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THE USE OF OILS
FOR
CONTROL OF INSECTS .

Thesis fur the Degree of M, S.

Gcodwin S. T011615

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THE USE OF OILS FOR.COKTRDL
OF INSECTS.

Tho-13 for Degree of 111.3.
Goodwin 3. 33;;19
1928

THESIS .

-1-

HISTORICAL

The practice of using emulsions of heavy oils
as sprays for the control of insects, is of
comparatively recent origin. Dr. A. J. Cook, then
of Michigan State College, was probably the first
to recommend the use of kerosene oil and soap water
for insect control. He made his first recommendations
to the public in 1878, although there are a few
earlier records of the use of oils for insect control.-
usually the pure oils and not emulsions. In 1794
Porsyth trites that English nurserymen used train
(whale) 011’ against coccus and that they applied it
with a brush, and in 1763 there appeared in the
papers of Marseilles a recommendation for the control
of lice. Among the remedies was mentioned petroleum,
turpentine and other oils, with the warning to be
careful in their use "as they make the plants sick
or even kill them“.

As early as 1855, turpentine mixed with earth
was used to destroy worms on trees, and kerosene'wae
again recommended in 1866 for scale on orange trees.
The kerceene was poured in a saucer and applied with
a feather.

.George OruicksMnk of Massachusetts says that

he controlled the current worm with five pounds of

103931!)

-2-

whale oil soap, one sine quart of kerosene, to
twenty-five gallons of soft water. Later, 0. v.
Riley in an address delivered before the Societc
Gentrole d'Agriculture de 1'Herau1t on June 30th,
1884, spoke of the emulsion of kerosene with milk
or soap. The use of heavy oil emulsions in
commercial orchards, has been in practice for only
a few years. Their use, however, some to be
growing in pcpularity, although frequently burning
and killing of plants results from their use.

CLASSIF CAT ION

Oil preparations used for spraying purposes,
aside from true soaps, are usually classed as
miscible oils or as emulsions. Hieci‘ole oils are
prepared by the manufacturer so that the addition
of water is all that is necessary to make the spray
ready for use. Most commercial growers use this
type of spray oil. Hiscible oil is oil that has
been treated with an emulsifier such as a soap,
casein or some petroleum product, to make it
miscible with water. In other words, it is an
oil solution of an emulsifier. Certain prepared
emulsions are likewise compounded so that they

-3-

require no further preparation before application,
and may be added directly to water and applied.
They differ from the miscible oils in that they
already contain a small preportion of water.

Other home made emulsions are ordinarily prepared
by the grower and used immediately.

In an oil emulsion the oil is suspended in
fine draplets throughout the water. A. soap or
other emulsifier is used to make the emulsion
stable. If soap is used, part of the soap hydrolyses
forming an alkali and fatty acids, but part of it
forms a film around the oil draplets, thus pre-
venting the drOplets from coalescing. Casein and
other emulsifiers act by forming films around the
oil draplets as in the case of soap.

In mking home-made emulsions, such oils as
Red Engine oil or Diamond Paraffin oil are usually
used on account of being more or less standard and
easy to obtain. Home-nude emulsions are of two
types,- those that are cooked and those that are
cold mixed. In the case of a cooked or boiled
emulsion, a soap, potash fish-oil soap, is best.
In asking the emulsion, the soap along with the
oil and a quantity of water, is cooked and then

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-4-

pumped while still hot, through a nozzle several
times until a thick; creamy emulsion is Obtained.
In making the cold mixed emulsion, the oil, water,
and an.emulsifier such.as Kayso or bordeaux mixture,
are pumped through a nozzle under high pressure
several times, usually about three times, until a
complete emulsion is obtained.

.As oils seem to be gradually'superseding
lime-sulphur as a “dormant spray" for insects,
some of their advantages and disadvantages should

be listed as comparedwwith lime-sulphur.

Advantages

l. Oils are pleasant and not caustic to handle.

8. Do not disfigure trees and painted buildings.

3. Do not clog or corrode pumps or nozzles.

4. Penstrate better than lime-sulphur.

8..a gallon will cover more surface than a gallon
of lime-sulphur.

-5-

Di sadvant see

1. Ingredients after dilution separate out on
standing.

2. Stock supply evaporates and breaks down chemically
in some cases, although this is also true of
lime-sulphur and bordeaux.

3. Injury is often caused to trees by preparations
not preperly mixed.

d. More expensive and most preparations not as
valuable as fungicides.

6. Oils effect rubber, and hose is quickly ruined.

Petroleum oils used'in the preparation of
spraying mixtures, vary widely in their physical
and chemical characteristics, some makers utilising
oils which distill at low temperatures and which
are obtained as by-products in the making of high-
test cylinder oils. In describing the prOpertiee
of oils so used, it is customary to use such terms
as density, flash-point, distillation point,
volatility, viscosity and degree of sulphonation.

Density is usually expressed in degrees Baums
or A.P.I. Petroleum oils of the same density may
vary widely in volatility, viscosity and other
characteristics. Density may be changed by
blending.

-5-

The flash-point is determined by the latest
temperature to which an oil must be heated to give
off inflammable vapor in sufficient quantities to
produce a combustible mixture. This test is used
to indicate relative volatility. A low flash
point in a viscous oil may indicate the blending
of a light and a heavy oil.

Distillation by fractional methods, varying
temperatures being used, gives oils of different
densities, viscosities, and volatilities.

Volatility is one of the most important
characteristics of a spraying oil. It is a basic
distinction between a karosene and a lubricant.
Kerosene evaporates so quickly that it is ineffective
against insect eggs and resistant scales. A heavy
lubricating oil persists in the form of a surface
film for weeks or even months, acting as a repellent
or as a toxic agent.

Viscosity is denoted by the freedom of motion
of the molecules, often spoken of as “body“, rate
of flow at a standard temperature using 330 as a
standard for comparison.

Sulphonation is the processing of petroleum
oils by the use of sulphuric acid or liquid sulphur
dioxide. The acid is agitated with the oil until

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-7-

it unites with the unsaturated hydrocarbons,
aromatics and cracked oils to form sulphonates.
Varying degrees of refinement are obtained by
treating with varying amounts of acid. Filtration
will remove the color of oils but not the unsaturated

hydrocarbons.

gym 1‘0 BEES PQDUGED BY OIIa QM§

There has been considerable injury caused to
trees and shrubs by applications of dormant oil
sprays in all sections of the country. We are not
considering summer applications in this paper, but
no doubt greater injury has been caused by sumsr
applications than from dormant sprays. certain
species of trees are more susceptible to oil
injury than others. Some of those that are most
susceptible are peach, nut trees, elms and stone
fruits. No doubt much injury is caused by poor
emulsification or in the case of miscible oils,
by the separating out of the emulsifier. In the
investigation of oil injury, the time of
application, the type of oil, type of emulsifier,
weather conditions and other conditions relative
to application, must be considered. Fall

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applications are more dangerous and not so
efficient as late spring applications. Highly
refined white oils (completely sulphonatsd oils)
are considered safer than other types of oils.
Investigations in the northwest have shown that

the kind of emulsifier and method of emulsification
of spray oils are practically as important as the
oil itself, from the standpoint of safety and
efficiency. Weather conditions must be considered
in making an application of an oil spray. 'I'he
application should be delayed in the spring as

late as possible. Just before the buds Open is

the best time to apply an oil spray, provided the
danger of freezing the buds is past. Freezing
weather following an oil application before the
spray becomes well dried, is very apt to cause
injury. Oil applications should not soon follow

or precede lime-sulphur applications or be

applied with a sprayer in which the tank contains
remnants of lime-sulphur spray. Some brands of

oil emulsions are safely used with sulphur compounds
under normal weather conditions; while others are
incompatible with sulphur. Compatibility depends
on the type of emulsifier used, so that it is

never safe to recommend oil sprays with or following

preceding sulphur sprays, especially when the type

of emulsifier is not known.

-9-
192? no JIOTB

In the North central States there are three

_ races of the Oyster shell bark louse. The greyish
brown form on peplar, willow and lilac, is the

race that we are most concerned with in this
section of the country. The habit of passing the
winter in the egg stage beneath the wan scale,

has rendered the Oyster shell scale more than
ordinarily difficult to control by means of sprays.

The Oyster shell scale on lilac has for a
number of years constituted a special problem and,
in the past, attempts at control have more often
ended in failure than even in partial success.

In the spring of 192'! an attempt was made to
control the Oyster shell bark louse on lilac and
some of its other common hosts. The sprays used
were Sunoco, a miscible oil, and Diamond Paraffin
011, “a lubricating oil, enmlsified with Kayso.
Alec, strong lime-sulphur was used in comparison
with the oil sprays. These three types of sprays
were applied to a number of trees and shrubs, the
work being done in coOperation with the office of
the City Forester of Lansing, and the Operations
were carried on both in Lansing and East Lansing.

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-10-

The sprays were applied during the dormant period
before the buds of lilac burst. Three types of

sprays were thus compared, one a miscible oil,

one a lubricating oil emulsified cold with Kayeo,

and the third strong lime-sulphur. The oil sprays
were applied with a power machine of 250 gallons
capacity3'which develOped a pressure of 275 pounds

at the hose coupling. The.lrme-sulphur‘was applied
with a small hand Operated.wheelbarrow type of

sprayer, with less pressure. These sprays were

applied between the 85th and 29th of march, 1927, which
was about fifteen days before the buds of lihac started
to burst, all of the trees and Shrubs being at the

time in a dormant condition.

Pour test plots were treated. Plot No.1
consisted entirely of mature lilacs from.eight to
ten feet high. They received lime-sulphur diluted
one part to six.of water. Unfortunately, the
application.was followed immediately'by heavy rains
which washed off so much.of the spray that the
control was very poor indeed, almost negligible.

Plot No.2 also consisted of similar lilac
shrubs and these also received a spray of lime-
sulphur diluted at the rate of one part to siz:of
water. This time the weather conditions were

favorable and the control was excellent.

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Plot No.3 consisted of butternut, lilac, dogwood,
willow and peplar. The trees in this plot received a
miscible oil, Sunoco, at the rate of one part of oil
to fifteen of water, control being very satisfactory.

I'lot No.4 contained trees similar to those in
plot No.5 with the addition of ash, and received a
spray of lubricating oil emulsified with Kayso. The
emulsification was accomplished by running the
materials three times through an emulsifier at 250
pounds pressure. The following formula was used:-

1 gallon of oil

3: ounces of Kayec

1' gallon of water
This formula gives a stock solution of 66 2/5 percent
011. Nine gallons of this stock solution was used to
100 gallons of water, making a 6% oil spray. The
control in this case was also very satisfactory.
Weather conditions were very favorable at the time
of application in all the plots except in the case of
plot No.1. In plots 2, 3, and 4 the applications
were made after several days of rain and snow flurries,
the average temperature being about 36°F for the period
during which applications were made. There were no
extreme variations of temperature during the period

of application, nor immediately following. This

4.

latter point is of special interest, since cold
weather, sometimes even freezing temperatures, following
oil applications before the sprays become thoroughly
dry, often cause injury to the trees. The degree of
infestation of all these plots was heavy, the branches
being crusted over with the scale and in many cases the
branches had been killed outright by the scale. In
checking the results of these sprays, no difference
in appearance became manifest, between the sprayed
and uneprayed trees, until about the first of June,
the success of the applications being measured by
the production or lack of production of young scale
insects, especially on the new growth. The time of
hatching at Lansing during 1927 was about June 22nd.
The control in plots 2, 3, and 4, as already
stated, was very satisfactory, only a few young
appearing on the sprayed trees. It is more than
likely tint these came from occasional twigs which
had been missed during the application of the spray,
as they were only found on occasional twigs. It
would appear that a great deal depends on the
thoroughness with which the spraying is done.
The only injury that occurred was in the case
of a butternut tree which was about two-thirds killed
out by the miscible oil applied in plot No.3. However,
this tree recovered nicely in 1928 except for the dead

-15.

branches. This injury is not so surprising, since
it is generally known that nut trees are rather

susceptible to injury from oil sprays.

 

 

 

 

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1928

 

During 1928 similar experiments were carried
on together with additional experiments dealing
with summer'applications.

The following tests deal with oils used to
control dormant insects:-

Plot No.1 consisted of mature lilac shrubs
and rosa rugosa heavily infested with Oyster'shell
bark louse. Sunoco at the rate of l to 15 was
applied with a hand cperated wheelbarrow type
sprayer. The weather was cloudy and warm. The
average temperature was 62°F and rain followed
the application in about three hours. The next
day it turned cold and continued cold for four or
five days, being as lms as 20°F. On the first of
may branches of lilac were-examined from this plot
and the control at that time looked very good as
most of the eggs were shriveled up and had turned
brown. However, an inspection on.June 18th showed
many young larvae were Just hatching but these
failed to settle on the bark of either the new or
old wood and an.inspection on the 9th of July
showed a 100% control. Examination of the rose
bushes also showed 100% control. No injury was

apparent on either lilac or rose.

 

 

 

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Plot No.2 consisted of Norway spruce trees
about ten years old, that were quite badly infested
with spruce gall aphid. _This plot was sprayed on
the 11th of April with Sunoco, 1 part to 30 of
water, applied with a hand Operated wheelbarrow
type sprayer. The weather on this date was warm
and.fair. .An inspection on the 28th.offlNBy*showed
a perfect control. Not a gall could be found on
the sprayed trees.

Plot No.3 consisted of several white pine
trees that were infested with Chionaspis pinrfoliae.
This plot was sprayed on the 11th of April with
Sunoco at the rate of l to 30. The application
was made‘with a hand operated wheelbarrow type
sprayer. The weather“was fair and warm. No
injury occurred on this plot and a very good control
resulted.

Plot No.4 consisted of a few red pine trees
that were infested with Chionaspis pinifoliae.

This plot was sprayed with Sunoco, 1 part to 30 of
water. The application was put on with a hand
Operated wheelbarrow type sprayer on April 11th.
The weather was warm.and fair. A'very good cleanup
resulted from.this application.and no injury was

caused to the trees.

 

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-1 7..

Plot No.6 consisted of mature elms located on
South.Pennsylvania Avenue, Lansing. These elms
were heavily infested with Ohionaspis americaga_and
Gosszparia‘glgie The application.was made with a
power machine carrying 276 pounds pressure on the
hose. Sunocc at the rate Of 1 part to 15 parts Of
water was used on this plot, with very good results,
since an examination on the 14th of July showed a
perfect control for both of the scales, with no
injury to the trees.

Plot No.6 consisted of Norway spruce trees
on the Sand Hill plantation at the Nfichigan State
College. This plot consisted of 32 rows Of trees
ranging from 3 ft. to 20 ft. high. The trees
were heavily infested with spruce gall aphid, some
of the trees having several hundred galls. These
trees were sprayed with Sunoco at the rate of
1 part to 30 of water. The four center rows Of
small trees were sprayed with the hand Operated
wheelbarrow type machine and the balance with a
power machine and high.pressurs. The weather was
cloudy. Temperature ranged from 48° during the
day to 36° at night. Inspection on the 28th of
may showed a 100% control for the entire plot,

 

 

 

Cher mas s'\m\\\h

with no injury to trees showing.

Plot No.7 consisted of several Norway spruce
trees on a lawn at East Lansing. Several of these
trees nearly died from.spruce gall aphid during
1927. They received an application of Sunoco at
the rate Of 1 part to 19 parts of water on April 19th,
1928. The application was made with a hand sprayer
having a very good pressure. The weatherwwas fair
and the temperature ran from 500 to 60°F. Rain
followed that night. The control was perfect on
these trees, but one large tree showed some signs
of injury. The new growth seemed to be much
retarded and many of the inner twigs failed to send
out any new growth, the buds there being black and
dead. The outer foliage was not injured, probably
because it dried out much quicker than the inner
foliage.

Plot No.8 consisted of twelve Norway spruce
trees about ten years Old in the nursery plantation.
These trees were infested with spruce gall aphid
and received an application of Dendrol dormant
spray oil on the 18th of April. This application
was applied at the rate of 1 part of Dendrol to
30 parts of water. It was applied with.a hand

Operated wheelbarrow type sprayer. The weather'was

P‘cwssokex mos u‘o‘xs’iss
eo\.urc3’>ac\.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chet mes sxmd‘xe

warm.and.fair, although rain followed in about
five hours. The control in this plot was 100%
‘without any apparent injury to the trees.

Plot No.9 consisted of a few red pine trees
that were infested with Chionaspis pinifoliae.

This plot was sprayed with the same hand sprayer
as that used in plot No.8, using Dendrol, 1 part
to 30 parts of water. Weather conditions‘were
the same as those prevailing when plot No.8 was
sprayed. In checking this plot, the latter part
Of August, I found that no injury was caused and
a very good control of the scale resulted.

Plot No.10 consisted of eln.nursery stock.on
Mt.HOpe Avenue, Lansing, also of mature elms on
South Pennsylvania Avenue in Lansing. The trees
were infested with Chicnaspis amsricana and
Gosszparia 219;. The application was made with a
power machine carrying 226 pounds pressure on the
hose. Dendrcl was applied at the rate of 14 gallons
of oil in 100 gallons of water, about 1 to 7. The
weather was cloudy but warm. This application gave
a very satisfactory control of both scales, but the
surprising feature of this unusually strong
application was the fact that not a single case of
injury could be found in sereral hundred nursery

trees or in the mature trees.

 

      

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-20-

Plot NO.1l consisted of twelve Norway spruce
trees in.the nursery about 10 years old that were
infested with spruce gall aphid. These trees
received an application of Scalecide, 1 part to
25 parts of water. The application was made with
a hand Operated, wheelbarrow type sprayer on
April 11th. The weather“was fair and warm. None
of these trees showed any injury and the control
was perfect as not a single gall could be found
late in the summer.

Plot No.12 consisted of four rows of Norway
spruce about fifteen years old, that were infested
with.Physokermes abietis as well as with Chermss
abigtis. This plot received an application of
Scalecide, 1 part to 25 parts of water, applied
with.a.power sprayer carrying about 250 pounds
pressure at the pump. The weatherwwas cloudy with
temperature about 40°F. Heavy frost followed that
night. This plot did not show any injury and the
control of ghygokermes was very good.but several
galls of Chermes abietis deveIOped. This is the
only plot where any galls developed, and was probably
due to poor coverage of spray material, as the trees
were crowded.

Plot No.13 consisted of Norway spruce trees, in

the college nursery, infested with spruce gall aphid,

 

 

 

 

C’ermes‘o 3p. on Xermmou bud

-21-

Chermes abietis. This plot received an application

of boiled oil emulsion made from Diamond Earaffin
lubricating oil, emulsified with potash fish-oil

soap. This emulsion was prepared according to the
government formula. 1 quart of stock solution was
added to 20 quarts of water, making a 1 to 30 dilution.
The spray was applied with a hand operated wheel.
barrow type sprayer. The weather was fair and

average temperature was 42°F. The control on this

plot was 100% and not a tree was injured.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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-24..

SUI’MER OIL SERAYS USED TO CONTROL THE
‘ ONION MAGGOT

During the summer of 1928, comparative tests
were made with six different oil combinations.
During the growing season sprays were applied so
as to moisten the soil about the roots and stems of
seed onions on the place of ur. Robert Kelly near
Doster, Michigan, his large onion.farm being located
on the Gunn marsh in loose black muck soil. The
applications were made by means of a Bolen tractor
sprayerwwhich covered three rows at a time. Six
plots were laid out, each consisting of six rows,
each row being 110 paces long. Each of these plots
received four’applications during the season. The
first application was made on may 26th at which time
the onions were 1%” to 2" in height. The second
application was made June 2nd When the onions were
about 3 inches high. The third spray was applied
the 12th of June, the onions being about 6 inches
high,and the last or fourth application was made
July and, the onions at this time being about 15 inches
high.

Plot No.1 received a 2% Red Engine Oil emulsified
with potash.fish oil soap in 4-4-50 bordeaux.

Plot No.2 received a 2% spray of Dendrol dormant
spray oil.

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Plot No.3 received a 2% Spray of Sunoco spray
oil.

Plot No.4 received a 3% spray of Sunoco spray
oil in.which eight parts of naphthaline had been
dissolved in one hundred parts of the oil.

Plot No.5 received 1% Standard 011, 1.43.

Plot No.6 received 2% Dendrol dormant spray oil
in 4-4-60 bordeaux.

During the first part of June continual wet
weather'followed by hot sunshine caused the onion
plants to scald, which nearly ruined the entire crop.
This damage to the fields prevented a final check
being made at the time the onions were harvested.
However, some preliminary counts were made on the

first generation of maggots and these counts follmwz-

PRELIMINARY COUNTS OF FIRST GENERATION
'2'3'4'5'6' 'Cheok'Check'Check'Check'Check'

   

lot '

N0. of '0'0'0'0'1'0' ' 17 ' 8 ' 35 ' 49 ' 4 '
MaggotBILItltvt I u I I I

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No. of '0'0'0'0'1'0' ' 7 ' 0 ' 6 '
MaggOtB' I I I I I I I I I I
The check rows were taken on both sides of the

experimental plots.

 

Onion mo.’ oi work
93% enlarged.

-26-

SUL'MER OIL SPRAYS FOR CONTROL OF
RASPBERRY’METES.

Considerable damage has been caused by mites
working on the red raspberry patches of local areas
about the state, especially in.Berrien.County.

During the harvesting season.of 1928, these
mites became numerous enough in certain local
patches of Berrien County as to cause much alarm
and considerable loss to the growers. Patches in
which the infestation was heavy, were much damaged
on account of the drying up of the leaves on both
the old canes and also the new growth. As their
first appearance was noticed during berry picking
season, it was necessary up to the time when the
fruit was picked, to use control measures that
would not injure the market value of the fruit.
However, after harvest time, an attempt to clean
up the plants with oil sprays, was made.

Plot No.5 received an application of 1% Volck -
(heavy) on the 5rd of August after the fruit was
harvested.

Plot No.6 received a l%% Volok - (medium) on
the same date. ‘

Plot No.7 received a l%% Volck - (light) on

the same date.

-27-

Plot No.8 received Standard oil spray a 1%%
13-45 on same date.

Plot No.9 received Standard 011 2% 1.43 on
same date.
At this date when.Plots 6, 6, 7, 8, and 9 were
sprayed the mite papulation had become very small.
due to heavy rains or seasonal conditions. An
attempt was made to check these plots on August 6th,
but heavy rains following the applications had
reduced the number of mites on the check rows until
it was impossible to make any accurate check. There

was no foliage injury on any of the plots.

 

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