FY BERN TfilfflflfiTURES AS INFLUEECED BY THE LOQATION OF VENTILATING E;UIPMENT By Wilburn H. F. Saia m .A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Eichigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of.Agriculturel Engineering 1950 11-4119."S TASLE OF CO}; TEN TS Page I. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Review of Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 A. Importance of Intake System . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 B. Slot Intake System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 C. Disadvantage of Slot Intake . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 D. Automatic Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 E. Other Exhaust Duct Investigations . . . . . . . . . 4 F. Ventilation Procedure with Exhaust Ducts. . . . . . 4 III. Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 A. Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 B.' Hypotheses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 C. Design of Ventilation System. . . . . . . . . . . . 8 IV. Materials and Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 13 A. The biebesheimer Barn . . . .i. . . . . . . . . . . 13 B. Intake System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 C. Pan System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 D. Floor Outtake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 E. Stanchions and hangers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 F. Temperature Stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 G. Dry Bulb and'fiet Bulb Temperatures. . . . . . . . . 20 H. Haymow During Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 V. Method of Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 A. Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 B.FenOperation...................23 2373 73 VI. VII. VIII. - ii - C. Intake AdJustment . . . . . . . D. Chart Handling Procedure. . . . E. Barn Population . . . . . . . . F. Fan Record. . . . . . . . . . . G. Data Period . . . . . . . . . . H. Utilization of Recorder Charts. I. Outside Air Temperature Data. . J. Method of analyzing Data. . . . FindingSoooooooooooooo A. Influence of Fan Location on Temperatures B. Influence of Outtake Ducts on Temperature C. Continual Fan Operation . . . . Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Su;5ested Ventilation System. . B. Kilkhouse Location. . . . . . . C. Limitation of Investigations. . Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . References Cited. . . . . . . . . . Bibliography. 0 o o o o o o o o o O Page 24 24 24 25 25 25 25 26 28 28 32 33 38 38 38 39 41 43 44 l. 2. 3. 5. 6. 7. 8. 10. ll. 12. 13. l4. l7. 18. 19. - iii - LIST OF TLSLES Temperature Difference Between Ceiling and Floor. Floor Plan of Barn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Picture of Barn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Picture of Barn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Picture of Fan Outlets and Intake Devices . . . . Cross Section of Intake Device. . . . . . . . . . Thermostat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vertical Duct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stable Feed Alley and Intake Spreaders. . . . . . Langer Partition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Triple Record Thermograph . . . . . . . . . . . . Forth Temperature Stations. . . . . . . . . . . . Hortheast Temperature Station . . . . . . . . . . Ceiling-Floor Temperature Difference. . . . . . . Ceiling-Floor Temperature Difference. . . . . . . Outside Air Teaperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . Average of Floor and Ceiling Temperature and Eeathing Level Temperature. 0 o o o o o o o o 0 Average of Floor and Ceiling Temperature and Breathing Level Temperature. 0 o o o o o o o o 0 Typical Chart from a Triple Record Thermograph. . Lilkhouse and Barn Dltrmce o o o o o o o o o o o Page 27 10 11 14 16 17 18 19 20 21 29 3O 31 34 35 37 4O ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author wishes to acknowledge the invaluable assistance given by assistant Professor J. S. Ebyd, of the Department of Agricultural Engineering. Professor Boyd suggested the problem and guided the author on methods to arrive at a solution. Acknowledgement is also due to Mr. J. B. Cawood, Foreman of the Research Laboratory staff, for the assistance he provided in all con- struction work. Especial acknowledgement is due Er. G. A. Crabb, Jr., Station Supervisor of the Michigan Hydrologic Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service in co- 0peration with the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, for his generous loan of recording instruments that made this inves- tigation possible. - 1 - BARN TEA-IPERATURES AS DIFLUEINCED BY THE LOCATION OF VENTILATING EQU IPLIENT Recognizing mechanical dairy barn ventilation as a necessity in Michigan, this problem was instigated to acquire information on the relation of barn temperatures and the location of ventilating equip- ment. With exhausting fans in the conventional (regular) location, diagonally Opposite, stable air was exhausted from.the ceiling level for two weeks. Vertical ducts were then installed, enclosing the fan with a free opening 18 inches above the floor level. Stable air was exhausted through the ducts for two weeks. The fans were then moved to the south end of the barn, mounted side by side, and stable air exhausted from.ceiling level for two weeks. The vertical ducts were again installed, and stable air exhausted through them.for two weeks. During these periods, temperatures were recorded in the stable. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Control of temperature and moisture in a dairy stable is neces- sary for maximum production, sanitary production, and building preser- vation. It has been said that an adequate ventilation system will result in building preservation of $100 a year over a period of twen- ty years on a $5000 structure.(1) Power requirement estimates range between nine and fifteen kilowatt hours per cow per season to provide adequate stable ventilation. Systems which will maintain temperatures between 40°F and 50°F and relative humidity of between 50% and 75% are considered to be providing good ventilation. Investigations made by Rallier(2) involved the role of the intake system.in dairy stable ventilation, the type of controls most suit- able for fan ventilation, and the location of the exhaust fan with respect to floor and ceiling levels. His work was done in a stable 107 feet long and 36 feet wide. Four fourteen-inch diameter Aerovent fans rated at a total of 7200 cfm supplied the ventilation. Importance 22 the Intake System: Operating with the intake system open and closed, it was found that although the total fan delivery was slightly less with the in- takes closed, satisfactory temperature and relative humidity condi- tions were maintained. Cracks and air leaks provide sufficient in- filtration to afford adequate ventilation in structures considered relatively tight. Distribution of fresh air cannot be controlled, and drafts are more prevalent when the intake ducts are closed. Condensation will occur on the walls at a higher outside air tempera- ture with the intakes closed, showing the need for supplying intake air to the wall surfaces. §lg£_Intake S stem: Considering the importance of providing a suitable system of intake for the ventilation system, one that would introduce air at the top of the wall surfaces, a slot intake system was devised. The system.oonsists of a narrow slot made in the mow floor adjacent to the walls which permits air from.the mow to flow downward into the - 3 - stable. The ventilation system was operated part of the season without the slot intake and the remainder with the slot intake. Before installing the slot intake condensation was almost always present. After installation condensation was not once observed on areas under the slot. The slot intake “functions to prevent con- densation on the sidewalls, introduce fresh air more evenly into the stable, stimulate convection currents causing more uniform stable temperatures, and allows the fans to operate at a minimum pressure differential.”(2) The new acts as a plenum chamber allowing air, which is up to 10°F warmer than outside air, to enter the stable uniformly regard- less of wind conditions. Disadvantage 23 Slot Intake: With mow ventilators, which are a part of most mow hay drying systems, and only one fan operating, Hillier reports that the system is reversed. ‘Wind blowing across the ventilators lowered the pres- sure in the new below that in the stable and caused the stable air to move through the slot intake into the mow. Automatic Controls: Verifying the findings of Tribble(3) the Farm Master Electronic Humidity Controller was found to keep temperature and relative humi- dity within satisfactory range. A thermostat, the manneapolis- Honeywell Air Switch kept the temperature in‘a narrower range and provided equal humidity control. Millier states that the thermostat is cheaper than the humidistat. Other Exhaust Duct Investigation: Millier used 18-inch square ducts reaching to 18 inches above the floor to accomplish outtake at floor level. With a thermostati- cally controlled door at the top of the duct, the system.was able to exhaust stable air from.ceiling or floor level as required. When it became necessary to exhaust from the ceiling, the thermostat auto- matically opened the door to the ceiling level. In doing so, it closed off the duct and prevented dual outtake from both ceiling and floor levels. Upon recording exhaust air temperatures in a duct open at the ceiling and one opened at the floor, Hillier found that the duct open at the floor had the lower exhaust air temperature. He thereby concluded that heat was conserved by exhausting from the lower level near the floor. Ventilatign_Procedure with Exhaust Ducts: When ducts are used to remove air from the floor level, they must have a door at the top to provide outtake at ceiling level. Kelley(4) states that whenever the outside air temperature reaches 32°F it is advantageous to exhaust from ceiling level. He says that when the outside air drops to 20°F the outtake should be made at floor level. It is questionable that such conirol would be exercised effectively in practice. Based on a record of thirty-six years, Lansing, Michigan, has a yearly low normal daily mean temperature of 22.0°F. These lows occur on January 19 and 20. It becomes apparent that on a basis of Kelley's - 5 - statements that the need for outtake from.floor level would be consi- derably less than the need for outtake at ceiling level during the ventilating season in this area. n ‘1“ I ‘ I I I I g. j 4 —- u +—- mm- ~~--— n3“ . m / [_ I I ‘TUTII _ L —" "“ ‘v +_:—_—_—‘E_——+. i: __—_IJ L {:21 __ __ _ N; m 51-x; .__ ___i.l > I— . I E E Q o 5 . 3 ._._I "Pg 0 I t: ’ T—‘T [7:1 I I II' I '——“—’1 I I H I . | I‘. .______..1: : I: II I , t3; I’TT i _ L_._La ”E "T - — — — —.+- l I I I_._____ ‘_ ....1 I LgJFAN SW 55 m I '54:: ._.____ 13:13:;sz jENDfE—“_—l I 1-J LOCATION I TO MILKHOUfE FIG. I FLOOR PLAN OF THE BIEBESHEIMER BARN SHOWING TEMPERATURE STATIONS, FANS IN REGULAR LOCATION AND INDICATING END LOCATION. N Scale 33-2 = I'-o" - 7 - INVESTIGATION Objective: Primarily, this investigation was intended to determine what recommendations should be made concerning the location of ventilation equipment in dairy stables in Michigan. It was desired to determine if two fans located tOgether in the end of the stable would provide ventilation comparable to that given by two fans located diagonally opposite on the longer sides of the stable. It was further desired to determine if the use of outtake ducts would enable the fans to remove colder air from the floor level thereby conserving heat and reducing the difference in temperature between ceiling and floor. Hypotheses : It is assumed that the effectiveness of an exhausting fan de- creases with distance. Because of the resistance to flow, air at the more distant locations from the fan has less movement than that nearer the fan. Thus, intakes nearest the fan will supply more air to the stable than those of equal resistance to flow that are located at a greater distance. It can be expected that with other factors ignored there will be lower mean temperatures and lower temperature differences nearer the exhausting fans. In a large enclosed air space it is known that the warmer air will be at the higher levels. fiith vertical ducts providing outtake near the floor, it appears that the colder air will be exhausted re- sulting in less heat loss and a reduction of temperature difference between ceiling and floor. It is justifiable to assume that any fan location will have the effect of providing greater air movement at nearer areas with a re- duction in air movement at further areas. It is also justifiable to assume that outtakes from lower levels will conserve heat. Design 2£pVentilation S stems The Jamesway Manufacturing Company installed the ventilation sys- tem in the barn used in this investigation. Design of the system was made by the standard procedures common to dairy stable ventilation. All requirements of temperature, relative humidity, and heat loss, and the subsequent design of the system were approved by the Agricul- tural Engineering Department of Michigan.State College. Upon this basis it can be assumed that all reasonable care was exercised in the design. Since this investigation is not concerned with the design of the ventilation system.and it is known that the design is correct, the procedure and computations are omitted. . casugw .w I,» «OOOMaVOL ..- . J mlflIUCR “9.9., , e 1 mfimzhw P oworwfio p a m . .Ha I .o . 095.“)ka r , a at a . 10w win refit u 4 many no es» Lu, .mBOpCHB 13 aesoa 9: .pzmwa esp pm o>wau 39: one pounce SH mmsoxxawe mewsosw pwem£p30m anm.:aem . m enemas w ...0. -11.. Figure 4. Top: East fan outlet with two intakes. Bottom: West fan outlet above window at left center. -12.. I [I , I _1‘ z I . ,t . ‘/ I / ALA.» _ / £19. 5 CROSS-SECTION OF AN AUTOMATIC BACKDRAFT AIR INTAKE. "A" Is THE AUTOMATIC DAMPER AND"e" IS THE MANUAL DAMPER CONTROLLED BY A PULL CHAIN. THE ARRows SHOW THE PATH OF THE IN- COMING AIR WHEN DAMPERs ARE OPEN. NEITHER DAMPER CLOSES COMPLETELY, ELIMINATING METAL TO METAL CONTACT, REDUCING THE CHANCE OF FREEZING. - 13 - MATERIALS AND APPARATUS The Biebesheimer Mn: This barn is located on the Michigan State College campus at East Lansing, Michigan. It is at present being used for feeding ex- periments. Figure 1 presents the barn arrangement. These investi- gations were made in the south section of the barn. Figures 2 and 3 are recent pictures of the barn. North, east, and west walls enclosing the stable area vary from sixteen inches to twenty-four inches thick. They are of igneous rock and Portland cement construction. The south wall is of cement block and frame construction. Rigid insulation board 3/! inches thick provides the ceiling throughout the barn. Only the frame por- tion of the south wall is provided with insulation. Windows are poorly constructed and of insufficient area. Intake System: Broken lines in Figure 1 indicate the air intake passages. Joist spaces, enclosed by the mow floor and stable ceiling, from.the intake system in general. Two of the intakes, those parallel to the east and west walls are formed immediately below the stable ceiling. Figure 5 shows the intake device used to admit air to the intake passages. The device prevents reversal of flow and drafts caused by wind with the automatic damper shown at "A”. Manual damper "I? are fords a means of control in cold weather by providing a way of closing the intakes. Spreaders are provided at the end of the intake passages to prevent drafts. They are shown at the top center of Figure 8. EEE_§ystom: Fan locations are shown in Figure 1. As drawn the fans are in the conventional location. The fan located on the East side of the stable is controlled manually, and the one on the west side is con- trolled by a thermostat. The thermostat is located approximately 12 r_'_-77~ _ 7‘ 7 Figure 6. Thermostat control adjacent to the north- west temperature station. Notice the position of the temperature bulb to the left of the vertical 2 x 4 just below the water pipe. - 15 - inches from.the ceiling at the north end of the west row of stanchions. Both fans were removed from the conventional location, mounted in a panel side by side, and placed in the door in the center of the south wall. The position is marked "END LOCATION" in Figure 1. One fan was manually controlled and the other was controlled by the ther- mostat. The position of the thermostat was not changed during the 'I investigation. M Outtake : Ducts 12 x 27 inches, completely enclosing the fans, were installed to provide outtake from.the floor level. They were mounted vertically and extended to a level 18 inches above the floor. The ducts were made with two 12-inch planed boards and 16 gage galvanized iron sheets. Interior surfaces were smooth and without obstructions or deformations the full length of the duct. Figure 7 is the duct installation on the west fan. Figure 7. Duct enclosing west fan to provide outtake from the floor level. Notice wall construction. Stanchions and Hangers: The stable has two rows of steel stanchions facing in. Mangers are of unusual construction necessary in the feeding experiments being conducted in the barn. Figure 8 shows the feed alley and man- gers. Figure 9 shows a typical manger partition. Each stall is -17.. Figure 8. View of feed alley. Dark panel in the wall in the background was the site of the end locations for the fans. Notice built up mangers and intake spreaders along the ceiling. provided with a partition around three sides of the manger. The par- titions are 46 inches high, about 4 inches above breathing level. -18- Figure 9. A typical manger partition used to enclose the mangers on three sides. Temperature Stations : Four temperature stations located symmetrically about the center of the stable were chosen for recording data. Figure 1 shows the station locations at the ends of the mangers mrked "SE" (southeast), SW, NW and NE. At each of these stations a Triple Record Thermograph f-s. ' j' . , . I . F . __*' - r v - ’- * 5—— ' l . . 1 . ' , . f . - :- ' . 5- 0 w h - . . y - , ._ . . 9 v D I . ..~ . O c D \‘_‘ - , y o O " . o . ’ o l‘ O ‘ a - o . .1 .Y ‘ —-- --v--- .0llfll'..'.'.-.H.-n‘!“- .- . v‘ 1"; vgu'f- - ‘ . a- .. ) = ._.'. -s~- Figure 10. One of the triple record thermo- graphs used in this investigation. The ruler at the base of the in- strument shows the length of the temperature bulb. was installed with temperature bulbs 12 inches above the floor, mid- way between ceiling and floor, and 12 inches below the ceiling. Figure 10 shows one of these recorders. Figure 11 shows both north temperature stations. Figure 12 is a view of the northeast station Figure 11. North temperature stations. showing the three temperature bulbs in their horizontal position. The piece of plywood mounted on the stand opposite the top bulb shields it from the influence of radiation from the cows. Dry Bulb and Wet Bulb Temperatures: Dry bulb temperatures were recorded with the triple record thermo- graphs manufactured by the Fries Instrument Division of the Bendix o‘c- «7‘ Figure 12. Northeast temperature station. Temperature bulbs are positioned by the three white blocks fixed to the vertical 2 x 4. Notice piece of plywood opposite the upper temperature bulb to protect it from radiation from the animals. Aviation Corporation. An attempt was made to record wet bulb tem- peratures with thermocouples and a 12-point recording potentiometer. A General Electric electric time switch was used to start and stop - 23 - Ithe potentiometer automatically. With the slow chart speed and the small range of difference in the wet bulb temperatures, it was imp possible to get a record in which the individual points were- discernible. Each temperature station recorded three dry bulb tens peratures, a total of twelve temperature points. 'Wet bulb thermo- couples were located adjacent to the dry bulbs in the abortive attempt to obtain relative humidity data. Haymow During Investigation: During the period in which data were recorded the haymow con- tained loose hay and baled straw. At the beginning of the investi- gation the baled straw was approximately 12 feet deep and the loose hay about 5 feet deep. .At the end of the investigation the baled straw was about four feet deep and the loose hay about 18 inches deep. METHOD OF PROCEDURE Instruments: Daily inspections were made of all instruments used in recording data to insure proper functioning. Any malfunctions were noted and corrected. Observations made weekly provided a means of determining any change in adjustment of the instruments. The recorders proved to be out of adjustment from.0° to 50F. As far as can be determined by checking against a mercury bulb thermometer, the errors were con- stant within the range of the temperatures encountered. During tab- ulation the data was corrected. Adjustments were not attempted on the instruments because they were not the property of the Agricultural Engineering Department. Since the data were aimed at comparison, it ' was deemed satisfactory to use a record that could be interpolated to 1°F. Figure 18 shows one of the charts upon removal from.a recorder. Temperature bulbs on these instruments are made of copper and are seven inches long and one-quarter inch in diameter. They chal- lenge the sensitivity of the mercury bulb thermometer when placed in a liquid, and it is felt they are more sensitive to air temperature because of their much greater bulb area. Fan Operation: Upon completing the installation of instruments, a trial run of taking data was made. During this run, the barn operating personnel were oriented on the aims of the project and the procedure of fan operation explained. Based upon the designed method of operation, the manual fan was operated continuously. The thermostat was set -24;- to turn on the automatic fan at 51°F and turn it off at 48°F. Present recommendations of the Agricultural Engineering Department have been to follow this method of operation if the system has been so designed. Intake Adjustments: To eliminate variables that might be introduced by changing in- take openings, they were kept fully opened. Daily checks were made to ascertain the status of the intakes. 922$}.Handlinfi Procedure: All charts were changed at weekly intervals. Upon removal the charts were immediately identified by proper markings. Date and time of removal was marked on the charts. Station, bulb number, and instrument number were also recorded on the charts. The southeast station had bulb numbers 1, 2, 3,; southwest station had 4, 5, 6; northwest station had 7, 8, 9; northeast station had 10, 11, 12; with the lowest number at each station at the lowest level. After putting a new chart on the drum clock, the date and time was marked on the chart and the assembly placed in the recording position. The pens were then inked and recording begun. Barn Population: As part of the daily check, a count of the cows present was made. Eighteen cows were present in the barn at all times. The two north- east stalls, the southeast stall, and the southwest stall were vacant during the period of the investigation. - 25 - En. Record: .A clipboard and pencil and paper were located at the switch for the manually controlled fan. Barn personnel recorded date, time and reason for turning off the fan. The thermostat remained unchanged in setting during the period of the investigation. Data used herein was chosen by this fan record. All data represents a period of con- tinual operation of the manually controlled fan. No record was made of the operation of the thermostatically controlled fan. Data Period: Recording of data began at 1700 (5:00 p.m.) January 25, 1950, and ended 1500 (3:00 p.m.) March 24, 1950. During this period, various happenings caused invalidation of much data. Mbst preva- lent among the causes was the stopping of the manual fan. Several layers of drafting tape discouraged the throwing of the switch. Utilization 2£_Recorder Charts: ‘With the fan record and notes made during daily inspections, charts representative of data periods considered valid were separated from.the rest. Recorded data was transferred into tabular form.ac- cording to the conditions of the investigation. Since the recorder charts are divided into increments of time of two hours and tempera- ture of two degrees, it was possible to interpolate to one hour of time and one degree Fahrenheit. Outside Air Temperature Data: Outside air temperatures were taken from.data published by the - 25 - weather Bureau.(5) The temperatures used were recorded about 40 minutes before the hour at which they are plotted in Figure 15. method Used in_Analyzing Data: Three criteria are used in appraising the performance of a ven- tilation system. Average room temperature is of primary importance. Temperature difference between ceiling and floor is also important as is relative humidity. Data that were taken in this investigation satisfy the criteria of average temperature and temperature differ- ence between ceiling and floor. Other investigators agree that temr perature control will provide relative humidity control, and it is felt that the absence of relative humidity data will not significant- ly reduce the value of the other data. Several combinations of data were plotted on graph paper, and those considered most satisfactory are included herein. Ceiling- floor temperature differences were plotted for both fan locations with and without ducts. Floor and ceiling temperatures were averaged and plotted against breathing level temperature for both fan locations, with and without duct. Careful examination showed little difference between fan locations for breathing level - ceiling floor average data and only that for the regular location is included. Outside air temperature was plotted and is included. All data were summarized on a basis of arithmetical averages and presented in one table. It is felt that this table contains the facts that are pertinent to the aims of the investigation. .Amamsossfipnoo mongoose spot so canopy moodaom spam you oadpdaomaop oowmvso cad wdeHco use pecan escapee oesoaommav cadvcaomaoa .H canoe m.m~ s.e« ».a amassed .ae: em oo~o «.m m2 op s.mH :2 .asa «a o.m mm ooba w.e mm pose apes tom m.o~ o.~e m.» oneness .nom mm oo~o m.¢ m2 op >.HH. ate . .nom ma b.s 26 7. ooma m.m Mm Pose escapes tom 2 . m.m~ o.me o.a oneness .pom a ooem n.¢ m2 3 92 E .nom m m.m 2% come m.e mm pose new: tsflsmom .ndh on «.mm w.¢¢ H.b owdaoh4 ooem m.e we on m.HH 32 .qse mm w.o am 0000 H.m mm pose psoevfli adaswom 30v E: E3 Aommflv oaspsaanoe onepeuomsos mafiafioo use aooam sowpeooq coaaom oefinvso seem noospcm oesoaommwn nowvspm vsoamwsvm weapsawpsob oweuobd owdaohq oasveaomsoa owdaoh< - 28 - FINDINGS Influence of Fan Location 23 Temperatures: Examination of Table l and Figures 13 and 14 show that under the conditions of the test the two fan locations give congruent re- sults. Considering outside air temperature, the data shows there is no justification for locating the fans diagonally opposite on the long side of the stable. Comparing average ceiling-floor temperature differences at the four stations for the two fan locations, it is observed that both fan locations gave the same results. Comparing average barn temperatures for the two-fan locations reveals no dif- ference in stable temperature conditions. Operating procedure of the fans must be appreciated in these comparisons. The fan on the west side of the stable was operated by the thermostat located at the northwest temperature station. Its operation“was intermittent. The fan located on the east side was manually controlled and ran continually. It is felt that the high ceiling-floor temperature difference at the northwest stations is caused by the distance between it and the continually operating fan. Had both fans operated continually, it is believed that the ceiling- floor temperature difference at the northwest station would have been close to that experienced at the other stations. The northeast station was a little closer to the continually operating fan than the northwest station. Ceiling-floor temperature difference at the northeast station was appreciably less than that at the northwest station. It is believed that the mow drive, an SOUTHEAST A; p ~. ”-74- « «nib y ...r ~v—L94V—a .4 . °F ...... My.» - l--. a... 4.4 Rev/EA; f «THour~DUCT?E .1» n- --t... .....J W- . rm... _ _ - n. I A _ _ °F ':- v v -~ “~ ~ - -—~ ~ -~~+~- ~ - - - “we“? SOUTHW :ST STATIQH' _____ r._e_wr;,w “r" H w e _‘ _ b l W4 _. _ ......... 1,_._-____-_V._.e - . +~s~ ”JV-'- ,. w —— .—-~ “*“'}F""“" —»~... iron .....-__. ._._ - «5‘— 1- lr.0_-- '9 _‘ L A ;T in \ . I—Jv :n‘\ i: ah“ ._ _..____ A ----- ...... ..... ...‘ ‘.V:.(71. ..... ..., ...... , ., . .. I . . r. . . .: ..... A. ‘ . . . .4 - . , .. 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""'1' ...“. ,, 1, 7 d_§ ‘ ‘ ‘ I 1 - I I -.-. . ... l . l .. A I >1 I ...... 1L. ‘ 1 P . . v , f . ...... | ‘ I ..,<.._. . ,-'_7.. . . I , . v “ I ' I l‘ ' ' wk 7. . ,‘ 7 v ' 7._ ,. . . .',, ‘. . , . . - . . . . .7 . . .‘ ‘ A 4 v - l I I [I ‘ ‘ . - - .,. - . . . 00000 I r . . ‘ 8 — . a ,4 r..._ .- ,V —. h n . 3 1~ . 7 ‘1 r- Y is , , a. .. . ......... .. .J». v V ‘ I . .. .. . . . . . ..... , '. ‘ . . .\ . . . i . . L, a, . .. ,'. .. . i. ' ‘5 J: . . ... - . ,. . . ‘ Us“. ‘ , . :5 _.,, 1 ,.. . . . .l ..I . v ‘ r I. .f . r . .-. - r I . .... , ‘1 ' ' a. - . ‘. ,. ,. ..\ |.V -75 , \ . -. .. , ‘‘‘‘‘ V l . . . . , \ DAILY TIME IN HOURS TEMPERATURE DlFFERENCE BETW N IN REGULAR L00A$E>~ FLOOR AND CE'L'NG FANS N . I l _ I . i ' A i ‘ . t u‘ - , I i'f" . . . . - 7* Ti! I_ 1‘ Q‘ -+ '. ’1 ” ‘11 m {I} TI m {D '11 f-I W L f ('1 ml “’1 II 1 "TI m (D I .n III ._ (DI 1 I I I l q"I CDT I i ”n I‘fi w! T A. ATA. pg Iqo.iih'hili I : .R.‘.E .. ,,._ . .. ._, i,**“ 1 ,.~ .1. . .. “w? ., j i ‘ .i'END" L'OCKTLION ' j . n I ' ‘ ' ' V . 7' II 1 1 I V i i i i i i h ' ;-:; ‘:1:W.“T‘.0L3.'.r‘.i:BU.~ . .:i ty\ ..i..i. ............ ..... ' ' PE Tab 2'} .5}: q Lochcm-p if! .WTTH DUCT 5; “if; °F lllll 1.": ..... o‘. ;;;; c»: T :f ........ ..... 1-... b ‘4 ..... I I " MM‘R ., 'w ' QMQR". 3;}; .. .; WSW-RI: '11. 1 11M}? $1.1M! iR'T‘; EI'WQ‘R ii . 1:1‘ .11'5' ‘L’fM‘iR‘T‘L‘ '3’“ MAR “““ 1 * -.T , can; 13" "‘7! Li.;fii'l*_,i;‘i1‘:" ~ "'f'w‘t:~~"z§v:~.;' r'éé'I-‘t‘ 2'“"'§:""'.t ‘1.’.~.;_:;.;;..; pug,” - A . . 1.. r - 1‘4 .- '7‘ "veil; r =".:"' 'TT‘T‘HRMI‘I f‘z'rrT: '1:“I*rr~r‘1:~l9‘::% ' r+t£09w Fwy-"“1 i 24 l2 24 l2 24 I2 24 l2 24 IE 24 l2 --- DAILY TIME IN HOURS IFIGJ5- OUTSIDE AIR TEMPERATURE - 33 - inclined earthen ramp against the east wall provided a stabilizing effect on the northeast station. While the stable air temperature is higher at ceiling level than at floor level, the temperature of the earth mow drive is the opposite, being coldest at the upper level of the east stable wall. Influence EEIOuttake Ducts gn_Temperatures: With outtake ducts permitting the exhaust fans to remove air from a level 18 inches above the floor, it was revealed that with both fan locations the ducts had no significant influence upon ceil- ing-floor temperature differences. Comparing average stable temperature and average outside air temperature in Table 1 reveals that the difference between them.is greater in both data periods when the fans were operated without ducts. Cursory appraisal would indicate that the greater inside- outside temperature difference signifies a saving in heat. However, an appreciation of the unsteady state of heat transfer explains that this comparison does not signify a saving of heat during these peri- ods. There is a serious time lag involved in the transfer of heat which influences the average inside-outside temperature difference. Consideration of the unsteady state of heat transfer is beyond the scope of this investigation. Temperature of the outside air entering the stable seriously effects the ceiling-floor temperature difference without any time lag. Comparing outside air temperatures, Figure 15, with ceiling- floor temperature difference, Figures 15 and 14, shows that as the - 33 - outside air temperature drops the ceiling-floor difference increases. Outtake ducts do not provide a means of reducing the ceiling- floor temperature difference. In examining Table 1, it is observed that the outside air temperature is higher during both periods when the outtake ducts were used with a corresponding decrease in ceil- ing-floor temperature difference. It is believed that this higher outside temperature was the major reason for the reduction in ceil- ing-floor temperature difference during the periods when the ducts were used, rather than the performance of the ducts. Apparently the one outstanding peculiarity of this stable ren- ders the influence of the ducts insignificant. It is believed that the high manger partitions have a serious effect on air movement in the stable and prevent the ventilation system.from.performing at its peak. Evidently these partitions prevent the low level outtakes from reducing the ceiling-floor temperature difference. They also reduce the heat conserving effect of a low level outtake. Comparing Figures 16 and 17, it can be seen that the outtake ducts did not influence the relation of breathing level temperature and ceiling-floor average temperature. With these comparisons, it is believed that any heat conserving effect of the low level out- take is of minor magnitude, especially in this stable. Continual Fan 0 eration: Despite the thorough design procedures followed in establishing the specifications of a ventilation system, judgment based on obser- vations must be used in its operation. The ventilation system used 9* ‘- I ' 032'. “'11:“; :' \Aveamg f I :- ‘I' " - L. ‘ - I “pg: ’ fl ... _ _ _'i_.:_;__:_g_:";_;; .. “'1' IQA\;,'£if:f Xi'.?i5.7'°i'*,- ‘; ' .IIiTJJ l_:551" :”“~' -w 1 71 J- A3 [ '; I ..j;' A ‘1 [AMI .T..I ... I. CCCCCC “I I aaeAnING-Ii; - ‘9}‘QFX;, _;-_,. “ ”RRK*T: IIISIqu e 4122122.,222112-2;1121Iwi;..----1 I: ".LEVEL12\~$§N0.I%~«¢J V”; f ‘ 1 : <3: ' (Ilka . v— - . ~ I I I OI: é; i‘i: Wt : .I to. -_ SOUTHE ST- STA‘IOAI ~ ' * __1__,,22.2-2-1.“;2-2-2-12-2I... ... I. IIcart \\ Ié-Iva "FNVIER‘AGE :. an" .. I, \ I ._ AAA, 1‘ - I I" ‘W‘q VCD' °F -.1,_.._-_. a. --.- -...__ . ------ ....._, .._.i, - ~ SOUTHw "sT STATIDN ' ' - , ' ' ’ ' _ ' I \EREATHING. ‘ . ' I ‘ ’1 '- ' LEVEL T '- f I 7 ;. ’ ' ‘ '4 I -.., 2_ 12:12-22- ;_ .iA'AVERAGEMyig H *6“? ~ ~‘ _ ‘ ' ' C w ‘27 ~ A _ . .. . .. .. . .I T. -. no'er-ST SEAHON¥4*?“' - ; ‘ 2. - 1" °F r— rn C n C. C 03 I} 5 EN ...-{72- ..... ..... ..... ..... ' I ' ‘ ' ' " ’ ' . '1 ,, - . . .. . . .a. . ,1 . ,, 1' . - I . y '- : Y T - . . ,, . .-. .7 .. .. , . . ... I . . , . . . . . . . i . _.. 3 . A . . . . . , A . . . ) . . - - - . . ' I I ‘ . I ' ~ 17.. ... ., . . ~ .2 . , ..... I . . .. . . . . I . . . . .. I I ION ‘ I ‘ ’ > ' V I .' .- I I . . . . . .I . _ . ‘ . I , - I . ‘. ‘. : I . . . . . . , . . .. . . . I . I - ' '2 Nos ..... “24 I2 ' I24“ I27. I424IIII "Izw‘ T“24:“ I I2 24 I2 I 24 I T2 .12- -. DAILY TIME IN HOURS LEIGJS ‘ AVERAGE OF FLOOR AND CEILING TEMPERATURE AND BREATHING LEVEL TEMPERATURE REGULAR FAN LOCATION WITHOUT DUCT 24 .. I . ‘TTTTT. 7: ,_ « LE WBR‘EATHINGV Vi V'EL, ..1 Ing I .v- . . In": . ., . I I—uquV .~._». ’1 V <,~mnAsa-éz: I °F ...... ..... ...... :iti; ‘0‘ ............. I’ “PM ~’ ‘ SOUTHEATV STATION """ - A 4 ~— ~— —- -..—N—u-q. ..... °F .-.... . 7-- +-—II—-— ...M. ...4 ._-_._ ,__, . L. A. - 0 V4 .. . . r T ‘ . . ..... SOU‘ ” ST } STA HON ........ ...... Tg . .‘Ifij.fl,' ...I °F -....4 _._ ..--..» °F \IH ........ A“ . .Wn . N' .. I.HH ,,,,, _‘. IIIII AMI» I mm, “2-2 h -;L_LI Ii} . ‘ .I , .. I} IE“ ,I :.I III,I.I.:II III:.'.' fl; I I I} . .7 NORI .Hw ST . STA ”0N IIIII I I ,.q‘ ..... E I I ..I. . - —< - - . . . . .4. ,,,,, , ‘ . . . 4 . .... -« 4 ~~r~~-«—~.—. ****** Iwsz : " W ‘;"T' f T?!. I.. .. .:,.. . ... ..... Iitj' I . I: ' I "- ..... ,I _ _ '_'T" """" I». —\ . W»... V, Id I -., I"'“'"""""‘ ,_.I_._..,,, -..—4--. .. ...-._..-__.* ,,___,_ . .4,_.._._...__._4 , I' NOR‘ HE * gm IIOIN "'fII. HA1: 24 24' -....- .. P“ v__‘,_ 0"- ~-‘ FIG I7 o 2 24 REGULAR I2 DAILY TIME AVERAGE OF FLOOR AND CEIL BREATHING LEVEL I2”~ I IN HOURS ING TEMPERATURE AND TEMPERATURE FAN LOCATION WITH DUCTS 24 'I2 24 '24 03 CT i I 2......“ - ‘ n...‘.~1... 2671')! - AwuLflg v -36- in this investigation was designed for one fan to operate continual- ly. To obtain unimpeachable evidence, the system was operated in this manner until the drinking cups froze and one of the water pipes froze and burst. Figure 18 is a reproduction of one of the recorder charts for this period. At 0600 February 20, 1950, the temperature of the outside air fell to -2.0°F and no trouble was experienced in the stable. At 0800 February 25, 1950, the outside air temperature fell to -4.0°F without event. ‘At 0300 and 0400 on march 2, 1950, a low for the day of 7.0°F'Was recorded and at 0700 it was discovered that the drink- ing cups and the pipe had frozen and burst. Outside air temperatures of the periods preceding the occurrence of these apparently unrea- sonable events will be sufficient to explain them. The seven-day period prior to February 20, 1950, when the -2.0°F low occurred had an outside temperature average of 27.40F. The seven- day period prior to march 2, 1950, when the 7.0°F low occurred caus- ing freezing of drinking cups and the pipe had an outside air tem- perature average of 17.19F. These averages are based on temperatures recorded hourly. Obviously there is a need for improvement in design techniques before a ventilation system can be arbitrarily operated according to the design specifications. _There must be some allowances for unsteady heat transfer in the specifications of a ventilation system. 37 - ‘H98VH SIHL 3351c! ave JZ\O&8 3H1 833w} .mmo voqusu ouoi was“ on» poems Boa because; chapaacmsop one so: oowpoz .vopo>oomfin one; moafia hope: one mane mnwucwuv nonopm on» mean? as 08“» one wmwkoxm msmduonuosa Uncoom oflmwua esp no one Scum uo>osoa vnmgo 4 .wH ouswwm «is...v~=2uovu-Io..ov~=o.o¢v~.-o...v~=2.¢uric—c¢v~=-c..cvnio.-ov~—=3¢ovn.IO—..vu=o_.oon.‘a..oou=o_novn.Io..0n~=—o... ~50..ov~.~o.uo.nio.oo.~§2-o«n.2-con-ugcovase.-ocuss-conic...snag.Conic-ooonlgnoonigocongecovuio—oovnagdo I ? ; )(OIOIIIIl) >(Ol3l clll?"l>(flC3FH-fl ? hail-""15 > v-1 I . b ...- y [ )(OOUD... t . I ’1‘:‘: I 3100M “ 8001:! 9NFH30’ 'b\ 3') ”0'9390" lNghnflls". . s n 51‘ \1 35‘s, .J.b 31d H]. . ide3 4'. {J .k‘J 1Q pun u ti‘gky-I- i. . A g DISCUSSION Suggested Ventilation §ystem: Based upon the findings of this investigation and the findings of other investigators, it is believed that a more suitable ventila- tion system can be installed. All air intakes supplying to the cen- ter of the stable should be cut off to supply the incoming air to the interior surface of the outer walls. Fans should be located in a common plenum chambers at the door in the center of the south wall. A balanced outtake duct should be installed to provide outtake at different points in the stable. Vith the high manger partitions, it is advisable to locate the outtake duct at the ceiling directly above the feed alley and extending to the north end of the row of stalls. One fan should be operated by a thermostat turning it on at 51°F and off at 48°F. The other fan should be operated by a thermo- stat truning it on at 38°F and off at 35°F. Both thermostats should be equipped so that the fans can be manually controlled. Thermo- stats should be placed as near the center of the barn as possible and several feet from the ceiling.(3) Milkhouse Location: Figure 19 shows the milkhouse location off the southeast corner of the barn. During the milking process the door shown opening into the stable remains in a partially open position. 'With winds coming from the north, east, south, or west the milkhouse acted as a baffle and directed the wind into the stable. Severe drafts and tempera- ture drops occurred in the southeast part of the stable during the milking process because of this milkhouse location. By building the milkhouse against the barn, closing the gap shown between the milkhouse and barn in Figure 19 protection from.north and east winds would have been provided. Ideal construction would provide an enclosed vestibule from stable to milkhouse. Limitation of Investigation: Longer periods of valid data should have been obtained. 'With longer periods perhaps some insight might have been gained on the influence of outside air temperature upon mean stable temperature. High manger partitions makes this barn stable unusual in con- struction. .A barn more representative of those in use should have been chosen for the investigation in order to reach the objectives desired. It is felt that the findings are less decisive for the established objectives because of the high manger. Wind effects were not evaluated in analyzing the data. Other investigators have encountered the same difficulty. There are no known methods of including the effects of wind direction, velocity, and amounts in the analyzing of this data. Amounts of solar and sky radiation received by the structure during the data periods were ignored. ‘Though solar and sky radia- tion data are available, it is felt that both theoretical and em- pirical methods of evaluation fall short of adequacy. *‘ a-———‘o* Figure 19 o Milkhouse at right and southeast corner of barn at left. Notice the opening between the barn and milkhouse. - 41 - CONCLUSIONS Recommendations for the location of mechanical ventilation equip- ment should recognize the following information: 1. 3. 4. 5. With a ventilation system having two exhaust fans, one thermostatically controlled and the other manually con- trolled, the fans can be located side by side at one end of the stable. They will provide temperature con- trol equal to that provided by fans similarly controlled and located diagonally opposite on the long sides of the stable. Vertical ducts providing outtake from a level 18 inches above the floor do not reduce the temperature difference between ceiling and floor in a stable having partitions 46 inches high around the mangers. Temperature difference between ceiling and floor is directly effected by the temperature of the air en- tering the stable through the intake system. In a stable having a mechanical ventilation system, the average stable temperature at any certain time is more strongly influenced by the outside air temperature of a preceding undetermined period of time, than by the outside temperature at that certain time. Any ventilation system should be operated with judg- ment based on temperature observations regardless of - 42 - design specifications. 6. Milkhousasshould be joined to the stable with an enclosed vestibule. 1. 3. 4. 5. REFERENCES CITED WAGNER, C. P. "Nbdern Dairy Earn Ventilation," Farm Electric Service Handbook, Northern States Power Company, Form.No. 5805, August, 1949. MILLIER, WILLIAM F. "Stable Ventilation Studies with Fans in NeW'York State,” Progress Report to the New York Farm.Electrification Council, March, 1950, Sect. III, p. 6, Department of Agricultural Engineering, New York State College of Agriculture, Ithaca, New York. TRIBBLE, R. T. ”mechanical Dairy Barn Ventilation and the Location of Controls,” Unpublished M.S. Thesis (1948), Lfichigan State College Library, East Lansing, Michigan. KELLEY, M. A. R. "Ventilation of Farm.Barns,” Tech. Bul. 187, U. S. Department of Agriculture (1930), p. 46. SPECIAL METEOROLOGICAL SUMEARIES Form 10010, Jan., Feb., Mar., (1950), U. S. Department of Commerce, weather Bureau, Lansing, bfichigan. - 44 - BIBLIOGRAPHY Books 3.1.713, He J. and SJk‘EET’ Lo Lo FARM STRUCTURES, John‘Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1950. CARTER, D. G. and FOSTER, h. A. FARM BUILDING, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1941. WOOLEY, J. C. FARM BUILDINGS, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1946. Magazine Articles ARMSBY, H. P. and KRISS, MAX "Some Fundamentals of Stable Ventilation," Jour. of Agr. Res., Vol. 21, No. 5, Reprint, June (1921), pp. 343-368. CLYDE, A. W. ”Barn'Ventilation with Electric Fans,”.Agricu1tural Engineering, Vol. 12, (1930), pp. 9-14. DICE, J. R. "The Influence of Stable Temperature on the Production and Feed Requirements of Dairy Cows,” Jour. Dairy Science, Vol. 23, (1940). DICK, S. N. "An Air Conditioned Dairy Barn,” Hoard's Dairyman, Vol. 86, (1941), p. 111. FAIRBANKS, F. L. “Air Movement in Dairy Stable Ventialtion," Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 8, (1927), p. 34. FORBES, E. B., BARAIQN, W. W. and KRISS, MAX "The Influence of the Environmental Temperature on the Heat Protection of Cattle,” Jour. Agr. Res., Vol. 33, Reprint, (1926) e - 45 - GIESE, HENRY and Downs, c. G. E. ”Application of Heat Exchangers to Dairy Barn Ventilation,” Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 31, (1950), pp. 167-170. HIENTON, T. E. and MC CAIAENT, J. R. "Forced Ventilation for Barns and Poultry Houses," Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 28, (1947), p. 406. KELLEY, M..A. R. ”Basic Design Problems of Air Conditioning Stables,” Jour. Agr. Res., Vol. 20, (1939). ‘WIS, S. R. "Engineering Problems in Air Conditioning," Jour. Agro R980, V01. 19, (1938), PP. 204, 2060 STAPLETON, H. N. , "Fresh Air in Farm.Buildings," Agricultural Engineering, V01. 20, (1939), PO 4200 STIWN ’ J. L. "Heat and Ventilation in the Design of Dairy Stables,” Heating and Ventilating, January (1946), pp. 81-88. “A method of Designing Insulation and Ventilation for Animal Shelter Buildings,” Agricultural Engineering, V01. 26, (1945), Pp. 408'4100 STRAHAN, J. L. and MARSH, C. A. ”Ventilating Stables with Electric Power,” Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 13, (1932), pp. 127-134. WITZEL, s. A. and HEIZER, E. E. "A 5-Year Summary of Dairy Barn Research," Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 27, (1946), p. 499. - 45 - Bulletins FAIRBANKS, F. L. and Goebmz, A. H. "Dairy Stable Ventilation,” Cornel Ext. Bul. 151, (1943). "Electrical Ventilation for Livestock Structures,” Quar. B111. 19, N00 3, LflChiga-n Agr. EXPO Stat, (1936). KELLEY, M..A. R. "Ventilation of Farm Barns," Tech. Bul. 187, (1930) U. S. Department of Agriculture. KELLEY, M..A. R. and RUPEL, I. 7. ”Relation of Stable Environment to Milk Production,” Tech. Bul. 591, (1937), U. S. Department of Agriculture. I'JILLEEL, Me F. "Ventilation of.Animal Shelters," Circular 219, Missouri Agr. Exp. Sta., (1942). “m ((11% (W) (Ling W