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A Upinu u: m: Al“. “1.14) my“; 'iLn A Thesis Submitted to 9 v '1 *" ‘ l " I '. 7;. l—I. ‘ ‘ ‘ i,‘.£(V;L-L"«JILAI vii-.iu buggy-bug vi: "’ ,Y‘-:“ _.“' ”I"; ,‘.\, "I 1tU¢..va.LJi\/iw AHU xtl‘iuiuu uviui..uu bv John Walter Xiseall ..4-unu- 5; ‘fl Candidate for the Degree of Bachelcr of Science (Tune 1942 -1- It is intended to design a bomb shelter to withstand the penetrating and destructive effects of a demolition bomb. A demolition bomb is of the delayed action type where the bomb penetrates a cons'derable distance through the target before the charge within explodes? This bomb has,and is, producing devastating effects on architectural structures by penetrating th walls, exploding,and causing internal pressures within the building therefore causing the walls to collapse. Although human life should be preserved against any possible danger, I have disregarded the fact and simulated my shelter design to that of a drainage system. In the case of a drain- (D (0 a3 ystem, it is not designed to accomodate the maxinum expect- ed flow. It is far more inexpensive to build a system which will accomodate a substantially large flow which is not the maximum. When the maximum flood occurs, the system will be insufficient thus causing an overflow resulting in material damage to the surrounding area. From a practical standpoint, it has been deemed advisable to bear the damage costs rather than to pay an added initial cost to build a system which will accomodate the maximum flow. Ky shelter design is paralleled to that of a sewer design in that it is not designed to withstand the maximum weight bomb 0 Reasons for this statement are: Firstly, it is highly impractical to carry a bomb heavier than lOOO pounds for 143091 (2 long distances because the carrier then has only one vulner- m C.) ble power. When that one bomb is eXpended the effect of he carrier is gone. Secondly,in actual tests it has been deter- mined that the area of destruction from a lUOO pound bomb is 380 sq. ft. If this same bomb weight is Split up so the carrier has ten 100 pound bombs and drOps them simultaneous- ly, the area of destruction mounts to 885 sq, ft? It can further be deduced that a bomb of sgghwweight would mainly be used against a small concentrated, and highly important target. Thirdly, bomb shelters are not discernable from the air so such a target would be next to impossible to hit intentionallyfrom the air. ---It is for these reasons that I have based my design on the action of a 500 pound bomb. The design of a bomb shelter can be based on one of the three following methods? -../Q 1.Bomb forces are replaced by equivalent static loads. In this case the already existing static equilib- rium equations can be used. CP 2.Design on actual enefiy loads. In this case a thorough study would have to be made to determine the amount of eXplosive energy con rete can with- soand. 9.Design by the use of strictlv emperical formulas derived by forces expended on bomb shelters in England. -3- M" design uses the first of these three methods. Besides being more tutored and acquainted with this style of design, a recent search through texts and pamphlets have led me to believe that my design would be just as good or even better than any derived by the use of Iethod number 3. Emperical formulas for she ter designs are merely static equations altered by ssumptions. I am therefore doing the same thing except I am using assumptions of my own. At the moment of impact, a bomb has a velocity which is main- ly due to gravitational pull. The aircraft gives the project- ile a horizontal velocity component when flying parallel to the ground. Any slight inclination to the ground will give the projectile an initial vertical component. ---Thus dive bombing. The following set of computations are presented to prove that the main factor in the design of a structure against a projectile with the speed of a bomb is shear. Using he knowledge that bombing planes usually fly at 10,000 ft. when drOpping the projectiles, we can readilly assume that the vertical distance traveled by the bomb is 10,000 ft. =velocity in ft./sec. :acceleration due to gravity =vertical distance of fall C093< Va: 28.5 Vfi 2(38)(l0.000) Vt: 640 g 000 v =800 ft./sec. ..4- Assume that a 500 pound bomb will penetrate a concrete slab 2 feet before exploding; xz-depth of penetration w .-. ve ight of bomb F =static concentrated force of bomb v :velocity upon impact (conservative estimate) a eacceleration due to gravity 4 : V41] 2__ l. ax r : soo(iooo)° 2(32)(2) F”=4,000,000# Concentrated force exerted on a concrete slab by a 500 pound bomb 4,000 kips. Use: C: 2000 F'oSoio S BOODO 130804.. 1 22:5 D080]... =40o p.s.i. (with stirrups) _— .4 ’ .875 see u =l.83% Assuie that slab is 6 ft. thick snow: :1 we: ’3 g. -. A s/ Mead Load > :00 /fi Live Load : 4,000 hips Neglect Dead Load We cannot consider the bomb as a point concentrated force because of its diameter and the inclination of the bomb to the target surface. Thus the effective width of impact is taken here as 5 feet. Shear V:=4,00U hips V vjbw Kin d== 4,000,000 #735,: 1y 5‘va 8 Kin d :47 ft. Mmd*\/‘ M “— E3bcu .. __'- Mm A .. \//__,—_5§429__QOQ,2<_1é ., 54 C34—8)(12)(5) Kin d = moments Min d 5 ft. It can easily be seen that the design must be calculated to accommodate shear stresses. In actual tests it has been determined that if the negative and positive steel in the reinforcing of the slab is stagger- ed, the effective width of the applied bomb force is increas- ed to over ten feet. Also, if high strength steel and con- crete is used so computations can be based using v==400 p.s.i., a concrete slab 5 feet thick will provide ample protection from a too pound bombf' Using this knomledge, I have designed my shelter using a 5 ft. slab roof of reinforced concrete. rrwm ine steel and concrete dimensions are based on dead load _(_1 I . . ' m“. . ‘9'" “- ‘ -‘ “ 1' \ IN 'v ‘. 1 ‘ .fi ‘- "“1 r. I:' . 1.- critelia. L318 has been cone oceause the hibn SLKGQ oi the :rojectile will produce such instantaneous shock, that the resulting bending moment will be of negligible consequence. It must be noted that the main factor is to exclude the pro- jectile from the inner portion of the structure. If the pro- jectile cannot enter the shelter, there can be little harm from the blast as it will direct its energy to the path of least resistance. In this case the path of least resistance is the line which the projectile followed into the concrete slab. It will be noticed in the drawing that the shelter is a virtual system of corridors. ‘This is an additional protective meas- ure. If a bomb falls into one part of the shelter, the in- habitajnts of the adjacent corridor will receive blast protection afforded by the wall. r‘) -I- nation A. Roof Slab a. Short Span Use 13 ft. clear span 1) : 12" I) DL 5x iso==7so*?gn w ::7so x 12::9,ooo'fi¢t C U Design for continuous interior span because the result- ing moment is numerically less. “'7: L - 2 ::5 [Evil :‘1 \ n - r} 2 in)? ~:, (lo) (.1000) (lo) Lg= eboo(1ee) m;=1,5;i,ooo”** f, 30,000 n.s.i. fc 9001305010 n ‘— l5 ’1 Use H (‘, .. ‘n m ° C” IV; : LkLD'Jd C: C o ,. -o p n \ ,_‘. . . — "SO (.c105)(.8205)(la)(d}g= lacs-1,09” A}; —— :2: 1,531,000 450(.3105)(.:;:C)(12) 'Use d: 54" . raj " 7 C1 ..AS :- ————:-‘:-,--;-— l,&;pl,OL)O‘ -= 1005 fsJe so,ooo<.€eec) (12) H T Z on Use 2- 6> ? bars. (a =l.20 ) VT? i z 1 a . i. I 2: =5 ”1 t; It .4 all b. End Quarters 7 At end quarters the moment is reduced cox but due to the need of protestive steel throughout, the steel will be placed uniformly over the complete beam length. c. Negative Steel Steel should extend only to quarter points. It will how- ever, be placed in the same manner as the positive steel except that it will be staggered to increase effective width of bomb contact. J , a” 3' _JL_. : 2C 030 = o u d vjb 50E.275§(24-3254 l“'2 Call d 20" Revise footing to take care of diagonal shear, e. Footing Steel "5 -\ 1658‘ f5jd [I (1 Use 8-3/8" 0 bars» '(A'=.€« -17- f. Band Width .J = {3(14A 26.) w -= 23(12 x 15 + 24 + 32) w —. $1180 + 56) w = 118" Spacing: ll§-a n s: e 15 gm; USe 15" Spacing of bars throughout flooring in both direct- ions. The bars are 15'-6" long and are placed 20" deep to accomodate the'd'derived. ”Outside walls are reinforced with a 5" square mesh of 53-" thick bars. The mesh is placed 2" in from the wall faces. -18- It is very apparent that the design incorporates a high degree of leniency. In practically every member the dimensions were much in excess of that required. This apparent over- size should not be misunderstood. These were not due to laxity in computations, but rather to intended oversizes. It was sometimes difficult to pr0portion the parts so they would be larger and stronger than those called for in the initial calculations. This over-design was practiced to make some compensation for the live load effect of the bomb and the bending moment that it produced. By considering the drawing, it will be noted that thereare two outlets which may be used interchangeably as entrances or emergency exits. The decontamination center’being at the end of the first corridor, it naturally suggests that its outside Opening be used as the entrances. The par- titions that enclose the decontamination center, and wash rooms are of a sinple concrete construction. Studding and metal lath are the inner constituents of the wall. The doors and door casings are metal. At the end of the first corridor and also at the end of the third corridor are lavatories. The second or middle corridor consists of benbhes and tables for rest purposes. The third corridor is devoted entirely to sleeping and casualty quarters. The room is outfitted with triple deck beds. A lavatory finishes the outlay of the third corridor. -19- \ \ The staircases for the two outlets will be noted in the drawing as consisting of two flights of wide stairs. An overhead concrete protective covering aidsin keeping debris out of the doorway. It can readily be seen that a larger shelter can easily be constnuctedtby adding adjacent corridors to the existing shelter. The design can be of the same type as already stand- ing. Ventilation is accomplished by the use of 1 ft. snuare metal ducts. The duct is nartitiaed so there are two channels within. The lower channel conducts air into the chambers, while the upper chamber sucks the foul air out of the build- ing. The outside connections to these ducts will extend from the bottom of the shelter to points about twenty feet distant from the shelter. Water and sewer pipes leave and enter the shelter at an el- evation lower than that of the floor of the shelter. The pipework connecting the various points within the shelter is all placed inside the shelter on the floor. The electrical system consists of pipe conduits fastened to the walls on the inside. The incoming power line will also 1 be conducted througn the ground and enter through the floor. BIhLIoGl bli'IiY Scientific American, Dec. 1939, pg. 328 Archetectural Forum, Jan. 19 2, pg. 44 Aerial Bombardment Protection, Tessman - Rose, pg. 30 Civilian Defense, Glover, pg. 326 Aerial Bombardment Protection, Wessman - Rose, pg. 79 Archetectural Forum, Jan. 1942, pg. 45 Reinforced Concrete Structures, Peabody, pg. 143 Cu L I w . .pi ufi.)vu'..|!|l.lu.|. «f -.. ‘ :5 ,I..n. .‘Iyl‘...ux! . . 'IP.\ ‘1'? {tug-‘51? .11.“.3 3:5 I rII'ililllua-vni ttl; ” 5; Mg ‘50: [7% I“ i.) Q a": Z ' / 114. C05 z/M/VJ 6 W/MA 5 (o ' ) I A 1 , 'A/ ‘1 ' ’ ,V A ,1 It /7 .AA—V-‘y—«y / \,. 1 I 7‘ / 1,7. /. ‘7’- ,_,_._.,i .. ..-q p t 2 J J) L Hp“ “7/." 4 1 0% r ‘J. . .Iit1‘1.’|l‘0l. -Cl‘rof.) I. vt.. .1: \ I (/1 ( ’V Jfr/Z M/ ' s I 2 C A}.d . chi: f) ./AC1“ .5" ' (3' / ( ,7/7’l/Cr/i/ ' /A/G, ”/, ,1/ C. / I’M.) / iycuiz ,M/ 4 // . ‘ ,l‘ .l\_/‘ " l d. 5. .-—.v._ . ...- _ ! 4 . an» M? fl/i/fl 5/1/1275? 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