) was devised and sent out for reply in April, l9h7. This questionnaire is built in two sections. The first, to be filled out by the county librarian, attempted to obtain an objective picture of the functioning of a branch library. It can be used as a checklist of a library's physical resources at any time. The first part seeks objective data which would enable a librarian at headquarters to know the population of the community the branch serves, the number and ago; ~ of youngsters the branch must provide for, the hours it is Open. The librarians would find it helpful in connection.with the questionnaire to check with other business places in the town as to the hours of their peak business, and to compare those with the hours of the branch's Opening. The amount of circulation is almost always used as an index to the success of a branch, but it is a.well known fact that this alone does not determine the importance of a library in a community as the library gives reference and general information service and provides a center for meeting and for reading. Circulation statistics compared with the size of book collection offers an indication as to whether or not the books could be more fully utilized. The American Library Association worked out standards on the turn-over of books in a libraryzwhich can be used as a base for this purpose.19 19Cloiarion L. Mosier and Helena S. Lefevre, Small Public Library; organiza- tion, administration, service, Chicago, American Idbrary.Association, 1942, p. 18. Minimum standards in matters of library facilities, books, registra- tion, circulation and income are given for cities and towns of various sizes. -23.. The magazines accessible in each specific library surveyed were requested as an indication of what the librarian believed to be community interests. The second division of the questionnaire was the county librarians' evaluation of the attendant and the library. This was, of course, highly subjective. Its main significance was in channeling the librarians' thought toward specific points which were known to be tributary to a well rounded library service. It was thought that the items reviewed point by point, as criteria for evaluation and possibly discussed with the local committee and the attendant would focus attention on desirable changes in the branch. The second section of the questionnaire was to be filled out by the library attendant, the personal data necessary both to placing an individual in a state-wide study and to a person attempting to learnsbout the functioning of one unit was requested. The two questions about the length of residence in community and the length of time served as library attendant were asked on the assumption that a person with a record of some rather lengthy period of residence in the locality will be more at home with the peOpleuind.perhaps able to render library service in a personal way. In addition,the familiarity of the librarian with the problems, needs, social psychological factors of life in that community would help her to interpret the needs of her branch to head- quarters when she worked with the county librarians in planning the program and in selecting books for the branch. There is agreat deal of evidence from several studies which indicate that the people whose Opinion is most highly valued are not always the ones -214- with the largest record of club participation or the obvious position of leaderzo. But, nevertheless, it appeared to be anaccepted concept among the librarians that organizational participation and office holding indicated leadership to some degree21. This, was what prompted the inclusion of the questions on club participation. The librarians believed that promotion of reading and.library service was best done by persons already well known in an informal way to the group concerned. For this reason they were interested in the attendant's club participation. Naturally the library administrators did not expect their staff members to do what they themselves knew was impossible, that is, to read all the books in the collection. But they did feel that along with the qualifi- cations of being a well liked person, interested in peOple and their problems, the ideal library attendant was the one who had a lively curiosity about books and a critical sense of evaluation. For this reason questions on book and magazine reading were included. The question on staff meetings was in- serted by the graduate assistant but the answers received indicatsthat many of the librarians do not hold them. The information on the workshOp is something which each individual county librarian had available and was needed only for the state-wide study. 20For an excellent discussion of leadership in today's society see: Thomas North Whitehead, Leadership ig_g,free society; ggstudz ig_human relations based og.gg analysis g£_present day industrial civilization, Cambridge, Harvard University press, 1937. PP. 68-92. 21Arensberg illustrates this in the following quotation: "Silent as this shrewd old man is, his is the central position in the group. Comments and questions are phrased through him, He takes the pro-offered verbal bit and passes it on among the others, and when agreement is finally reached, it is his quiet 'so be it' that settles the point for good." Conrad.I; Arnesbsrg, Irish countgzgan, London, MacMillan, 1937. PP. 131. - 25 - The last question is highly subjective but was included so that the county librarian oould.check her own plans against what the library attendant felt to be the greatest needs. By this evaluating both she could adapt her plans to the needs, interests and abilities of the attendant. These questionnaires were sent to the county librarians who took them to the branch attendants. This was an example of a quick spot study which would have immediate significance even if the complete study could not be undertaken. CHAPTER V THE WIDER.VIEW OF THE LIBRARY Libraries like other institutions in society have status and responsibilities. Because libraries are directly connected with.the people, their service areas are most logically based on community lines. People live in communities with areas varied in shape and with boundaries which do not coincide with the boundaries of governmental units. In Michigan these governmental units are villages, townships, and counties; a trend has begun in school districts, health units, hospital areas, and land use planning divisions to fit the institution to the peOples' natural community area even where such a.unit would cover sections of several governmental divisions. The librarians were interested in locating library branches and stations in the center of natural papulation grouping and in placing book- mobile steps where the flow of traffic was most favorable. The problem of traffic flow, of why people go one place and not another is very closely connected with socio—pyschological factors of be- havior, and leads directly into a study of informal clique and neighborhood association patterns22. To some extent the librarians realized this and in asking for help in outlining their communities also asked for help in study- ing leadership and association patterns. 22 Two studies by Charles P. Loomis are of value here; one of informal visiting groups in Charles county, Maryland and one of life in a Spanish American village, El Cerrito, new Mexico. They are found in: Loomis, Charles R. Studies ig_rural gpcia;_organizatigg’in.£hg_ggitgg Stateg‘_ Latin America ggd.Germagy. Michigan State College book store, East Lansing, 1945. pp. 151-171 and 265-338. -27.. Since a beginning had to be made somewhere and since the delineation of the geographical outlines of community boundaries seemed to be the one most readily understood, the Survey Committee decided that this delineation should be done first, and that informal group association patterns could be studied later. It must be remembered that, as in the other sections of the study, part of the problem was to reduce the process of community delineation to a technique which a librarian could.apply, and analyze by herself in any part of the county where she felt it was necessary. ”Community" is a word with many connotations to many different people23. Sociologically a rural community is a group or aggregation of people living fairly close together who associate in many of their common human interests. These interests and needs include education, recreation, economic outlets, and social and religious functions. From a more specifically geographic viewpoint it might be said that it is the area in which people have a sense of mutual interest and to which they hare a feeling of responsi- bility. This community usually takes the form of a village and the surround- ing countryside papulation. The rural community differs from the neighborhood in that it performs most of'tbm services and fills most of the needs of the peeple rather than being centered around Just one activity such as a school or a church. For the purpose of this library delineation the town where the branch was located was used as the community center and an attempt was made to outline in an accurate manner the area from which the peOple of the country- side looked to that center as a source of supply for their needszu. 23 For a rather complete discussion of the rural community see: Dwight Sanderson. Rural sociology and rural_§ggrg organization. Viley, 19h2, pp. 27h-283. Also: John F. Thaden and than Mumford. High school communities 124Michigan. Michigan State Agricultural Experiment Station, Ezecial bulletin, 289, 1938, pp. 3-5. See Appendix A for samples of the materials which were used for -28.. The 19“? spring institute of the County Librarians devoted one session to a discussion of the theoretical aspects of community delinea- tion by Dr. John F. Thaden. The Survey Committee decided to make the cooperative study of delineation as practical and specific as possible, even at the risk of losing sight of some of the socio-psychological aspects of this problem. Accordingly, from Dr. Thaden's talk, an. out- line of the concepts which would need to be understood by the librarian and a definite system of procedure was develOpedzs. This outline "Steps in Community Delineation" was sent to each county librarian. (See Appendix A) "A checklist to assist in the study of communities to be delineated with reference to library service” was made. Upon examination of the check- list it wdll be noted that certain items are included with a notation that they are not essential information for the community delineation. This checklist was deliberately expanded into a simplified community survey in order to aid the County Librarians in their efforts to obtain all the in- formation possible about one area of the county in which their library was located. The application of this information, which the librarians gathered, was made during the 19h? County Librarians' workshop at St. Mary‘s lake camp. At that time, Dr. Thaden assisted the librarians in plotting on county maps26 the outline of the trade area of the community in which they 2Tl'or variations and differences in this method these two articles are recommended. United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, Washington. Commugfigfiiggnd neighborhood§_ig_land use planning. U. 8. Government Printing Office, 1940, pp.-36. Dwight Sanderson. Locatigg 3h; rural community. New York. Cornell University New York State College of Agricultural Extension Bulletin #13, 1939. p.8-12. 25The planning maps put out by the Michigan Highway Planning Commission were used. These can be obtained in the correct scale. They are particularly desirable because they have located on them, the houses, churches, schools, and other buildings on sash road. -29- took the survey. The librarians' discussion about their experiences in attempting to use the materials which had been given them for community delineation led to changes and amplifications of the directions”. It will be noted that some questions on neighborhoods were included in the material. These were intended to help in locating the smaller informal groupings contained in the community. However, this delineation method was primarily designed to discover the resources of each branch library community and to give an indication of its boundaries. From this infor- mation it was possible, by e.mathematical formula, to estimate the number of people in the community and thus the maximum number a specific branch should be expected to serve. To find the number of people included in a community area after the boundaries were determined. the U. S. Census data and the Midnigan Highway Planning Commission maps showing the distribution of the pOpula- tion. were used. These directions were compiled for the use of the county librarians with the help of Dr. Thaden. 1. Determine what pr0portion of each township in the community lies within its boundary. Some townships may be wholly in one community area and some may be divided among three or four. 2. From the total pOpulation of each township involved subtract the papulation of any in- corporated villages or cities. 3. Divide the remaining population of the town— ship by the proportion of it which lies with- in the community, i.e. one-half, one-third or one-fourth. 27 These additional directions for the "Steps in Community Delineations'I will be found in Appendix A. - 30 - 4. Add to this figure the population of any villages in the township which are included in the area of the community. This will give the pOpulation of the section of one township in the community. 5. Repeat this for each township concerned. The total of these figures is the approximate population of the community. This formula is illustrated in the next chapter. CHAPTER VI THE SPOTLIGHT ON ONE BRANCH This complete battery'of'survey material28 was designed to help any county Librarian, who took the time to make the study of a branch, deter— mine answers to definite questions: What types of people use this branch? What are their characteristics? What are their interests? What books have they been reading? What other materials are they interested in having offered them? Prom what direction and distances do the peOple come to this branch? What are the business places and industries in town that might influence the interests of the people? What recreation facilities are there to compete with the library? What is the librarian like? How does she fit into the community? What does she feel the library can do as a force in the town? What are her reading interests? In order to illustrate how well the set of materials deve10ped, accomplished this purpose, all information available from the study about one community was assembled from the schedules of the county librarian. The community selected for the illustration was Carleton in the northeast corner of Monroe county about twenty-five miles southwest of Detroit. This village was chosen because the characteristics points of its service, such as book 28The materials included in the set were: l."The checklist to assist in the study of communities to be delineated with reference to library service.” 2. ”Steps in delineation of community boundaries.“ 3. General highway planning commission map of Monroe county. h. Library users schedule parts I and II. 5. "Questionnaire on library agency and library attendant in which library users study is made.“ 6. ”Library agency summary." _ 32 - circulation, physical equipment in the library, character of attendants, etc. were typical of a large number of the county library branches. “The checklist to assist in the study of communities to be delineated with reference to library service" (see Appendix A for sample) was completed by the Monroe County Librarian and furnished a description of the village. At the time of the study Carleton was a town of 86h persons. The stores appeared to be well managed and prosperous. There were no vacant buildings in the business area and the town'was moderately well off. It had a bank, a post office,and a railroad depot. There was a dairy, a general store, three grocery stores and one meat market. While the village had only one garage, there were two blacksmith shape and five gas stations. There were two doctor's offices, and a drug store although the town was without a dentist. Two beauty parlors and two barber shops, a five and ten, and a furniture store were added attrac- tions for rural shappers. A hotel, two restaurants and three taverns provided refreshments. The two hardware stores were better stocked than those in near- by larger towns. The three most important industries were the grain elevator and mill, a chicken hatchery, and the lumber yard. There was also a tree nusery. Transportation and communication facilities could have been improved. The railroad station served three roads but it gave only freight service. There was no bus line through the town. WWJ in Detroit was the most papular radio station. .A weekly newspaper was published locally but it was read only for local news. The Monroe Evening News or the Detroit Free Press were relied upon for editorials and news coverage. The Branch of the Monroe County Library was Open fifteen hours a week, had about 1800 books and circulated approximate- ly sixty a day. In addition, the drug store sold magazines and pocket books -33.. of rather cheap quality. The five and ten handled pocket books and children's books of average quality. The school had over 200 in the grades and between 100 and 300 in the High School. It was accredited by the university of Michigan and offered home economics and vocational agriculture29. Many of the students came by bus from the neighboring areas. In addition there was a Catholic parochial school for the first eight grades. Carleton had four churches, the Methodist, Catholic, Evangelical Uhited Brethern, and Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints. The first three all had resident clergymen. The Catholic was largest with a membership of 300, the Methodist, next with 100, and.the United Brethern third with 55. The Catholics maintained a.parochial day school for their children and the Methodists provided a summer Bible school. Carleton was well supplied with secular organizations. (See Table I) TABLE I ORGANIZATIONS IN CARLETON GROUPED.ACCQRDING TO INFLUENCE AND SIZE30 Rotary : Service club : Much influence in community : 40 members Sunshine :Methodist Church:Some influence in community : 20 members Society :group : : z z : Ladies Aid :Uhited Brethern :Some influence in community : 15 members :Church : : 100! :Service Club :Some influence in community : 20 members : . Boy Scouts and Campfire girls. Both have much influence in community. About #0 and 35 members. A _— 25This information is from the Questionnaire. According to the latest list from the Department of Public Instruction neither agriculture or home ecomonics are offered. 30The evaluation of these organizations was made by the Monroe County Librarian _3u- The recreation facilities were limited to an excellent ball park and an average bowling alley. There were no dancing places for teen agers, and no movie house. There was a public tennis court but it was not in usable condition. Of the facilities available the ball park was by far the most popular. The map (Fig. 1) illustrates the type of community area delineation which was obtained by the librarians through the use of the "Steps in community delineation" and the "Checklist....". The small dots on the map indicate the location of the homes of the open country library users who were interviewed by the Monroe County Library in Carleton for the survey. The heavy unbroken line encloses the area of the Carleton community as determined by delineation of the community boundaries. The broken line outlines the area which the Carleton merchants, who were interviewed, claimed as the trading area of Carleton. This comparison clearly shows how a community tends to over-reach its natural or reasonable limits. The population of the Carleton community was found to be approxi- mately 3,029 persons when it was determined by the formula given in the preceding chapter (see Table II). -35.. TABLE II POPULATION OF THE CARLETON COMMUNITY Ash township.......................... ..... 2,679 Carleton village.................. - 86h 1.815 2/3 of Ash township is in Carleton COMMi-tYOOOOOO.00.000000000000000009.000.001.210 Eleter tOVthlP.........o.ooo.............. 1,785 1/3 of Exeter township is in Carleton community..............0................. 595 Wayne county about three square miles are in Carleton community................................ 360 Village Of carleton.......OOOOOOOOOOCOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOI... 89+ Total population of Carleton community area.......3,029 The tables of findings which follow were based on comparisons of the library users with the entire county population according to the 1940 census. These figures were used because more extensive information was obtainable than for rural pepulation alone. Counties which are exclusive- ly rural would find the census figures satisfactory as a comparative base without change. However. many counties. such as Monroe, have urban sections. In these, the county library supplies books primarily to the rural segments. In such cases it would be necessary to allow for the probable error in pop- ulation comparisons which wmuld result from comparing a rural sample with a ruraldurban one31. 51 This allowance was made for the state-wide sample where either the rural census figures were used or notations were made of the probable variations. The number of schedules for Monroe county is too small to be statistically significant alone. Therefore, this chapter was intended only as an illus- tration of the types of information which the study could give a librarian who wished to survey one particular library community. For this reason the -36- \ I, \ 1’ \ z \ I \ W \ MTAOCK I! \ 5x: ". . MW in tomoaw c - , I I e . ...; ‘ l' ' an? m an _T”_ ”,1: F..J I W” 5 ' [I L—fi fl MIS 14 f ENC” L -\’,\\\ __T J “~ xx ’ - "” of» a [ luau “’ SUM R~: IDA / lag _ ~_ __ mm moi at so , : MCWFOE m a"; _i (OLWfY M ' Delineated trade area I— l Merchants' estimated trade area on... 11g. 1 CMARISOI 0’ M cum COBB-{UNITY O! CARIJTOI. scram count. MIMI!) TERTIARY, 19”. AND TRAN Am 0’ WI ESTIMATE 3! m FIRMS - 37 - This comparison of the characteristics of the library users with the total county pepulation revealed many significant differences. The sex ratio for the county was 108 and for the library users it was 15. (See Tables III and IV). TABLE III SEX COMPOSITIONS OF MONROE COUNTY LIBRARY, CARLETON BRANCH USERS: DECEMBER 19h6. AND TOTAL COUNTY POPULATION 19uo : Total Number 8 Percent Males t : County : 30,423 : 51.0 Library users : b g 13.4 Females : 2 County : 28,197 : “9.0 Library users : 26 : 86.6 TABLE IV SEX RATIO OF MONROE COUNTY LIBRARY CARLETON BRANCH USERS; DECEMBER 1946. AND COMPARABLE COUNTY POPULATION 19#O. Monroe county Library Users O. O... 108 15 The age range of library users is graphically illustrated by Fig. 2. The largest number of library users were between the ages of ten and nine- teen, 46 percent, but only 19.2 percent of the total pepulation of Monroe county fell in this age group. The data on employment (see Table V) offered an interesting compari- son between library users and Monroe county residents. While only eight -37a- Percentage so (-—- Library Users 30 20 i c“\‘ \ County opulation 10 a L O 10 r Years of age County 18.6 19.3 15.9 lb.) 12.0 9.5 6.3 l-I>.l Library Users 10.0 #6.? 10.0 10.0 ‘13.0 o 10.0 0 Fig. 2 P37 CENTAGE DISTRIBUTION BY YEARS 0? ACE? OF 30 M71203 COUNTY, CARLETON LIEARY BRANCH USERS. DT‘CE'BE’R. 19b6, AND THE TOTAL ems POPULATIOIJQL‘O COUNTY - 38 - percent of the population of Monroe county over fourteen were students. 27.3 percent of the library users over sixteen fell in this category. The employed group made up 42.9 percent of the total pOpulation over fourteen, but, of those who used the library, age sixteen and over, only 18.2 percent were employed. Table VI shows the occupational distribution of the persons who w ere employed . TABLE V EMPLOYMENT DISTRIBUTION or MONROE COUNTY CARLETON BRANCH LIBRARY USERS, SURVEYED DECEMBER 1946 AND TOTAL COUNTY POPULATION, 1940 ; Monroe County Library Users : : Over 14 : 16 and over : Number : Percent : Number : Percent : z x : Students : 3,452 :. 8.0 : 6 : 27.3 Housewives 113,201 : 30.7 8 10 : 45.4 Employed :18,490 : 42.9 : 4 : 18.2 unemployed : 1,637 : 3.8 x O : 0 Other : 6,295 2 14.6 : O : 0 No information : - z - : 2 : .1 Total 343,075 : 100.0 3 22 : 100.0 : z x : TABLE VI OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF MONROE COUNTY CARLETON BRANCH LIBRARY USERS SURVEYEUDECEMBER 1946 AND TOTAL COUNTY POPULATION.194C . Monroe county Library Users : Number : Percent : Number 2 Percent : z : : Professional : 899 : 5.5 : 1 z 5.3 Business : 3,240 : 19.8 : l : 5.3 Iarm Operator : 3,050 : 18.7 : 0 : 0 Farm Laborer : 1,021 : 6.3 : 0 : 0 Craftsman : 3,933 : 24.1 : 0 : 0 Non-farm Labor : 2,949 : 18.1 : 1 : 5.3 Service workers : 871 : 5.3 : 5 x 26.3 No information : 361 : 2.2 : 11 : 57.8 Total : 16,325 : 100.0 : l9 : 100.0 : : : : - 39 - 0f the Library Users 38.4 percent over twenty-five had completed highuschool but only 11.1 percent of the total pOpulation over twenty-five had done so. (See Table VII). This means that the group which read had an education of four grades above the median of the county which was 8.1 for males and 8.4 for females according to the census. TABLE VII EDUCATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MONROE COUNTY, CARLETON BRANCH LIBRARY USERS OVER TWENTY-FIVE YEARS OF AGE, DECEMBER 1946 AND COMPARABLE' fCOUNTY7POPULATION'TWENTY-FIVE YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, 1940. Monroe county Library users : over 25 : over 25 I number 3 Percent : Number : Percent : z : x No school years : 744 : 2.3 : O : 0 Grade school 1-4 years : 2415 : 7.6 : 0 : 0 Grade school 5-6 ' : 3685 : 11.6 : O : 0 ' ' completed : 14199 : 44.9 : 4 : 30.8 High school 1~3 years : 4766 : 15.0 : 1 : 7.7 ' ' completed : 3511 : 11.0 : 5 : 38.4 College 1-3 years : 1168 x 3.7 : O : O ' completed : 777 : 2.5 : 1 : 7.7 No information : 421_; 1.3 : 2 : 15.4 Total : 31687 : 100.0 : 13 : 100.0 Carleton branch library was scrutinised through the medium of - the "Questionnaire on the library agency and agency attendant in which the library users study is made.“ From this questionnaire it was found that the librarywwas Open fifteen hours a week; Tuesday, Friday and Saturday after- noons from twelve to five. Table VIII gives the circulation record of the preceding year. -110- TABLE VIII BOOK CIRCULATION OF CARLETON BRANCH LIBRARY FOR THE PAST YEAR Period Adult : Juvenile Per day (average of month preceding) 20 : 19 Per month (month of November, 1946) 268 : 238 37 mag. Per year (1945) O. .0 O. O. O. O. C. O. .0 Adult and Juvenile 7,208 According to the A.L.A. standards32 the book collection should average three books per capita or 2,592 for Carleton. The circulation should be ten per capita or 8,640 per year for Carleton. The book turn— over should be three and one-third times a year. Carleton averaged four. This greater amount can be- attributed to the system of the county library which provided a continuously fresh book stock thus allowing for variety in selection with a small number of books. The library subscribed to six magazines and had three unidentified magazines donated. These are classified by type in Table IX. 32 Helen L. Mosier and Helene S.‘Lefg;re. Small public libragy: organization, administratign, gggzigg,(0hicago. American library association, 1942) p. 18. For a town of less than 10,000 pOpulation there should be three books per capita; for a town of less than 5,000 pOpulation the circulation should be ten books per capita. This means a yearly turnover of three and a half books per capita. ' -41- TABLE IX LIST OF MAGAZINES, BY TYPE, AVAILABLE IN CARLETON BRANCH LIBRARY, MONROE COUNTY LIBRARY, DECEMBER 1946 Class Title News weeklies 1 Newsweek Pictorial 1 Life POpular science & mechanics 1 POpular mechanics Better homes and gardens Good housekeeping House and garden Women and home 3 The County Librarian gave the following evaluation to the component parts of the library unit. The reference collection was considered ex- cellently suited for the needs of the community. The window displayspace available was excellent and its use was satisfactory. Exhibits at local meetings or talks outside the library by the libranytittendant were inade- quate but exhibits inside the library, the children's story hours, and news items in the local paper were all handled effectively. The sign on the building was poor and the library room was too small for its activity and had poor heat and light. The librarian's age was in the range of 55 to 65 years. She had lived in Carleton all her life and knew the community and the people. This fact contributed to her ability to serve the community satisfactorily as librarian. Ever since her appointment two years previously she had regular- ly attended staff meetings. The librarian held a.high school diploma and a first grade library certificate. It was found that she did a considerable -42.. amount of reading which could be considered above the average of the branchlsrjpatrons. Three of the titles which she listed as having recent- ly read were: Crow, The City pf Flint Grows §p_ Fleury, gaith the Root Grahame, Maine Charm §££ygg Her own evaluation of the branch coincided rather closely with that of the county librarian; particularly in the need for better publicity. The Library Users study in Monroe county was undertaken as part of the state-wide study, and the sample obtained while sufficient when com- bined with those of twenty-three other counties is not too representative when taken alone. Consequently this material and the findings from Monroe county were compiled as an example of method of analysis rather than for any conclusive value they might have for Carleton. It was found that approximately one-half of the library users lived within the village limits and about one-half outside the limits. The average distance which those out side lived from the library was four miles. In comparison with the rural county statistics (see Table X) these differences were found. 0f the rural pOpulation of Monroe county 12.2 percent lived in villages,and 88.8 percent in the Open country. On the library sample the situation was reversed and 60 percent lived in the village and only 36.6 percent in the open country. This comparison would indicate that a very high percentage of the open country residents are not being reached by the library service given through this branch library. -43.. TABLE I DISTRIBUTION OF MONROE COUNTY CARLETON BRANCH LIBRARY USERS SURVEYED DECEMBER 1946 BY PLACE OF RESIDENCE AND TOTAL COUNTY POPULATION} 1940 m Library User; : County : Total : Underglé : Over:l6 : Number :Per- : 1 :Per- :NumberzPer- :Number:Per- : :cent : Number :cent : :cent : :cent : : : x : : : : Total Rural :40,142 :100.0: 30 :100.0: 8 :100.0: 22 :100.0 Farm and non-villagea5,6h9 : 88.8: 11 :_36.7: 3 : 38.5: 8 : 36.h Village : u,u92 : 12.2: 18 : 60.0: 5 : 62.5: 13 : 59.1 No information : - : - : l : 3.3: - : - : l : 0.5 : : : : : : : : There were six percent foreign-born residents in the county but none of them were users according to the survey. Since there were no foreign-born represented among the library users the regional background of their origins was examined; 80 percent were born in Michigan, or Indiana, and Illinois and Ohio had the Belt highest number, 6.6 percent. The Middle Atlantic states with 3.3 percent and Minnesota, Iowa and Missouri with 3.5 percent completed the localities represented. In the whole of Monroe county the ethnic groups represented ranked quite differently for library users and for the general population (See Table XI). TABLE XI RANK ORDER OF FIRST FIVE ETHNIC GROUPS REPRESENTED BY MONROE COUNTY CARLETON BRANCH LIBRARY USERS SURVEYED DECEMBER 1946 COMPARED WITH COUNTY POPULATION, I9QO. Monroe Coungz: Library Users Germany Germany Non-French Canada England Poland Scotland Italy Holland Hungary Ireland 0. O. u C. .0 O. O. .0 O. -m- Tuesday and Iriday were apparently the most pOpular library days. This is unusual as Saturday in most cases is the big day for rural people to come to town. In a village like Carleton where the library is Open only three afternoons a week it is the pattern of library usage that becomes important. How often did peOple repeat their visits to the library? The youngsters averaged twice a week and the adults once. There is no way of telling from this survey how this pattern might be changed if the library were to Open more and different hours. But with a two week loan period it was interesting to note that the people still came once a week. Twenty percent Of the people occasionally used other libraries but. only one-half of them borrowed books. One of the most enlightening sections of the interview enumerated the various reasons why the patrons visited the library that particular day. Two-thirds returned backs. Less than one percent intended to read while there. Most Just came to look around and pick out an interesting book but less than one percent intended to get the librarian to help them find that book. NO one intended to use any:reference material. In spite of these intentions, however, the summary of use indicated that five reference ques- tions were asked and answered during the time of the interviewing. These facts are at variance with the accepted concepts of library use. . Library literature and library practice both emphasize the importance of reading space as a part Of library service. Yet it was found here that the reading space available was not used. A helpful librarian is considered an integral part of library work, yet here her experience and knowledge was not being utilized. The branch itself, with small cramped quarters, and poor -us- lighting and heating facilities could have accounted to some extent for the small reference use, lack of reading in the library, and general patterns of patronage. The time of year, three weeks before Christmas, might also have been a contributing factor. The survey showed that one-half of these patrons belonged to no organizations and that only seven or 23 percent held any Office in an organization. What were the reading interests of this community? In Fiction, the peOple sixteen years of age and over liked first romance, then adven- ture and then Westerns. Under sixteen years of age they chose romance, boys and girls, and adventure and animals tied for third choice. The youngsters were not interested in non-fiction but their elders liked best biography.then history and then current affairs. When asked specifically to rank their likes into preferences a slightly different order was found. Among the peOple sixteen and over romance was still first choice with family life and history, second, and adventure, third. Under six- teen.dt was romance for both first and second choice and boys and girls as third choice33. One-third of the peOple would like to use other material than books but they limited their chOice to magazines of which the library 33 For other surveys of communities reading interests see: Denver. University. National Opinion research center. What..where..why..dg people read? High- lights 2f.§;survey made for the American Library association and lZDOOOpera- ting city libraries. Denver.(University of Denver, 1946), William E. 3311. and Francis P. Robinson. ”Role of reading as a life activity in a rural community.” Journal 9: applied psychology v. 26 (1942) 530-542; Ruth M. Strang, Egploration i2 reading patterns (Chicago, University of Chicago press, 1942). - b6 - subscribed to only six and had three additional ones donated. A majority Of the people had special interests about which they read and these are listed in Table XII together with a description of the reader who specified each subject. TABLE XII SPECIAL READING INTERESTS OF MONROE COUNTY CARLETON BRANCH LIBRARY USERS SURVEYED DECEMBER 1946 . Person Interest Man, non-farm laborer, age 30 Outdoor work Business man Local history Student, age 1?, boy Future of machinery Boy, age 9 Dogs and horses Housewife Travel Housewife Sewing Housewife Home making Housewife Interior decorating Girl, age 11 Parties Girl, age 13 Dogs Girl, age 1“ Nurses and girls in college Girl, age 14 History of different people Girl, age 16, student Movie stars Girl, age 16, student Horses Teacher Juvenile delinquency Student, age 16 Animals Student, age 16 Singing Student, age 18 Airplane mechanics While most of the youngsters seemed dependent on the library for the books they read, over half of the adults read books from other sources. (See Table XIII) -u7- lots the remarkably hia preportion of books sent out by book clubs to which 26.7 percent of the borrowers belonged. The clubs represented were: Book of the month club h memberships School book league 2 " 1 l Doubledq dollar book club PeOple's book club TABLE XIII SOURCES PROM WHICH LIBRARY USERS OBTAIN READING MTTER, MONROE COUNTY, CARLETON BRANCH LIBRARY USERS SURVEYED, DECEMER, 1W6 Source :Library user :Library user: Total : Percent‘ :mgr 16 :16 and over : : 8 3 8 3 ' Libraries only : I4. : 3 : 7 : 23.3 Purchased : l : 6 : 7 : 23.3 Borrowed from friend : 0 : 3 x 3 : 10.0 Received as gifts : 0 : 3 : 3 : 10.0 Book clubs : 2 : 6 : 8 : 26.7 No information :_ 3 : 6 : : 30.0 Total 37 sources : 10 : 27 : 37 x 123.3 *Psrcsntages are based on the number of persons responding. Tables for the various sources exceed 100 percent since some persons reported more than one source. There were twenty-nine books returned by the library users during ths week the schednles were taken; and of these sixteen were borrowed by or for, the person who returned them. line were returned by peOple over six- teen years of age which were borrowed for others. Most of this information can be seen more conveniently in Table XIV so only highlights will be pointed out here. The pattern seems to be individual library usage. More than half of the books borrowed were for the borrower and of these 87.1: percent were read completely. Only six books were read by others while the books were out of the library. The readers definitely liked 68 percent of -’+8- the books they read and would recommend these to other people as interesting books. It was noted previously that only a small number of library visitors availed themselves of the services of the librarian. It was found that most of the books were chosen without help or recommendation. One person.picked out a book because of radio advertising. The librarian was asked to assist when books were being selected for someone other than the library visitor. Almost half of the books were taken on her recommendation. Table XIV represents an attempt to classify the books which the library users returned by their subject matter. This classification is based on the types of subjects used in the library users schedule to determine the interests of the reader. The information discussed in this chapter, drawn from the interpre- tation of the responses to the survey schedules and questionnaires, could serve as a base for a course of action which would make this library branch more effective in the community. The following recommendations would seem to be indicated: 1. A concerted effort should be made to attract the persons who are not now using the branch. Specifically: the men, those of foreign ex- traction. the club and community leaders, a large number of the twenty to forty years of age group. 2. The librarians should examine more carefully the teen age use of the library. The county library headquarters gave book service directly to the school to stimulate reading. According to the statistics of this study #6 percent of the library users were in the age group of ten to nineteen. - 49- TABLE II“. Title and why-ct of library books rammed and 0v inions of books .'iven 1y "orn‘oe county (kyle-ton branch 111 rez-y users surveyed Dccsrtber.19+). : : : : Author and title : Age of 1.. L. : 301'10'. e(" for : r'iwiuion : 3:31: 3 3 3 3 A1dridu. 2.1: 1!: e 3 3 3 1 Historical {_rrfr e ——. : Over 16 : Self :znr‘J f‘f‘er-mtzfiction Allen. 10?"! die : : : : 33.91%“ : Under 16 : Self :Li‘red :2!"st--r;' Ashton. Yea-E's : : : : m : OVer 16 : Self 21115-11de f’ftior fict‘. r. k'rdclotfi 0:50.". 3 : : 2319‘. rial tum-E75? : Over 16 : 5‘1! :Zited :f‘Lcti-r. Crabtreefgfigool : : ‘ : 9 {‘3' '1‘."e 3 : 'fivo : :Bo"-' and agin : Over ‘.6 : c.*i‘4"en :1L:cd :niz'ln Crawford. “liq”:— and 3 Under 16 : Se‘f :Li‘:ed :'0"s and u-L' Pt 735;: 2 = 2 :rix-ls money, rr—er 3 .ins: :‘I'wo : : _c_“1’z~‘c3.""‘" : Over 16 : child‘s-n :Li/ed use-u. mag;1as.:_ov_x_e ?_0r 3 : :_ : _ Qri stras : (her 16 : Self :21 ed ::c pros Perber. 173120 53'" i : : : : town —' : Over 16 : Self :Zkf'inifn : o... e 3 3 iliked : Powic._0_<_>_o_d_ 91517.3 : : : ‘ svev_t_ ;.ri._ .ce : Over 16 : Self :Li‘red :‘r ~r.v y Gardner. Ca___s_e a! the : : : : uni-fix. ta £929: over 15 : s-—1r :Lure :Ivstexy Gates (:71nrr. Jog? : Over 1 : Two r:1’.1r"e~1 : - -- : 1.1201119 '11 : Over 1.6 : : : Gregg? __._:..n-:, Enrfe : : : : 0-. tfit : Over 16 ' --—---.—- : -— -—-- :1es'ern Gray. fro title 3 Over 16 : -----~- : -—------ : -<—--« Hiltwn. So eel_l : : : : ECG-33:12“! 3 Over 16 3 $01! :anif‘“erent:§o'za'ce "inkle. £1313: fl : : : : 1:712" 3 Under 16 : Self :Liked :30; - Ani Hunt. L_i_ ' 1:! £i_rl_w1th 3 : :‘Hs'nrir‘ save; "m. es 3 036' 16 3 31:14‘1".te:‘ :LiZer‘ :flct; . J. Xe ler. 2.13:7"; : : : .: [053}: : Under 16 : Self :liked :L'zi “£13 K1112. The faint : find-"r 16 2 ----- :Lif'er‘ :L'Le furs. 3's. sonr'ififi‘lt ill : : : 2 _.“___:=_r.-. ..-“ : Qrer 16 : szzrhter :Lilted :F‘orn - fiction "against Lai'es hone : 3 3 : journal : CVer 16 : Self :11 :ed :f'a axis Nor ris. L_o___vo of : : : : Jilie '59. e]. 3 Over 16 3 Self : 37301833 Ra's-liars. —§o- :1: in .n 3 3 : : 1121461: -— 2 Over 16 : Scif :I:.r1:f‘“erer.t: ‘oztnnre Rinehu't. Crime look 3 Over 16 : 91f :21" tired : ffystery R051 noon. 91:79.". Ed“ : : : : her dog 2}” in ...— : Over 16 3 Sister :Lilced : 301's or.‘ .oirls Ros-5'. ”arm in the : : {immeas- : : $33.1: 3 Over 16 3 Self tLii'ed :f-‘nm - fiction Tb‘zsey. Fisherman 3 3 3 3 ER“ 2"" : Over 16 : qut‘er :Lized :soys and pix-ls "Bard. 3:;“:-:-* “it 3 01'01‘ 76 3 5012' :"i”1?’o-d :f‘i').'1"‘*‘x'c.1 WomtwortE-Ihi‘tT-Ee 3 Over 1 : Self :Lil»:ed :Lt.'ster}' 5.731 : : : = Writer's urn _Ian. g : 3 History Mid “39:23 : Over 16 : Husband : i‘zed :tr' v91 alarm-y of 0133' sets: Romance 5 Historical ficti‘n 4 Boys and girls 4 Mystery Animals Fnrn f. .. Nectar!) 1 Farm non-ficfi-r. 1 BioTn-hiohl ficti .1‘. 310 70:11:: 1 CUJ'X' fictivn 1 0:09) -50- 3. An attenpt should be made to obtain larger, more adequate, and better equipped library quarters. b. The book collection should be evaluated for its appeal to groups of people, present in the county. who are not now using the library. Did the reading interests of the patrons revolve so cmnpletsly around romance. adventure. aystery. and hone-airing because that was the only fare offered? John Chancellor in his study of the 2.7.1. library program found that neny other books were used when nade freely and attractively available. Conversely. he also found that asking a wide variety of subjects available in attractive fora drew a greater nunber of different occupational and vocational interestl to the library 31+. 5. Saturday was generally assumed by the county librarian to be a day when a large portion of the library branch's weekly book circulation would bd obtained. Since Tuesday and Iriday were most powder in Carleton. it would be advisable for the County Librarian to compare with the town's nsrchents, the peakhoure of their business. and to adjust the library‘s schedule where necessary to take advantage of these periods. 6. he library attendant chauld be encouraged to establish more calamity consciousness toward the library and to stimulate its use, through book talks. exhibits and taking- part in civic organisations as the library representative . 3“ John chancellor. E9. Library in; 3.11.9. thug, adult education groggan. Appendix CHAPTER VII ACTIOI BY RESEARCHERS The cooperative library stub gradually expanded beyond the con- templated liaits of library users'characteristics and community delinea- tion. he ramifications became more clear and the county librarians asked more help and more information on related tapics. They realized the necessity, both, for more research and for a great deal of assistance in applying the findings. The library users study was intended to result in a battery of analytical materials which could be handled independently by any librarian who desired to study a problem community inher county library system. when attention was focused on one branch. as in the previous chapter, the re- sults were easily analysed for implications to library service. Before these results were available for interpretation. however, the schedules had to be coded, tabulated and analysed. Without trained help at this point it would be difficult to interpret the naterials. fhe librarians would need help in deciding the meaning of the result and wlnt pointers they gave for library action in the future. At present theuse of the materials develcped would not be effective unless social scientists were available to help with analysis and interpretation. Therefore one of the details which still needs developaent is how to reorganize the analysis and interpretation of the naterials into a simple formula which can be used independently of a college research de- part-ant. lo be complete this must be done, for social science will find its place in practical problems to the extent to which it can develop the -52.. interested laymen into patterns of thinking which will enable them to analyze and interpret the situation for themselves. A problem which deserved.more attention than was possible in this study was concerned with reading interests. This study analyzed the types of subjects about which the library patrons were interested in reading. But it was not within the scope of the objectives as outlined by the librar- ians, to study why the library patrons preferred specific types of material and subject matter 35. The community delineation techniques developed for the use of the librarians are complete and could be applied and interpreted by a librarian. There are other problems which are closely related to the trade center and area community delineation which was outlined in Chapter V. Neighborhood groupings have significance for bookmobile stop locations. Cliques and visiting habits of potential library users would be of importance also; this project did not include either. The county librarians' workshop at St. Mary's Lake in June, 19h? was devoted almost entirely to the study of the survey results. methods of applying the results to local situations were learned. Appraisal of the work and plans for future action were made. Out of the week's work there came very clear and definite desire for further research to cover new interests. These may be summarized as follows: 1. Help in the continued use by the county librarians of the Library Users schedule as a means of continuing library appraisal. 2. Further individual assistance in the plotting of trade areas, ethnic groupings, etc. 33 Douglas waples, Bernard Berleson and Franklyn R. Bradshaw. ‘What reading does to eo la, a summa of evidence on the social effects of readin and a statemen pro ems or .research. -Uhicago, University of‘bhicago 1:“:nas 173175 __1n1 fifia -53.. 3. Development of techniques for a study of neigiborhood groups36. b. Adaptation and simplification of methods for discovery of leadership. 5. Two more intensive studies similar to the one made in Lenawee county. a. In a county in the northern part of the state with low income and widely dispersed population, to be used as a basis for multi-county orvi ce . b. In a county with a metrupolitan fringe. 6. Adaptation of techniques develOped, and development of new techniques for administrators of new county libraries, and for use with demonstration projects. 7. Assistance from the personnel of the social research service of llichigan State College in specific problem areas in individual counties where the use of sociological techniques will clarify the situation and point the course of action. ' 8. Assistance of the Adult Education department in techniques of planning and carrying out courses of action in specific areas. These suggestions arose directly out of an examination of the survey results. They‘ were given here as an illustration of the type of action program which is implied in the study. They are also concrete evidence of the toady. development of the librarians thinking and this. the growth in objectivity of thought and increase in understanding of people. was one of the underlying objectives of the entire project. 55 Charles B. Hoffer. Social orga_g_isation it; relation 19 extension service anaton County, lichiggg. East Lansing. Michigan State College Agricultural Experiment Station special bulletin 338, 19%. 22-26. PART THREE RESULTS AHD INTERPRETATIOHS OF THE STATE WIDE STUDY CHAPTER VIII STATE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIBRARY USERS The sample for the state wide study of Michigan County Library Branch Users was drawn from among the patrons of twenty-three county libraries in the state. These counties my be classified as follows: Rural-urban -- Genesee. Ingham, Jackson. Kent. Monroe. and Huskegon: rural-farm -- Branch, Cass, Iapeer, Lenawee. St. Clair. and Van Buren: rural. with a large share of submarginal land - Alcona, Cass. Crawford, Cladwin, Iosco, Ialkaska. Menistee, lIlason. Menominee, Hissaukee, Presque Isle. Wexford. The tables and charts in this chapter were compiled to show how selected characteristics of the library users studied compared with the ewe characteristics of the population of Michigan. They were based on the census data for the total state pOpulation. This was done because. first, the area of service for a library branch was a natural community area and there are no census data provided for such natural areas. Second- ly the community areas of the library branches often covered portions of more than one county, therefore county census data were not appropriate. Third, certain tabulations of the census data were available for the total pOpulation but were not readily available for the rural farm and non-farm segments of the pOpulation37. 37 The breakdowns used for the purpose of comparison were drawn largely from: J. Allen Beegle. Hichiggnpopllation. _cogositionppd change. East Lansing, Michigan State College Agricultural Experiment Station. section of Sociology and Anthropology, 191W. 103 pp. And United States Department of Commerce. 16th Census of the United States, 19‘“). Population, second series:...Characteristics _o_f _t_h_e_ pgpulation; Michifl. Washington, Super- intendent of docuhents, 1%2. 184 pp. -55- lhere comparable census data for the rural areas were available they were included in the tables or footnotes. This was done in order to clarify the comparisons with the library users sample where it was thought the characteristics of the total state pOpulation might tend to over-or under-emphasise the deviations of the library smploaa. An effort was made to gather information which would show the type of library service given by the branches airing the time of the sur- vey. This was obtained from the"Summary Sheets"(see Appendix A for sample) which accompanied the library users' schedules. l'igures 3 to 9 present this informat ion graphically. In order to obtain the number of interviews (30) requested for the state-wide study it was necessary for some librarians to interview patrons during more than one week. Wednesday and Saturday were the days during which the libraries were cpen the long- est number of hours and were also the days in which the largest number of interviews were taken (see figures 3 and 4). 33 The rural segments of the twenty-three counties whose libraries were included in the study, were compared with the total rural pOpulation of Michigan, on the matter of age. It was found that the pOpulation of the twenty-three counties did not vary more than one or two percentage points in any one item from the total rural population. Therefore, no attempt has been made to compare the library sample with the rural population of the twenty-three counties. -56- 63mm .mmmzmbmn QmEMDm mfimoaflmm wgmHA F2500 ”“4meon mm mme 2H Cam: who 2H HAHmdmmMomz Romy nfiBoBzoo m3» Mgmbm mama paws Na mmm mmbom ho $8.52 ME... 99. ME sz 9.25an On... mmnHo g GEE mfimofimm figmHA b.5500 ho 6309 0358.80 Hdn mfim mgom me am; m .mem odes mus hopbpm .. .. _. \\\\ ammo mac memoqwno. haw pom carom 503“ "daemon \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ 55159155555§h5ng§§§h “9:55an 553 a 63 83mm EEEEEs\s\s\EEEaREEE \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ . HPMVsHNVJUUOQUUn dun. 25.1.0915. humanism hddm HES. \sfififi \ fig\EsEEEEEE a: \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ 594095.- ..-}:hhnfigqaxvdufigunng gmgrx>9§fi gm 03.. \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ gbfluflnfiflflfiflhfigwflg .3982 \ M003 Mo hon OOHeoeeoeeeomN OfieeeeeeeeOWeeoeeeeeomueeeeeeeeOAdeeeeoeeeOMeeeseeeeONeeeeeeeeOHeeeeeeeeO floqo madam 1W0 Hogans. -57.. Number of Branches Open OeseeseeeeSOeeeeeseIOeeeseeselSeeeeeeeezo Days of week Monday Wm //// Tuesday ////// Wednesday IIXXXXXXXXXXXIXXXXXXXXXXXXXX //////////// Thursday Iriday Saturday ; ////////////////////////// Legend: XI Afternoon hours branch libraries Open // Evening ' “ ” rig. 1+ DISTRIBUTION OF NUMBER OF BRANCHES OPEN AFTERNOOE'AND‘EVENINGiEOURS EACH DAY DURING THE NEE! OF THE SURVEY, TWENTY-THREE MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED (TWO OMITTED) DECEMBER, 1946 Approximately one-half of the libraries were housed in separate buildings and were open from ten to twelve hours per week. The average circulation per branch during the period of the interviewing was between twenty-st: and fifty Juvenile books and fifty-one to seventy-five adult books. Seven branches answered no reference questions but the average was four to six questions answered during the time patrons were being inter- viewed. -53.. .Juna_n£_Bnildine: lflmflfiuLJdLluEuuiuuL 0.........5.........10........15 Owned - Separate Building mm Rented - Separate Building XXXXXXXXXXXX Community or Town Hall XXXXXXXXXXXX Other XXXXXXXXXXXX Residence ' Part of fire hall (separate entrance) Post Office (separate entrance) Bank (separate entrance) City Council Boon fig. 5 TYPES OI BUILDINGS IN WHICH THE MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED HERE SITULTED DECEMBER. 19G6 Type of Building Number of Branches c.“ OeeeeeeeeeSeeeeeeeOIOeeaeeeeeJ-s Hours open per week 10 or less xxxxxx 11 - 12 21 - 30 31-150 m rig. 6 DISTRIBUTION O! HWBS OPEN TO PUBLIC Pm EEK, (IF MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURYIYED DECEMBER, 19u6 - 59 - Nhntmuhrdllhzuuflnur O ........ .5........10........15 Number of visitors per branch 1 - 25 W ////////// 26 - so W //////////////////////////// 51 - 75 mm // 76 or over m //////l/ Legend: Adult xx Juvenile // Fig. 7 NUMBER or vxsiross T0 was MICHIGAN coourr LIBRARY , BRANCHES susvsrsn DURING rs: Homes or run INTERVIENING DECEMBER, 1946 Mb er of Branches 0.. ...... .5........lO........15 lumber of books circulated per branch 1 - 25 xxxxxx ////// 26 - 50 XXXXXXXXXX ///////////////l 51 - 75 XXXXXXXXXXXX /l//// 76 - 100 xxxx /////I over 100 mm //////// Legend: Adult books XXIX Juvenile [Ill Fig. 8 0051111503 01' NUMBER 01' ADULT AND MILE BOOKS CIRCUIATED BY THE MICHIGAN nnmv v.mmv numm: emu-awn nnnrm ammo ms mus. armrm' mammaloufi. -60- We 00.00.000.50.0000.0100000000015 Number of Reference Questions Per Branch None W1 1 - 3 mm 4 - 6 mnxxxxx 7 - 9 m 10 - 12 XX “....- 12 xx rig. 9 sums 01' REIERENCE QUESTIONS ANSWERED IN m MICHIGAN CCUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES scams mums m nouns or m STUDY, woman. 19% The age of sixteen was assumed. for the purposes of this study, to be the dividing line between Juvenile and adult readers. This was approxi- mately the year it was thoudxt,&1ring which most readers made a definite final shift to the use of adult books;. also. at this time, any tool: their place in adult occupations and recreation. With the exception of the table on 'The number of school years completed" this basis was maintained even where so doing meant that the state figures used for comparisons varied by a year or two. The age distritntion of the library users. of the total state popu- 1ation and of the rural segment are presented for comparison in rigure 10. Of the library users 118.8 percent were between the ages of ten and nineteen. while but 17.9 percent of the total pOpulat ion were in this age group. How- \+———- Library Users Percentage ~.‘:‘-~. .. State Population 0 .. ~ ‘ ¢ .. 0e ..- e. ‘ 10 ears ofI age State Pop. 16.2 I i 1 J ° L—Tf so 30 1:0 5o 60 fl—an over 1 I I 17.9 1 o 15.3 13.7 10.1 6.0 3.5 sm. Rural 18.5} 19.0 15.2 13.2 11.5 10.2 7.2 u.9 Library user-“11.7, b8.8 ‘ ~ Ml _ 9.1 7.7 <.8 11.0 2.9 3» I ~ ~' - ‘ ‘ I ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ l j ~ ~ ‘ . 20 / mansion of 10 - 20 year Age Group - 301+ Z 100 p ‘ ~ ‘ "' ‘— Librnry Users 10 .- ”--.-...... ----... ...—fl--- State POpulat ion 1- 0 e l i I J L l I 1 L Years cream 11 I? 13 lb 15 16 17 18 1Q 1‘0 State Pop. 9.6 9.14 10.2 10.0 10.1 10.? 10.1 °.9 10.5 11.0 Library cum-11.11 9.1+ 113+ 12.!» 19.1 13.c 2.2 7.6 1.5 2.0 ‘ Io data available for 2.6 3 Fig. 10 Placrnrlon DISTRIBUTION 3? YEARS or AGE 0! 806 MICHIGAN CO"NTY LIBRARY BRANCH USERS. DECK-BER. 19%. AND 101111. STATE Popruum, 19110 - 62 - ever in comparison with the rural census figures this wide deviation is somewhat lessened, since 19.0 percent of the rural population were between the ages of ten and nineteen. Again, the deviation of the library sample between the ages of twenty and fortysnine was less marked when compared with the rural pOpulation than a comparison with the total state pOpulation would indicate. I The fact that nearly fifty percent of the library users were in their teens, indicated that the branch libraries did not have a sufficient amount of appeal to the adults as a source frat which to obtain reading matter: however. they did an excellent piece of work with the younger group. The libraries' clientele was 73.3 percent women (see Table IV). This is a remarkably high percentage in view of the fact that the sex ratio for the state is 105. This fact was emphasised even more clearly in compari- son with the rural population where the sex ratio is 10? for the rural non- farm and 120 for the rural farm. The nrvey disclosed that not quite one- fifth of the books checked out by the patrons were for some one else. Thus there was only a slidit possibility of the male pOpulat ion having access to the library through another person. - 53 - TABLE IV PERCENTAGE SEX COMPOSITION OR 806 MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCH USERS SURVEYED DECEMBER, 19146 AND COMPARABLE STATE POPULATION, 19110 State Total :Non—farm: Rural farm Library Users Total =Under 16: 16 and over : g 3 g 3 3 Number of cases :5,256.106:9hl,037 : 860,202 : 806 : #17 : 389 : : : : : : Males : 51.3 : 51.8 : 5b.6 : 26.7 : 15.1 : 11.5 : : : : : 3 Females : 118,2 : I+8.2 : 1.5.1: : 23.3 :j7.2 : 36.2 Total 3 100.0 : 100.0 3 100.0 :100.0 : 52.3 : 47.7 I 3 : 3 I : The marital status of the Michigan county library users was closely parallel to that of the state as shown in Table XVI. TABLE XVI PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF MARITAL STATUS OF 389 MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCH USERS SIXTEEN YEARS OF AGE AND OVER SURVEYED DECEMBER, 1946 AND COMPARABLE STATE POPULATION, 19HO FIFTEEN YEARS OF AGE AND OVER O O : _§tate 15 and over :Library User . :Total pOpulation:Rura1 non-farmzRural farm:16 and Over number of cases : 3.9fl1,950 : 673,390 : 621,419 : 389 : : : : Single : 38.1 : 2n.8 : 30.6 : 26.7 Married : 63.2 : 66.3 : 61.5 : 60.2 Widow or Widower : 6.9 : 7.h : 6.9 : 5.1 Divorced : 1.8 : 1.5 : 1.0 : 0.8 No information : - : - : - : 7.2 Total 2 100.0 8 100.0 3 100.0 3 100.0 : : : : - 6h - Among the library users over twenty-five years of age, 29.1 percent completed.high school (see Table XVII) as compared with only 15.2 percent of the total state pOpulation over twenty-five years of age. The median grade completed by library users is eleven as compared with 8.6 for the state 39. This would be an Indication that the library appealed primarily to the well—educated. TABLE XVII PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE EDUCATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF 289 MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCH USERS TWENTY-FIVE YEARS or AGE OR OVER SURVEYED DECEMBER, 19u6 AND COMPARABLE STATE POPULATION, 19uo* 8 §pate over 25 years of age Library Users : : Total :Rural Non-farm:Rural farm:0ver 25 years of age Number of cases :3,006.579: 519.727 i 465,9h4 : 289 No school years : 2.” : - : - : 0 Grade school l-h : : : : years : 7.8 : - : - : 1.0 Grade school 5-6 : : ‘ : years : 9.8 : - z - : 1.0 Completed grade school: 36.0 : 38.1 : 47.6 : 18.7 : : : : High school 1-3 : : : 3 years : 18.5 : - : - : 18.3 Completed high school : 15.2 : 14.1 : 8.9 : 29.1 College 1-3 years : 5.3 : - : - : 15.6 Completed college : h.l : 3.5 : 1.1 : 13.2 ' 3 3 8 3 No information : 1.0 : - : - : g_3.1 Totsl : 100.0 : 55.7 : 57.6 : 100.0 I"The data for the rural non-farm and rural farm was taken from Beegle.Qg.Cit. Completgly.comparabletgata were not available. 39 There is a difference between the total state pOpulation and the rural segment in amount of education obtained. The median number of school years completed by persons aged twenty-five and over is 8.6 for the whole state: 8.6 for the rural non-farm and only 8.1 for the rural farm. - 65 - This Observation.was further substantiated by the tables on em- ployment (XVIII) and occupations (XIX). Members of the professional and semi-professional occupational grouPs were twice as numerous among the library users as in either the total state or the rural non-farm.groups and seven times as numerous as among the rural farm pOpulation. Iarm operators and laborers amounted to 11.5 percent of the total state population, 3.3 percent of the rural non-farm and 69.3 percent of the rural farm population. The library users sample contained “.6 percent farm Operators and laborers. This corresponds most closely with the rural non-farm population from which more than half the sample (6“.1 percent) was drawn. TABLE XVIII PERCENTAGE EMPLOYMENT DISTRIBUTION OF MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCH USERS AGE SIXTEEN AND OVER SURVEYED DECEMBER, 1946 AND CG’PARABLE STATE POPULATION, 19“O V§tate :1“ years and over) Total :Rural Non-farm:Rural Farm Library user; 16 and over Number of cases :“,036,873: 689,885 : 6“O,173 : 389 Students : 9.0 : 8.“ : 9.2 : 17.0 Housewives : 29.“ i 30.7 : 31.9 : 37.3 Employed : “5.3 : 38.6 i ““.7 g 33.2 Unemployed : “.9 i “.9 g 3.1 ; 7.9 Other : 8.3 : 13.3 ; 7.3 i - No information : 3.1 i “.1 i 3.8 i “,6 Total : 100.0 3 100.0 3 100.0 3 100.0 : : : : - 66 - TABLE XIX PERCENTAGE OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF 389 MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCH USERS AGE SIXTEEN AND OVER SURVEYED DECEMBER, 19“6 AND COMPARABLE STATE POPULATION, 1940 §iate_jl“ years of age & over) :: Library_Users Total :Rural Non-farmzRural farm:16 years of age & over Number of cases :1,82“,953: 266.579 : 285.817 : 389 Professional and i : i : semi-professional : 7.2 : 8.1 3 2.2 I 15.“ Clerical & business : 2“.6 : 2“.l ; 5.1 i 9.5 larm Operators : 7.9 3 1.1 ; “8.9 E 3.1 Farm laborers : 3.6 ; 2.2 i 20.“ ; 1.5 Craftsmen : 38.“ ; “3.6 ; l“.3 ; 5.1 Non-farm laborers : 6.8 3 9.3 3 “.3 g 1.5 Service workers : i : 3 (except domestic 3 7.3 : 6.7 : 1.5 3 13.1 Other : 3.3 g 3.7 3 2.3 3 6.7 No information : 0,2 3 1.2 :____1.0 i ““11, Total 3 100.0 100.0 3 100.0 3 100.0 3 3 3 The preper location of branch libraries was a.problem of great im- portance to the librarians: what could be considered the library's commun— ity area? From what distance did library patrons travel to obtain reading matter? How close together should branches be placed to be easily accessible to all the people? A knowledge of the trading habits of the people and an analysis of the relative drawing power of the various communities in the county would help to determine the probable success of 3 branch located in a particular community. This information conld.be obtained by delineating the trade area -67- of the county according to the method described in Chapter V. One section of the library users study was designed to gather infor- mation on the distance which people will normally travel to obtain reading matter. The only adequate study which has been made of this subject is one by Chandler and Croteau 110. Over half of the Michigan county library branch users sampled lived within one mile of the library, 70.6 percent of the children and 6h.1 percent of the adults. Among the children 89.2 percent lived within four miles of the library and 95.5 percent within six miles, as compared with 81.6 percent of the adults who lived.within four miles and 90.6 percent who lived within six miles (see Table XX). “U Chandler and Croteau. Ibid. Theyfifound that 60 percent offall registrants live within one mile of the nearest branch library, 80 percent within four miles, and 89 percent within six miles. Those who live near the library tend to read in greater proportion than the others. Sixtybfive percent of all the books lent are borrowed by registrants living within one mile of the library and 85 percent by those living within four miles. The decline seems sharpest between the five and seven mile mark. Conclusions winch they draw from this study of distance are: 1. The distance of reader's residence from the library has a direct influence on the number of books he reads. 2. There is a definite relationship between the age of the reader and the distance from the library. 3. The location of a branch library should correspond to the trade area. h. ‘Where reading skills and a desire for reading definitely exist people will travel long distances to go to the library. 5. Access to books does lead to reading. - 68 - TABLE XX THE PERCENTAGE DISTANCE OF RESIDENCE FROM LIBRARY OF 806 MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCH USERS SURVEYED DECEMBER, 19“6 gigggnce* ; Ugder;l6 3 Over 16 __ 3 Percent : Percent number of cases : “17 z 389 Less than one-half mile 3 55.0 3 51.0 One mile ; 15.6 ; i3.1 Two miles 3 8.6 ; 6.“ Three miles ; 6.2 3 5.7 Four miles 3 3.8 3 5.“ Five miles 3 2.9 3 5.? Six miles 3 3.“ 3 3.3 Seven miles 3 1.“ 3 1.0 Eight miles 3 0.7 3 1.0 Nine miles 3 0.2 3 0.5 Ten miles and over 3 1.2 3 6.“ No information ; _l,0 3 0.5, Total * 3 100 0 3 100.0 *Some library users gave number of blocks and some gave number of miles in response to a question on the distance of their home for the library. These have been combined here: five blocks or less were considered one- half mile; six blocks or over were considered one mile. This may have changed the true distance by a small margin. The distribution of Michigan county library branch users and the rural pOpulation of the state by place of residence was compared in Table XXI. One person in five among the rural state pOpulation lives in a.village. Among the library users more than half, 6“.1 percent, lived in villages. -69.. This substantiates the evidence of Table XX for, according to Sanderson, "The area (of the village) will vary from one-fourth or one-half a square mile for the smallest villages to one to two square miles for the larger villages" “1. TABLE XXI PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF 806 MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCH USERS SURVEYED DECEMBER, 19u6 BY LOCATION OF RESIDENCE AND COMPARABLE STATE POPULATION, 1940 : State Rural : Library Users : : Total : Under l6 : 16 and over Number of cases : 1,801,239 : 806 : 417 : 389 : :Percent: Percent : Percent : z z : farm and Non-Village : 83.3 : 32.9 : 31.7 : 3h.2 Village : 16.7 : 64.1 : 65.? : 62.5 No information : - : - : 43.0 : 3.3 Total : 100.0 : 100.0 : 100.0 : 100.0 It was found that less than one-fifth of the library users had borrowed books specifically for other members of the household. However, one-fourth of the books checked out were read by more than one person while at home “2. Among the young peeple under sixteen, 2h.7 percent had five family members in the household, while twenty-two percent of the pe0ple sixteen years of age and over had four members in he family. Of the Ichildren. 55 Percent had five, six, or seven persons living at the house. These figures suggest there must be several persons ineeach house who would find the book chosen by the library user of interest. “I Dwight Sanderson. Rural Sociolog 53; Rural sggiai Organisation. New York. Wiley, 19#2. p. 2&9. For a complete discussion of book selection and use by the Midnigan County Library Branch users see Chapter II. - 7o - Foreign-born persons in library areas present varied problems in books selection because of languages. However. the percent of foreign-born in the rural areas of lichigan (8.2 percent rural non-farm and 9.2 percent rural farm) is small. Among the library users the number is still smaller (3.1 percent) as is shown by Table XXII. The library users were almost entirely native born: 98.6 percent of the children and 95.1 percent of the adults were born in the united States and, of these, 80 percent of the children and 6h percent of”the adults were born in Michigan. Among the adults not born in Michigan 110.? percent had lived in the state over ten years. TABLE XXII PEOENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF NATIVITY O!“ 806 MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCH USERS SURVEYED DICEMBIR,]9H6,.AND COMPARABLE STATE POPULATION. 1940 H State Regulation, Total :Rural Non-farm: Rural farm ibrary User;__ : 8 , : : Number of cases :5.256.106: 9u1.037 : 806.202 : 806 x : : : ' Native born 8 83.8 8 91.8 : 90.8 : 96.8 : : a : Foreign born : 16.2 x 8.2 : 9.2 : 3.1 Total : 100.0 x 100.0 : 100.0 3 100.0 : : z : The five countries most prominent among the nationality backgrounds of the library users were: England, Germany. Ireland. Holland. Scotland. Table XXIII gives the percentage distribution of nationality backgrounds fer the residents of Michigan. Two of these. Polish and.rinnish were very low in representation among the library users, but persons of Swedish and Holland descent were three times as numerous as in he total state population. TABLE XXIII PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF NATIONALITY BACKGROUND OF 806 MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY USERS SURVEYED DECEMBER. 1996 AND COMPARABLE STATE POPULATION,1990 : State‘ LibrarygUsers'”I Percentages : : Under : l6 and Over : Totals Number of cases :5.256.106: 417 : 389 : 806 English*ae : 49.1 : “0.2 : 52.3 3 “5.9 Swedish : 1.8 : 3.2 : 3.8 : 3.5 Holland : 2.6 : 9.9 : 7.0 : 8.5 German : 10.1 : 18.0 : 17.8 : 17.9 Polish : 12.9 : 2.1 : 1.0 : 1.6 Finnish : 2.7 : 0.6 : 0.3 : 0.5 All others : 20.8 : 17.2 : 17.8 : 17.5 No information : - : 8.8 : - : “.6 Total : 100.0 3 100.0 : 100.0 : 100.0 : : : : * These are based on the mother tongue for Michigan reported in U. 5. Census 1940 and computed by Dr. J. Allen Beagle. ** Based on question about nationality background asked of all the sample library‘users. *** Irish, Scotch-Irish. and Scotch included in this. The race of the library users presented a variation from.the rural segment of the Michigan pOpulation. (See Table XXIV). The preportion of Negroes among the library users was slightly higher than for the state as a whole and four times as high as for the rural nonpfarm pOpulation ”3. TABLE XXIV iisceh PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTIONF.I 806 MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCH USERS SURVEYED DECFMER, 1946 AND COMPARABLE STATE POPULATION, 1940 : : : : Library Users : Total :Rural Non-farm:Rural farmxTota1:Under 16:0ver 16 Number of cases :5,256,106: 991,037 : 820.202 : 806 : #17 : 389 White : 95.9 : 98.6 : 99.9 : 93.2: 91.7 : 9h.8 Negro : 3.9 : 1.1 : O.“ : u.1: 5.0 : 3.1 Other races : 0.2 : 0.3 : 0.2 : 0.2: 0.2 : 0.3 No information : - : - : - : 2.5: 3.l__3 1.8 Total» : ioo.o : 100.0 : _ioo.o : _oo : 100.0 :.;99.0 E37The sample from Van Buren county was almost completely responsible for this high percentage of Negroes. -72- Only 31.9 percent of the children and 16.5 percent of the sample sixteen years of age aniover. used other libraries: but 76.7 percent of the children.and 72.7 percent of the adults checked out books from the other libraries used. In County library systems patrons are usually per- mitted to visit and to check out books from any branch library in the county providing they'return the books to the same place. It is a matter of conJecture whether these patrons visited other branches of the county library, a school library. a city library or the Kichigan State Library. It cannot be determined from this survey. Table XIV shows the type of use the library patrons made of the branch during the period of the survey. It is a summary of the reasons those intervieved gave for visiting the library. and of their intended activity while there. The majority of the people did not read in.the library, did not visit it with.specific titles of books which they wanted to borrow, often did not return books, did not intend to avail themselves of the reference collection. and were self-sufficient inwthat they did not want help from the librarian. - 73 _ TABLE XXV DISTRIBUTION OE TYPE OF LIBRARY SERVICES UTILIZED BY THE PATRONS OF THE MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCH USERS SURVEYED DECEMBER. 1946 Number of cases Returned books Read.book Read magazine Read newspaper Take out a previously selected book Take out books from selection available Use reference material Asked aid of librarian Total* *These equal more than the it was planned to use more Under 16 : 16 and Over ; Total #17 : 389 : 806 : = 9:"; (_9, 59.0 : 57-3 : 5119' s” an : 3.9 : 4.0 *‘/~ 6.0 : 3.1 : u.6 ‘7 0.2 : 1.3 : 0.7 36.1'r : 35.2 : 35.9 3 : 3 ~. 74.3 : 7h.8 : 70.6? ’ 3.1 : 2.3 : 2.7 19.9 : 32.1 : 25.8 ‘_ 201.7 : 210.0 : 20mg .1. ' : : 53 number of cases and more than 100 percent because then one type of library service. The frequency of vists of the borrower to the library combined with the pattern of library usage outlined by their activities raises a question. Once a week was the average interval for library visits although once every two weeks, which is the usual loan.period forzi book, was almost as frequently specified in the replies. It would be helpful if there had been a way to determine whether the patrons generally visited the library on the same day of the week. If they did so. the question of the feasi- bility of replacing branches with bookmobiles would be well substantiated since the books themselves were the predominent reasons for visiting the 1 1b I‘aI‘y e The number of librarv users who participated in or nnization . - - 6 activities was of interest to the librarians who thought there might be a relationship between club participation and leadership in the community. -74.. They felt that such people would tend to be leaders and as such.would be helpful in promoting library use among the club members. It was found that 20.3 percent of the library patrons did not belong to any clubs and that #8 percent belonged to from one to four clubs. 0f the portion who belonged to clubs, 65.5 percent held one or more offices: or to rephrase it, 35 percent of the patrons over 16, held offices in one or more clubs (see Tables XXVI and XXVII). TABLE XXVI PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION Ab!) EXTENT OF CLUB PARTICIPATION AMONG LIBRARY USERS AGE SIXTEEN ANDOVEROF THE 389 MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCH USERS SURVEYED DECEMBER. 19U6 Percent Number of cases 389 None 20.8 One 17.2 no 1306 Three 10.8 Four 6.“ Five 3.1 Six 1.0 Seven 0.3 Eight 0.3 Nine - Ten or over 1.5 No data given 20.3 Total 100.0 TABLE XXVII TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONS IN WHICH OFFICES WERE HELD BY 389 MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY USERS, AGE SIXTEEN AND OVER OF THE MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 19N6 Farm organizations and garden clubs 1 6 Service clubs and vetern organizations 4 1 Fraternal organizations or church groups h.5 PTA. Child study, Women's club h 2 Other types of organization; h h - 75 - A comparison was made between.the club members, age sixteen and over, who held two or more offices (an indication of formal leadership) and the library users age sixteen and over who held one or no club officesu“. While membership in.clubs was held by 72.2 percent of the adult library users only one-fifth held two or more offices. The following tables (Tables XXVIII to Table XXIIII) show how the club officers deviated from the rest of the library users sixteen years of age and over. The largest number of club officers were in the thirty to thirty- nine years age group as contrasted with non -club officer library users where the greatest number was among the teen age group (see Table XIVIII). TABLE XXVIII PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION BY YEARS OF AGE OF 79 CLUB CITICERS SIXTEEN YEARS OF AGE AND OVER AND 310 NON-CLUB OFFICERS OF MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 19u6 :Club Officers :an~CIub Officers :16 year; of age and over:l6 years of age & over Number of cases a 79 z 310 : z 16 - 19 : 16.5 : 25.b 2° - 29 8 10.1 : 16e8 30 - 39 : 20.3 : 18.b no - h'9 : 17s? I 1505 50 - 59 : 1309 3 1106 60 - 69 3 17.7 3 5.8 70 and over : 3;§_ : 6.5 Total 3 100.0 x 100.0 a : There were a higher percent of men club officers using the library than were represented among the remaining adults (see Table XXIX). ”#In order to facilitate simplicity of expressions. the library users who held two'or more offices are designated Iclub officers“ while the library user who held only one office or no office in organisations are called I'non club officers". -76- TABLI XXIX PERCENTAGE SEX DISTRIBUTION OF 79 CLUB OIFICERS,SIXTEEN YEARS OF AGE AND om, AND 310 NON-CLUB OFFICERS OF MICHIGAN CWNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SUR- VEYID DECEMBER, 1% Club Officers 16 years of age and over:;§gyears of age and over Non-Club Officers Number of cases : 79 : 310 Hales : 26.6 i 23.2 remales : 69.6 i 76.5 No information i 3.8 i 0.3 Total : 100.0 8 100.0 : : The educational attainments of the club-officers were somewhat higher than the non club-officer library users; 3#.9 percent of the club- officers had had some college education as compared with 2 5.9 percent of the non officers (see Table III). TABLE xxx PERCENTAGE INCATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS O? 79 CLUB OFFICERS TWENTY-FIVE YEARS 01' AGE AND OVER, AND 228 NON CLUB-OFFICERS TWINTY‘IIVI YEARS OR OVER MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 1 946 : Club Officers : Non-Club officers :2: years of age and over:2 ears of e and over lumber of cases : 7 z 228 no school years 3 - 3 0 GrldOl 1 "' ‘4' 3 1.6 : 009 ' 5 - 6 a - : 1.3 Completed grade school : 6.6 3 21.9 High school 1 - 3 : 26.2 : x 16.2 Completed high school 2 26.2 a 29.9 College 1 - 3 : 2%.6 : 13.2 Completed college : 1h.8 : 12.7 no information : - : ;1.9 Total 8 100 . O 3 100 . O - 77 - Because a very large percentage of the library users did not give any information about their occupation it is not Justifiable to draw any reliable conclusions on the basis of the percentages which appear in Table XXII. However. of those who replied. one-fifth of the club officers were in the professional or semi-professional classifications as against only one-seventh of the non club-officers. Only 1.3 percent of the club officers were farm Operators or farm laborers while 5.“ percent of the remaining library'ueers were in this category. TABLE XXII PERCENTAGE OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF 79 CLUB OFFICERS,SIXTEEN YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, 310 NON CLUB-OFFICERS IN MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, l9u6 Total 100.0 100.0 :Club officers : Non-club officers :16 years of age816 years of age and over : and over : lumber of cases 3 79 : 310 3 8 Professional and semi- : : professional : 20.2 : 1h.2 . : : Clerical and business : 16.5 : 7.7 : : Farm operator : 1.3 : 3.5 : : Iarm laborers : 0 : 1.9 A Craftsmen : 7.1 : 1+.5 x : Non-farm laborers : 1.3 : 1.6 Service workers : : (except domestics) : 15.2 : 12.6 Other : 2.5 : 7.7 No information : 35.# : h6.3 : : -73- The club officers borrowed and purchased more books than the others but not as many club officers were members of book clubs (see TableXXXII). With the exception of pictures and a very slight emphasis on films and maps the club officers were not as interested in borrowing a variety of materials from the library as were the non club-off! cer library users (see Table XXXIII). TABLE XXXII PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF SCXJRCES PRO! NHICH 79 CLUB OHICERS SIXTEEN YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, OBTAINEDIREADING MATTER.COMPARED WITH 310 NON CLUB-OFIICERS KICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER.19G6 Club Officers 16 years of age and over Non Club-Officers 16 gears of age and over 00”.. : lumber of cases : 79 g 310 Borrowed : 36.7 :; 26.8 Received as gifts : 17.2 ; 17.1 Purchased : 3#.2 : 2G.2 Library only i 19.0 ; 20.6 Book club : 11.“ : 12.6 Other : 2.5 ; 0.6 No information i 24.0 i 31.6 Total cases‘ : 1&5.5 3 133.5 I"Percentages are based on the number of persons responding. Tables for the various sources exceed 100 percent because some persons reported more than aaa source. - 79 - TABLE MIII PERCENTAGE DISTRIHITION 01' TYPES OF MATERIAL WHICH 79 CLUB OFFICERS, SIXTEEN YEARS 01' AGE AND OVER, WOULD LIKE TO BE ABLE TO ERROW IRON LIBRARIES COMPARED WITH 310 NON CLUB-OFFICERS, MICHIGAN (IJUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 1946 : Club Officers : Non Club-Officers :16 years of age and overzl64years of age and over Number of cases a 79 z 310 z : Books only : 35.“ 3 33.9 Magazines : 26.5 : 24.2 Phonograph records : 10.1 : 18.1 Sheet music 3 6.3 : 11.3 Pictures : ll.h : 5.8 Pills : 8.8 3 7.0 Maps 2 6.3 : “.8 Other : .. z 2.6 No information : 2#.0 : 21.6 Total‘ : 128.8 3 129.3 I"Percentages are based on number of persons replying. Totals for the various sources exceed 100 percent since some persons indicated more than one type of material. County libraries in Hichigan, for the most part. have confined their lending services to books and a small number of’periodicals, which.are generally the property of the local library branches and not a service from the county library headquarters. However, two-thirds of the library users interviewed expressed interest in being able to obtain audio-visual materials through the libraries (see Table XXXIV). There was an unusual amount of interest in music and phonographu.records and comparatively little in maps and.pictures which are the two supplementary services libraries most often Suppl!- -30- TABLE mIV PERCENTAGES DISTRIBUTION OF TYPES OF MATERIALS WHICH LIBRARY USERS WOULD LIKE TO BE ABLE TO BORROW l'ROM LIBRARIES, MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED HECTMBER. 1996 : Under 16 : l6 and over : Total lumber of cases : 417 : 389 : 806 z z : Books only : 30.7 : 3#.2 : 32.“ Hagasines : 16.5 : 2h.7 : 20.5 Phonograph records : 18.7 : 16.5 : 17.6 Sheet music : 17.0 : 10.3 : 13.8 Pictures : 10.1 : 6.9 : 8.6 ’11.. 3 8.6 3 ‘ 705 3 8e]. Maps 3 “.8 z 5.1 : 5.0 Other : 0.5 : 2.1 : 1.2 No information : 0 2 : 22.1 : 26.3 Total* : 137.1 : 129.b : 133.5 ’Percentages are based on numbers of persons responding. Totals for the various sources exceed 100 percent since some persons indicated more than one type of materiag. without knowing more about the type of phonograph records and sheet music the library users desired it was impossible to evaluate the importance of this item to the future policy of county libraries. A comparison was made between the persons, age sixteen years and over, who were interested in sheet music and phonograph records and the rest of the adult library users. to determine where the music patrons deviated from the total sample95. 0f the 85 (21.8 percent) peeple wanting music, 52.9 percent wanted only phonograph records. 29.8 percent wanted only sheet music, and 22.3 percent wanted to have both meet music and phonograph records available. Tables XXXV to XXXVII which follow illustrate the differences between the two groups. ”5 In order to facilitate simplicity of expression, the library‘users who desired to borrow phonograph records or sheet music are designated TMusic Patrons”. Vhile the library users who were not interested in these materials are called "Non Music-Patrons". -81- The variations in_reading interests between the two groups were significant. The non.music-patrons liked adventure, romance and mystery stories. 0n the other hand, historical novels. adventure books, and biography were the types of books most often specified by the music-patrons. In addition. they ranked books about art, music, and crafts eighth in their list of preferences and the non musicapatrons ranked the music books tenth. TABLE XXXV PERCENTAGE AGE DISTRIBUTION OF 85 MUSIC-PATRONS,SIXTEEN YEARS OF AGE AND OVER, AND 3014- NON-MUSIC PATRONS IN MICHIGAN WUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 1946 Music Patrons Non Music-Patrons : 8 Number of cases 8 85 8 30h : : Age 16 - 19 8 38.9 8 19.3 ' 20 - 29 x 18.8 : 1u.5 ' 30 - 39 : 22.h : 17.8 ' no - #9 : 8.2 : 18.1 I 50 " 59 I Ices 3 12.5 ' 60 - 69 8 1.2 8 10.2 ' 70 and over : O : g7,6 Total 8 100.0 8 100.0 TABLE XXXVI PERCENTAGE EDUCATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS or 1&8 MUSIC-PATRONS, TWENTY-FIVE ms or AGE AND om. AND 2M NON MUSIC-PATRONS mam ms OF AGE AND OVER. HICHIGAN scum LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED Dramas, 19%. Non Music-Patrons 25pyears of age & over 2&1 Music-Patrons .25 years of age & over #8 lumber of cases .Nb.school years 3;; Grade school 1 - 4 years e e 5 _ 6 s Completed grade school High school 1 - 3 years Completed high school College 1 - 3 years Completed college In ‘n'nn-‘I .- O. O. .0 O. O. O. O. O. aoaaeah-h: 0\n\n.00l=<>r0!0 O a xrrrrxx 10.7 ///////////////////// Art. music and 4. I? xxxmxx aaftI o e // Biog'aphy 4. 2 XXIII}?! 4.3 ////// // Family life fiction 8.7 rxxxxxx 7.0 ////////////// Qirrant affairs 3.8 xxxxxxx 4.0 //////// History 2. 8 xrzxxx ?.8 //////// Religious fi ction 2. 8 1:00:21 3.0 ////// Animal s 2. 3 3sz! 1-8 /// Biograph 1c .01 fi ction 2. .3 rrrrx 2.8 ////// Philosonhym sy'cholory 2. 3 run: reli‘m . 5 / Home and family 1. 4 x73: living 1.5 /// \ Fairy tal es . f) n .3 / Farm .5 x 1.3 /// Science . 5 x .5 / Farm fictien 0.0 ’5- 1.3 /// nature 0.0 O 0.0 0 All others 1.8 xxxx 2.: ///// Legend: Best liked: ntxxy Book: returned: ///// TABLE XXIII PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTIO‘I 01' TYPES 01 READING MATERIALS BEST LIKED BY 215 AIJfLT LIBRARY USERS. srm T’ARS OF AGE AHD OVER. AID 255 JUVENILI LTBRARI USERS. MICHIGAN CN‘HTY LIBRARY WES SURVEYID, m.19l+6. TzP'YS OF RIIADI G T-i'l'I-EIALS Romance Historical fiction Mystery Adventure Westerns Art, music. and crafts Biography Family life fiction 011? ent affairs History Religious fiction Animals B: ograuhi cal fiction HIilOSOphy,pcycholocy. religion Home and family living Fairy tales Farm Science Farm fiction Hahn. All other I“amend: Adults Vhi-ldren as. ...: Q s Cde.>m.§'AO~J.-b€0OOJIDCJIC‘OJCGOS\I'O-h“ HHNH H .pOiJidtbAfl 0.0... .55).;er 0.00s .0 H {AU-‘3») s H ...... omoo o 0.000. s mooxaomaoomomszooaoouowoo 1 m ... ///// 000.00.00.50.00000010...0.00.15.00.0000%..0.0.0.25 UXIIIXX?XXXXXIIIIXKXXHXXXXXI’XXXYXJO'X /////////////// XXIIIIYYIIIIXIYIIJO’XI?I???XXIX ///////// IIIXXXJ’XXYIXXYTI "."JT)’7." I? Y?! ///////////////////////////////////////////// XIXIIXIIIIXIXXYIIXIX ////////////////////////////l I I 2’ XXX T-‘I IX}? X X //////////// XX II? I IX //// WK! / ZIXITIX ////////////////////// 737.217": TX / umx / .IJCXX 77777/////////////////um///////////. xxm XXIII // xxx 77m X X o ///// XXII /// -88- were enjoyed. Among the adult readers 76 percent of the books read were definitely liked, 1% percent were acceptable, and there were 12.5 percent of the titles which they would not recommend to others. The library users had many different reasons for reading a certain book (see Table XXXX). Personal choice. which included random selection and interest in a subject or an author, was the reason given by three-fourths of the adults and over half of the juvenile library users for choOsing par- ticular books. The recommendation of the librarian was depended upon by nine percent of the children and 19.2 percent of the adult library users. The next most frequent method used by both the children and the adults to aid in the selection of books was recommended by a friend; this frequency was eight percent. Advertising helped in the selections of 7.3 percent of the adult books. The library users under sixteen used only advertisements in the library for guidance, but the adults selected books from among those advertised in thelibrary, in magazines and newspapers and over the radio. TABLE XXXX PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF REASON GIVEN BY LIBRARY USERS FOR HAVING CHOSEN THE BOOK RETURNED AT TIIE or THE IITERVIEW, MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCH USERS SURVEYED DECEMBER, 19U6 8 Under 16 8 l6 and over 8 Total 8 Number 3 Percent8Number 8 Percent 8 Number 8 Percent 1.Persona1 choice 8 304 8 76.0 8 218 8 63.4 8 522 8 70.8 2.Recommendaiby 8 3 8 8 8 8 librarian 8 34 8 9.0 8 66 8 19.2 8 100 8 13.6 3.Recommended by 8 8 8 3 3 8 friend 8 32 8 8.0 8 27 8 7.8 8 59 8 8.0 u.Advertised 8 12 8 3.0 8 25 8 7.3 8 37 8 5.2 5.Suggested in 8 8 8 8 3 8 book list 8 2 8 1.0 8 6 8 1.7 8 8 8 1.8 6.All other 8 8 8 8 8 8 reasons 8 5 8 1.0 8 In 8 b.l 8 19 8 2.6 7.Ho information 8 7 8 2.0 8 1h 8 4.; 8 21 8 2.8 Total* 8 393 8 100.0 8 344 8 107.6 8 737 8 lou.8 I"Percentages are based on numbers of books returned by library users which they had borrowed for their own use. Total exceeds 100 percent because some had more than one reason for choosing a particular book. -89- It was more difficult to obtain definite reactions about the 8.“ percent of the books which had been borrowed for someone else by the children and the 18.6 percent so borrowed by the adults. In such cases the person interviewed could give only his own opinion of the reader's reaction. Most of the library users thought the books they returned for others were satis- factory and only a small percentage of the books were known to have been definitely disliked. This was true of 6.“ percent of the books the children returned and 7.5 Percent of those returned by the library users aged sixteen and over. In the majority of cases the persons interviewed thought that of the books they returned for others had been read. These proportions were 83.7 percent of the books returned by the library users under sixteen years of age and 5h.8 percent of those returned by adults. The judgment of the library patron in the selection of reading material for another person was relied upon more frequently when the patron doing the selecting was an adult. Only 27.7 percent of the books returned by library patrons sixteen years of age and over had been specifically re- quested by the readers: 36.2 percent of those returned by the young people had been so requested. The librarian had recommended 12.8 percent of the books borrowed for someone else which were returned by the children. The comparable figure for adults was 2h.7 percent. In other age groups close to 50 percent of the books chosen for readers at home were left to the personal selection of the library patrons. The number of people residing at the library users' homes was referred to in the last chapter. It was found that the median number of residents in -90... the homes of the library users under sixteen years of age was between four and five and that, for the adults, itms between three and four. Households of five, six or seven were very frequently represented by the children. According to the reports of the persons interviewed, 27.8 percent of the books returned by the children had been used by other family members and 23 percent of those returned by adults. In addition, only 0.9 percent of the children were uncertain about the possibility of anyone else having read the book while it was in their homes as Opposed to 21.5 percent of the adults. This would indicate that even though the percentage of books taken out specifically for some other member of the family was small, still the other members had some access to the library through readixg the books which the library users borrowed for their own reading. The library users in the Hichigan county branch libraries appeared to rely on the branch as a source of recreational and escape reading for the most part. The place which advertising within the library held in the children's selection of books was small but potentially - significant. It suggests the possibility of widening the young library users' tastes in reading by attractive and informative displays in the libraries. In order to determine the value which the findings on the comparative likes and use of books by the readers might have for county librarians, it would be necessary to analyze the book stocks of the libraries. In order to make such comparisons it would be well to use the same list of subjects which was used in obtaining the information about the library users reading preferences, and in classifying the books they returned. It was beyond the amps of the present study to undertake the comparison. The physical surroundings in the branch, and the -91.. qualifications of the librarians were studied to see what influence they might have on the reading habits of the patrons. A composite picture of the twenty-three county library branches studied is presented in the next chapter. CHAPTER|X A COMPOSITE LIBRARY BRANCH AND ATTENDANT -- THE LIBRARY AGENCY QUESTIONNAIRE AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LIBRARY ATTENDANT After the survey of the Michigan County library users had been completed the first summary of its results was given at the Iebruary, 19%? meeting of the County Library Section of the Michigan Library Association. The county librarians stated that the material would have more meaning for them if they knew something about the towns where the branches were located, the services of the branch libraries, and the qualifications of the library attendants. Consequently, a questionnaire was designed to gather informa— tion on these subjects and sent to all the County Librarians (see sample in Appendix A). The results were analyzed andzne presented here as a composite picture of a typical county library branch and library attendant‘7. The branch itself in ithis =composite picture would be situated in a community of 1200 persons (see Figure 11). There would be a public school ‘ 0.0..O.0005......0.100.000.00150000000020 Under 12 so W 12 50-249? moon: 250M999 mm: 5000 and over XXXXXXXX Some of these communities are townships or county units rather than towns. Ior this reason the communities with.p0pu1ations over 2500 cannot be interpreted to be uniformly urban. POpulation figures used are based on the 19% Census where available. Otherwise the murces used were the State Highway Planning Map figures and the Department of Public Instruction list of High School Communities in.Michig§n. - Fig. 11 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION OF COMMUNITIES SERVED BY THE MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 1946 4'Z'Ttvo widely different descriptions of rural communities. Nest, James, pseud. PlainsvilleI U.S At Columbia U} press, 19b5, Granville Hicks. Small town. Ngw Yggk, MacmillanI 1946. -93.. of 12 grades with between 300 and 500 pupils. Probably thereivould be no parochial school but if there were one, it would have approximately #5 pupils and would have classes for the first eight grades (see Fig. 12). WW ltum__.__9__£____¥ber f ranches 0....OO00.5.0.0...010.00.000.150000000020 Public Schools Grades 8th Grade School XX 12 ' ' ."' No information XXXX Number—of Papils Less than 100 100 - 300 XXXXXXXXXX 300 - 500 XXXXXXXXXXXX 500 - 1000 XIXXXX No information XXXXXXXXXX Parochial Schools Grades None XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 8th Grades XXXXXX 9 Grades XX 10 Grades xx Number of Pupils l - 50 XXIX 50 - 100 II 100 - 150 O 150 - 200 XXIX Dig. 12 DISTRIBUTION OF EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES AVAILABLE AMONG THE MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 19h6. The circulation of the branch (see Fig. 13) would be about #7 books per day open, and it would be cpen 15 hours a week. It would circulate approximately 600 books a month and 6,500 a year. Considering that its book stock would be 1,200 books this represents five circulations a year per book, and a use of five books per capita. The American Library Association -9u- suggest a stock of 3,600 books for a town of this size and a yearly circula— tion of 12,000 booksh7. However, the peeple in this typical community would have access to many more books than those in their own library through the county library headquarters. The munty librarian would not only supply specially requested titles, but would keep the book collection in the branch changing continuously. Because of this,it would seem that the average cir- culation should approach the]2,000 mark. simulation W coco-.....5...o..oo10........15oooooo..20 Yearly No information XXXX 0 - 1999 0 2000 - 3999 XXXX #000 — 5999 XXXXXXXXXX 6000 - 7999 mucosa 8000 - 9999 XXX! 10,00 and over XXXXXX Monthly No information XXXX O - 199 0 200 - 399 XX #00 - 599 XXXXXXXXXXXX 600 - 799 XIXXXXXXXXXX 800 - 999 0 1,000 and over XXIXXXXX Daily No information IXXXXI 0 - l9 0 20 - 39 XXXXXXXXXX 40 - 59 XXXXXXXXXXXI 60 - 79 XXXXXX 80 - 99 XXX! 100 and over 11 Figures are for last completed year and month, and daily average for last completed month, as of December41996. Fig. 13 DISTRIBUTION OF YEARLY, MONTHLY, AND DAILY CIRCULATION FIGURES FOR MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED, DECEMBER, 1946 “Marian L. Mosier. _T__h_e_ small public .libragy, p. -18 - 95 - The peOple in the community would have access to from eleven to fifteen magazines in their library (see Figure 14) in.addition to the books. Of these, womens' and.home magazines, periodicals for children, and sport and out-door types would.be the most frequently available. Appendix B con- tains a complete title list of the magazines available in the branches studied. Types of magazines Frequency ' OeeeeeeeeoSeeeeeeeelOseeeeeeels Women and Home Juvenile XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Sport and Outdoor XXXXXXXXXXXX rar- XXXXXXXXXX Monthly and Quarterly Reviews XXXXXXXX PopUIar Science and Mechanics XXXXXXXX Fiction XXXX General Weeklies XXXX News Weeklies XXXX Pictorial XXXX Radio and Movies XXXX Other XXIX Digests XX Health and Hygiene XX Religious XX Travel and Geography XX There was a total of 58 different titles available in the 23 county library branches studied Fig. 14 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF TYPES OF'MAGAZINES AVAILABLE IN THE MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 1946 The services of the librarian, the reading facilities for both adults and children, the reference facilities for the library users, the lighting, thelibrary exhibits, neatness and attractiveness of the library, and the prominence of the sign would be fairly satisfactory in the estimation of the -96- county librarians, Judged by the equipment with which the local library attendant had to work. The window display space in the library and ex- hibits of books and talks at meetings would be limited and very likely there would be no story hour held for the children, except in those cases where the county librarian could find times to give this extra help, or when a special effort would be made suchflas during book week or at Christmas time. (See Figs. 15 to 20 inclusive) WWW 0.........5........10........15 No information XXXXXXXXXXXX Unsatisfactory , XXXX Satisfactory XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Excellent XXXXXXXXXXXX Fig. 15 DISTRIBUTION OF QUALITY OF THE LIBRARY ATTENDANTS'SERVICE AMONG THE MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 1946. Rsadinalanilitiea NW 0.........5........lO........15 No information 0 Unsatisfactory XXXXXXXXXXXX //////// . Satisfactory XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX ///////////////////////////// Excellent XXXXXXXX //// Legend: xxx Adult [[1 Juvgpile Fig. 16 TYPE OF READING FACILITIES FOR‘ADULTS AND CHILDREN IN MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 1946 -97.. WW 0.........5........10........15........20 No information 0 Unsatisfactory XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Satisfactory XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Excellent 0 Fig. 17 TYPE 0! REFERENCE FACILITIES AVAILABLE IN MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 19G6 WW Osso...00050900000010000.0000150000000020 No information 0 “Matiafactory nmnnx; Satisfactory . .....,..,.. Excellent Fig. 18 QUALITY OF LIGHTING AVAILABLE IN MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 1996 Wis— Numw o.........5........10........15........2o No information 0 Unsatisfactory XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Satisfactory XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Excellent XXXXXX Fig. 19 QUALITY OF EXHIBITS IN MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER,1996 .Neatnsss, eunmbez_nf.Branches __ OeeeeeoseeSOeeeeeeelOeeeeeeeelSseeeeeeezo No information XXXX Unsatisfactory 0 Satisfactory XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Excellent XXXXXXXXXXXX Fig. 20 NEATNESS AND ATTRACTIVENESS OF LIBRARY IN MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 1946 c 98 - flea None Unsatisfactory Satisfactory Excellent Was OeeeeeseeeseseeeeeelooeeeeeselSeeeseeeezo Fig. 21 PROMINENCE OI SIGN OVER LIBRARY IN MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECMER, 1996 _Hindnmmnlm Was 0.0.0.0...50000000010.000.000150000000020 None XXXXXXXX Unsatisfactory XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Satisfactory XXXXXX Excellent XXXXXX Fig. 22 QUALITY OF MINDOW DISPLAY SPACE AVAILABLE IN THE MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 19h6 k80.........5........lO........15........20 No information XXXX //////// None XXXXXXXX ////////// Unsatisfactory . ////////////// Satisfactory XXXXXX ////// Excellent _XX // Legend: XX - Exhibits // - Talks Fig. 23 RANGE OF QUALITY OF EXHIBITS AND TALKS AT MEETINGS AMONG THE MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 1946 -99.. Stag? Hhurs Number of Branches OeeessesseSeeeseeselOeseeesoslSeseseeeezo No information XX None XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Unsatisfactory XXXXXXXX Satisfactory XXXXXXXXXXXX Excellent XXX; Fig. 2b NUMBER OF LIBRARIES HAVING STORY HOURS FOR CHILDREN AMONG MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 1996 The librarian of this typical branch would be between fifty-five and sixty-five years of age. She would be a.high school graduate and have a first grade library certificate. For additional training she would attend the State Library vocational workshOps and if the County library has staff meetings she would attend them as well. (See Figures 25, 26, and 27.) W 000.0000005.000o0.01000000000150000000020 Age Group 15 - 2H XX 25 - 3b XXXX 35 - an XXXX #5 - 54 XXXXXXXXXX 55 - 6n XXXXXXXXXXXX 65§ggover XXXXXXXX Fig. 25 AGE DISTRIBUTION OF.ATTENDANTS IN THE MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 1946 Number 0mm o.......0.5....000.100.000.00150000.00.20 Education Grade School 0 Some High School XXXX High School Graduation Some College College Graduation 0 Libragz §chool 0 Fig. 26 EDUCATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LIBRARY ATTENDANTS IN THE MICHIGAN COUNTY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 19“6 — 100 - Nnmhar_o£_Attandanta__ O.........5........10........15........2O Certificate Number Automatic First Grade Second Grade None No Information Fig. 27 CERTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LIBRARY ATTENDANTS IN THE MICHIGAN comm LIBRARY smears SURVEYED DECBJIBER, M6 'hile many of the librarysttendants will have spent their entire lives in the same community, the typical attendant would have lived there about thirty years (see Figure 28). However, she would not have been the librarian for a very long period of time. Most probably she has been in the library for about three years (Figure 29). Because of her library work she would not hold offices in clubs or organisations but she would be a member of four of them (Figure 30). Nnmhen.a£_ALAendants Years of Residence O.........5........10ou.....15........20 1 - 10 XXXX 11 - 20 XXXXXX 21 - 3O XXXXXXXX 31 - GO XXXXXXXXXX A1. 50 mom 51 - 60 XX .él- 70 111; Fig. 28 DISTRIBUTION OF YEARS OF RESIDENCE IN THE COMMUNITY OF LIBRARY ATTENDANTS IN MICHIGAN COUNTY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECMBER, 1946. - 101 - W Number MW _ 0.........5........10........15........20 Less than one XX Less than three XXXXXXXXXXXX Less than five XXXXXX Less than seven XXXXXX Less than nine XXXXXXXX Lgss than eleven XXXXXX Fig. 29 DISTRIBUTION BY YEARS OF SERVICE OF LIBRARY ATTENDANTS IN MICHIGAN COUNTY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 1996 Wien W Oeeeeeeeee5eeeeeeee10eeseeeee15eeeeeees20 Membership None XXXXXX One XXXXXXXX Two XXXXXXXX Three XXXXXXXXXX Four XXXX Five XX Offices Held None XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX One XXXXXXXXXXXXXX Two XXXXXXXX Fig. 30 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF CLUB PARTICIPATION BY LIBRARY.ATTENDANTS OF MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 1996 One item of significance for the county librarians is the reading habits of the library attendant. On the average she would read about four books a month (see Figure 31). These would be apt to be historical novels or history or travel books although sometimes the library attendant would choose biography or biographical novels instead (see Figure 32). During the six months previous to the survey she probably read about fif- teen books, some for her own enjoyment, and some from a sense of duty. Undoubtedly the branch librarian would have glanced through ten to twenty more in order to know something of their contents. The library attendant - 102 - would do little reading of children's books. To keep up with current happenings the typical librarian.would.read approximately four magazines and skim many more as they were brought into the library for circulation. Despite the fact that the library attendant read.only a few or no children's books she would report that working with the young people was the most enJoyable phase of her library work. Second in enjoyment is the daily contact with peeple which being in the library brings her (see figure 33). In general, the typical librarian would be a mature person, in- terestedin her community, aware of the strong points and the shortcomings of the library service which is offered (see Figures 34 and 35). Number oi Attandanti oeeeeeeeeeSOeeeeeeelOOeeeeeee15eeeeeee020 Books read None XXIX One 0 Two XXXXXX Three XXX! Four XXXXIXXXXXXXXX rive XXIX Six and Over XXXXXX Fig. 31 IREQDENCY DISTRIBUTION OF BOOKS READ IN THE PAST MONTH BY LIBRARY ATTENDANTS OF THE MICHIGAN COUNTY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER,]9Q6 — 103 - Frequencg Rm eeeeeeeeeSeeeeeeeelOOeeeeeee15eeeeeeee20 Type of book Historical History and travel Adventure Biography Family Life Fiction Biographical Fiction Animal Farm Religious Romance Current Affairs Mystery Western Art, Music and Crafts Farm Home Life PhilosOphy, Psycholog, Religious a “Waaaaagggggg Fig. 32 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF TYPES OF BOOKS READ BY LIBRARY.ATTENDANTS IN HICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER,]9#6 .Ireauencv Enqugd OeeeeeeeeeSeeeeeeee10eeeeeeeelSeeeeeeeezo Type of Work Meeting people XIXXXXXXXX Book selection with children XXXXXXXX Children's story hour Encouraging people to read Trying to understand reading needs of people Serving the public All except shelving books and questionnaires Getting‘books ready fer the shelves Issuing books and having satisfied patrons Office work at headquarters Posters and displays Receiving and charging books Shelving books Ti appearance of library fifififififi B1 21 aa Ea { Fig. 33 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION 01‘ TYPES or wear ENJOYED MOST BY LIBRARY urmnmrs Ill MICHIGAN LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 19% - 10h - Nnmhar_n£_Bzanchese_ 0.000.000.5000.0.0.10.0000000150000000.20 Type of service * Adult Circulation XXXXXX School Service and Cooperation XXX! Book Collection and work with Children XXX! Circulation xxxx Generally Nell Balanced XXIX Keeping the Schedule of Opening Exactly XI Convenience xx Considerate Attention to Desire of EaCh Patron xx Helping with Reference Work for High School fitndents XX Fig. 3“ RANGE OF STRONGEST POINTS OF SERVICE IN LIBRARY ATTENDANT'S OPINION IINBIRID BY MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER, 1946 Number 9: Branches 0.0.0.0...50000000.10....0000150000000020 Weak Point Lack of Reference Service and Lack of Demands for Same Too few books Too little shelf room Book Selection of Children Lack of new patrons Lack of complete card catalog No sign Not enough adults using library No one part No truck for outside work Publicity Too short hours Work with young adults Work with high school fififitmhfi E131 fifiggg DISTRIBUTION OF WEAK POINTS OF SERVICE IN OPINION OF LIBRARY ATTENDRNT RENDERED BY MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY BRANCHES SURVEYED DECEMBER,19Q6 -105- This composite picture of the library and the librarian may tend to minimize the wide variety of types and quality of library service given by the twenty-three county library branches surveyed. However, the Figures accompanying the chapter present the range of service in detail. To summarise it may be stated that essentially the branch library attendants provide a medium by which peOple can obtain the books,mostly light fiction, of their choice. A librarian who gave more attention to public relations in the community, and who offered more personal help to the patrons in their book choices should be able to encourage people to widen their reading interests. Her own reading interests are broader than those of herqpatrons and therefore she should be able to offer purposeful guidance in book selection. CHAPTER.XI IMPLICATIONS FOR ACTION IN MICHIGAN BASED ON RESULTS A large amount of care on the part of the participating county librarians was devoted to the selection of county library branches which would be typical of the branches throughout the State and which would be similar enough to each other to permit comparisons. The characteristics of the sample of library users studied parallels the characteristics of the State pOpulation in certain basic characteristics and deviates widely from it in others,particularLy in sex, age, education, and occupational composition. Proposals which, if carried out, would tend to eXpand library use among portions of the pOpulation now underarepresented vw111.be made in this chapter. One of the outstanding discoveries was the disprOportionate ratio of women to men among the library users. The significance of this was apparent throughout the study. The patrons were women; the types of books liked best, romance and historical novels reflect this. The majority of the magazines available in the branches were designed for women, Certainly an effort should be made to perfect a plan for changing the sex ratio toward one more typical of the state. It may be said that women have more time for reading, which may or may not be true. Nevertheless the men shouldliave more of their interests represented by the book.collections and magazines. Furthermore, if the aim of the libraries is really to disseminate true infor- mation, to provide authentic helps in Opinion formation, to combat prejudice and to encourage an enlightened citizenry, the huge emphasis on recreational reading and the lack of masculine library users is to be deplored. Recreap tional reading is necessary and delightful, but it must be supplemented by -107- other types to a far greater extent than these statistics indicate it to be, if the role of the library is to be Justified. The use of the library by the older pecple and particularly by the persons in the active years of middle life should be increased. The book collection should be examined, the hours of Opening, the techniques of registration, and the possibility of different distribution points should be studied as cluesin discovering how to achieve this increase 1+8. For some time the question of whether or not the branches were sufficient to handle adult library ervice without bookmobiles has been de- bated. The brenches furnish additional services whichadults supposedly desire. There is space to sit and read, there are reference books for con- sultation, the branch is available when the person desires and not for a limited periOd only. The small preportion of Open county residents who were reached by the library, as shown by the sample would seem to prove conclusive- ly that branches in trade centers are not enough: from the information ob- tained reading space and reference books even when available are not used very frequently. It is possible that in the middle of winter, when the data was collected, country people are not likely to be in town and that a study made at another time of year would have shown a higher proportion of copencountry residents in the library. However, winter is the time of greater leisure and the period when reading would be the most logical. M. L. Wilson points out in the Li;brary and the community that the transmission of 118 A study pertinent to drawing more patrons into the library is that made by Helen A. Ridgeway. "Community studies in reading III. reading habits of adults non-users of the public library." ’Libragz Qarterly, v. 6, no. 1 (1936) 1.33. - 108 - ideas to rural people is important: "Us realise, of course, that when a full day's chores on the farm are done, physical weariness interferes with reading. Certainly that is true in peak seasons. But in the long winter months and in slack season, prOper planning of work also permits a time budget for reading on the farm....Since farm life does not afford the same amount of leisure for reading as that permitted in urban life the choice of books becomes very important. Here the librarians can render a signal service. There is a wealth of literature about the country that reflects many sides of country living. It is what I call 'expressive literature'. It is not talked about enough. A high per- centage of prise-winning novels and other literature in recent years has consisted of books picturing life in the country. Yet too many farm peOple fail to read themu9.' Since the proportionate number of patrons using the library drops off sharply at a distance of one mile from the branch a bookmobile for adult library service would seem necessary to make books accessible to the country residents. It is true that there would be no reference service available, but reference materials could be sent from headquarters in a short time. There would be no place to sit and read books or magazines, but from the evidence of this survey very few adults make use of either reference or reading room facilities. How these routes should be located andliow frequently they should be covered would need considerable study. The evidence indicates also that the libraries were not reaching the ethnic clusters located in their counties, and were not reaching the huge percentage of people who have no more than an eighth grade education. In this connection the subject and especially the vocabulary level of the books on the shelves must be re-examined. The study of reading in the Norris T.V.A. project concluded that college education increased the use of non- 59 Leon Carnovsky and Lowell Martin. Libragy in_the community, Chicago, University of Chicago press, 19Wh. pp. 10?. ~109- fiction books but, in general, the workmen of the area read 1+5 percent of the science books 50. Some of the incentiveaaid methods used to make non- fiction reading pOpular among that verybtamgeneous pOpulation might well be studied and adapted for use in the Michigan County Library Branches. 0n the basis of the findings of this study the provision of sheet music and phonograph. records for borrowing would seem obviously desirable additions. Caution, however, demands that much more study regarding the costs, difficulties and advantages of adding music to the library materials be undertaken before wholesale programs featuring these materials should be launched. The library buildings and equipment in the communities studied should be improved. They are now at a point where they apparently conform to the standards of the local community. To reach the standards deemed advisable by e1perts for the most efficient library service is the goal toward which library administrators must strive. The library branches msdmre publicity of all sorts, such as newspapers, attractive signs and window displays, and the library through the librarian should play a more dynamic role in community life through exhibits, talks and story hours for the children. Many of these recommendations may seem to be so obvious they could have been made without the effort of the survey. The statistics of the study, however, provide the beginnings of a solid basis on which to build a plan of action for the improvement of library service in the rural areas of Michigan which would result in more enlightened and better read communities. 50Ralph E. Munn,"Reading interests in the Norrie community library" (in John Chancellor. Librag in the T.V.A. Adult Education Program) appendix. PART FOUR EVALUATION OF THE PROJECT WITH ITS BROADER IMPLICATIONS CHAPTER XIII BROADER IMPLICATIONS: NATIONAL, REGIONAL, AND DEMONSTRATION; COOPERATION O! RESEARCH AND.ACTION GROUPS The present study, by raising questions which had to be left unr answered has indicated types of areas and problems which would be best solved by demonstration or experimentation at the state or national levels. The basic problems of adult bookmobile service to this snowbound north country have not been sufficiently studied as an alternative to the branches. Would it work, how should it be planned, would it mean a few large branches and the elimination of the small sub-branches or stations! How would.it compare in cost? Could bookmobiles cover the area more efficiently? The second.prob1em which is closely related to this, is that of book collections and reader interest. In a number of closely controlled situations reading habits have either been changed or found to be different and better (from the viewpoint; of libraries' ultimate purpose) than they are in average situations. The problem is, what can be done to stimulate the same improved qualityaf reading among people in their usual environments? what books are available which will meet the requirements of simplicity and suitability for this purpose? In a completely different problem area this survey has indicated a hitherto unrecognized demand for phonograph records in county libraries. A re-exaninatioxof the uses made of maps and.pictures, and a study of the most economical method of satisfying the demand for records and sheet music, can also be made most efficiently through a demonstration which would permit of experimentation. - 111 - “There was some resentment about questions on nationality." “The results were disillusioning." ”Shows need of a bookmobile.” ”Brought out lack of attendance on the part of middle aged groups, and lack of books of interest to them.” “The library location should receive more publcity." "Would like to try to do it again in six months and see what the results would be." ”Showed that there was a lack of special attention.“ Iround out what the different nationality groups were which have to be reached.” “The peeple were satisfied." “Showed that the branch was purely recreational for children and retired adults.” "Upset preconceived notions, thought it was serving mostly adults; found mostly children.“ FEnJoyed the personal contacts." From these remarks it would seem that the librarians' participation in the survey - Just the effect of taking the interviews,not the compiled results, revealed branch library weaknesses, needs for changes and attitudes on the part of the patrons of which the librarians had been unaware. After hearing a summary of the Library Users Survey results and a progress report of the Lenawee County study at the WorkshOp in 19h7, the librarians carefully formhteda statement of.the value of the project to them. The statement which follows is quoted fnom a letter addressed to Mr. J. Donald Phillips: - 112 - ”The joint meeting of members of your staff (Adult Education Department) and of the staff of the Department of Sociology and AnthrOpology and of the librarians has proven a means of Opening our minds to our own weaknesses and to the possibilities of sensitizing our offerings and programs to the needs of the pe0p1e and of deveIOping new channels of communication within our communities. "County libraries have develoPed to a marked degree in the past few years in Michigan, but even at best they are only scratching the surface. The time has come when we must find a way of evaluating what has been done and pointing the direc- tion of our future course. We have reached the limit of own resources and feel the absolute necessity of assistance from both research and in the application of the results of research. ”The survey project has already proved of great value by supplying statistical evidence on significant characteristics of both the persons who use and those who do not use county library service. The evidence indicated some ways in which greater financial support could best be used in order to reach those not now re- ceiving county library service." 51 The county librarians valued highly the aid they had already received from the project and the promise of practical help which seemed to be forth- coming as the comprehensive study of Lenawee County neared completion. They requested of the W.K. Kellogg foundation a grant to provide the services of a full time person on the college staff who would both help them with the practical sociological problems which they encountered, and at the same time would continue research within the areas which thea‘i'ginal plan of the pro- ject specified. This was indeed appreciation of the worth of the project which they had formulated and carried out with the assistance of the Departments of Sociology and Anthropology and Adult Education at Michigan State College. SI Letter from Alta Parks, Chairman of Survey Committee, County Libraries Section, llichigan Library Association, dated June 23, 19+? to Mr. Donald Phillips, Assistant Director Extension Service, Adult Education Office, Hichigan State College, East Lansing, Michigan. CHAPTER III THE COUNTY LIBRARIANS EVALUATE THE STUDY As has been stated.previously, the Michigan county library survey was a c00perative project between the librarians of the County Library Sec- tion of the hichigan Library Association, the staff of the Department of Sociology and AnthrOpology of Michigan State College, and the Department of Adult Education at the College. The objectives were as fbllows: first, to develop a battery of materials and techniques which could be used ‘ obtain information about the people who‘vere using the county libraries, their reading habits and interests; and second, to help the county librarians ob- tain any information already available about the character of the counties in which their libraries were located. As the end result it was hoped that the librarians would have acquired a method of objective scientific thinking and some knowledge of rural sociology which would help them evaluate their libraries and their communities. In Appendix A is presented a summary of the librarians' attitude toward typical library problems and their knowledge of library literature at the beginning of the study. This was compiled from the response to a five page questionnaire whichmwas administered to the librarians at the 1946 fibrkshop. Had it been possible for this questionnaire againin have been administered to the librarians at the 194? WorkshoP, changes in the librarians' knowledge and attitudes would have been clearly indicated. This was not possible and ansequently only illustrative subjective data can be presented here. They are the evaluations which the librarians themselves have made of the study at different stages of progress. First, at the Institume in the spring of 1947 remarks such as this were heard. - 11h- Another question which is facing librarians in Michigan is the multi-county or larger unit of service. This seems at present to be the best solution for the sparsely settled northern counties. The present study has found that the area of a branch library is mostly within the village limits and rarely extends as much as ten miles beyond. Would the pattern be the same in the northern counties, which have even greater dis- tances between towns? Wherein are these aunties similar, and how do they differ from the remainder of the state? How can they be given library service most efficiently? This whole problem has only begun to be explored and it should be studied so that the best wstem of Operation can be put into practice when adequate funds for operation are available 52. Librarians in rural sections all over the country are faced with problems similar to those which prompted this study. The conclusions which have been reached may or may not be helpful to them. But it is heped that the methods used, and the materials developed, point directions which others may follow. That this is possible has already been demonstrated in Maryland where a similar project is already underway, with the University of Maryland, and the State Library Commission participating. That the County Libraries of Michigan were not alone in their feeling of a need for actual data as a basis of progress is further demonstrated by the interest of the American Library Association in sociological studies. During recent months the A.L.A. has announced a plan for a large and con- 52 There is a bill pending in Congress which would provide funds to each state forlibrary demonstration. - 115 - elusive study of libraries to be conducted by the Social Science Research Council for the American Library Association. The details of this project, the Public Library Inquiry, are given in the May 1, 1947 Library Journal 53 and.bear careful study'by anyone interested in reading andlibrary use research. One section of the study willbe devoted to the Fpresent services to, and relationship of, the library with the community." While their'plan is on a much larger scalj7ghe information sought is more detailed it is directed toward the type of fundamental and to some degree exploratory information which it has been the purpose of this present study to provide. The librarians of Michigan have come to assume, as an outgrowth of the present experience, that in any future study the sociologists would be the appropriate group to further their plans. It is felt that this new approach which.the county libraries have utilized holds within its grasp ' many solutions to their problems. Even this is not peculiar to Michigan. At the 19h6 midwinter session of the American Library Association and the annual meeting of the American Sociological society, both held in Chicago at the same time, plans were drawn up for a Joint committee of librarians and rural sociologists. The purpose of this committee was to survey what c00perative work has already been.done to explore the willingnes ;r feeling of desirability on the part of members of each organisation for cooperative work,to discover the needs on which.it was felt this effort could best be spent. This surely is to be a practical demonstration of the effect of 53 EPublic library inquiry; full text of the A.L.A. Social Science Research Council as announced in the last issue of Library Journal! Libragy Journal v. 72 (19%?) 698. 720-72». _ See also in this connection: Robert D. Leigh. ”Public library inquiry“ Social Science Research Council items;_v. l (19“?) no. 2. pp. 5-6. - 116- cooperation, in bringing sociological theory to practical application. Since the Joint chairmen of the committee are both from the State of Hichigan and were participants in the research here reported the county librarians and the sociologists concenned with some Justification feel that they have had a share in the Joint canmittee's accomplishments. This, then is the coOperative proJect of Michigan librarians, sociologists and adult education specialists. It is haped that the method, the battery of materials and the results will allhve a place in further studies and that they may even erve to encourage the practical application of sociological techniques in other fields of endeavor. BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY (SELECTED) American library association. Committee on institution libraries. "Illustrated books for adult illiterates". Library Journal, v. 60 pp. 261—263, March 15, 1935 Anderson, Harold A. "Reading interests and costs". (In Gray, William S. Reading 12 general education. pp, 217-271.) Arensberg, Conrad M. Irish countryman. London, Macmillan, 1937. 216 pp. Beegle, J. Allan. Michigan pgpulation: cgmposition and changg. East Lansing, Michigan State College Agricultural EXperiment Station, 1947. 103 p. Beers, waard W., Williams, Robin M., Page, John S. and Enaminger, Doubles. Community land-use planning committees; ggganization, leadership, and aptitudes; Qgggggd County, Kentuggy, 1939. Lexington, University of Kentucky Agriculture Experiment Station, Bulletin 41, pp. 145-236. Bryson, Lyman "What are readable books?" Educational forum. pp. 397—402, May, 1937. Carnovsky, Leon "A study of the relationship between reading interest and actual reading," Library gpggterly, v. 4, no. 1, pp. 76-110, January, 1934. and Martin, Lowell Libragy'ig the ggmmunity. Chicago, Uhiversity of chicago press, 1944. 238 pp. Chancellor, John Library.in the T,V,A= adplt education progzam. Chicago: American library Association, 1937. 75 pp. , Tbmpkins, Miriam.D. and Medway, Hazel I. Helping the reader toward self-education. Chicago, American Library Association, 1938. 111 pp. Chandler, Henry B. and Croteau. John T. A re,;>'i_1 ong]I library a; it; readerg; g study 91 five yearg it; me}, reading. New York,.American Association for Adult Education, 1940. 136 pp. Columbia University, School of library service fiyllabus 3g; thg,study‘g£ reading interests ggd'habits 9; adults ... prepgred by;miriam‘2‘ Tompkipg. Fourth edition, New York, School of library service, Columbia university, 1947. 47 pp. Cross, Neal M. "Social change, general education and reading." (In, Gray, William.s. Reading‘ip aneral Education, pp. 1—17). -118- Denver, University. National Opinion Research Center. Eggp...ghere...why...dp,pgople read? highlights p§_g survey made for ppp,‘pericgn librapy‘gggociation.gpd 11 pogoerating city libraries. Report no. 28. Denver, University of Denver, 1946, 32 pp. Easton, David X. "What Rutland reads: a publisher asked the people of a typical American community what non-fiction books interest them. Here are the revealing replies they made." Survengraphic, v. 35, no. 11, pp. 404-407, Nov. 1946. Edge, Sigrid A. Books for self-education. Chicago, American Library Association, 1938. 95 pp. Fair, Ethel M. Qountryewide library service: a compilation p§_gptigles pp services grgpniged py;counties‘gpd other 1gpg§ units. Chicago, American Library Association, 1934. 208 pp. Felsenthal, Emma Readable bgoks ip,pgpy subjects:I§ sppdy ppgng lis . Chicago, American Library Association, 1929. 32 pp. Firey, Welter Sgcial aspects pp 1and.ppp_p1anning pp 1gp,pountry-city fringe: 3p; case 9§DFlint, Michigan. East Lansing, Michigan State College Agricultural Experiment Station, special bulletin 339, 1946. 57 pp. Flesch, Rudolf Marks p§,g readable style:,g study in adult educptign. New York, Columbia university Press, 1943. 69 pp. Foster, Jeanette “More definite terms to describe types of reading." American Library Association Bulletin, v. 30, no. 8, pp. 683-684, August, 1936. Gray, William} s. Reading'ipggeneral education. Washington, American Council on Education, 1940, 464 pp. ., and Monroe, Ruth Reading interests and habits pi adults: p preliminapy report. New York, Macmillan, 1929, 305 pp. . and Leary, Bernice E. What makes g bookzreadable: pith special reference pp gdults pi limited reading abilitz: pp,initia1 study. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1935. 358 pp. Guernier, "Mechanics of a library survey." Libragy Journal, . 1927. p. 1077. Hall, William E. and Robinson, Francis P. "Role of reading as a life activity in a rural community." Journal 9: applied psychology. v. 26, pp. 530-542, August 1942. :119* angood, William Converse m mg the publig librar 1: ps urvey pikt __1___te epatrons g: the girculation and referergge de artments _o_; the supp Ior kEblic Library. Chicago,‘Universiw of Chicago press, 1938. Hicks, Granville Smll town. New York, Macmillan, 1946. 276 pp. Hill, Elton B. m _o_: farming i2 Michigg. East Lansing, Michigan State College Agricultural Experiment Station. Special bulletin no. 206, 1939. 99 pp. Hodgson, James G. Printed page 12 rural homes. Unpublished manuscript loaned by the author. Fort Collins, Colorado, 1947. 344 pp. Hoffer, Charles R. "Public library service for Michigan rural residents." Michigg Agricultural Expgriment Station Quarterly Bculletin, v. 28, no. 1, pp. 1-9, August, 1945. Socig], grganizatiop. _Lp relationship 35; gxtensiop servipe lg Mpg County, Michigan. East Lansing, Michigan State College Agricultural Experiment Station. Special bulletin no. 338. 31 pp. and Gibson, Duane L. ~Qommunity situation pg L géjfegts pgpiculture extension work. East Lansing, Michigan State College Agricultural Experiment Station. Special bulletin, no. 312, 1941. 35 pp. Holt, Doris Books 9;; general interest for tgdgp's readers. Washington, American Library Association and American Association of Adult Education in cooperation with U. S. Office of Education. n.d. 59 pp. Humble, Marion Rural America reads: a study_ of rural library service. New York, American Association of Adult Education, 1938. 101 pp. Jackman, Mabel E. "The relationship between maturity of content and simplicity of style in selected books of fiction." Library Quarterly, vol. 11, pp. 302- , 1939. Jacques, Elliot "Introduction." Journal 33 social issues, v. 3, no. 2, Spring, 1947. Joeckel, Carlton B., editor Library E_xtensig_n: problems gag solutions: paper; pnesentep, befgrze, the Lil-2am institute g; the University 93; Chicago, August 21-26, 1944. Chicago, University of Chicago, 1946. 260 pp. Kolb, John H. and Marshall, Douglas G. Neighborhood-commijy relationships inr ural society. Madison, University 0; ‘71 Sconsin Agricultural Experiment Station, Research bulletin 154,1944 . pp. ~120- Leary, Bernice E. and Gray, William.S. "Reading problems in content fields" (In Gray, William S. Reading 12 ggneral education, pp. 113-185). Leigh, Bolbert Do "Public library inquiry." Social science research council items, v. 1, no. 2, pp. 5-6, June, 1947. Lewerenz, Alfred S. "Children and the public library." Library Quarterly, vol. 1, p. 152, 1931. Link, Henry C. and Hepf, Henry A. Eep'ole pp; books: g study 91 1.918152% 9.24, book-buying habits. New York, Book Manufacturers Institute, 1946. 166 pp. Loomis, Charles P. Studies p§_rura1 social organization ;p_the united States, Latin America and Germany. East Lansing, State College Book Store, 1945. 392 pp. Lorge , Irving "Predicting readability." Teacher's Colleg§_Record, v. 45, pp. 404-19, MarCh, 1944. Martin, Lowell "Community analysis for the library." (In Carnovsky. The library _i_rl the community, pp. 201-214). Lighigan Library 1.39:“- Lansing, Michigan state board for libraries, 1944. 94 pp. Mosier, L. Marion, and Lefevre, Helena S. Mfllic library: r anization, administration, service. Chicago, American Library Association, 1942, 142 pp. Munn, RBIPh R. "Reading interests in the Norris community library." (In Chancellor, John. Library E 'I‘.V.A. adult education program, the appendix). New York State Department of Education: Division of Research. gterim report 9_f_ the survey 9_i_‘_ ppblip lybrarigg y; NE! ork State. Albany, 1946. 21 pp. mimeo. "Public library inquiry: full text of the A.L.A. social science research council as announced in last issue of library journal." Library Journal, v. 72, no. 9, pp. 698, 720-724, May 1, 1947. Ridgway, Helen A. "Community studies in reading III. Reading habits of adult non-users of the public library." Librayy quarterl , v. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-33, Jan., 1936. Rothrock, Mary "Objectives for rural library service.“ Rural America; v. 15, pp. 6-9, September, 1937. ~121- Sanderson, Dwight Locatipg the rural communipy. Ithaca, N. Y., Cornell University, New York State College of Agriculture EXtension bulletin 413, 1939. 18 pp. Rural sociology and rural social_organization. New York, Wiley, 1942. 806 pp. and Polson, Robert.A. Rural summits: organization. New York, Wiley, 1939, 448 pp. S chuler , Edgar A. "A workshop that worked." Extension service review, vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 134-135, October, 1946. Strang, Ruth M. Exploration in readipg;pa.tters . Chicago, University of Chicago press, 1942. 172 pp. Thorndike, Edward Lee Adult interests. New York, Macmillan, 1928. 335 pp. , Bregman, Elsie 0., Tilton, John W. and Woodyard, Ella Adult learning. New York, Macmillan, 1928. 336 pp. Thaden, John F. 1pp§lpgzregipn gpg,;pg tributary tgwnpppuntpy communitipg. East Lansing, Michigan State College Agricultural EXperiment Station, special bulletin 302, 1940. 50 pp. Stepg in the delineation of communipy boundaries. East Lansing ,Michigan State College Department of Sociology and Anthropology (Duplicated). 4 pp. and Mumford, Eben High school communities ip Michigan. East Lansing, Michigan State College Agricultural Experiment Station, Special bulletin 289, 1938. 36 pp. United States Department of Agriculture. Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Communities and peighborhoods 1p land use planning: County planning series No, Q. Washington, D.C., U. S. Government Printing Office, 1940. 6 pp. United States Department of Agriculture Farmers in a chang_ng sociepy: the yearbook of agriculture, 1940. waShington, D. 0., United States Department of Agriculture, government printing office. 1212 pp. United States Department of Commerce 16th Census p§,ppg united States 1940. Population, secgpg series: characteristics pg the pgpulation: Michigan. Washington, D.C. Superintendent of documents, 1942. 184 pp. Maples, Douglas "Community studies in reading 1: Reading in the lower east side." Library Quarterly, v. 3, pp. 1-20, January, 1933. ~122- Waples, Douglas Investigating library problems. Chicago, University of Chicago press, 1939. 116 pp. EppUJe gpp pript: pppial aspepts p£,readipg.1p the depression. Chicago, university of Chicago, n.d. 228 pp. "Reading studies contributory to social science: a suggestion toward co— operative research." Library Quarterly, v. 1, p. 278— 1931. ‘_ and Tyler, Ralph W. What people want pp_read ppout; p study pi group interests and p pprvey p1,pgoblems ;p_ppult readipg. Chicago, University of Chicago, 1931. 312 pp. and Carnovsky, Leon Libraries ppp readers ip phe State pf_flpy Ior : the ptate's pdministratiog p§_publip ppp schnpl librariep_with reference ppuppp educational value pi library serviceg. Chicago, University of Chicago press, 1939. 160 pp. and Berleson, Bernard and Bradshaw, Franklin R. What reading does pp peppl :‘p'ppmppgy pi evidence pp the social effectp p£,reading and p statemenp‘pfi problemg fpr research. Chicago, University of Chicago press, 1940. 232 pp. "Washington Post surveys Capitars reading habits." Publisher's weekLy, v. 150, pp. 2991—2. November 30, 1946. West, James, pseud. Plainville, U.S.A. New York, Columbia Urdversity press, 1945. 238 pp. Whipple, Leon "Why people read." Journal p§,gpult educ.ti n, v. 10, pp. 241-245, June, 1938. Whitehead, Thomas North Leadership 3.111.122 §p_c_i_e_t_y: a 93.991 1p pupipp relations based pp g; anaLysig p£_p;esent day induetrip; pivilizatiop. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1937. 266 pp. Willard, John D. "Libraries and rural adult education." Adult education and the library; vol. 4, pp. 3-11, January, 1939. Wilson, A.T.l. "Some implications of medical practice and social case—work for action research." Journal pf Social Igsues, v. 3, no. 2, pp. 11-27, Spring, 1947. Wilson, M. L. . "Life in the country." (In Carnovsky. Librarv'lp the community, pp. 98-109). Young, Pauline V. Scientifie social surveyp‘ppp research. New York, Prentice-Hall, 1942, 615 pp. APPENDIX A IIa edit. ...le. \ i ... ._. worn . “- till \v n. o.‘ \l .‘ ... ,.-. \. \‘ 4 all a! .l. I .. (I «... e. 4 ' I I! o . .fll . .| .1. I . e A an. 0'.- ' nn’ - .. .y.‘ - p v n e .. ,v 4. f“ .v 11’ a." \l. in. ~. '24:. n. .. I n I ‘4‘ - . \p 5! \1 ...l . . .... 590 ..l‘ \‘ .‘ L. . ..\ l ‘ . \I . e . It‘ .. .... n V A u .L I r .. I .l (t l. . e . e I» t .v 5. . . r a e . r! n.- \ t .. , a . . D I II . e . . . l . . ., ... . :v 3... a] I. ..i. lr I. :O1 ‘14 ~... a. .1. ~ . l w . . .. a u. t . . . . t I . . h v . t! .1 t‘ . ,n. .1 . ... e . u. . . » 3 .. i. . n J n. .55 . . v . ..' y x x . v (. T . .11 .\ s. 1 u r ‘ y’. .7 D. ,\ ..\ /.£ . 0 wt I up ‘ ..I. . A ,. .. v . . («In I p .- o ‘1 a « . C . A. . . ... , ... .. ., .... .. , ... ‘ . . .4 1 .. .I . . . v : . Art. 11.“ v, v z fa . U ‘1' _ a v u l. .1. ‘1. .y. . s .- . 1 . A e .4 n . L el _ . . l n r ‘1, r... ..f . - . . . V I a} .1 n . . ... . y i .I v u u . ... . t A ; . a . . I . . .. . . . .. . i! o . . y I . . . :1 t . '. 3 . i . . . . I. . - v ’ .‘ r- . I y .. v4. 1 . . v . I . . . . . r . a . . I. t. t . u . 4 «.1 . . . A x .s. a . . I. ‘ . u . 4 |\. . - .. . A. . . . . 1!. e. v 3.1. . . «i 7:... n e . a .a a... . . I. . e. e a ... . . .. .-. s! .l . . .. . 4!. -... .r «H 7 ., r. . .. ... . . . ..a.‘ . . . I '1‘ . v. on .. v I g .I . t .. r ... . e n . r I- p I . x J. ... t . a \l \ . n a I I O ... p a ’h\. I‘ o . I .u. e y . ~ . . u a . | . . . . e ... , . K I in: .. ...- . I. . I . ‘ .\ . b. I. u e 1 . ... .. . . t . .... . .... ‘4. ..u 31 :I I: . I. 1; v4 3. ...... . f ..I .. . . . . I. I t : . I... . u. . v. r. . ,I . 1 n4 \ . ~ 1 t .r . e la ... o.\ c. I Fe 9.. .— f. | w H ..J . ... . l \. an“. A n r v... . s I . .I v n o I. v e o . | n. . v v P: P. a di. '5 I .\ a 4 .e . O .| J .1 e . . . . u ..I it . I a ... t a. I n . . . . r . . 4 . . . \I pl . . b! . \. .1 .04 A . . r . . v A c . 4. . . i. f . .. . V . . 1.. . . . , - . . u . u re. . r y . ... . I n . . a .. . u . .r . \ .I - . o. n ‘ 4‘ l . . , s I u I r (A . s 4 . q . I A .t e . ‘ A? . . .. . .. . v . . AL I n C c\l. w , . I. . v.0‘I" 1 . v A .. .. A e .I . t! .I . . ,f ,. . /. C .. , fr T i i a 1.. . . IIa CUtNTY Libnuny nnnLGuS 1N uthH SURVEY hlLL BE TAKEN COUNTY BRAhCH hUUns OPEN- NO. OF BOOKS Alcona Lincoln 30 1000 Branch Quincy 15 750 (county) Cass Edwardsburg 15 907 Crawford Greyling 10 1700 Genesee Davison 15 1349 Gladwin Boaverton 12 1000 Ingham Molt 14 1500 Iosco Tawes City 12 5000 Jackson ‘ Grass Lake 12 2000 Kalkaska nelkaSKa 23 2‘00 Kent Kent City 10 1025 Lapse! . Inlay Uity 10 . 300 (county) Lenawee Deerfield 17 1200 Manistee Lanistee (6,694) A 40 500 Mason _ Scottville 265 ' 300 (county 2000 (city Menominee fiermansville 30 500 Missaukee Headquarters Monroe Carlton 20 1200 Muskegon havenna 18 1890 Prague Isle Onaway 10 600. St. Clair Lorine 15 Van Buren Covert 18 3000 Mayne Flat nook “oxford hanton 26 1200 II b M 1 C H I G A M S T A T E C O L L E G E E a s t L a n s i n g November 15, 1995 Department of Sociology and.Anthr0pology Dear Librarian: You may already have heard from the secretary of the County Library St. ti regarding plans made at the Tamas City meeting. In case you have not, I like to review some of them for you. on no uld At the Totes City meeting it was decided that the Limited County Library Study would get underway with a survey of library users during the first two weeks in December. Each county librarian present selected a specific as; enCy of the library mystem in which to make the atrvey. The characteris tics of this agency were decided by polli ng the lib rarians present The characteristiCS were as follows: ~ 1. Regular attendant for the hours the library is Open. 2. Open twelve hours a week. 3. Has 1200 books. E r a period of tee lye hours during the fire t two weeks of De enember, the county librarian using the Library User's Schedule, will interview all Iersons who come to this library. She will endeavor to have.at least thirty peop3.e ans the questions; We would like to have the following information from the libraries which were not represented at the conference: . 1. Will you be able to cosperate on the above-outlined projeo t0 :3 Will you please send us a list of your library agencies that have a regular atten ant, the number of hours each one is open, and the number of books at that place? We realize that sale libr:.riee will he"e no e3zrcies that will co: exactly to the cr‘.ter.ea "e vi ll seljet fr en your list the one the closest and will notif y you of the choice (4’ U If you can suprly the requeete info; ation by retuz n mail, or not later ,hen November 21, we will appreoiate it very much as we cannot continue with the library plane until we hear from all the libre; iee Sincerely yours //14’1/172"w< C7//1zc/Z,/2,/~—47 “N. Ma 1‘ 231' e t lufurrey V Graduate Assistant ‘ IE? :AJ C MS 0 11/23/46 III a MIC HIG'F SURVEY OF COUNTY LIBAARY US;nS SUF‘E VIV TELCTIO‘i 5 FOR COUNTY LIBRARIANS The survey of Library Users is to be conducted at the Brenc; A; ency of i- your county. We hope that you.will be able to conduct the survev your s It will be much more informative if you do the actual interviewing. It ‘.fi us a more reliable 'oicture as you are better e.cquninted botr with the sche \rith your library tr an is anyone else. elf ll give 6 wl and truction sheet for th 3 ettend3.nt in the Branch W er. you ere ion sheet makes her resoonsible for the informs stio n on the lease go over the ins trictions and tne summnry with Her We are enclosing an ill to work. This instruc Librsr1,Asenoy Summarv ,, e . 1 sni s e that she uni rstends he duties. You might suggest to her the use of a telly s.ee as a means of ke3o oing her coun accurate. We have been indefiniie in our inst uctions to her as to the times when you are going to take your schetzules. We have done this to help assure as normal etting as possibl for your work. 1. Ont the average, it tikes approximately ten minutes to fill out a MC Md le with a patron. This schedule is designed so that the schedule teger "111 ask the questions and do the writiqg. 2. Do not let the resnondent try to fill out the scheaule by himself. 3. The questions which are in quotation marks are to be asked exactly as they are written, the others may be adapted where it is neces- sary to ootnii the inf0121ntion. y to fill out each so e6ule comoletely while the respondent t. Do not wait until afterwards to fill in what seen to be L is on rho comes to the Brsnch while you are t: ere. We found th t n3or13Mi1 not object to V”ll"f a few minutes in order to help us get the xforieti n we eeded. 5' Make an attemot to contec t eech o r19 6. The best method of establishing good working relations with the Library Users is to have the Brw M01 Atte lnnt, whom they already know, introluce you to them and ,nolfi1q Uh? vou are there. Ash he Li brery Attendant to imt+ vou th; books the; re Hur ed Pt the time that she introduces Jou. 7. After the first time, "Library User" is designated by "L.U," through- out the schedule- 8. The schedule consists of two on rts. Part I, "Reami sCha .recter~ istics," is four pages in length snl is stapled toge t:er. Part II, "Book Selection and Use," is on colorei oeper. m8 0 11/23/96 a. Ask the questions on the first three pri es of Pert I. b. Proceed to Part II and ask abort each book the L. U. hes returned, .1 using a sera 9r9te copy of Part II for snow book. ~- 0. Return to Part I and ask the QUéSthLS on page 4. 9. The nurnbers and blank snaces on the side of the schedule are to be disre39rded. DO FOT FILL TEEM IE. They are for the our‘ e coding 9nd sorting the answers after we receive th-zm here at the College 10. In the following questions more than ne item ray be checked: 53 56, 61—65. 18. a. Part I: 2. ’45, [“6 b. Part II: 12, 13, 17 ll. For the questions on occupations, 1re would like to have the occupa— tion of the father or the husband, whether he is livine or deed. These 00 upations are illustrative of the ones to be xlnced in e9 cli type. (See 1940 U.S. Census, second series, "Population by Stet es: Michigan", rage 8.) ' a. Professii 09.3 91 9nd sem.i—orofessionel: tea9hers, doctors, nurses, countya :gents, social workers, aftsmen, photo— gr9 ohers, wi1e “1 ss operators, surveyors. b. Business, both nroori toss 99d cltricel: 9ubl e 1 store Olaerotors and voraers St33n051rafl'erc' sa. rortation worzer s. c. Farm or ETDIWOI er.d managers: Owners and tenants, managers. d. Farm laborers: all other farm workers. - e. Craftsmen, for v.39, and kindred workers: craftsmen, factory workers, fillin3s 9tion attendents, del ivervmen, 9a.inters, carpenters, seamstresses, bus drivers, b9 ers, ho~'9“9r°. ' f. Service wor :ers : housekeepers, servants, nolicemen, fire me9 soldiers, sailors, bo9rdin 9ouse keeoers, cooks, usrers, 3” baroers. 12. When you have finished ixt rv1ew1n, 9 o9tron, Clio 1art I and the sheets for Port II together. 1}. Plot your L1 ibra y Users on the ligr'9v mans and then se 91 the sche~ dules to us as soon as possible, pr efc ~rably t later tl:a.;1 Decem ber 21. 1%, If you wish, the schedules in 11 be returned to you later. III b MSG 11/23/u6 MICHIGAN S .VEY OF COUNTY LIBRARY USERS SURVEY IRSTRUCTIONS FOR LIBRARY AGEHCY ATTENDANT The questions which are being asked of your patrons today are to be used in a study of all the County Libraries in Michigan. Your Branch has been selected for the study because the County Librarian has con— sidered it typical of this county. In order to make the work easier for the schedule_taker, and the results more reliable, we will need your cooperation. I. Will you please take the responsibility for gathering the information on the Agency Summary Sheet? This sheet con- tains items of general information about this Branch which can be compared with the Branches studied in other counties. 2. All of this information can be filled in immediately except Item 7. To gather the information for this item, it will be necessary for you to keep count of each of the items listed for ea h period the schedule taker works. 3. When we were testing the questions, we noticed that in some places an unusual number of people appeared in the library in a short time just to be interviewed. If the number of patrons is greater than might reasonably be expected from your past eXperience, or the circulation larger, the re— sulting totals will not give an accurate picture of your Branch. If this should happen, it would make it very difficult for us to compare your Branch with others. We would like to have you watch out for this and notify the Schedule Taker if you seen to be having more than a normal amount of business. ZdSC 7. P. I»: J 0 11/23/40 I4) Name 0 H: Name 0 l4, Name 0 Library III c MICHIGAN SURVEY OF COUNTY LIBRARY USERS County LIBRARY AGENCY SUMMARY Schedule Taker Library Agency Library Agency Attendant Agency is housed in: Separate Building School Room Part of Town Hall Other: (Specify) ) l.Owned ( ) 2.Rented ( ) é Hours and Days Open 3 MORNING AFTERNOON I EVEN HG 3 : From To From To iFrom To { IA_ 5 I 3 ~ILOIIIJAY I 2 g in? T . 2 , iirnnr L g . 8 1 f * grinrzsnAY 1 y I - I ... Y 'I T l leURSDAY » : - ; l I . u ; j [FRIDAY . f s . 1T ; e I ISATURDAY 2 : I . i 1 . I Total number of hours open per week: Summary of Library Agency activities and services for periods during which library survey is taken. I q , : I g I g o I Period I Library Visitors I Books Circulated Reference “nectionsg Day Hours Adult Juvenile I Adult Juvenile 'Asked rsueredi 2 l I f I v I r ; I z I . I n I 1 L I L I . I I I I a I i l 1 l : r T 7 . i I L ' I . i s I ? I I I § 5 I I I i i I ' ; ~——f ~ E 1' J ‘ : ' I , . I g E I i s l T 1 Total number of schedules taken 0. nu .- . v . - v- -... ' a— a.o .n I.. . .A. n . . -. . 1.. .- . .. " usuo w -“ n o . .- o . --.‘ , . _ A . —.A . n u—-- ... . n. . '0 -. -.u I ,. -- KSC III d 11 _r: I 1 a "“'/“'—"/‘I’6 SClldell": ITO. Time: Befin: D Tot Pill n End: SC‘edule Taker 1-3 (Initials) M: HIG.N SURVEY OF COURTY LIRIERY USERS County: Library Agency Date b Day of week: l.Mon. ( 5‘ 2.Tues. ( ) 3.WBd.( ) I'v.T‘nur<:,.( ) 5.Fri.( ) 6.Sat. I. READERS' "'quCT‘“ STICS Name of Library User (L.U.) 5 Sex: l.Male ( ) .Female ( 6-7 Age at last birthday Marital status (if L.U. is 16 or over): ________ l. Sin:l-: ( ) 2.Married ( ) 3.WiCow or widOHer ( ) b.0ther ( ) C’ \0 L.U. is: 1 .Preschool chi €.( ) 2.Stu.dent ( ) 3.?ousewife ( ) '5 .31rfloyed( )15.1I1‘1elémloyed( ) Occuirtion: (record answer by "X") Note: If L.U. is under 1?, check only column 11 unless L.U. is employed.part-time, in which case check also column 10. If L.U. is ID or over, check columns 10, 11, in each case, nsnd column 12 where it wi~li,s. Ii L.U. is at present unemployed, check his usual or previous OCCHJRtiOn. (10) (11) (12) L.U. L.U.‘s L.U.‘s wife Occupation _ Father or husband 10 Professionn.l and semi-professional Business - both proprietor and clerical 11 Farm operators and managers Farm laborers 12 Craftsmen, foreman, and kindred worVe Hon-farm laborers Service borkers Students Other (specify) ’1 U} AAAAAAAA I AAA/‘AAAA AAA/\Af‘f‘f‘ . VVVVVVVV Address: street or road, and number I”! \Q Residence is in l.Town or village ( ) 2.0pen country ( ) Nana o” conrunity: Name 0 oei‘hiornood: P.O. address lQ-lS Direction .f.‘ .L and dist nce in Miles ( ) or Bloczs ( ) of L. U. Home from Library Agency vhere schedule is beii taken: / r- 0 I lo-l/ Horth Soutn East West Total dis trace u u A n « a~,. ~ D: l.- n 4". .. u 39 re? FILL 18 22 _ 2 - IE Nudber of persons livin= at L. U. '3 address ((10 not include separate apartments) 18. Feni13' me here: Is L.U. a yer-r-rrounfi recifent? 1.Yes( ) 2.?0 ( ) In what county use L.U. born? 10 U.S. ( ) 2.0ther (SPECifL’) If U.S., whet state? 1.3ichigcn ( ) 2.0ther (SJGCifV) . . If not born in Hichi; n, how long has L.U. lived here? 1. Less then e.;err ( 2. 1-5 yeers ( 3. 6-10 years ( ”. Over ten years ( ) ) ) D What is L.U.‘s nationality background? (indicate by "X") 1. English ( ) 6. Polish ( ) 2. Finnish ( ) 7. Scotch ( ) 3. German ( ) 7. Scotch-Irish ( ) h. Hollander ( ) 9. Swedish ( ) 5. Irisn ( ) x. Other (suecify) tint lengueges are spoken in L.U.'S hone? 1.3n'iisr ( 2. Other (5 oer If other, check one: 1.?rerucnt lv( ) 2.0ccesionell y) ( ) gametK ) ) if Y Race: l.White ( ) 2.He{,ro ( ) 3.0ther (specify) "How far did you go in school?" (circle only the highest grade) Grade school: 1 h 5 6 7 8 High School: 1 College: 1 Graduate Stuflies Other (specify) HNNN NUKQKA) u I «I "How often did you come to this Librarv Agency aurin: the nest U weeLS? 1. Every day 2. Three times e.veek . Twice {.3 wee]: Once a week Once every tvo weeks Once a month Other (specify) \1 mm CW.) 0 AAA/\AAA VVVVVVV "Have you used any other Library or Branch of this Library in the past twelve months?" 1.Yes ( ) 2.30 ( ) Specify If yes: "Did.you check ut cooks ?" l.Yes ( ) 2.flo ( ) “Are you returning books?" 1.Yes ( ) 2.30 ( ) Hunter "Do you intend to read.while at the library?" 1.Yes ( ) 2.Fo( ) If yes: "Do you intena to re ed 2 1.Book ( ) 2.Negrzine ( 3.Hewsyener ( po. p-o‘ - «I.-. .. .... -.-. I l‘ n. v u a . '_, ,1 I ’- n . . ' . I . . cl .c I ..,.. . .~.. In " C. Iwfi~ . . . .... a .... 0.. a »,¢-~ O.- .122 .._1"OT :IL_L r; 34 \JJ .1) l "Do you intend to take out a book you had in mind_before you come to the library?" l.yes ( ) 2.70 ( ) ) 2.”o ( ) "Do you intend to look around for books now?" l.Yes ( If yes: "What do you have in fling?" "Do you intend to consult 9 reference book such as a dictionary or encyclOpecie?" l.Ves ( ) 2.To ) "Do you intend to ask the librarian fo desire] information?" r l.Yes ( ) 2.F0 ( ) "What other reasons did you have for visiting the lihrerv today?" If L.U. is 16 or over: belong to?" O l. 2 3 b 5 "About how many clubs or organizations 60 you 6 7 8 9 over ten (1 If one or more to the above, "Are you an officer or Committee Cheirmen in any of these?" 1.Yes ( ) 2.?0 ( ) If Yes: "What positions do "ou hold end in what orgrnizec c.’ grouus? Office or Committee Chairmanship Heme of Organization If L.U. hes returned books, use Part II for each book returnefl before going to urge h. The Questions on pn¢s b are to be nresented at the ens of the inter- view. If L.U. hes not returned books, 30 flirectly to pege h. IA w:‘— a .. v..— -. _\ —‘C’ .'\"~ ' If ~ u I ‘ I _ a V l ..A.-o~0”-. ~ ~-- o“§fia~ o--.u.‘-.u- . . . .-’<-~o~ - . nu-.. ..~.--— —-—~ #- "$.- ,n-_. ..,. - a - 70 70'? ”IL; _L:_ ”Which of the following types of material do you like to read?" (Place a check preceeding_eech type enjoyed. Ask L.U. specifically sbout each type.) - Fiction Non-Fiction b5 ( )1.Adventure ( )Ol ( )1.Art, music, enfl crafts ( )12 ( )2.Animel ( )02 ( )2.Biogrephy ' ( )13 ( )3.Biogrephicel ( )03 ( )3.Fairy tales ( )1u ( )b.Boys (1: girls; family life( )Ol'r ( )4‘.Farm ( )15 ____ ( )5.Ferm ( )05 ( )5.History ( )lé ( )6.Historicel ( )06 ( )6.Home and femily living ( )17 b6____ ( )7-Hvstery ' ( )07 ( )7.Current afieirs ( )18 '( *)8-Relisious ( )08 ( )8.Nature ( )19 t ( )9.Romence ( )09 ( )9.Philosophy, Psychology, 379131;;in )20 ( )x.Western ( )lO ( )x.Science ( )21 ( )y.0ther ( )11. ( )y.0ther ( )22 - 4?i8 If more than one tyne is checked, ask: "Yhich of these do you like to reed bgffi best?" 'Nezt best?" "Third?" (Iniicete rank order of oreference by insert- SLSE ing "1" "2" "3" in the parentheses~following types chosen. "Do you.have any special interest that you resfl about?" l,yes( ) 2,vo( ) If yes: Specify 51____ "would you like to use other types of materiel from the library?" 4L ,F_____ l.Yes ( ) 2.No ( ) If yes: specify below: 55.... 56 53.Pilms ( ) 57.Pictures ( ) S 5U.Hegsvines ( ) 58.5heet music ( ‘ SE 55.hnps ( ) 59.0ther (specify), 5?____ 56.P=onogrvph records ( ) "During the pest yeer did you get books to reed in any other way besifies 60 from libraries?" l.Yes ( ) .2.No ( ) 21 If yes: Ask about each of the following (past year only) 2 63 61.Buy them ( ) 64 . 62.Borrow from friends( ) £5 63.Receive as gifts ( ) 64.Book Club ( ) give details 65.Anyvsere else? ( ) . . . . O . . n .._. .0‘5‘ .. .. . ‘ u ‘ - ‘ .._.1 a , ~ , ‘. _ ,1 I " . . . 9 . .. \ . . I - k . -.c ---.—.. ' V. . . f ‘ : I v ‘ H . ' I‘ . > _- . O .I ' . I : .1 ‘r ‘ R l - . . . . . . n l P; . I n O . V. v ' - . i ... . ‘ .. O . . ' u l .. a . '. I - . ‘ I. . ' yo....~.~o ' ‘ ' . l I" . . V . u ’0 ---.-...-. .....a 0’3! -v--<. I 'I. ‘_ ‘...-‘. . - ’w 'qscwl-A. . O l n I u ‘ n I V ( a ‘_ I I n l v... . .0 . \ g! u a o a n1 ~~--. .- I . I . . '1.- ' t . S- '- . u I . . . t l- "1 I u . n I .. C C . u . ., 't e n .1 I O : . . , . ' I ““3!- . OI. ‘ -u o , . I '. a i . ‘ . . \ I . o \ '. e ' h 0 . II"‘ Q a . ' ’. I . n n -. n I -l . . "I . ‘ .~ . I . . .0 U 0. I'lv . u ‘\ '5. om.\.-vq. ..- . . . - O I. .. . . It r a- Q " ‘ ... .g “ I Q ’ _‘ . ,‘ l v L‘ 4 0 I 5| Pu -~o'"..‘ A|~m l.‘ - , r c . . ‘ 5 . - ' " . ‘ Q n A . -' . ."-’I . Y ' ‘ C u l 1 ' . .. '- . . I ' ~. ‘ n . '. ' I u . ..- )_ .' I I . ..., ' ., .. ... I.. ‘ I I l. I. u .o , .' li" it -a. ’. .‘I D I '.- .‘.’ -D V ' D I a ‘ -,. _‘ I o In. ... u .v o '_ u.- w a ‘ . I n n n. . . ,- - .il‘ a - - . C o ' 0 e o r - , " ‘ 'v \‘l‘g‘vun‘ c.1- Q.v~-l . 0 .... mh. ... - . - ‘ - . . ..--..-_ Q. ...-. . .u ...o o. 'a . “.o"oi .. ‘1 . n . ....- . . L . -.-.- .0. . .- I .0 I“ .0 l— --. I . I-l _ n I “CO'D-Iu ' East Lansing, Michigan At The last Survey Committee meeting we covered very briefly the material in a check list to be used with community delin- eation. Enclosed you will find this material in a more elaba crate form. Will you please examine this material critically and let me have whatever suggestions you may have as soon as possible, at least by the 5th of May. In this way we may be able to save a Committee Heating. The purpose of this check list is to give each County Librarian a uniform set of data about each of the trade centers or com~ munities in her county which she can bring to workshop. There, with the help of Doctor Thaden, she will be able to delineate the boundaries of the areas that would be important or suit— able for library branches, stations, and bookmobile stops. Some of the material requested on the schedule is a little more elaborate that would be necessary for delineation alone, but to get a well rounded picture of that community for later use in library work it would seem to be of importance. Will you in your criticism inclufe the following points: 1. Should this check list be kept as short as possible Just for this community delineation, or will this eXpanded.form give additional information which will be valuable for administrators to have in an organ- ized form? 2. Where should the check list be expanded or contracted? 3. Where could the wording oe changed for clarity? h. What is your estimate of its usefulness? 5. Will it be possitle for you and your staff to gather this information about each of your communities between the 15th of May and the 15th of June? Sincerely yours, Isrgaret Hurray, Graduate Assistant IV b -..- 0‘“".lc-fl",'~'-~ 2.4a ”. .vynw r: .o~ . :p-v._ I v. .x m~, ..5 J ‘.1 ‘ut.a- In,‘~£41l‘mrwin -. ‘ir‘...~‘m *- h Dr» "tr- ' ‘A' ".' , ' ‘- . "r..~— . T"- 4' v" " R ran; I: we no illie‘i out L-j; L"~.Ldltf .L:i..?,-..m.-..;~.»._' 1. Estimated population of community served.mu _ A_‘ 20 HoW'many pupils in the nearest schools? G‘ades Pupils Rooms iarochial Public 30 How many hours a week is the library open? Give schedule. Day of week Morning Afternoon evening Total Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday he Cchulation Adult Juvenile Per day (average of month proceeding L. U. study) Per Month (Month precesding L. U. study) __ Per Year ( Last complete year) 5. Approximately the usual size of the library collection. Adult Juvenile 6. List below the magazines that the Library subscribes for. How'many different magazines are donated quite regularly? 7. Decide which of the following evaluations applies to the points below and insert the figures in corresponding parenthesis. l. A. be Co a. 8. r. g. h. ‘i. 3. k. 1. m. n. O. Unsatisfactory 25 Satisfactory 30 excellent The reference collection ( ) Facilities for adults to read in library ( ) Facilities for children to read in library ( ) The lighting ( ) - Window display space \ ) How effective is the use of this space? ( ) Exhibits and book displays inside the library ( ) Library items in the local newspapers ( ) Clean, neat, and orderly interior ( ) b‘ignon building ( ) Exhibits at local_mcetings ( ) dock week and other special'weeks observed ( ) Talks to local organizations ( ) Story hours for children ( ) ueneral library ability and aptitude of attendant ( ) 3. Add below any general impressions about the branch that you think are important in interpreting the service it gives. I \ Part L : “m If?" 0 C t ed r. . '1 be 4 J 1 <. 1. Age (plao cheek in o‘; . e L 15-25 ( ) 25-35 ( - S i ) LSmSS ( ) SSeés ( ) over 65 ( ) 2. Highest school grade completed. 3. HOW'many years have you lived in this community? b. How many years have you been the library attendant? So What clubs and organizations ( Churches, affiliated groups, social or civic clubs) do you belong to? What offices have you held in each in the last two year? List belowo Organization or club Office l9h5 10h6 19h? I 6. What books have you read in the last month? List below giving author and title. 7. About how many books have you read in the last six months? thich one of these did you enjoy the most? Vt hy ? 8. What magazines do you read regularly? v 9. How often do you attend the County Library staff meetings? Regularly ( ) Occasionally ( ) Never ( ) What part of them have you found to be the most helpful? What part of them have ynu found tr be the least helpful? Would you like to see them changed in any way? If so; please eXplain. 10. What grade library certificate do you hold? When did you last attend a workshop? What did you enjoy most about it? 11. What part of you library work here do you enjoy the most? What part of the service here do you consider the weakest? that is being done to improve it?_ What do you consider the strongest part of your library service more? V a MICHIGAN STATE 30LLsc‘" East Lansin', Michigan Ektension Service Adult Education 5&3 ’4 FJ ( ’) «3 Door County Libra Len: One of the objectives set up by the sul’ey Go'"ittoe 101 this jcir's VCTS was the development of simple teChniqu es tor 103et1n3 hounduries of the areas tb at would be mo: t suitable for lilrsry branchesi stutio;s, and books mobile stops. It was Ielt that these Cal; eatien tBCBLlQbC: u¢LLG be useful both in deciding where branches should be located in new counties‘ and in checking the present locations in already ectebiished acuity library areas. I have been working with Dr. Thaden to ede1t his metn’ds of Celine:t10aoto the needs of libraries and to sim1lify them so as to eliminate as larv-.ly as possible the need for field interviewing. The results of this 1011 have been circulated to the members of the Survey Connittee and the ideas of those who replied have been incorporated. Enclosed you will find enough co:ies of the resulting Clofk li.t for your county. The burvey Committ ee renzurds this as a useful techni no and hopes that you will find tb e ti.ne to ce.11lete the survey bef-ore t}.; nortrhon Unless at losst the be sic minimuul infor.mstion inciseted by tie at 113d itehe has been obtained, the portion of 31.0 WOlthOp de voted to the coumuoity delineation can hardly be satisfactori y a}: lied to You.might be in terestsd to know that fter I tried this mrthod out in Saginaw County I felt that I knew more about the rvieti-s:*ips en: £111ti"niug'units in that county then I did about Kei. ~— at least my lJyICmSiOKS $013 better Orpenized. /r -(ubzmyvar ~ ,- /-t",'« 91/14:? 3;“ I . 1 M rgeret Marl ray, G“ad.roto resistant 1 Depaitnent of S ciolcgy and AntnIOpology MM:AJC Encl. ' , S 5‘ :n - 1;": .“ J... I r‘) 7 J4 i .A vu' (.1 -"r- . :“ ' w~ ~ ‘ ELL: men; lee Emm- shoe? V b I ‘ I as \ 1 | ’ _‘ I -‘ . ’ ' ‘. ~ . L2. '- > '- | . r.- , r I ‘4» Q 4 I u. ‘ (A! u re LAGE ",mm-‘u-v m + ———~pa—. «“ -. Poorly kep‘ Ye S i j 1“; distriit? 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I --.~”‘. ) .-,‘..I -. ~O I " I C W ‘\ " J “‘ I. ’ t- v- .-. ' ‘ v ¢~ ' ‘5 ‘ ' ‘ ‘ . l ' u I I . .c. J L. . . . ... . Q. .. .....L; - . . I s I «I II ”K; , 7' ‘- i' — ’ I‘ .. , t . 3| 1.‘_.'. ‘ ,. ; - l . .. L. . 2‘ . -- . .. -. v I JV I -. .' .1 . r. I- I. I .- I u v ‘ . . .,._,. .. . ‘ p ,n . V] .- , .,__ ; Hwy-u , . u‘ s .4.‘ ‘ x.‘ . I .- . .. _ ~ ‘ . ‘1 I I I . .. .. I - I- . I u I 3 n- I ~ _ . fl . , . ‘ . - . .‘ ‘ ' c‘ J ‘ . ‘1 ‘ '_ ', l_\ I_. '. I , ,,‘ ! I _ I ~ . ,. . . L‘ .\ I '- - . ’Y I ‘ \ uIA r .‘..IAIJ. LJ‘I 4 '.I AI ... n, I , - I a n — . I . . . . .‘ -r ”.‘ . I f I‘ ‘ , I 3 . T" - ,-, r ' . ".‘ ‘ » ‘ ' ' 1 " .I I-.-» .. I‘m. '~ \'-.I~' I." ‘.. < Q 3 I . _ U n ‘ n V . .1“ .‘ ‘ 1 r ‘ | ‘ . I A} . ‘- . :7 ..«. I H l A. ‘J ‘ . 3 ' .. . ., L ’ « a. Ca. - -L I4 . ._ .-. ;‘- . 1 4 v‘ . . - Q If: _1. C-. . I ’ ‘.' .T‘-' ‘ "C n . \- .' “I ... ~41 L'-. ..I ‘ U‘ I‘ \~ a. I; - . 7 I P. T w : 1: V; tech a 3a;:_htn 5;:75; 'r il.y con L: trc.a:i three in n . I. ' '. ‘ . ‘V t ’V 1“ -“ 51:3 of tfi: tributary .L33 of a c.51r.it3 cantor? u. T 31:71 aprrUTLty center, thxt is, ;: er 1:30, #33 a a no.1 tributaryn ‘.wi5: 5:55.. Igcreasirgly 13r¢o c; '5?9 ha"e IaTV3r areas but not. C C-r"t gcchL tiono [.7 n V r. 7‘ Bo , V ‘ .3. 9: JG! .1 atLGI-‘als {'1 c; p5ngsticn of about 5000, tha poptj Letion with:n the czxtcr 13L usually out rm rhorsd b; those resi ing tribu ary to it.V The tc7).:1"‘ '3'." "1" n c. f £r1wm91‘141-‘tl -mnn'all 3' A “'5. “Uh. -‘ . 1.3‘ W U‘ A. \‘O ”mar-DJBAW VII. VlIIo Out1"-M'IH v9 " --‘. ‘55. --.‘--‘j,|-§'I;I'r Ifipl'flr’l‘Q‘anO that i: a ccfiucuity boundrtf? A. it is Vi‘f“7}1y a belt which may Vhif in width from a half~mile to ' ~ 3 "”74; ' 57$ tke in- cations of thfie vane? -1w out 2 divide t}1oir cont ?“ts between two or more of the dity centers and ..l" ‘1 A. 1‘ - .-'.(__‘C. “BM-J, 2. Si’l:%ffifi??5p.a030 3355.5;evu3o; bounderie 3 because of relatives, bu . ~ LL53 .Ticd;3 ugcno sewers; 1 ct ”5, tue morn important ones being: 1. Thu fistanco bcc\ocfi COLU‘““y numbers 9. TVs ru'ior 3215 M.z.o of i515115r =5 IaaiilCtS or ptrt..921‘sorvice ceno toffi. (ficphaily plasts .ith e5: 1 an l)00 13:.3Ditants) t} TL J.iV; j;:rtv:x”t;“1ty bogiwh .7 Loz? A. 555 . 210 E:u 5;fi;8 ;:J the r ixlt 2f cowlogic l fch33«wthe Competi- ‘V~. ‘ ,g’“ ¥;i .1 {5 3 51; t”3 :ber, kLfid 111 (251 a; of oer- 1 : "zh 1‘: to ex ”;. ’ P. 3 g 7‘ ‘1 3 L. L} y K: L-t ' ‘V e do A.ch 391‘d?.1:: of politic 1 55:2; 3.:h so tflTfiShip a? “' ty 1:: 3 which, in michjgar, here been 15 i nyt x;{‘33;ticzlly by :UJcVWVCV, I If“? ‘ ‘; :Z‘ ”2515):: tE.-.e b’.‘:'.lf.".u 55.33 of a cor;~.u.:rity'..’ A. I. "t '1 {”0 p:‘£;blc n.tho;.. ' 1. V fi:.VL"“:; the town‘s xcrci "ts, tradeumsn 35d: 2:5vice age: 3. 1‘ 1.: m ".7156; is not at all an 2.13:».ch 13:37:23 :3 t1 0 as: vice area t‘ at -wum”- V:;h 355gches in ssified a; cach of hi.. congetitnra in each ,. .. , 1.4L. . f? _ ...-J...“ . 2.50. and ”’1‘5 ant tjve é . i" 3135715 ; 5 7'. V 01-— -w- '1"! '0’ O on... a“ ‘2? farilies a? iife near the suppos.i periphc; y'oi the3 0:0 :VC“: .1 pieliutni.3 etcos 8?;u1d be takm to gate Mp0 sible cut- ? f the co~*VoLt3 bound; “ice tefore bz gm ming the interviev- n order to cave york. #0 :I cage r). Q _~ mwu‘ . .. v ‘r. - -. o- a - .ku- .- -.. nu" ..i. M ------- “an” I s X. thL ago 55: 23.9L1ic 5’55 ‘e-a DBCQ sary for determin.pg the boundaries of cne ccmruuif; gaV‘P‘irn to the second method 5. LT”,TfiflLQiLOn of midpoint: 3. jficur: a county plat map or higL‘ay m: p dra'n to the scale of one ‘ to the mile or mar . - .. mac clearly in:’ cc.te thc community to be delineated by "I“. Mazk all its cczn; ”tit i3 5 th "V". e nag an.311t5ce the u:39 of one or more adjoining county raw: if Vere of cankuui‘j 'X‘ '3 competitors lie in a nei? ‘0 L. 3 1 1. Je inriig acuity or couniies. 3. 1.533;; fjcm t‘c Ctiftr of co fi:h ity ”X" to tkc c 3nie.r of ca h of iTS cochiitora (?) zurk 51th a _gt, the midjcint bewth Sn X an S - , .0 V. v L. ‘ .l: 7“. CU. tn!)- ‘c' a O 1 1‘ I I _. a v .. ' - 'Y _ - . .‘ L‘- 1.4-..“ ._ .....p P '7‘“ . OI -~ 0 ... J -4 1 ‘7' *3 ) 0 2.1'.' ){J J- .- u’: :1 (3" PI 0 'A' Bo 1.~x1\.1)‘"‘.'-- S L»? . r .. ‘33 .1. 314.1 a" O T31 ‘ R} ‘Q L- ‘I K. — o -- - ...I ah. Jr ’. .~ 1:3 ( Y '5 ‘ . . 4 3.“, 7 _ r "V“ J.” a.1—.~ ’ Env-.u--~JC. n 1" 3 L—. .L‘ 7.1-“S C 7'11“}: " 1 ""‘-.. o ... ,. ~ . \ .4: 1 "a -~~‘ I ' I as. .L. .p b ... s! - I _., , n, -. m-a Lv.z {'1 < 1‘ _1'2' -- .- r-’ L I‘I 4;) I ..‘ L‘. (.4. \:~ 1'": " ’3 ‘h ‘ '21 .1 (... ... :‘1 v \-r'u 51” we. \ O ‘ . r- . ~ 3 A .A :A'L \ 'x l ‘ 'fi‘$ ‘ ‘5‘ ‘ . ‘ - - -1 1s. .‘ "Ask“; ’17 $1.- a -. .. ._-'.. a In 14H. . i — {a Z r - J»; o ' 1! . hid 1111‘.“ . 7 ' " ‘- .' 1 “.‘. -‘.-, -. -‘-. ‘ ‘ .."“. .’._, \J '\.' . -. ,1, , ... \‘ r I I . I I : .""q. _‘ ‘ ‘ ' ' ." I‘ .1" 0.1.3 -~.~-- “3;; I. ..'.-: ..2 ‘, Fe-.,.-. I 7:; 12.17.: Iii: Iffirifalfl Bankifiv NJWSng;K ‘J ...- . Drug? 5.; £1 .15 . . '.':;3°:E.~.1 Lumbar Oval -.“-3“. -v‘v1&.~1 a Q; -g'..va--v -nav_ .— n. ...... a , 4 *1 ~ --.: 1."? J Lu. ’5; {H-313 .L...J.--J C 'Wth CC““V ':.3 11) n*e ha "'11 "_v b811'fi."‘.’- awr- .... L. . s.“ . -, ‘ 5,-..4 "*w~.m.~-.- 1r. 7,..- .. ._ .-. “...-.- ...\.g

r_~. no ' p0T 1.13 p! i; m? arn’lv“ p‘.a;e. .- 4%" v .;..L}.I.nr A c ‘ " -4._UL.1 = 1., .- .233 Lgtfl \O-I‘d- rm: 1 n =4 <1 71% ~ .vh.' t3d d: 71: (‘7 +1 . 1‘- x231.) U a 7 - An 0 -Htijated bound ry'line of €0.7mn.ty in line. . a" , ,3- . .. . 4.1 4- ~311; neLG-JLLci Jhfil Lae CGLECC~ :1 K. L1 r 'h 9 _‘, _1.‘ _! -... ‘1'", P . 2 1-33 30 ngu mg.. -:»J k is 61::1J1L‘:Lli ' I: L .‘l- . 'i .‘-‘-.. . ‘... ... - £13 ,1.- ‘El 01 3‘. .... L] b. ‘-.=I;C...:.Z‘J 82"“ . - r- ‘l' ‘ 1" 'y w -1¢.-—9 ".‘, ......a: t.—..3.~;e v.7; -.~..1 Can 3.11.2.2.» .. a)" X is crum- :r. “er of Conny m. lordixg to he fallo:' _ng example: 'U, will no m1 p3"13r Elna Ces chause cf its JELrger 83PV30? s 0.? a c31m31.ation of same teas :)n 3 pl ch with théee ~Ler drawing 10.1” rbhan a pla0¢ inf? ’tv Xi “ela+ vion to 13y attz‘act people _1 not attr;CL 130)le thrala t3. ?“1 ea.ch of U a conga-LC; cammunin .. 1 . .- ... r; m t3 oi the rglu’uim. L_”1;ué p011; 3 Ho dc:ts so th.3t com'v iLy X —,«~ . - n v... Ugrwauing brnm-ds. , . v‘ A - . -1 I 1'; > "1" ,raenal 11.111“cwsf h an Supt m M 3 .n4. n - 1 H. 3;? ‘ 'C '.:IL ’~{I~Q..'.:',r Cusht}- ..rd ’ Uf fal- g];i. -3 mg pcwar and tlosa rho 1i11 i -gadg power and the line of equiq:a» ’stions (miétfl mu.1d t'hcy be. ?): w - 1‘ .. 58 oh your ; 3.? H' that 311 use on ycur 131m 8.‘d in your h:1".? 2-;- . --. ’HO'W‘ ...-o « tum. *m’azfrw -rO-w¢!!‘lI-'.-~t‘~‘--' ‘1- :v- yawn—mu...“ a:,- Lfl-Iifln-J-"’\ .v - hm mm: .- .m ~Dfi-‘n-w. 'l;’1.— 1.0-N“ *' 1".N;F :H Auto :»;nL: G‘fiqfl 57".: ~710- 4'- ‘ 'r- urn. _.\. n) v- -.. an... n.- Dry gCCL3 91‘ I,“ uluf 3 ouo,~¢.m-o ‘--9- -o- -... _u-u- ... ' -.~-.A‘—.'1~.uno..e-—. Clotflg g, iLu'; 133k ..-. "r ... .. .. CJBC’J‘L" 1“ :L?‘.:’ ‘Cr‘- -$A':~} '. ‘I Fur L 3 ...-v-on-a mr—n W ' 5. ma." mung----mfivrflgum fi.—c.‘.—.--K' r”- In wLich CCZZLflLty ca nter do you sell or exchange most 0; the follow;'n; of such things: 3 w""3011. pro duce? Small grain -.m“ o ...-‘0' ..m..-“.* A...'\r~w - “I Live 8? ‘k D .I-a. ray-”um.‘ Q ‘nl‘tnr "— ‘m‘I-w“ noO-r gm Q Truc:.: Cr1qve --mv—I—m~- 0“. “‘9‘!"- Fruits___ “hole Milk ‘ y‘. v --.r‘um Eggs and poultry _ 'her (:Leci.v) A ,._~-. (4’ {'3‘ i a" U) ”.5 6 5‘ a: V where do you go for s 0121 Eloctriw 31 Lurvle Ehy sicicn DSHtiSt Lawyer Church Movies I}: ' -L-- cf I. ,. s 1917,- 5, ’. "I.1 . .26 A”? ‘2 (F .k A-\:.. l C. 3 ~ ’\ .‘Y 1.1 -‘ h—flé‘ SJhOOl, L V- “1.315.631 -.‘EJ‘J L H L; ... J M ‘1"1".I‘ —) . -‘ _ . ...‘.- 111:6 mo yon be to adv;ni: J.brq*y Llephufio LLLULrg' “‘reight DPQ"t Express Of11ce affai _T—‘m' Mufi~~'~'-‘_‘ - - ‘ Hy what nan , if any, is tha lo“ :3 thgraa :31 has -;3: d V 'v ..- , L... LL? .‘0 I «$13.11,. it f.‘ ‘ .Z’. 0211‘ £13133 m‘m‘ ”.‘—‘m .3!” . ilat machings dLi} :mli at; (End of i: bsrvicw q: llace dots (a batmmc gaint Whare hm r map 0p” 135W 3 red line connecting the ted t3 3 c<;m1:1u 1‘7.“ ;5 size of This line iniica rrow depeniing en ti LWO communitteso around h. . ho 1u01u1 {30:13 ixutesrvim ' .1, .1 k1 ’. - Zity c: n; 18" “L" 1‘ n X and t ”sh of the C: wmuni" 13, cc: 1d fluctuate Uhflfluvq C’f’" an .. 3 ..' 1 ? .3 oncl ‘0 area there - ,, ,-_ J. - . Czdnd e FLQLA an t-nrm Bureau meet; :5 "l - --...- - L fl 2&3. 34111.33 cat-1-3411 1.311 county agent fi'aufi‘a ‘NN'd “.’—n.3- More we 1d yo 1 p chr L0 50 in LTOIJL g ezaitgx C1113d by the cauntv a: :nt ’.‘ l‘A‘f‘“.f'!° T, I).“"‘-.Ji‘~‘v‘u’k , etc? -._.a..:nv - hmoocd ”I- -’, M‘s!“ b.1122“)? mm . . . ‘v .‘ — ‘ ’i 5133‘;“ u: 1 c1w111:.frhu: '_ “a Wit-b a r~.:— #8 W560». ’fion()_l meu nzzatha? I‘l'hrm m m.) 4.1“: 122 -.| ‘ .. .1 COL-Aruji'z' {mfg-1.1 (3.1.: 'w .'- . W 8.;LlC‘ILS ’V') 1+ center V. ‘kJ'JLLI tr: I- \ .ty ML osing 1": n: in 151-4 D ‘1 11.13.}! be wide or VQGH the 1., 1, LA; u: boundgriez of X 'th Le fluctugts . TH. r 73 H 3 0 Vd SUPPLEWTLRY DIRECTIONS 1'0 BE USED WITH “STEPS IN OMITY DELINEATIOI" BY 112. JOHN l'. TRADER 1. Read and study the information contained in Dr. Thaden's out- line of “the steps in community delineation'l through Section II. 2. Take the ”Checklist to assist in the study of communities to be delineated with reference to library service“ and fill out one of these for each village in the county which fits the criteria set up by Dr. Thaden. a. On page 2 of the checklist ask the sale type of business- men in each village about the trade area so there will be a basis for con— parison. Suggested busine es people are Operators of: (1) Grocery stores (2) Drygoods stores (3) Hardware stores (b) Variety or live and i'ene (5) Newspapers 3. Secure a map of the preper scale. 1 inch to the mile and con- tinue working from ”d”. Steps in delineation of community boundaries through part 'b' on page 3. 1+. In making the estimates of the during power of the conmity ‘1‘ ilize the information gained from the talks with the tradespeople. 5. Indicate by a circle on the map those areas where the location Of the lines are indefinite and where further information is needed. 6. Using the questinnnaire and the directions given in part 0, Third. step, page 3, verify these lines. One nethod of securing an adequate sample is to interview one family '“h half mile and increase the number at the points where the greatest varia- tion O - ..-..1e-- 1. ..---e--a VII a Emmiowa Fee comm ELHEDULFIS FOR. MIW?![‘1_§_“}_ Spy-m» (3:9 ~~ ;- -...- comm LIBRARY US'C‘TE General Instructions - Parts 1 and ll_ 1. For each question record the code Hunter of the alternative which is checked. code "0" or "00" depending on the number of colusne for that question. If more than one alternative is checked end no instructions are‘specifically'provided to take care of it, piece a check (V') in red at the right side of the page beside he question in doubt. Indicate on a sheet of paper the number of the schedule which contains the doubtful question and have Miss Murray make the decision an to what is to be done. 2. "0" or "00" is to be indicated in each case where no answer has been given. 3. Use red pencil for all coding, checking, and editing. 4. In Case of multiple answers place them continuously on line separated by commas. (e.g. .1, 3, u, 7.) 5. Where code cells for two digit figure (e.g. age) and total is less than "10", record "0" for first digit. Special Instructions - gape ;_ ' ' ..c ‘ “ex”; /W M MAJ/1 Column 10 - Use the followin numbers as code: 1. Fr ofesaionul and cemiaprofcseionel 2“ Business - b 0th proprietor and clerical 3. Farm Operators and managers 4” Farm laborers _Eu Craftsneni forcmen, and Kindred workers 6” Ncn~ferm laborers 70 Service workers 80 Students 9. Others If a multiple answer is indiested, place an "X" cite: L13 luvt lr.h¢; (8.0. "2, 4, 2M COIumn 11 Same code as 10 Column 12 Same code as 10 Column l4Ji5Uee for miles. For one-half mile or less use "0 ". Over one« half mile record as one mile. Record a two digit nunbar each time. For distance less than ten.milcs, 33503 e tLe mileage by an "O". (e.g. 05). If response is in trrm of bloc e. record "00" for ldulfi. Column 164? Use to indicate the blanks. Record a in? digit Lfnflu“ 393; time. For distunCe less than ten blncza prerede Sue wilezge by an "O"- (6.3. 05) If response is in terms or nilee, roc:~» A‘ . r v\ ale rel c. i‘ }‘ lG-l7. Special Instructions - Page 2 Column 18 If ten or more persons lite at the house indiecte bu "n”. Column 19 The purpoSe of this is to obtein the Eflfltifi rated? tnnn the :ounty in which L.U. was born. If county is fired; record as 1 for the United States. Use the following code for the countries. 1. United States 6. Island 2. Finland 7. Scotland (1 ... 1. : - 3. ufir¢ULy 8c nrglsnd and Canada 4. Holland 9. Sweden r .,. H. ’ . ... :’ '_‘ . 4. Ireland. .z. -etnrr [’sz Cilumn 83 Column 25 'Uae the followia 1. (fl .‘, .(L- o ’2 9:58 numbers ea cod : MiChigan Indiana, Illinois, Ohio (New England) Maine, Vermont, ism I,“3:,i;,, 'wa'tchusetts. Connecticut, Rhode Island (Middle Atlantic) KIN Yo Wisco {Lower South East) Tennes Carolina, Georgia, "We: (PIalLs Monte ma min, South Sta , WyOIiLg, Cclorado, hinnesota Iowa Florida, Alabama, M12515: rk, Pennnylvnni , 5g; aersuy Missouri I \w ..: .II :‘r ‘ Sue, host; ChxalAlu! pcuth F“ l 5 Central) Talus, Of: lakdma, AnCfiALCJ, Louisiana teE) North dad Eovtn wEIO Mt , Ee1:¢ Ia, flanges, Utah, Idaho (Puclfl 0) Washington, Urcgon, Califorggg (Upper Sout; East} Dela. Virginl up a, Kentucky, 15$ K7' :y/’/,, Use the i‘OllCfli:€ uU‘L‘L'L“ 1’3 ‘3 English Finnish German Holland French a/ ZZZ 4.4 Use thex following? moere as l. 2. White Negro Iudlan :wi vi \- t v.. I~JP -. h .1 ' belied, LLIrQbs, LthLfi, are, murylard, $124i'i: West <3 Of COXEICiu - / Z/ g '. . ”M— 'n/ r. - ‘ m I’Mv‘wd, xvzzirw Hu;tigla Coding). O L? (U 3 I 80 EIL1L¢J 9. Swedish X. Otzor vfi’z/ _I W ‘7" £42 < /’ COOS “1er IBIilfiifii '50 ‘ Wt}. .16 COdinf—g)o 4. Cuihese or ‘Tayanese b. MexiCan o. LttL~ W l .5 1 Column 26 Use tho follo“ my numbers as code: 1. Grade School 2'.- LIi‘Jll S CuOOl Column 27 Eater the number circled as :Jvc 1:32:12. If I ;i;lnf is indicuted for ”a” (other) ant r “A"o ) rad-44' “XL. .' #124. . v/é, ” ‘y »..,/ I w. y ¢¥'1Lt) 13¢ limlti --.-' 2.11.5 . ...—ha” /‘L'Q .../c‘ LQ—Zc‘é, .«c/r-L/ KJ‘?W~}7 O ‘ W... 23799181. In :uMWna ' 3.3. .3; V A v y.-.- Column 35 U38 th: following lumters a ‘33 l, "Yds" s chec'od bgt no &-;vgar t3 g¢fivti3.L ' .,i i; 50d hove in mind?“ 2,, ”1‘0" is the“ god but LQ 3:7,»2-7»;:-_:r t3 C;Lie;’r.wj:.i;-;:, "1%.; x, (13 3 )1}. have in mixd?“ 3, “235" a nd fir 3W3r is gixeu to 13331133, “Kb 3 “3 ya; have in mind?" 4. "No” and ELSA or is given to Question, “W33: d3 you have in mind?" 3),. 1 ,4 ., -1 .I3 folIau.ng humours & f!) G L. l. "YCS” is chocl’c d but no an:.:r to : :csior ”X at other xeasons did you have for Vxnlltz, the liaras;vi an "E0” is aIJr'~d but no ac.33.r to quo:.iox, ”W; C otzar reasons did you fltJVC for Vieifing tdo ll3r_“;%“ Va "Yes" and ansmer 13 51353 b; ugq,tjusl w“ t 3+37£ reasons did you have for visiting tla lihrgrz?" Calumn 38 Colwmlfig Column-4O 4, “No" and answmr is given to QUDLIiOfl. "What 0 x'Y‘ ’L »2 did you have for visiting the library?" Use the follouing number: as code: 7 DC 5.4 .L. ()1 (T. Y o O circled circled circled C23 I ()7 circled through 9 10 or over O- Nu dafia given 6 the following numbers as code; YUB, Yes, 038 Office 0: camaittee membfirshfp “eld. . 3n. . , I, 4L3 ”a” . J .- \ .‘ two oiizceu or CCmLitubg Iumbgrnhx}s huld. three offices 0r cosmittme mfifiberfihipfi bald. four offices or committee membershizs hzld. , , . - '- T ,' ,A. (- . . . ..1‘ 3 ' .; . v.-. n1 : figs 0111333 or cowmzy.ae duh :ragIgs I:-I. 0: ”"01“ r f‘ \ “.‘! "‘50 : flc- 1' c .‘1'1 . le \JL). “3.! 'u'I VOLEI'LJ [44» w w AJJJ LIN/\gl‘nd L‘Hw‘lk .. A " ~ - v. 5. -- w " .9333 u 21:33 0; 0Q,Ll Lu‘ 3 _ I .;~ “’I . nine offices or committea mumbcrehips h in. Ten or more off 235 or committae membeeripa held. No NO datac e the following numbers and coda: Is not an offLCmr in a fnyn orgauiration er ggggqg Girl, In. LI esident Qf a f33m org¢Iizrti£n I: JPIJUD C 5:. r} 20 Is VlcowpresidELt of a_{g£§ organization { 5. Is secretary or treasurer of a_§§£§ organizxtls; oz 3 ":1 club. 4. Is committee Cneiro3n in a_£g§£ orfaoiiation o“ fir3fl 21*n. 5. Is other officer in a_£g§3 organization 01_ngjf;3 ci“k. Column 41 Use the following nombars and code: ~ ...-.- C- Is not an office: in a service 0133 3; 3~*:r_ :3 9;. j :Loyu 1” Is prosideui of a s;rv1Cc club or xLZcro;s' OIL3;11:"33. 2. IS viCeugreoidext of a s:rvica club or Votivqps’ C: x,"o$ion. ( \ ’3 l (A A." *4 *4 ’Jo tn n- \ . . 4'? pk L) b 3” Is secretary or treasurer of a EfTIiCE_ClUb 3: 32f5;g_;° 4- Is committee chairman in a s;§1;;g clrb o: i3 _g7,q“ C; ~Lf23tion. a. Is otner officor in a service club or vstorun‘s c; "i;.:;331 IV \. () luun 48 Use tze following noIburs as code: .‘ .‘£“' . 1 p,_.n.., ,\ ‘. , ,,-, ¢,: ,4 , , -.., 0. IS hOt CD uglifi 1‘ 1.11 51 LG.» 31:1.‘3. («JR-p.15. 2...»: 1A.?» ":3 ' 3 .} w~m~-~~-1—' _. ... A... - (D 1. Is presiCCLt of . fraterxhl organ_:ation or C ugof _Efu“ —-“’ . "‘ 1 .. I) '5 I <-~. l ‘, ‘._ ‘ .__I .‘- .1 f— .- - ,5 ‘ . ‘n . -,\, .““- 2- Is vicu~L1¢eio~It o; a irufiuznal o ggIILItIII oI OHIII _hIw} '2 I. ... -.., P, ., _‘ V n .9, , r .. ‘. ,. I, ,1, - v . . ' .. n'. .. .— I, ... :wv- On 18 530169.14] OI‘ trot-451413.? 0L 8 irate]. (Lil OLL.‘ .: .- 3, \ . ‘1 '4 E31: -'i‘ ‘ v .‘ o. 3-: . . .0 . , m ‘ .-M .. ~-' -.-n 1. .-.”: ‘t o 18 COJALI wt; Cu: 1.1"I..<1Il in. 8 LI 2 t'.‘I'.L.J, 1 CI'Tv: 4.1 1.3 4 L030. 0.. y Cu (3).. 411]“ . F . 41 'A - . “... — , n-‘I. ‘ p f I. r- p‘ 7 .~ ,‘ ..s. - ’ u). IS Otiler OIflCflJI‘ 12; 8 erlt3L{.Cl.1 O..'L_fn)‘..3'..;t1?,§,g._i. ~.. 0“ I-' 3‘9. Column 43 Use the following nthCIB and code: 0. Is not an Officer in $.T.I._ Child Ft-”" $95.‘f§ ijI_ F.3"731 . I —-.-~-.--—.-.- ....-... ...!n ’ N». . Cultural QIub, such as Music or Rock Club“ 1~ 13 President 01" E3..'Zl.-.z}_:.'. £731.12? .s‘JEBEVI. 2. 3 23;";1. Efléturol 0133. sucu as Music or 500K Cth* . Is Vicemprcsident of ?.T A Cnflgd Stggfil ha :«To Slffif‘Q4QgggL ”...... - _ .... n- - ...... ... -., . .. . o Cnltdggg Clggy SMCH no Nusic 0r LOOK Club. -.~» Column 44 JOlumn 46 Column 47~52 9‘ Is secretary or Lleueurer of P a Cbiiw U’a' I 'r “‘wb .-..-.“ ..- . ...‘ .. eneral Cult rs; Qlub, such as Juxlc or Soak \LLL. 4. Is committee ch: .a::.n in: -.22fl1v -..l£.:;LL;' ;g_g;:54;5:i, i35§3£3_ Cultural Club, such as Music or book Club 5. Is otnér OffJCBr in P.T.A,, Child StuQXJ EBQEtLEHREJQL Si._:£l_ Cultural Club, such as music or Doox Club, Use the following LHLbors and code: r“? v.» t pus llatvd Io not an icor in any organizdticn 0 mar tImL L33 ; above. 1. Is president of 3.3(fiLo r tyoe of UT{LP v ‘OL 2. la V1C9”2?0biid£$ 0’ 520 go? t;[“ o (rgmh1_ntlox. b. is LCCIctELI or t (.LnLrsr of c-0th;r tgle 3f ‘3; x. A. Is co--‘1tt)e oi; ._;wn izxaxpytLIr t;q:: S - j " 5. Is other offic'r in anothor type a“ a-;< ‘ . -5 ~ P d3. T‘ecord the numbers of ezch tgpo of fio [on chvcgai ( at left of list.) Record the numbers of each type of Loz1~iiam §.on chochto {nu bar at left of list.) (for single and double column rating.) The code upcd for Column 4?~%2 will vary, depending on whefioor the LiU.'s book seIeotion reg' choices made on a single or double Column rating. 5‘ that the l. 2, and 3 choic3s Cf responieuts Ware Fuaod on aLi Lo n-fict.0n lio ts Combinsd: Dovbio column ratirg an: S t3; and 3 choices were es.'c :ted by ruILOIJ uts fo f-c .on not too LICT' Legormtolye COLLH147-é8 Si m_le Co Jumn FthvL. L9¥TKQ C111“. 3.fi L: For first chOiCe record 2 001. 47 for firs? 8‘04 L id fiction Use code nuLber at e.trone right of oge cold 3 ¢.;; LC 12ft. respective type 01 reading. (I! r- (1' Us F i r r r C 7—4 F D. ("J D (‘4‘ ...J H d O Cohmxl49-5O For second 050108, use SLme code as columns é7~do. Cohmma 51-52 For third choice, so anue code as columns 47--3. O Cobmuxoo Use the following numbers as coda on gupstion below COILLL 51-52; that is, "Lo you have any special interest you read about?“ 1. "Yes"; no answer to "Specify". 2 .. ".‘ ...-":0 3» "Ygs" enanor given to "SPSCIfy" Column 67 kaa £118 Cclxmul-for Imrxxm’ixg the rocqaxgae to fflL:r;:;ntlu igj'fikiie COllllun 5:5. - 1. Yes 2. No (blumn 63 Record the nunbsr of boaxs returned as asoxn by t“: Lthsr 4? yellow book sheets accompanying Schedule Part I ea foli,ae: 1 1 took returned 2 - 2 books returned 3 - 3 books returned 4 - 4 books returned 5 ~ 5 b ooks returned 6 ~ 6 books returned 7 - 7 books returned 8 ~ 8 booxs returned 9 -- 9 boo" a re eturnsd -" 1 ‘1‘ -- P' s‘ u~ .7 - ' -- u“ r. 1* " ~50 bf) O". f; 01' L.U.): O .L f'- it Li L. ,fl .L h; 3 i‘\i) by: I ): . :2 J: .J’; 1‘ .1: T‘. tr: Column 69 Type of reading preference rating: L. 1- Single rating (fictlon and nonuficpiwu :e.1;, 2. Double rating (separate ratings for aecd at W 553' 5 7 “7'7”“ 4 / — I 0‘ . XLLLL ”/ ",,.>/_,_,_,,_ ,/ ,c/L U. :3: / ... A ,, A, n-.e_{L¢_g/¢;i \ ‘ _ -‘;*—w ‘9' .L,‘L)./ ’//fi__, \3 . W ,L-yt.—»é’c_.<_‘_z;zl & IL“ ti / LM ,_ CZAw6241 “ . .A‘ . . Gole 18 Lub~oode Ior Item a {adverfireeng a (JV IL.¢ if ;. Lox, -.5ay require multiple coding» "".' 3 “1 a ‘ "'3' 3”." “ 3"‘ 3 ... :v . '- ... .. l.) n. .3.'_ I532) ‘k.*“'."t TL) _t KL) .t {47‘ L 71‘ 0 Lil” 3}.) )u I H“ » " LU” is cuscxcd. "Uncertain {?2“ is checked; "Yos" ls checked and namns of u::rs a ship indicated. "Yes" is chested and names of uscrs at given; IX a MSG ll/23/h6 1-5 Library User's Schedule No. h-5 Book No...___m_i. 1'5 II. BOOK SELECTION AND USE h—5 Items returned: A. Author_ Title _m i d_“uiiu. 6 "Did you borrow this book?" 1.Yes( ) 2.No( ) 7_”_ a. If no: "Who borrowed it?" _wm_fluumm__“”"WaS it borrowed for you?" l.Yes( ) 2.No( ) 8__.____. b. If yes: "Did you borrow it for yourself?" 1.Yes( ) 2.No( ) note: If answer to 2a or 2b is Yes, ask the following questions under A. If answer to 2a or 2b is No, go to B. A. If yes: 9 "Did you read it?" l.Yes; all ( ) '2.Yes; Part ( ) 5.No ( ) (If book was read to L.U., check above but specify who read it)_ ...—....-.— -- ...-— _‘ lO,___~.__ "what did you think of it?" l.Definitely liked ( ) 2.Indifferent( ) 3.Definitely disliked( ) "What did you want from.the book?" _iii ll.______. "Did you get what you wanted from.the book?" 1.Yes ( ) 2.No ( ) l2 .."_.__ "Why did you choose it?" (Indicate one or more reasons by "X") 1. Personal choice 2. Recommended by a friend 5. Recommended by the Librarian h. Suggested in a book list or bibliography 5. Other (Specify) 15_ __ 6. Advertised( ): l.In Library( ) 2.Magazine( ) 5.Newspaper( ) h.Radio( ) 5.0ther (Specify) ...n .m‘ 1h "Would you recommend it to others?" l.Yes( ) 2.No( ) "For what reasons?" B. If no: "For whom did you get itflL_" 7 w l 15 "Do you think they liked it?" l.Yes( ) 2.No( ) 3.?( ) 16 "Do you think they read all of it?" l.Yes( ) 2.No( ) 5. ) ? l7‘___m___ "Why did you choose it?" (Indicate one or more reasons by "X") l. Personally requested 2. Recommended by Librarian 3. Other ( ) (Specify) “fl, “Himmi 18___.i~._ h. Advertised ( ): l.In Library( ) 2.Magazine( ) 5.News- paper( ) h.Radio( ) 5.0ther (specify)u’__ 19 _______ "Did anyone else use the book?" ~1.Yes ( ) 2.No( ) 5.?( ) If yes, list. .NQEE‘ Kinship to respondent‘ --- a.h—oa-vu ' X11 8. ‘, . u . ‘ . 1 l - I . . .. . . - I. ’ ‘ ‘ . ‘_ ,‘ ‘ i ‘ I-.. . l7 . . . ' 1 , . _. . - . . . . J . V ‘ ‘ n I ,. I ‘ ., —, ' ‘ ‘ _ a. ‘ '7- '- '."A. .. 4 .- I J" i" ' . \ . “ .'- or ..- L.‘ - ‘w '.~ r;_. l' .axa 'ron'? wyy ‘s '> '13." J \ ) - ) a w A; I,” I n u . - A. , I' \. . . n 1 , i , . - u 1 . t . v ( . i ,‘ . y , .. .. . _ _ . I ~«. - . ' .‘ '- l’ ‘ ‘ _, ‘1. _ .- .."- ‘ 7 4' - . .t i ‘ I" ,, A . . .l n 4 - ‘uV J n ' .\ I V; ‘. W I . t . I . ’ I l 7‘. I ‘ “T, . , . J . . . ‘ 1 'v . rr a‘ v J I . ‘ . . n I 4 ‘ '\ I 5 . 4 . 4 _ . .. ,‘i'21 . . t r p. v ‘. .. ..‘ ‘1 , . ll“. . 1 7‘ ‘ . t ‘ ‘4. A . .' -v _. I‘ ' .v ‘V-5 I . . . a p . _,. '.‘ -' .“ ')'- ‘_)K 1._. .. . ' ,.7 I . ., .. r '--’ -. I I ,J ,a . -§ , . ‘.." . ‘ . .. . \ y: (A d .. y . u _ o.o . . . .. . . . . v. . . v . .l . t I v VI . 1‘. r , . . . . I. . ii i . ,I . « n .r . . . . . . , f A u d v I i . ’ . .... . ,J J . . . . I. . . . 4. .. . t . .. . , i 1. - . x. , it .. n. . .. . . A . ...): . w . s . \ I. . . . x . r . o . t .. x . . _ » . i . . u .. - . _ . 1 . . . .l 4 y n . .a .. 1 . .. ., . . . a; I.. . .t s11 . .30; xv. t. . . \J I .1. . . y .. . 1.\ y P. . . .. . J 0 \\ ... 1 «4 \- 13 o d) .. v . . '1' a)... v.1; . .. . 2 .IA. .4:. ..1. ..., n u . . . /\ . . . o u y In . i ., . . . ... . . _ . u . . u 4 . J .. . , .. i . « . 4 t y o . . t I 4. . . . .. .. s . _. . _ . . t .. .. . a , t A . . d . A. a t .. w-LI . .. . w l . . . . . . 1 Ar. . y . ... . ... . .. . I . i. . 4 1,. .. . 1 l .. o . . . I v ~ 1. It. .7 . . t. A . l .J s . .. bJ ..- ti. . - . I‘d . .. . . . . . i . . . . i, ,, n a ’ 71.. . A . ... . . .. . . x.‘ g at ‘9? l v . P .. _ Di. _ i. (J14 . .1 A H a . . . a u . . . a 1!. v. n v c. .I. it .1 \.' “I ...“ ...“ ‘ z /. ‘ ‘ , . A I - - ‘ v c l . .. . i _ v ‘ g ' . -, _ . — . .' ‘ I ._ . . - .y , - ‘ \. ; . ‘ ‘1 » ’ ' i ~- - fl ' ... - 4 b| ' _ . , ' ‘ 7 A C . l v . ¢ ( _ ‘ , V . A- _ ~ ~ A . ....m . _ '. ‘ .-.- ‘0 4. " ‘.._ ’ . ‘ n ' J ’_ ‘ , . . ... l , .~ . V | ' . _ . . . J . , I . I . ' ‘ y . n ' . 4 ‘ b . ‘1 ' . ‘ X F. ‘b h. ' ‘ o . .4 ' O u . ' '1 I . . v I , .. 3 v . , , l -. .. - t A. _. .‘ , . u . .‘ . X ' , -_ . . " v . i . P. .' 4 .1 . . J - , . u. 4 ‘ ' . . .- , . . I ' x r . , ‘ I . —— x .- . A . - _ , . . _ . .1 . - , ._ .4 . i, I , . . _ . ' ' I 0 ' f- -‘0 h C ‘ I 1' ‘ Q o t y , l .4 l I. ' I ' I v ~ 4 .' a. .‘. . ' . . . a l. . \ . ' . . . . , u ‘ '1 r‘ ". ‘ '. ‘ .‘ ;‘ ._ I , . --b - . -. .' . . : a., o - ' - . - -. . ‘ .' .l C ' 4. . .I , ’ - . . . _ . . . I . . . - - V t I A“ r .. . ... . - .y _ v. . . . a . . _ . 4, . V O I I , _ . fi ' t , ‘ v . . . . W . n ‘ A I .. ' ,y I . . . , . .. _ . , . , . ' ' a" l «I I I - " D . 1 . “ ' . 21 A n. . . ’ ‘ . ‘ , k A g _ _ . _. . . - C \~ . ‘ — . . . . . ’ ‘ 4 . ... I' ,. . ‘ I ' n \ .. .. v . t . u . ' ' . ' ' 1 l 5v V 1- o F‘ i ' ' l I I ’ ' ‘ t v — d U. V‘ , , l . — , a . - N , , 1 A. ... 'o, i,: ' 7 . ' ' l _ ' ’ . c ' t‘ . A ~ __ . . ‘ , . .— . . " ' ‘ . . . . w.- ," -\ 5 > ' . « .i . ' , s .-- J” a..- a i ‘ ' 1' ~ _ w“ a - . .. , l ' _ i L , ,7 . . i- '> a, -- . .- . .. - \. ..r. . .\.. . . r L. (4. u . I f c v . . «.... i V. o. pip... . ,A . ... V .. . \.1 1A .0 ) )k . . . . .. I. .. ., . a A J 1‘ . .. . ..l a- a . on «0..» .0, .1! ..i t . ... 4. I u _ .1. \ Ad .— “.‘- - . ‘Ul a x 1. . «i - ...... P. ' a r ‘10... \f . . . . q. 3:. \Y/ o I '- n ... .rg : .A I «Uta. .1- _ b . a.\ 1!; .l ,2! .mA ...». C 0 t .11. I.‘ .... . . . 4 4 I t ‘V I. a .. . '1'. . .J A z y ... a. . 11f . . . . I a ... . v-.. - v‘l. I I? 3 s n... k 5 .v!” lath r . . . . . . . . i .J l.In . ... e ..., J . 11" ' II .I l . . ..I y b n | u .4. .\ A .... . a...» . i . ... . . a A 7 . n. .. Uta. ...! u. ..1. I1. . .- ...I.4 . L ... XII b 16101 118.111 STATE VJOJ‘JEGE East Lansing Exter .sisn Service Adult Education P.0grem herch 6, 19§?' Lear County Librarian: The spring institute is over and we can all settle bash down ts our routines. but before we forget the details of the meeting I am trying to follow through on some of the proposals which grew out of it. Drc Thsden in his talk on community delineation referred to a bulletin rut out in Wisconsin regarding the number of miles which is needed for effective library coverage. Upon examination we decided that the standards On which it was based made most of the bulletins out of date, but that the method of deterxining the area might be of interest. We areI therefore, quoting that section here. "The service unit for the library is the circulating took, rd 30,000 is cersidered the .owe M1111? i‘or gee” service pess;?i_.ti s. The costs on the basis of this unit would be 15 cents. Lith a rate of ii 00 per oopite, in order to raise a he,COO budget, an equal nunher Of peeple would be use ed This many people would require en area of about 133 square miles. If the whole of this budget were to be raired by lccal taxes, the rats ..aull be enly 029- h: lf of a hill for t~e -s- sensed Valuation of this area." {Eiolb I H Ser .ivt Ixatittr .. r..-- _..—_. for Tenn 8 nd Ceurtry, Bulletin 66,5r1cnltural Eli; elL en. Ezntien —— .0 "Fwy- .w— or the United States D9pertment of AZiic121tuie CU‘O:9nuv1Lk. angm- ber, 1925 ) Dr. Lendis is anxious to hear Tram you as $03: es possible in regard to tb 6 home and :‘nn..ily living list so that ylur ideas may be idcoxp -3..ted in the final print- ingo Have you any suggestions on the annotations? Are there any of your favorite and most useful backs left out of tee list? Do you believe that moat of the books will be useful to your patrons? About what proportion of the books will you find it possible to supply through your library? How many of the forty best (starred) books do you now have? How many of them do you plan to purchase? The interesting suggestion which M1. Phillips brought up about hating library listening groups for specific MSG radio programs deserves, it seems to me-i much County Librarians - 2 - h ran 6 l?{7 I more attention than we were able to give it at the meeting nuCCrCingly, he is repeating it here and we would appreciate having replies from you within the next two seats. "What type of radio pregran could be promoted on “TL‘ R t? at ;o: would be willing to support to the extent of organi. ng listening grozi: s?" As a partial summary of the Librariane' reactions to the survey is bene.it of you who were unable to attend the institute, we are quoting here comments which were made on the survey. Mrs. Nevarro: "Could we design a registration card which world contain the information On L. U. reouested on the :Cflbfir 1e?" Mrs. Daume : "There was some resentment about the queatione on nationality." Miss Furrington: "Tue results were disillusioning. There has no resent- rent," Hus. Hobson: "Showed the need of a bookmobile." Miss Grill: "brought out lack of attendanCo on the Icrt of riddle«_ age groups, and lack of boo? .s of intere s ‘9 them. Tue ’- library location should receive mama I.-1b1 to do it again in six months and sea th;t would be h :Loity. Would like 5 results Mrs. Lindbert: "Shoaed that there vas a lack of s;eciel at.entior. rue. halvig: "Found out the t di“ferent nationality gro Is have to be reached." Mrs. W iler: "Peoyle were satisfied. Would like to try it at a dif- ferent time of year." nus. Killinger: "Shoes d that the branch was purely M18: zonal for child: en and retired adultao" M188 Olmsted: "Upset preconceived notions, thong ht it was serving mostly adults. Found mostly children,.mnny from a near-by Catholic ohool who came in out of curiosity but who did not check out books." the. 8116: "Enjoyed the personal relations." Que of the suggestions was that if we are to evaluate the service of a branch we would Know something about the type of person in charge of th: work in the 7". v.3.“ ." 1:3." "‘ 1.4.1- ..J J, ..L-u'ig? (Q County Librariana _ branch. Accordingly, we are wsrking on a chuck list “Lin; may be uQUd far that purpose. nclssed you will find capiea of a list of agricultural books thigh Van Buren ounty lerary made for the Caravan“ and a listing of the radio pxograms now n WKAR. ' O'TJh‘J SinCcre ly yours, /¢%14‘~*:;L4’¢/¢*‘§ :75QL4a—:-~—J;;Z. Mu’rrgam Vt 1’1.er9 y ‘ Irt—iid .t‘tu f.f.£i.'1htdr— Dt‘}'81‘fl».611$ Cf A '15? 1.0} 0‘05“; and 30131010? E" MMzAfC Encl, APPENDIX B Alphabetical list of the magazines subscribed to. or received as gifts in the lichigan County Library Branches surveyed. December.l9n6. Name of Periodical ggbject Classification Alerican girl Juvenile American home Women and home At L. A. booklist Professional American magazine Fiction .Anerican mercury Monthly and quarterly review Better homes and gardens Women and home Boy's life Juvenile Calling all girls Juvenile Cepper's tanner lar- Child life Juvenile Children's activities Juvenile Classic comics Juvenile comic Colliers General weekly Consumer's guide Women and home Coronet Monthly and quarterly review Cosmopolitan Fiction Country gentleman Fara Far- Journal Jana Field and stream Sport and outdoor rortune Monthly and quarterly review. llying POpular science and mechanic Cood.housekeeping Women and home Herpers magazine Monthly and quarterly review Name of Periodical, Holiday Home craft House and garden Hunting and fishing Hygeia Ideals Jack and Jill Ladies home Journal Life Look HcCells lademoiselle Hichigan conservation lichigan farmer Hiss America rational geOgraphic nature lewsveek Open road for boys Organic gardening Outdoor life Parent's magazine Popular mechanics Popular science N) §ghject Classification Travel and geography Women and home Women and home Sport and outdoor Health and hygiene Religious Juvenile Women and home Pictorial Pictorial [omen and home Women and home Sport and outdoor Fara Juvenile Travel and geography Sport and outdoor News weeklies Sport and outdoors Tarn Sport and outdoor women and home Popular science and mechanics POpular science and mechanics game of Periodiggl_ Radio news Readers' Digest Saturday'evening post Saturday review of literature Screen romance Seventeen 81mm:- Story’parade Tine Irue comics Ice wisdom Woman's hone companion \A) §Eglggt Classification. Radio and movies Digest General weeklies Other literature Radio and movies Women and home Popular science and mechanics Juvenile News weeklies Juvenile comic Juvenile Vomen and home APPENDIX C TITLES AND SUBJECTS OF LIBRARY BOOKS READ AND OPINION OF THE BOOKS GIVEN BY KICHIGAI STATE LIBRARY USERS SURVEYED. DECEMBER 1946 Author and Title Addams. Twenty years at Hull House Alcott. Little men Alcott. Little women Aldnich. Lieutenant‘s lady Aldrich. Rim of the prairie Allee. The road to Carolina Allen. ludhen ' Allen. lew Brooms eXperiment Allingham. Dancers in mourning Andersen. lairy tales Andersen. Ugly duckling Anderson. Child care and training Anderson. Touch of greatness Animals of farmer Jones Arabian nights. Alladin and the wonderful lamp Armer. forest pool Type of Book Adult Juvenile Juvenile Adult Adult Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Adult Juvenile Juvenile Adult Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile subject of Book Biography Boys and girls Boys and girls Fiction.- Historical fiction,- Historical riction - Historical Adventure farm fiction Hystery Fairy tales rairy tales Home life and family living Farm Animals Hairy tales Ibmily life Opinion of Reader Liked Liked Liked Indifferent Liked Indifferent Liked Liked Indifferent Indifferent Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Author and Title AshtOn. Toe-an ' s hospital Aulaire. Don't count your chicks Aulaine. Too big Austin. Lutie Austin. Trumpet Austin. Villiamette '31 Averill. The cat club; or the life and times of Jenny Linsky Averill. Daniel Boone Ayedelotte. Full harvest Baby's book - little golden book Bailey. Country stop Bailey. Dim lantern Bailey. Red fruit Baker. Children's first book of poetry Baker. Cinderella scout Baldwin. Arizona star Baldwin. Heart doctor Baldwin. Private duty Baldvin. Twentybfour hours a day -2- Type of 32221:..— Adult Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Adult Juvenile Juvenile Adult Adult Juvenile Juvenile. Adult Adult Adult Adult Subject of Book Other I. Polk tale Boys and gdrls Boys and girls Animal Historical fiction Animals - Iiction Biography Historical fiction Boys and girls Boys and girls Romance Romance Poetry Boys and girls Romance Romance Romance Romance Opinion of Reader Disliked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Disliked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Indifferent - Author and Title Bancroft. Games Bannerman. Story of the teasing monkey Bannon. flannela's birth- day in Old Mexico Barbour.Bsrclay back Barbour. Hinth inning rally Barnes. Within this present Barrie. Little minister Herbert. Songs for children Barton. Pollyanna's door to happiness Baruch. I know a surprise Battle. Jerry goes fishing Baner. Latchstring out Baum. Woeping wood Beach. World in his arms Deals. Buffalo Bill Becker. Judy's farm visit Becker. Unlike twins and the animals Beckér. Youth replies, I can. -3... Type of Book Adult Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Adult Adult Juvenile Adult Juvenile Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Subject of Book Home and family life Animals Boys snd.girls Sport Sport lumily life Romance Music Romance Boys and girls Boys and girls Biographical fiction Adventure Western Biography Boys and girls Boys and Girls Current affairs Opinion of Reader Liked Liked Liked Indifferent Indifferent Liked Disliked Liked Liked Liked Liked Disliked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Author and Title Beebe. Just around the corner Beim. Little Igloo Bein. Snow hill Beith. Sand castle Belpre. Pens: and Mantina Benefield. Valiant is the word for Carrie Bennet. Bot lead Bonnet. Shoguns daughter Bonnet. Horse chief hole Bennett. Skookum and Sandy Benson. Emily Benson. Junior miss Bernhard. line cry- baby dolls Berry. Careers of Cynthia Bindwin. Heedles Bingay. . Detroit is my own home town Bishop. Man who lost his head Black. Baffling detective stone Black. Hy love belongs to me Type of Book Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Adult Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Adult Adult Juvenile Adult Juvenile Adult Juvenile Adult Adult Subject of Book Boys and girls Boys and girls Boys and girls Romance Fairy tales Romance Western Western Western Boys and girls Romance Bumily life Dairy tale Romance Animals History and travel fairy tale Mystery Romance Opinion of sea-L. Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Disliked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Disliked Indifferent Liked Liked Liked Liked Author and Title Blisard. Late lamented lady Bontemps. Sad faced boy B.ttome. Survival Bowman. Beach redi Boyd. Handbook of games Boyers. Murder by proxy Boylston. Carol on Broadway Boylston. Sue Barton Boylston. Sue Barton. rural nurse Boylston. Sue Barton, senior nurse Brand. lighting four Brand. Mountain riders 'Brand. Valley thieves Brandt. Doing things Brill. When lighthouses are dark Brinig. Gambler takes a.wife BristOw. Handsome road Bristow. This side of ‘ 81°17 Brock. Here comes Kristie Type of Book Adult Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Adult Subject of Bank Mystery Boys and girls Adventure Adventure Games and recreation Mystery Adventure Adventure Adventure Adventure Western Western Western Boys and girls Adventure Mystery Historical Historical Boys and girls Opinion of Reader Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Indifferent Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Indifferent Liked Liked Disliked - 6 - Author and Title Type of Subject of Opinion of Eggk Book Reader Brock. Wurder at Adult Mustery Indifferent the inn Brock. umbrella nan Juvenile Boys and girls Liked Bromfield. Pleasant Adult Farm(Hon-fiction) Liked valley Bromfield. Rains came Adult Adventure Liked Bromfield. What became Adult Adventure Liked of Anne Bolton Bronte. Jane Eyre Adult Romance Liked Brown. Little chicken Juvenile Animals Liked Brown. Merrylegs. the Juvenile Animals Liked rocking pony Brown. War paint Juvenile Animals Liked Browning. Pied Piper Juvenile Poetry Liked of Hamelin Brunhoff. Story of Juvenile Animals Liked .Babar Bryan. llission beyond Adult Current affairs Liked darkness Bryan. Pito's house Juvenile Fairy tales Liked Buck. Good earth Adult Farming Liked Buck. Pavillion of Adult lumily life Liked women Buck. Sons Adult Family life Liked Bunce. War belts of Juvenile Historical Liked Pontiac Bunn. Trailer'tracks Juvenile Adventure Indifferent Bunyan. Pilgrim's Adult Religious fiction Indifferent progress Burbank. Cedar deer Juvenile Adventure Liked Author and Title Burgess. Borth West wind new stories Burnett. Secret garden Burton. Little house Burton. Choo Choo Cains. Shadow of a crime Caldwell. This side of innocence Camp. Skip to my Lou Campbell. Applejack for breakfast Campbell. Thorn-apple tree Cannon. Mighty fortress Carfrae. Pennywise Carleton. Cry wolf Carlson. Under cover. Carmichael. Hy greatest day in baseball Carpenter. Experiment perilous Carr. Children of the covered.wagons Carter. Winds of fear Gather. my Antonia Gather. Professor's house Type of Book Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Subject of Book Animals Boys and girls Historical Service Mystery Historical Bamily 11:. Term Historical Religious novel Romance Mystery Current affairs Sports Mystery Historical fiction Other novel Historical Historical Opinion of Reader Liked Indifferent Liked Liked Liked Indifferent Liked Indifferent Liked Liked Indifferent Indifferent Disliked Liked Liked Indifferent Liked Indifferent Liked Liked Author and Title Gather. Sapphire and the slave girl Chalmers. I had a penny Chambers. In secret Charles. Round about turn Charteris. Saint steps in Chidsey. Panama passage Chan. Good luck horse Christie. Death comes as the end Christie. The murder of Roger Ackroyd Christie. Mystery of the blue train Christie. Tripple threat Clark. Peppy seed cakes Clemens. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Cloets. Watch for the darn Cockrell. Lillian Henley Coffin. Dogwatch Coffin. Lost paradise Coles. Great Ceasar’s ghost Type of Book Adult Juvenile Adult Juvenile Adult Adult Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Subject of Book Historical Boys and girls Adventure Animal Mystery Adventure Folklore Mystery Mystery Mystery Mystery Boys and girls Boys and girls Historical Romance Mystery Diagraphical novel Mystery Opinion of Reader Indifferent Liked Liked Disliked Liked Indifferent Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Author and title Colver. Heart does not forget Conner. Quest of the sea otter Coolidge. Johnny Coolidge. Rhymes and ballads for boys and girls Corbett. Lady udth parasol Caurnos. Russian life and humor Coxe. Groom lay dead Crabtree. To school and home again Crane. Applegreen cat Crane. Shocking pink hat Crauford. Bob and Judy at play Credle. Ilap—eared hound Cronin. Citadel Cronin. Green years Cronin. Keys of the kingdom Croanield. Alleson Blair Cunningham. Hancock murder Cunningham. Texas trigger Rawhide Type of Rock Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Adult Adult Juvenile Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Adult Adult subject of Book Romance Adventure Western Poetry Romance History and travel Mystery Boys and girls Mystery Mystery Boys and girls Animals Religious fiction Religious fiction Religious fiction Historical fiction Mystery lestern Opinion of Reader Liked Indifferent Liked Liked Disliked Liked Liked Liked Liked Indifferent Liked Liked Indifferent Liked Liked Indifferent Liked Author and Title Curie. Journey among varriors Cushman. Bright hill Curvood. naming forest Curvood. Gentlemen of courage Curvood. Koran Ourvood. River's end CsaJa. Bountiful cow Dalgleish. Along Janet's road Dalgleish. Christmas Dalgleish. Round about Daly. Seventeenth summer Darling. Luck of the trail Darling. Ho boundary line Davenport. Return engagement Davenport. Valley of decision Davie. Hudson Bay express Davis. Horth end wildcats -10.. Type of Book Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Adult Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Juvenile Subject of Book Current affairs Romance Adventure Adventure Adventure Adventure Animal Adventure Other Family life Romance Animal Romance Romance Historical Adventure Boys and girls Opinion of Reader Liked Indifferent Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Disliked Disliked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Author and Title Davis. Spinney and Spike and B—29 De.Angeli. Bright angel De Angeli. Ted and Nina go to the grocery store De Angeli. Thee Hannah Deeping. Kitty Deihl. Little chick that wouldn't go to bed Delafield. Good man's love De La.Ramd. Dog of Flanders De Maggie. Lucky to be a Yankee Deming. Penny and Pam. nurse and cadet Dennis. Pup himself Derleth. Wind over Wisconsin Dickinson. Children's book of Christmas stories Dickson. Curse of the bronze lamp Disney. Thumper Disney. Water babies circus Dixon. Count the puppie- - 11 - Type of Book Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Adult Juvenile Adult Juvenile Adult Juvenile Adult Juvenile Adult Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Subject of Book Boys and girls Boys and girls Family life Historical Romance Animals Romance Animals Sport Biography Adventure Animals Historical Other Mystery Animals Animals Animals Opinion of Reader Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Indifferent Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Author and Title Dixon. Mystery of the flying express Dixon. Rescued in the clouds Donaldson. Karl's wooden horse Donaldson. In the mouse's house Donor. O distant star Douglas. Home for Christmas Douglas. Robe Downs. Heartwood Doyle. Complete Sherlock Holmes Doyle. Complete Sherlock Holmes Drago. Brave in the saddle Drago. Outlaw on horseback Driscoll. My Felicia Du Bois. Giant Otto Du Maurier. Hungry hill Du.Maurier. Kings general Duvoisin. Donkey,donkey Earhart. fun of it Eberhart. Escape in the night -12- Type of Book Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Adult Adult Juvenile Adult Adult subJect of Book Mystery Adventure Animals Animals Historical Romance Religious novel Romance Mystery Mystery western Western Romance Animals Historical Historical Animals Biography Mystery Opinion of Reader Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Author and Title Hberhart. live passen- gers from Lisbon Eberhart. Speak no evil Eberhart. Wings of fear Edmonds. Chad Hanna ldmonds. Two logs crossing Eisner. Little boy who did.not know why Eliot. Traveling coat Elizabeth. Jasmine farm llisabeth. Mr. Skeffing— ton Ills. Fairy tales from Brasil lllsberg. Hell on ice lmans. About spiders Emmett. Secret in a snuffbox lngsbrand. Miss Munday Hnright. Then there were five lrdman. Separate star lrekine. Adam and Eve lstes. Hildreth lvatt. Mystery of creaking windmill Bvers. Monkeyface - 1 3 - Type of Book Adult Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Adult Adult Juvenile Adult Juvenile Juvenile Adult Juvenile Juvenile Adult Adult Juvenile Juvenile Subject of Book Mystery Mystery Mystery Historical Historical Boys and girls Adventure Family'life Romance Fairy tales History and travel Science Mystery Romance Fhmily life Adventure Historical Adventure Mystery Animals Opinion of Reader Liked Liked Indifferent Indifferent Liked Liked Liked Indifferent Indifferent Indifferent . Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Indifferent Liked Liked Liked -1u- Author and Title Type of Subject of Opinion of Book Book Reader l-yeh-shure. I am a Juvenile Biography Indifferent Pueblo girl Fer. Big book of Adult Other Liked Christmas entertainment Fedder. Girl grows up Juvenile Home and family Liked living Feld. Sophie Halenczik Adult Family life Liked Ferber. Great son Adult Historical Indifferent Ferber. Hobody's in Adult Romance Liked town Ferber. Show boat Adult Historical Indifferent Field. Bernard Baruch Adult Biography Liked Field. Christmas time Juvenile Other Liked Field. Dry Gulch.Adams Adult lestern Liked Field. Hitty Juvenile Historical Liked Field. Prayer' Juvenile PhilosOphy Liked psychology religion Field. Ravaged range Adult Western Liked Field. lho killed Adult Mystery Disliked Aunt Maggie Fisher. Deepening stream Adult Family life Liked Fitch. One God Juvenile Philos0phy Liked psychology religion Flack. I see a kitty Juvenile Animals Liked Flack. Haw pet Juvenile Family living Liked Flack & Miese. Story Juvenile Animals Liked about Ping Author and Title Flack. Topsy Flack. Wait for William Flack. William and his kitten Foster. Marriage and family relationship Fewler. Good night sweet prince Fox. Heart of the hills Fox. Trail of the lonesome pine Franken. Claudia Frasier. We see Frisksy. Adventure for beginners Frisksy. Chicken little count to ten Fuller. Loon feather Fulton. Powder dock mystery Gag. Three tales from Grimm Gaggin. All those buckles Gaither. Bed cock crows Gall. Flat tail Gall. Splasher Galsworthyt End of the chapter - 15 - Type of Book Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Juvenile Adult Juvenile Juvenile Adult Juvenile Juvenile Adult subject of ngk Animal Boys and Girls Boys and girls Home and family Biosrepuv Romance Romance Romance Nature Art Animals Historical Mystery Fairy tale s Boys and girls Historical Animals Animals Family life Opinion of Reader Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Indifferent Liked Liked Disliked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Indifferent Liked Liked Author and Title Gardner. Case of black eyed blonds Gardner. Case of the lame canary Gardner. Case of the silent partner Gardner. Case of the substitute face Gardner. Case of the sulky girl Gardner. D. At calls it murder Gardner. Let's celebrate Christmas Garland. Son of the middle border Garrard. with Hibby Garrett. Political handbook for women Gates. Book of live dolls Gates. Sarah's idea Gates. Trouble for Jerry Gates and Clark. Mr. Joey and the pig Getti. Exploring we would go Gauss. Bang Gay. Pete's Adventures Running away - 16 - Type of Book ‘ Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Adult Adult Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Subject of Book Mystery Mystery Mystery Mystery Mystery Mystery Other Biography Boys and girls Current affairs Art,music,crafts Family life Adventure Animals History and travel Animals Boys and girls Opinion of Reader Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Author and Title Geisel. And to think I saw it on Mulberry street Geisel. And to think I saw it on Mulberry street Geisel. Five hundred hats of Bartholomew Cubbins Gilbert. Mr. Plum and the green bay tree Gilligan. Gaunt woman Gilpatnic. Actbn in the HorthlAtlantic Girvan. White tulip Glasgow. Shetered life Glaepell. Judd Rankin's daughter Glidden. And the wind blows free Gooden. Clementine Gould. Farmer takes a wife Type - 17 - of Book Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juven Adult Adult ile Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Gould. Yankee storekeeper Adult Govan. Five at Ashfield. Juvenile Graham. Audels handy book Adult of practical electric- ity Graham. Earth and high heaven Adult Subject of Book Boys and girls Boys and girls Family life Boys and girls Adventure Current affairs Historical Historical Romance Romance Family life Farming Biography Boys and girls Science Family problems Opinion of Reader Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Indifferent Liked Disliked Disliked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked a 18 - Author and Title Type of Subject of Opinion of Book 299k Reader Grahame. Mind in Juvenile Animals Liked the willow Gray. Fair adventure Juvenile Boys and girls Liked Gray. Maggy MacIntosh Juvenile Historical fiction Liked Gray. Vagabond.path Adult Biographical novel Liked Gray. We work and play Juvenile Boys and girls Liked Grayson. Angel town Adult Family life Indifferent Gregory. Emerald Adult Mystery Indifferent murder trap Gregory. Lords of Adult Adventure Liked the coast Gregory. Man from Adult Western Indifferent Texas Gregory. The outlaw Adult Adventure Grey. Betty Zane Adult Mestern Liked Grey. Border legion Adult Western Liked Grey. Code of the west Adult Western Liked Grey. Drift fence Adult western Liked Grey. Forlorn river Adult Western Liked Grey. Heritage of the Adult Western Liked desert Grey. Light of the Adult Western Liked western stars Grey. Raiders of the Adult Western Liked Spanish.peaks Grey. Stairs of sand Adult Western Liked Grey. Thirty thousand Adult western Liked on the hoof Author and Title Grey. To the last man Grey. Trail driver Grey. UtP.Trail Grey. West of the Pecos Grey. Western Union Gregg. Winged mystery Grover. Sunbonnet babies Gulbranssen. Wind from the mountain Hader. Little stone houses Hale. Prodigal women Hall. Hansen Halliburton. Seven league boots Hancock. West end nurse Hardy; Good companions Hargrove. See here Private Hargrove Harris. Away we go Harris. Sage quarter Harris. Janey Jeems Hart. You can't take it with.you Harte. Luck of roaring camp Harvey. Billy's scrapbook -19.. Type of 122$— Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Adult Juvenile Adult Adult Juvenile Adult Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Adult Juvenile SubJect of Book Western Western Western Western Western Mystery Boys and girls Romance Home and family life Romance Biography History and travel Romance Boys and girls Current affairs Boys and girls Family life Family life Drama - other Adventure Home and family life Opinion of Reader Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Indifferent Liked Indifferent Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Disliked Liked Author and Title Hauck. Gardenias for Sue Hawkins. Too many dogs Hay. Happy days in Holland Haycox. Trail town Haycraft. Great detective stories Haywood. Betsy and the boys Haywood. Two and two are four Heal. Mr. Pink and the house on the roof Heisenfelt. Children of Holland Hendryx. Gear of Hel- ffida’” Greek Henry. Geraldine Belinda Henry. Little fellow Hershey. Bell for Adano Hildreth. Twins - Tom and Don Hill. Bright arrows Hill. Christmas bride Hill. Enchanted barn Hill. Girl to come home to Hill. Prodigal girl -20- Type of 2.22;... Adult Juvenile Juvenile Adult Adult Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Adult Juvenile Juvenile Adult Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Subject of 13an Romance Animals History and travel Western Mystery Boys and girls Farm f iction Boys and girls History and travel Western Boys and girls Animals Historical novel Boys and girls Romance Romance Romance Romance Romance Opinion of Reader Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Indifferent Liked Liked Indifferent Liked Liked Liked Liked Author and Title Hill. White flower Hill. Summer comes to Apple Market street Hilton. So well remembered Hilton. We are not alone Hinkle. Crazy dog,Cnnly Hinkle.Tomahawk Hindus. Mother Russia Hobart. Peacock sheds its tail Hogan. Bear twins Hogan. Nicodemus Hogan. Twin deer Hogeboom. Dogs and how to draw them Rolbrook. Holy old Iackinaw Holding. Innocent Mrs. Duff Holt. Wild Palomino Hope. Bobbsey twins at snow lodge Hope. Robbsey twins on a houseboat Hope. I never left home Hope. Secret of the tower -21- Type of Book Adult ‘Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Juvenile Adult Adult Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Juvenile Adult Juvenile subject of Book Romance Boys and Girls Romance Romance Animals Animals History’and travel lumily life Animals Boys and girls Animals Art,music.crafts History Mystery Western Adventure Boys and girls Current affairs Mystery Opinions of Readers Liked Indifferent Indifferent Indifferent Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Indifferent Author*and Title Hornely. Robin Hood Huber. I know e.story Hueston. Mother went mad. en.uonday Hughes. Thirteenth Commandment Hulphrey. lather takes us to Washington Humphries. Ann Starr - staff nurse Hunt. Billy Button's buttered biscuits Hunt. Boy who had no birthday Hunt. John of Pudding Lane Hunt. Little girl with seven names Hutchinson. Chimney corners stories Hutchinson. Winter's moon Idell. Centennial summer International Library of famous literature Ishimoto. East way. west way Ishvsni. Hrocaded sari Jaeger. Wildwood.wisdom Type of -22- 1.32%.... Juvenile Juvenile Adult Adult Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenik! Juvenile Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Subject of Book Fairy tale Fairy tale Romance Romance Travel Adventure Boys and girls Adventure Historical Historical Fairy tale Romance lemily life Other Biography Autobiography Nature Opinion of Readers Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Indifferent Disliked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Author and Title James. Hy first home Johnson. Hystery of the seven murals Jones. Svift flows the r iver Jones. Peter and Gretchen Jones. Ten Commandments Justus. Sammy Heeler. Bronco Bill's circus Keeler. Dog days Keeler. Party for Happy Keeler. Today with Dede Keene. Clue of the broken locket Keene. The clue of the tapping heels Hehiler. Movie workers Ielland. Sugar foot Hayes. River road Reyes. Safe bridge another day Kimbrough.Hearts were growing up Type of Book Juvenile Adult Adult Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult -23- Subject of Bgok Animals Mystery Historical Boys and girls Philosophy psychology religion Adventure Animal Animal Animal Boys and girls Mystery Mystery Art.music,crafts Western Romance Romance Romance Biographical Opinion of Reader Liked Liked Indifferent Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Disliked Liked Indifferent Liked Indifferent Indifferent .Author and Title King. Help the farmer King. Those other peeple Kipling. Hoe the ele- phant got his trunk Kissin. Raffy and the honkebeest KJelgaard. Big red Knight. Brave companion Knight. Lassie come home Knight. This above all Knight. Trouble at Turkey Hill Knipe. Lucky sixpence Kraus. The carrot seed Kristofersen. Hans Christian of Blisnore Kuh. The farmer Kyne. Dude woman Kyne. Never the twain Lane. Old home town Langdale. Lance of Mystery Hollow Langley. Lion in the street LathrOp. Horthern trail adventure - 2b - Type of Book Juvenile Adult Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Adult Aunt Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Adult Juvenile Subject of Bgok Animals Romance Fairy tales Animals Adventure Animals Animals Romance Mystery Historical Farm Biography Perm Western Adventure Family life Adventure Biographical Adventure Opinion of Reader Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Disliked Liked Liked Liked Indifferent Liked Indifferent Liked Indifferent Liked Liked Disliked Author and Title Leaf. Grammar can be fun Leaf. Manners can be fun Leaf. Rabbit hill Leaf. Safety can be fun Lee. Vanishing violin Leighton. Singing cave Lamas. New ideas in woodcraft Lenski. Little auto Leonard. Expert in murder Lewis. Main street Lewis. Against the darkening sky Liebman. Peace of mind Lincoln. Bradshaws of Harness Lindman. SniPP. snapp. - 25 - Type of Book Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenib Juvenile Adult Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Adult Juveniha snurr and the red shoes Lippincott. Bun, a wild rabbit Lobaugh. Shadows in succession Lockridge. Pinch of poison Logan. nurse Merton returns London. White fang Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Adult Subject of Book Other Home and family living Animals Other Mystery Mystery Art.music,crafts Science Mystery Historical Family life Philosophy psychology religion Romance ..Boys and girls Animals Mystery Mystery Romance Adventure Opinion of Reader Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Indifferent Liked Liked Liked Author and Title Lorenzeni. Pinocchio Loring. Grief before night Loring. We ride the gale Lothar. Beneath another sun Lowe. Hello Michigan Lownsbery. Manta the doll Lund. Blondie and Dagwood Lyon. fresh from the hills McCandle. Unforseen McConnell. Bebo. the "2 balloon MacDonald. Egg & I MacDonald & Weisgard. Little lost lamb MacGrath. Half a rogue MacInnis. Assignment in Brittany MacInnis. Horizon Mackey. Great lady McMeekin. Journey cake Malkus. Silver llama Malkus. Wooden shoes Manning. Trigger trail Type of Book Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Adult - 26 - Subject of ngk Fairy tale Romance Romance Historical Travel - history Boys and girls Family life Travel Mystery Adventure Farm f iction Animals Romance Adventure Adventure Biographical Historical fiction Animal History and travel Western Opinion of Reader Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Indifferent Indifferent Liked Indifferent Liked Liked Liked Indifferent Disliked Indifferent Indifferent Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Author and Title Martin. Death in the lime light Martin. Bells of St. Mary's Mason. Little story book Mason. Smiling hill farm Maughan. Narrow corner Mauldin. Up front Maughan. Then and now Meader. Jonathan goes west Meader. Long trains roll Means. Adilla Mary of Old New Mexico Meeks. Little red car. Meese. Her star in sight Meiklejohn. Cart of many colors Melville. Moby Dick or the white whale Merrick. Northern nurse Merritt. Creep, shadow Meyneng. Broken arc Miller. Song after midnight Milne. House at Pooh Corner -27.. Type of 139212.... Adult Adult Juvenile Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Juvaiile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Subject of Bgok Mystery Religious novel Boys and girls Farm Adventure Current affairs. cartoons, World War Historical Adventure Adventure Historical fiction Science Adventure Boys and girls Adventure Biography Mystery Romance Romance Animals Opinion of Reader Disliked Liked Liked Liked Indifferent Liked Liked Liked Liked Indifferent Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Disliked Indifferent Liked Author and Title Milne. Winnie the Pooh Mitchell. Guess what's in the grass Montgomery. Magic for Marigold Moon. Daughter of thunder Moore. Spoonhandle Morrow. We must march - 28 - Type of Book Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Adult Mukerji. Hari, the JungleJuvenib lad Mulford. Coming of Cassidy Murphy. Road from Olivet Murphy. Scarlet lilly Nathan. They went on together Newberry. April's kittens Newcomb. Aetromony for everybody Norris. Flint Norris. Lost sunrise Norris. Love calls the tune Norris. Love of Julia Borel Norris. Over at the Crowley's Norris. Runaway Adult Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Subject of Book Animal Nature Romance Boys and girls Family life Historical fiction Adventure Western Religious novel Religious novel Romance Animals Science Family life Romance Romance Romance Romance Romance Opinion of Reader Liked Liked Indifferent Liked indifferent Liked Liked Indifferent Liked Indifferent Liked Liked Liked Indifferent Liked Liked Liked Liked Indifferent Author and Title Norris. Sea gull Norris. Second-hand wife North. Midnight and Jeremiah O'Brien. Silver chief, dog of the north éo'm-un. Silver chief to the rescue 'O'Donnell. Day in and day out Ogley. Iron land Olds. Jill, movie-maker Ollifant. Bob, son of battle Orton. Secret of the Rosewood box Ostenso. O river remember Oswald. Iriskey the goat Oswald. My dog laddie Page. Wilderness adventure Palmer. Lost and found Palmer. Mickey mouse Papishvily. Anything can happen Parker. Animals we know -29- Type of 29.95.... Adult Adult Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Adult Adult Juvenile Juvenile Adult Juvenile Juvenile Adult Juvenile Juvenile Adult Juvenile Subject of Book Romance Romance Animal Animal Animal Boys and girls Historical novel Adventure Animals Mystery Family life Animal Animals Historical Boys and girls Animal Travel Nature Opinion of read... Liked Liked Indifferent Liked Liked Liked Indifferent Disliked Disliked Liked Indifferent liked Liked Liked Disliked Liked Liked Liked Liked Author and Title Parker. Our ocean of air Parkman. Oregon trail Parmenter. As the seed is sown Parrish. Love under fire Parrott. Love goes past Parsons. Gay illiterate Paschal. Clover creek Patri. Child training Paul. Mayhem in B flat Pauli. Story of a Christmas tree Pease. Shanghai passage Pei-Ting. Building the Burma road Perkins. Chinese twine Perkins. Emperor's physician Perkins. Irish twins Perkins. Tit and tat Petersham. Stories Peterson. Country chronicle Pettibone. Light down, stranger - 3o - Type of Book Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Adult Adult Juvenile Juvenile Adult Juvenile Adult Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Adult Adult Subject of Bgok Science History Romance Romance Romance Biography Adventure Home and family living Mystery Other Adventure Current affai rs Boys and girls Religious fiction Boys and girls Boys and girls Philosophy psychology religion Farm Historical novel Opinion of Reader Indifferent Disliked Liked Liked Liked Disliked Liked Liked Disliked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Author and Title Peyton. San Antonia. city in the sun Porter. Freckles Porter. Girl of the limberlost Porter. Just David Pumphney. Pilgrims stories and plays Proctor. Turning leaves Prakosch. Conspirators Praudfit. Come and see the ice box family Prouty. Now, voyager Pyle. Brave men Pyle. Last chapter Queen. Devil to pay Queen. Calamity town Radlov. Cautious carp Rahmer. Masterpiece of oriental mystery Raine. On the dodge Ralphson. Boy scouts in Mexico Ralphson. Boy scouts lost expedition Ravlings. South moon under Rawlings. When the whipooorwill Type of leak... Adult Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Adult Adult Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Adult Adult Juvenile Juvenile Adult Adult - 31 - Subject of Boas~ History and travel Romance Romance Romance History Pamilylife Historical Home and family living Romance Current affairs Current affairs Mystery Mystery Hairy tales Mystery Western Adventure Adventure Romance Romance Opinion of Reader Liked Liked Liked Indifferent Disliked Liked Liked Disliked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Indifferent Indifferent Author and Title Rey. Pretzel Rich. We took to the woods Richardson. Saphie of the lazy B Richmond. Twenty- fourth of June Riesenberg. Men on a raft Riggs. Little champion Rinehart. Alibi for Isabel Rinehart. Crime book Rinehart. Dangerous days Rinehart. Doctor Rinehart. Man in lower ten Robinson. Little Lucia Robinson. Sarah and her dog Rogers. Will Rogers Ross. Farm in the family Ruck. He learned about women Ruskin. King of the golden river Sabin. Buffalo Bill and the overland trail Saint Exupery. Little prince -32.. Type of ME... Juvenile Adult Juvenile Adult Adult Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Juvenile Adult Juvenile Adult Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Subject of Book Animal Biography Western Romance Adventure Animal Mystery Mystery Romance Mystery Boys and girls Boys and girls Biography Parm fiction Romance Fairy tales Biography Fairy tale Opinion of Reader Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Disliked Liked Liked Indifferent Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked - 33 - Author and Title Type of Subject of Opinion of Book Book Reader Saroyan. Human comedy Adult Familylife Indifferent Liked Savage. Pass Adult Western Liked Schenk. Easter time Juvenile Other Schenk . Lean with Adult Romance the wind Schmidt. David the king Adult Religious novel Liked Seagrove. Burma Adult Current affairs Liked surgeon returns Sedges. Townsman Adult Familylife Liked Seeley. Chuckling Adult Mystery Liked fingers Seghers. Seventh cross Adult Historical Liked Segur. Wise little Juvenile Animals Liked donkey Seifert. Bright Adult Romance Liked sealpel Seifert. Trial of Adult Romance Liked Dr. Kildare Selets. Hope deferred Adult Biographical novel Seltzer. Two gun man Adult Western Liked Seltzer. Valley of the Adult Western Indifferent stars Self. Those Smith kids Adult Family life Liked Seton. Dragonwick Adult Mystery Liked Seymour. Tangled skein Adult Mystery Liked Shapiro. How old storm- Juvenile Adventure Liked along captured Modha Dick Author and Title Shellabarger. Captain from Castile Sherman & Lawford. -34.. Type of Book Adult Adult Essentials of nutrition Shurtlief. Short leash Simon. Straw in the sun Singmaster. Work and sing Skidmore. Hill doctor Skinner. Emerald story book Skinner. Our hearts were young and gay Slobodkin. Caps for sale Slobodkin. Magic Michael Smith. Chicken world Smith. No better land Smith. Tom's trip Smith. A tree grows in Brooklyn Sondergaard. Biddy and the ducks Spencer. Guerilla wife Sperry. Coconut the wonder tree Spring. Hard facts Spyri. Dora Spyri. Mosli Adult Adult Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Adult Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Adult Juvendle Adult Juvenile Adult Juvenile Adult Juvenile Juvenile Subject of Book Historical Home and family living Animal Biography Art.music,craft Adventure Fairy tale Travel Animal Boys and girls Farm Farm Boys and girls Family life Animals Current affairs Nature Romance Boys and girls Boys and girls Opinion of Reader Liked Liked Indifferent Liked Liked Liked Disliked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked indifferent disliked Liked Liked Liked Disliked Disliked Author and Title Spyri. Veronica Statesmans yearbook 19b5 Stearns. Spunky the donkey and Leander the gander Steinbeck. 0f mice and.men Stern. Thunderstrom Stevenson. Abe Lincoln Stevenson. George Washington Stevenson. Inland travel Stone. Clarinda of cherry lane farm Stone. Fun for Tom and Jip Stone. Immortal wife Stone. Inga of Porcupine nine Stone. Pepe was the saddest bird Stong. Honk, the moose Storm. Hip and Tuck Stout. Red box Street. Gauntlet Street. By valour and arms Street. In my father's house - 35 - Type of 29.9.15... Juventh Adult Juvenile Adult Adult Juvenile Juvenile Adult Juvenile Juvenile Adult Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Adult Subject of Book Boys and girls Current affairs Animals Adventure Romance Biography Biography Travel Boys and girls Boys and girls Biographical novel Boys an 6. girls Animal Animal Animal Mystery Religious Historical Family life novel Opinion of Reader Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Author and Title Struthers. Mrs. Miniver fl Sture.-Vasa. Green grass of Wyoming Sture.-Y§sa. My friendz Flicks Tall book of nursery tales Tarry. My dog Rinty Tengren. Bed—time stories Te lhet. Retreat from Dolphin Terhune. Decorating for you Terhune. Buff-a collie Terhune. Dog named Chips Thane. From this day forward Thompson. Alice of old Vincennes Thompson. Crossroads for Pene10pe Thorns . Chips Thorton. Justly dear Tolstoy. War and peace Tomkinson. Welcome wilderness Tousey. Cowboy Tommy Tousey. Iisherman Tommy _ 36 - Type of meg... Adult Adult Juven ile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Juve nile Subject of Book Family life Animal Animal Fairy tales Animal Fairy tales Adventure Art,music,crafts Animal Animal Romance Historical Adventure Animal BiOgraphical novel Historical novel Historical novel Boys and girls Boys and girls Opinion of Reader Indifferent Liked Liked Disliked Indifferent Disliked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Disliked liked Disliked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Author and Title Tousey. Little bears pinto poney Tousey. Red and the rustlers Tousey. Steamboat Billy Train. Yankee lawyer Travers. Mary POppins comes back Troxell. Baby animals Tudor. Snow before Christmas Tunis. Champion's choice Tunis. Kid comes back Tunis. Kid from Tomkinsville Turnbull. Day must damn Turpin. Rickie's puppy dog Undset.;. The wild orchid Types of farming in U.S. Van Stockum. Gerrit and the organ Vestal. The Missouri wadsworth. Paul Bunyan and his big blue ox Wakeman. Hucksters Waldeck. white panther -37- Type of Book Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Adult Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Adult Juvenile Adult Adult Juvenile Adult Juvenile Adult Juvenile Subject of Book Animals Adventure Adventure Biography Fairy tales Animals Other Sport Sport Sport Historical Animal Romance Farm Adventure History and travel Fairy tale Othe r Animal Opinion of Reader Liked Liked Liked Indifferent Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Indifferent Liked Disliked Liked Disliked Liked -38- Author and Title Type of Subject of Opinion of Book Book Reader Yemy. Foxes of Harrow Adult Historical Liked Indifferent Zachry. Let's make Juvenile Art,music,crafts Liked something Zara. Ruth Hiddleton Adult Biographical novel Liked MAGAZINES READ AND OPINION OF THEM GIVEN BY MICHIGAN COUNTY LIBRARY USERS SURVEYED DECEMBER 1946 Magazine Type of Subject of Opinion of Magazine Magazine Reader Children's activities Juvenile Juvenile Liked American girl Juvenile Juvenile Liked Charm Adult Women and home Liked Field and Stream Sport and outdoors Liked Goodhousekeeping Women and home Liked Harper's Nov. l9b6 Monthly and Liked quarterly review House and Garden Women and home Ladies Home Journal Women and home Liked Ladies Home Journal Women and home Liked National Geographical Geography and Liked travel Parents' Women andliome Liked POpular comics Juvenile comics Liked Popular mechanics POpular science Liked and mechanics Time News weekly Liked Saturday Post General weekly Saturday Evening Post General weekly Liked Author and Title Wiese. Picture book of animals Wiese. Wallis the walrus Wilder. Harmer boy Wilder. Little house in the big woods Wilder. On the banks of Silver Creek Wilder. These happy golden years Wilder. Heaven's my destination Wiley. Wildcat Willoughby. Sandra O'Moore Wilson. Wilhemina's wish Winsor. Forever Amber Wodehouse. Brinkley manor Wodehouse. Joy in the morning Wonsetler. Yanksin action World Almanac l9h6 Wright. Art of conversation Wright. Begun in laughter Writer's program.Texas Type of Book Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Adult Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Subject of Book Animals Animals Historical Historical Historical Historical Romance Romance Boys and girls Romance Romance Adventure Current affairs Current affairs Other Romance History and travel Opinion of Reader Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Disliked Liked Liked Indifferent Liked Liked Liked Liked Author and Title Walker. Winter wheat Waller. Cry in the wilderness Walpole. Killer and the slain Ward. Snake pit Ware. Crazy dog Webber. Above and below Weitenkarpf. How to appreciate prints Wentworth. Chinese shawl West. Friendly persuasion Wheeler. Boy with the western Indians White. Arizona nights White. Family affairs White. Wild geese calling White. Mistress Masham's repose White. Peter Domanig; morning in Vienna White. Changing West Whitney. Silver inkwell Whitney. A window for Julie Wiese. Karoo -so- Type of Book Adult Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Adult Juvenile Juvenile Juvenile Subject of Book Farm fiction Romance Adventure Biographical Animals Nature Art,music,crafts Mystery Farm fiction Adventure Western Iamily life Adventure Fairy tales Biographical History and travel Adventure Adventure Animals Opinion of Reader Liked Indifferent Liked Liked Disliked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Disliked Liked Liked Indifferent Liked Liked -u1- The following titles were not used in the classification analysis because complete information was not obtainable with the sources available. Author Title Opinion of Reader Alexander William, the whale hunter Liked Atherton Tower of ivory Liked Allen Let me die Tuesday Liked Beaty Old Abe. Liked Bramhall Button, button Indifferent Collings Just for the hell of it Disliked Cooper Windjamming to 1111 Liked Corelli Master Christian Liked Corls Listen bright angel Liked Coughan Wishing well Liked Dearborn Country days Liked De Jong Somewhat angels Liked Edwards Merino Liked Ethridge This little pig went to market Liked England Beloved gypsy Indifferent Fitzgerald Trail of the ragged fox Fitzgerald We are besieged Indifferent Gaddis Shabby glory Liked Gardner ”Tour titles of Perry Liked Mason mysteriesI Gay Home for Sandy Liked Gilmour Trying Toby Liked Group Book of small houses Liked Haberman How about tomorrow morning Disliked Author Hill Hogan Hornby Lovell and Hacker MacNaughton Maisden Maish Mills r Miller Mitchell Morse Nichols Olsen Piper Redford Randall Rhode Richardson Richardson Ritner Huston Seville Scott Scott -142- Title City dog and the country cat Four great oaks Khaki is more than a color Best sport stories Miss Lizzie Wicked sister The sad prince Peter was a pirate Close to my heart Cat's don't need coffins Children's hour with Bonnie and Berry Kitty Carter That girl, Jennifer Secret of the lake house King of the griszlies Ransom Shelter without walls Cinnamon spice Spy in the hills Black circle Counsel for the defense Opinion of Reader Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Indifferent Liked Disliked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Disliked Indifferent Author Spencer Stanley Tahori Van Sills r Welsh Whiteford Whiteman Winchester Wise Woodruff Wright Title False witness Prairie kid Beneath the stone One alone Last buffalo hunter How Sandy Squirrel got his tail Playmates in print Oft told tales of Lincoln Away with the circus Call the next witness Half wolf Art of Walt Disney Childhood favorite fairy Crimson War New path to read Simple sketching Spotted rabbit Ted's airplane Six books for children for school Opinion of Reader Liked Liked Indifferent Liked Indifferent Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Liked Indifferent Liked Liked Liked I\V .. l j r . I ’ h n d‘ Is u . ..I I. - . . -.. if . u - 1. ..I I - ‘C. Y I A! \ a. I s a./ I If ,\ O ‘I V v . VI. ‘ J . z I 1 h b 1' l . ‘, 3 . 1 r A E‘ ONLY i. M US ; R00