_ — — — — _ — _ _ — — — ._._¢. — _ — THS THE EFFECTEVENESS 0F FURGICWE COMBQNAWONS FOR CONTROLUNG DWING-GFF AND ‘SEED DECAY EN PEAS AND BEANS Thesis fat H16 Down at? M. S. MKHIGAN STATE CGLLEGS Afbari'o Sandra: ' 1954 , -*'wl.~‘ The Effectiveness of Fun-:icide Combinations for“, 4 This is to certify that the thesis entitled J Controlling; Damping—0i?- and Seed Decay in Peas. Date and Beans presented by Alberto Sanchez has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for ”S , degree tum Plant Pathology MXW / Major professor Hay 21, 1951:, THE EFFECTIVENESS CF FUNSICICE CCMCI5ATICRE FOR CONTROLLING DAMFIVS-OfF £“C SEE? SEGA IN PEAS A59 EEANS Ev ALdeTO SANCHEZ A THESIS SUBMITTED Te THE SCHOOL cF GRAEUATE STUDIES or MICHIGAN STATE CoLLEGE er AGRICULTURE AND APPLIED SCIENCE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT or THE REQUIREMENTS FOP THE DEGREE OF MASTER or SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF EOTANY AND PLANT PATHcLOGv 1HESI‘5 f‘ ACKNCELEDEYZN 5 THE wnITEP wIEHEs To EXPRESS HIS APPRECIATION TO OR. AXEL Lo ANDERSEN FGR SUGGESTIN’S THE PQCBLEM AND FOR HIS GUIDANCE AND HELPFUL CRITICISHS GIVEN THROUGHOUT THE INVESTIGATIONS AND IN THE PREPAPATICN OF THE MANUSCRIPT. A THE WRITER ALsc wISHEs TC THANK DR. WILLIAM -. HIS FPITHFUL ADVICE DURING THE COURSE OF THESE DREW FOR INVESTIGATI¢NS, ANT To DR. D. J. CEZEEUw AND DR. E. L. KIESLING FeR REVIEWING THE MANUSCPI PT. , AI") “F‘ G) {‘39) -‘d "f‘d TABLE CF' CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ..................................... OBJECTIVES ...................................... PEVIEN‘I OF LITERATURE ............................ I_.’.C=.TERIALS AI\D METHODS ”nun................... EXPEQIIENTAL RESULTS nun...”................. PQELI‘I-‘IIIMRY I!‘IVESTI3“\TICI‘S ................. PEA EXPEPIIENTS ........................... BEAN EXPERIIJILNTS .......................... DISCUSSIC"! APT) ’3 -"‘CLUSICI\S ...................... SIJNT"A.7Y I...00.00..OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0000.00.00... L'TEPAT:¢'?E: CITED 0.0...OOOOOOOOOCOOOQIOOO0.00.... I 3 4 PLATE PLATE PU. TE PLATE PLATE TAFLE or PLATES C(HPARISGN SETDEEN THE New-TREATED CONTROL AND SCNE CF THE MOST EFFECTIVE FJNGICIDES USED ALCNE AND IN COMBINATION. SEEDLINC EMERGENCE AFTER SEED TREATMENT wITH SCHE OF THE M!ST EFFECTIVE CHEMICALS APPLIED ALCNE AND IN CCMBINATICN. EFFECTIVENESS oF SPERGON AND SCHE OF ITS CCMBINATIDNS As COMPARED wITH THE NON-TREATED coNTaoL. EFFECTIVENESS SF ORTHOCIDE 75 AS cerARED wITH THE NoN— THEATED ceNTaoL AND some OTHER TREATMENTS. CoMpARISCN SETHEEN SPERGON wHEN USED ALeNE AND IN comaln- ATIDN HITH AGROX AT Two DIFFERENT APPLICATION RATES. INTPODUCTION . SEVERAL FACTOPS MAY BE RESPONSIBLE F9R THE FAILURE OF SEEDS TO GERMINATE C: THE SEEDLINGS TO EMERGE FRGM THE SOIL. SOME OF THE MOST COMMeN CAUSES OF RECUCTION IN STANDS CAN GENERALLY BE ATTRIBUTED TO SEED DECAY, SEEDLING ROT, AND POST SOT CAUSED BY SOIL INHAaITING IRGANISMS, INCLUDING BOTH SAcTEPIA AND FUNGI, AS wELL AS TO THE INVASION OF THE GERMINATING SEEDS BY INSECTS (3, I4, 29). SPECIES OF PYTHIUM, RHIZOCTONIA, FUSARIUM, PHYTOPHTHOPA, APHANQ- MYCES, AND BOTRYTIS (7, 8, 2|, 22) ASE AMONG THE MOST COMMON FUNGI -—-—- '-———-——- T CAPABLE OF CAUSING SEED DECAY AND DAMPING-OFF. GENERALLY, THESE ORGANISMS LIVE AS SAPPOPHYTES ON THE DECAYING ORGANIC MATTER IN THE SOIL AND EECOME PAPASITIC BY ATTACKING THE SEED OR THE SEEDLING AS SODN AS IT STARTS TO GERMINATE (l5). THESE FUNGI OIFFEA IN THEIR PATHOGENECITY, DISTRIBUTION AND CONCENTRATION IN THE SOIL, AND IN THEIR GROWTH RE- QUIREMENTS. SOME SPECIES ARE MORE DATHOGENIC THAN OTHERS AND SOME CROPS ARE MORE SUSCEPTISLE THAN OTHERS. THE SOIL ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH THE SEED l8 PLANTED INFLUENCES THE TYPE AND POPULATION OF THE SOIL ORGANISMS CAPABLE OF cAUSING SEED DECAY AND SEEDLING PDT. AMONG THE MOST IMPORTANT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS APE SOIL TEMPERATURE AND SDIL MOISTURE (I5). 'flITH OTHER FACTORS BEING CONSTANT , THE SEVERITY OF THE INFECTION AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES IS DETERMINED, TO A CflNSIDERAELE DEGREE, BY THE RELATIVE GRGWTH RATES OF THE HSST AND THE DATHOGEN (22). AS A CONSEQUENCE, wHEN SEEDS DF A HIGH- TEMPERATURE CROP, SUCH AS BEANS, ARE PLANTED UNDER Low SOIL TEMPER- ATURE CONDITIONS, ANY DELAY IN OERNINATICN USUALLY RESULTS IN IN- CREASED SEED DECAY BECAUSE THE SEED-OECAYIN3 ORGANISMS DEVELOP FASTER THAN THE GERMINATION SEED. WITH THE SAME PATHOGEN A Low TEMPERATURE CROP, SUCH AS PEAS, WILL HAVE LESS INFECTION AT Low THAN AT MODEPATE OR HIGH SOIL TEMPERATURES 3, IE, 22). AN EXCESS OF SOIL MOISTURE IS ALSO AN IMPORTANT FACTOR BECAUSE IT FAVORS THE DEVELOPMENT OF MANY PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS, PARTICULARLY PYTHIHM SPP., WHICH ARE AQUATIC IN HABIT (3. l4). TwO TYPES OF DAMPINs-OFF OCCUR NFICH CAN BE DIFFERENTIATED ON THE OASIS OF THE SYMPTOMS EXHIBITED EY THE HOST AND THE TIME OF ATTACK BY THE PATHOGEN. IN THE PPEEMERGENCE TYPE OF CAMPING-OFF, THE GERMINATING SEED OR SEEDLINS MAY BE COMPLETELY DESTROYED, OR ONLY A PORTION OF THE SEED MAY RE INVADED AND THE SEEDLING EMERCES GEN- ERALLY IN A HEAKENED CONDITION. IN POSTEMERGENCE CAMPING-OFF A SIMILAR ATTACK OCCUFD AT OR BELow THE GROUND LEVEL AFTER THE SEED— LING HAS EMERCED (I5, 22). SEED DECAY AND THE PREEMERCENCE TYPE OF DAMPING-OFF CAN BE CONTROLLED SUCESSFULLY BY COATING THE SEED wITH FUNOICIDAL CHEVICALS. THE VALUE OF SUCH TREATMENTS HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED BY SEVERAL IN- VESTIGATCRS (I, 8, II, I6, I9, 2|), WHO HAVE SHOWN THAT SEED TREAT- MENT wILL RESULT IN THE PRODUCTION OF MORE VIOCROUS PLANTS, IN- CREASED STANDS, AND GENERALLY A SUBSTANTIAL INCREASE IN YIELD. TODAY SEED TREATMENT HAS BECOME A STANDARD PRACTICE IN AGRICULTURE AND SINCE NEW CHEMICAL CCMPOJNDS ARE DEVELOPED EVERY YEAR, STUDIES CN THEIR EFFECTIVENESS ARE NECESSARY (2). OBJECTIVES THE PRESENT INVESTIGATIONS WERE CONDUCTED: I. To DETERMINE NIETHER THE USE OF CHEEICAL FUNGICIDES IN COMBINATION wOULD INCREASE THEIR EFFECTIVENESS OVER THE USE OF EITHER CHEMICAL ALONE FOR CONTROLLING CAMPING-OFF IN PEAS AAD BEANS. SPECIFIC ATTENTION WAS GIVEN TO THE COMBINATION OF A MERCURIC wITH A NON— MERCURIC TYPE OF FUN3ICIDE. 2. TO ASCERTAIN YHETHER THESE CHEAICALS WERE MOAE SUITABLE AGAINST ORGANISMS OPERATING AT LOw THAN AT HIGH SOIL TEMPERATURES AND VICE VERSA. 3. TO DETERMINE THE VARIOUS TYPES OF SOIL INHIBITING PATHDGENIC ORGANISMS ACTIVE UNDER Lew AND HIGH SOIL TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS. 4. TO STUDY TH; ETTECTIVENESS rF THE VARIOUS CHEMICALC USED ALONE FOR CCNTPtLLING SEED DECAY AND DANPINO—OFF. 5. To NOTE THE I'EIIITIYF TOYICITY, IF ANY, OF FUNG CIDES u OJ M O ALONE AND I“ ””“"I“"I”“. THE INVESTIGATIONS INCLTDE ”'“Fan SEED TREATMENT EXPERIMENTS ON ALDERVAN PEAS AND QOJN: POD KIDNEY WAX BEANS CARRIED OUT UNDER GREFNHOUSE CONDITIONS AT MICHIGAN STATE COLLF.E DURING THE FALL OF [953 AND WINTER OF I054. REVIEW OF LITERXTJ?E THE TREATMENT OF SEED wITH CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS TO PREVENT DAMPINO- OFF EECAN AS EARLY AS THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY (38). IT HAS NOT UNTIL THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ORGANIC MERCURY COMPOUNDS, IN 1313, THAT THE MODERN USE OF CHEMICAL PROTECTANTS STARTED. ALTHOUGH THE CHEMICALS wERE USED PRIMARLY FOR PREVENTING SEED INFECTION, EETTER STANDS TOGETHER wITH MORE VIGOROUS PLANTS HERE ALSO OBTAINED. THESE FIND- INGS FORMED THE BASIS FOR STUDY OF THREE 3EJECTIVES OF FUNGICIDAL SEED TREATMENT; (I) SEED DISINFESTATION OR DESTRUCTION OF CONTAM— INANT SPORES OR OTHER FORMS OF PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS PRESENT ON THE SEED SLRFACE: (2) SEED DISINFECTION OR RIDDING THE SEED OF A PATH- OGEN wHICH HAD DECOME ESTAELISHED WITHIN THE SEED COAT OR IN DEEPER- SEATED TISSUES; (3) SEED PROTECTION OR PROTECTING THE SEED AND THE YOUNG SEEDLINGS FROM SOIL INHAOITING PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS wHICH MIGHT OTHERWISE CAUSE SEED DECAY SEFORE GERMINATION OR DAMPING-OFF EY PARASITINC THE SEEDLING AT OR IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING OERMINATION (3’ 30: 38)‘ IN THE CASE OF SEED DISINFESTATION AND SEED DISINFECTION, THE ENVIRONMENT AT THE TIME OF THE TREATMENT CAN SE CONTROLLED, OUT IN SEED PROTECTION, SUCH SOIL FACTORS, AS TYPE, REACTIQN, VEISTURE, TEMPERATURE, AND FLOPA, ARE BEYOND CONTROL. BECAUSE OF THIS, SEED TREATMENT wITH PROTECTANTS MAY BE HIGHLY SUCCESSFUL IN ONE INSTANCE AND MUCH LESS EFFECTIVE IN ANOTHER (38). THE CHEMICALS USED TODAY FOR SEED TREATMENTS MAY SE CROUPED AS: (I) INORGANIC MERCUFIALS (MERCURIC CHLCRIDE), AND ORGANIC MERCURIALS 5 CERESAN, SEMESAN, ETC.); (2) COPPER AND ZINC INORGANIC COMPOUNDS, SUCH AS CURRACIDE, ZINC OXIDE, ETC.; AND (3) NON-MERCUAIAL ORGANIC COMPOUNDS wHICH CAN BE METALLIC OR NON-METALLIC, FOR EXAMPLE THE ORGANIC SULFURS AND QUINONES (25). LEUKEL (25), IN HIS REVIEO OF THE LITERATURE ON THE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN SEED TREATMENT, GAVE A DETAILED REPORT ON STUDIES OF SYNERGISM AND ANTAGONISV EETWEEN MIXTURES OF FUNGICIDES AND HORMONES, INSECTICIDES, DILVENTS, AND OTHER FUNGICIDES. THE ADVISABILITY OF ADCING GREOTH-PROMOTING SUESTANSES TR CHEMICALS USED FOR SEED TREATMENT WAS STUDIEO BY BAYLIS (6) wHO FOUND THAT THE PRESENCE OF A GROWTH-PROMOTING SUSSTANCE IN A MERCURIAL PREPARATION GAVE NO ADDITIONAL BENEFITS EHHER IN EMERGENCE, VIGOR OF GRODTH, OR PEDUCED LIABILITY TO PHYTOCIDAL DAMASEO IN THE FIELD OF SEED TREATMENT THE SUBJECT OF SYNERGISM AND ANTAGONISM BETOEEN DIFFERENT FUNGICIDES AND INSECTICIDES HAS RECEIVED LITTLE ATTENTION (25). HOOEVER, RECENT STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF MIXING INSECTICIDES WITH FUNGICIOES HAVE GIVEN PROMISING RESULTS. LEUKEL (25) IN I946, FOUND THAT CERESAN AND SEMESAN JR. REDUCED THE INSECTICIDAL ACTION OF DDT SOMEWHAT, WHEREAS THE OTHER FUNGICIDES TESTED HAD NO APPARENT EFFECT ON IT. THE INSECTICIDAL ACTION OF MAGNESIUM OXIDE NAS APPARENTLY UNAFFECTED BY ANY OF THE FUNGICIDES. HowE, ET AL. (IS), IN I952, DEMONSTRATED THAT FELIABLE CONTROL OF SEED CORN MAGGOT AND SEED DECAY ORGANISMS WAS OBTAINED wITH A COMBINATION INSECTICIDE-FUNGICIDE. THEY FOUND THAT IN COMBINATION wITH INSECTI- CIDES (ALDRIN, CHLORDANE, DIELDPIN AND LINDANE) ARRSAN WAS MORE SATIS- FACTORY THAN SPERGON OR PHYGON AS SEED TREATMENT FOR BEANS. IN ORDER TO PREVENT INSECTICIDAL INJURY TO SEED, IT WAS NECESSARY TO REDUCE THE DOSAGE To A MINIMUM. THE EXACT NATURE OF THE INSECTICIDE INJURY WAS NOT WELL KNOON. ANDEFSEN, ET AL. (A) AS RESLLT OF FIELD EXPERIMENTS ON SEAN, FOUND NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETwEEN I & D (THIURAM PLUS LINDANE) AND SEED GUARD (CAPTAN PLUS LINDANE) AS SEED TREATMENTS FOR CONTROLLING MAGGOTS AND SEE: DECAY ORGANITUS. THEY STUDIED THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LINDANE, DIELDRIN, HEPTACHLDR AND CHLORDANE, USED ALONE AND IN COMBINATION wITH SEVERAL FUNCICIDES INCLUDING CAPTAN, THIRAM AND PHYGON. LEACH, ET AL. (2(), CONDUCTED EXPERIMENTS FROM I950 To I952 TO COMPARE THE EFFICACY OF VARIOUS FUNGICIDE-INSECTICIDE SEED TREATMENTS ON LARGE LIMA BEANS. THEY FOUND THAT IN SOME CASES, THE INSECTICIDE USED ALONE PRODUCED A REDUCTION IN EMERGENCE OF TREATED SEEDS BUT WHEN USED IN COMBINATION DITH A FUNGICIDE, THIS ADVERSE EFFECT WAS ELIMINATED OP GREATLY REDUCED. BAYLIS (6), COMPARING THE EFFICACY OF RED CUPRDUS OXIDE AND AN ORGANIC MERCURIAL CHEMICAL FOR PEA SEED TREATMENT, REPORTED THAT THE ADDITION OF A STICKER MAS UNDESIRABLE WITH EOTH FUNCICICES. DEZEEUw AND ANDERSEN (IO), STUDYING THE DRY AND SLURRY METHODS OF CHEMICAL APPLICATION TO PEA SEEDS, REPORTED THAT CERESAN M APPLIED IN THE DRY FORM AT 4 O2./)OO LB. OF SEED, RESULTED IN SIG- NIFICANT STAND INCREASES, SHEREAS STANDS OF SEVERAL PEA VARIETIES WERE REDUCED SIGNIFICANTLY DITH THE SAME RATE OF APPLICATION OF FUNGICIDE IN A wATER SLURRY. THE SAME MORKERS (I, 2) IN SIMILAR STUDIES, FOUND THAT EITHER THE SLURRY OR THE DRY METHOD WAS SATIS- FACTORY wITH CTHER MATEPIALS AND THAT OATER AND UETHOCEL SLURRIES (7% METHOCEL SOLUTION), WERE EQUALLY EFFECTIVE. (A) UNPUBLISHED FIELD DATA. CORCOS (9) STUDIED THE EFFECT OF ORGANIC MERCURY PPOTECTANTS ON THREE VARIETIES OF PEAS, UNDER FIELD AND LABORATORY CONDITIONS. HE FOUND THAT CERESAN M SLURRY AT A Oz./IOO LB. OF SEED, AFFECTED SOME PEA VARIETIES MOPE ADVEFSELY THAN OTHERS. STUDIES ON INJURY OF PEAS CAUSED EY CTHER ORGANIC MEPCUAY COMPOUNDS WERE ALSO INCLUDED IN HIS INVESTIGATION. ALTHOUGH SEVERAL wDRKERS HAVE STUDIED THE EFFECT OF FUNGICIDE CDMSINATIONS OHEN APPLIED TO SEED, NO POSITIVE RESULTS HAVE BEEN OBTAINED wHICH SHow EVIDENCE OF SYNERGISM OR ANTAGONISM (25). ARNDT, ET AL. (4) IN I946, FOUND THAT DUPONT I452F AND COW-98 AT A RATE OF 3 GM./RG. OF SEED WERE EDUALLY EFFECTIVE IN CONTROLLING CAMPING-OFF OF SEVERAL KINDS OF COTTON SEED. IN A SECOND EXPERIMENT THEY OD- TAINED THE SAME RESULTS, OUT THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THESE TOO CHEMICALS OAS NOT IMPROVED BY THE ADDITION OF FERMATE AND ZERLATE. THE COM- BINATION OF DOM-98 AND CHLCRANIL (SPERGON) WAS NOT SUPERIOR TO Dew-98 USED ALONE, EXCEPT IN THE LABORATORY TESTS. AS CITED BY LEUKEL (25), WILSIE, wORKING wITH HAMP SEED, OBSERVED THAT SPERGON PLUS NEW IM- PROVED CERESAN wAS BETTER THAN SPERGON USED ALONE, PROBABLY BECAUSE OF THE ADDITIONAL ACTION OF THE LATTER, wHICH UNFORTUNATELY WAS NOT USED SEPARATELY FOR COMPARISON. THE EFFECT OF CHEMICALS ON TREATED SEED MAINTAINED IN STORAGE FOR COMSIDERADLE PERIODS HAVE ALSO BEEN INVESTIGATED. LEUKEL (25) REPORTED THAT IN SOME CASES THERE WAS NO INJURY TO GEPMINATICN AFTER STORAGE, BUT IN OTHERS REDUCED GERMINATION OCCURRED. THE AMOUNT OF INJUPY DEPENDED UPON THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF THE SEED, RATE OF FUNGI— CIDE APPLICATION, LENGTH AND CONDITION OF STORAGE, KIND OF SEED, ETC. MCCALLAN (27) FOUND THAT SEVERAL VECETAELE SEEDS INCLUDING PEAS AND BEANS TREATED JITH CHROMATE AND ORGANIC COMPOUNDS DID NOT LOSE THEIR VIABILITY IN STORAGE AND THAT THERE WAS NC FEELCTISN IN THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CHEPICALS TESTED. SAYLIS (5) REPORTED THAT THERE wAS NO EVIDENCE OF DIMINISHED GERMINATI31 I1 TREATED VEGETABLE SEEDS STORED DRY FOR TEN MONTHS. “HALLEN AND SKOLHO (39) NOTICED AN INCREASE IN EMERGENCE OMEN VEGETABLE SEED, HELD IN STORAGE FOR SEVERAL YEARS, MAS TREATED wITH VARIOUS SEED PROTECTANTS. MUCH HAS BEEN WRITTEN ELLFWHERE REGARDING THE VALUE OF SEED TREAT- MENT AND THE RELATIVE MEGITS OF DIFFERENT SEED PROTECTANTS. A REVIEW OF THIS LITERATURE cRDNS THAT, AS A RULE, CONSIDERABLE VARIATION IN THE RESPONSE OF INDIVIDUAL CROPS DAY EE EXPECTED, AS WELL AS IN THE / EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CHEMICALS TESTED (28). CORN AND DEZEEUw (3): As A RESULT OF THEIR EXPERIMENTS ON SNAP BEAN SEED TREATMENT, NOTED A VARIETAL DIFFERENCE IN RE!7TI°“ TR THE FEED "=“"“*S”‘“, 1”” *' INTE?- ACTION OF VARIETIES, CHEMIcALS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS. HALKER (37) AND ANDE1SEN AND DEZEEUW (3), STUDYING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS SEED PROTECTANTS TO CGNTRTL DANPING-OFF IN PEAS, NOTED THAT THE BENEFITS FROM SEED TREATMENT VARY wITH THE SEASON AND LOCATION. KENNKAMP (20) NOTICED THAT wITH POOR SEED OR UNFAVORABLE ENVIRONMENT, RESPONSE TO SEED TREATMENT WAS MARKED; BUT wITH GOOD SEED AND FAVORAELE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS, THERE WAS NO RESPONSE. GEADEMANN (l2) FOUND THAT SOME TREATMENTS wHICH APPEARED HARMLESS IN WET SOIL, REDUCED EMERGENCE OR CAUSED INJURY IN DRY SOIL. HE OBSERVED ALSO (I3) THAT SEED TREATMENT OF SMALL SEEDED LEGUMES WAS EFFECTIVE WHEN THE TREATED SEED wAS PLANTED IN COLD WET SOIL. JACKS (I6) REPORTED THAT TREAT- MENT OF VEGETABLE SEEDS FOR FIELD TRIALS WAS GENERALLY MORE BENEFICIAL WHEN THE SEED WAS PLANTED IV COOL INT) MOIST SOILO HE OSTAINED IMPROVED EMERGENCE IN ALL BUT THE DEIEST SDIL. PORTER (31), wcPHING IN ERAzIL, FPUND THAT DIEPEPENT PEA VARIETIES REPRESENTING SMDDTH AND wnINKLED SEED TYPES, DEPE BENEFITED BY SEED TREATMENT, ALTHOUGH THERE wAS EVIDENCE THAT SDME VARIETIES RESPONDED NoRE THAN OTHERS. NMCHACEK AND BRowN (28), IN FIELD TRIALS wITH VAHICUS SEED DIS— INFECTANTS SHowED THAT SEED DISINFECTION SOMETIMES INCPEASED BOTH SERVI- NATIDN IND YIELD OF RADIUM PEAS, AND SDMETIMES DID NOT; IN SGME INSTANCES, IMPRDVEMENT IN GEPMINATIDN wAs NDT EDLLowED BY AN IMPRoVE- MENT IN YIELD. CoHN AND DEZEEuw (R) EDUND THAT wa DEAN VARIETIES wERE BENEFITEO MoRE DY SEED TREATMENT THAN PEPE GREEN BEANS. vALLEN (40) REPDPTED THAT, IN GENERAL, MOST or THE CRUCIFERS RESPDNDED To SEED TREATMENT. THE RESULTS DSTAINED BY SEVERAL ECPEEDS oN VETETASLE SEED TREAT- MENT EXPERIMENTS ARE NUMEPDUS AND VARIED. No ATTEMPT IS MADE To PRESENT A COMPLETE REVIEw or THE LITERATURE ON THE SUBJECT. ATTENTION HID nEEW GIVEN To THE MDST IMPDPTANT PAPEPS DEALING wITH THE EFFECTIVE- . NESS or SEED PRDTECTANTS AS APPLIED To PEAS AN) BEANS FOR CCNTEDLLING SEED DECAY AND CAMPING-DEE. IN :93! JDNES (I9) NDTICED Two DISTINCT PHASES or SEED TREATMENT To BE CCNSIDERED; (I) THE VALUE or SEED TREATMENT IN THE CDNTRSL CF SEED-HORNE DISEASES, AND (2) THE PEDTECTECTIDN or SEED EPeM DECAY CAUSED BY SEIL-SSRNE DRGANISMC PnIoR To THE GERMINATIDN or THE SEED AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE YPUNG SEDDLING. WDHKING wITH PEA SEED TREATMENTS, HE FOUND THAT ORGANIC MERCURY DU$TS CONTAINING A LEAST |2% or MERCURY PHENDLATE wERE MoST EFFECTIVE IN INCREASING THE STANDS. AN INCREASE IN GERMINATIGN RESULTED FR'M TQEPTING THE SEED WITH SEMESAN UNDER VAPIDUS SCIL MDISTURE AND SDIL TEMPE?&T”PE CONDITIONS. IO LEACH (2|) IN 1940 PEPCRTED THAT DAMPING-DFF SF SSME VE3ETARLE CRDPS CAUSED BY DYTHIUM ULTIMUM WAS SATISFACTGRILV CONTROLLED BY SEED TPEATVENT WITH RED OXIDE OF COPPER, BUT OPGANIC MERCURY COV- POUNWS WERE MORE EFFECTIVE WHEN INFECTION WAS DUE TO RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI. LEACH AND SMITH (33), DSPKING WITH GARDEN PEAS, IN [945, SHowED THAT SEMESAN AND YELLDw CUPRDCIDE APPEARED To PFDVIDE A SETTEP PR0- TECTI3N AGAINST INFECTION CAUSED BY PYTHIUM ULTIMUM IN ARTIFICALLY INFEOTED SOIL THAN ARASAN, NEw IMPRDVED CERESAN, OR SPERSDN, ALTHRUSH THE DIFFERENCES WERE NrT GREAT. IN FIELD TRIALS wHERE INFESTATIONS wERE DF MRDE ATE INTENSITY, ALL THE CHEDICALS PRCVIDED ADEQUATE PR:- TECTION, SUT SPERGDN AND SEMESAN PRDDUCED SETTER RESULTS IN SDME TESTS. IN NATIoN—wIDE TESTS SPRNSSRED EY THE SEED TREATMENT CeMMITTEE DE THE AMERICAN PHYTDPATHDLDGICAL SOCIETY IN |948 ()4), IDAHO REPeRTED PHYGDN, ARASAN AND SPERGDN AS THE BEST SEED PRDTECTANTS TD DENTRDL SEED DECAY AND CAMPING-DEF IN THSMAS LAXTDN PEAS. CLHN AND DEZEEUN (8) IN I949, TESTED TEN VARIETIES OF SNAP BEAN wITH FIVE DIFFERENT SEED PRDTECTANTS. THEY FSUND THAT SDEREON AT 4 Dz./IOO LB. OF SEED PRDDUCED A SIGNIFICANT INCREASE IN GEMINATICN 0F MCST OF THE_VARIETIES IN 30- PERCENT OF THE TESTS, L-224 AND ARASAN EEINS LESS EFFECTIVE. Dew F800 AND L-640, SDTH APPLIED AT 4 Dz./IOO LS. OF SEED, WERE TDXIC TO CERTAIN VARIETIES, BUT L-éAO, WHEN APPLIED AT 2 Dz./IOO LB. 0F SEED, CAUSED AN INCREASE IN DERMINATIPF. IN A CDMPARATIVE STUDY SN THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SEPARATE AND COMBINED SEED AND SDIL TREATMENT, MCKEEN (29) CBSERVED THAT AFASAN APPLIED To THE SDIL PRIDP TO PLANTING, WAS HIGHLY EFFECTIVE IN CDN— TROLLING PREEMERGENCE AND PGSTEMERGENCE DAMPING-DFF IN CERTAIN VEGTABLES. SOIL TREATMENT WITH ARASAN WAS MARKECLY SUPERIOR TO SEED TREATMENT. A CDMSINED SEED AND SOIL TREATVENT wAE USUALLY MORE EFFECTIVE THAN EITHER TREATMENT ALCNE. IN l949, ARASAN AND SPERGON WERE REPDPTED IN VARYLAND AS BEING THE REST FOR PRIDE PEAS, AND IN A CDDPERATIVE EXPERIMENT IN FOUR STATES, C a C L-64O WAS FOUND THE REST AND C & C L-640, $EC1ND BEST FDR CONTRDLLINC DAMPING-OFF IN PEAS. ‘SISCONSIN REPRRTED A NEW PROTECTANT (KFAC?) As THE BEST (35). BOOSALIS (7) SHOWED THAT SOYDEAN DAMPING-OFF CAUSED EY RHIZOCTONIA SGLANI WAS CPNSICERAELY REDUCED BY TREATING THE SEED WITH SPERGON AND CERESAN N. MCCALLAN (27) TESTED SEVEPAL CHRONATE AND ORGANIC CDMPOUNDS AS PDESIDLE SEED PROTECTANTS IN THE GREENHOUSE 0N SEVERAL VEGETABLE SEEDS INCLDDING PEAS AND PEANS. HE FOUND THAT COPPER-ZINc-CHRDMATE RANRED FIRST DN PEAS AND THAT FAIR RESULTS wERE OBTAINED ON THE OTHER VEGETABLE CRDPS EXCEPT LIMA BEANS TO wHICH IT HAS PROEASLY INJURIOUS. MCNED AND MCCALLAN ()0) NDTICED THAT CHLORANIL (SPERGDN), ONE OF THE QUINSNE DRSANIC CDMPCUNDS, WIS FOUND To SE USEFUL AS A PPOTECTANT FDR MANY TYPES oF SEET, INCLUDING PEAS, LIMA DEANS, CORN, AND OTHERS. THEY NDTED THAT THERE wERE SDME LIMITATIONS IN ITS USE, NAMELY SDIL TEXTURE AND ALKALINITY, wHICH APPEARED TO INFLUENCE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SPERGDN AS A GOOD SEED PPOTECTANT. THE SAME AUTHORS (30) IN THEIR DISCLSSION 3N SEED TREATMENT EXPERISENTS, NCTICED THAT OF THE FIFTEEN STATES REPDRTING EXPERIMENTS ON PEA SEER TREATMENT UP TO I950, TWELVE RECOMMENDED SPERGON AS THE MOST EFFECTIVE SEED PROTECTANT AGAINST PEA SEED DECIV CAUSED BY PYTHIUM SPPO, AND FSURTEEN REPORTED IT TO BE ACCEPTABLE AS A SEED l2 TREATMENT. ARASAN wAs NEXT TD SPERGDN IN NINE DF THE FIFTEEN STATES. FOR LIMA DEAN SEED TREATMENT, SIX STATES RECSVMENDED SPERGDN AS AN ACCEPTABLE SEED TREATMENT, AND TWELVE STATES PECSMMENDED SPERGSN FDR SNAP DEANS. JACKS (l6) TESTED SEVEN CHEMICALS IN GREENHDUSE AND FIELD TRIALS ON SEVERAL VEGETABLE SEEDS, INCLUDING PEAS AND FRENCH DEANS. HE FOUND THAT THIRAM, CHLORANIL, AND 36L (I-P-SULFAMYLPHENYL-3-5- DIMETHYL-A-NITROSDPYRASCLE), WHE'E THE MDST EFFECTIVE SEED PPOTEGTANTS. HAGDESRN (IA), PEPDRTING THE RESJLTS SN HIS EXPERIMENTS wITH PEA SEED PROTECTANTS FDUND THAT ARASAN, KF467, PHYGON, AND SPERGDN WERE SIGNIFICANTLY MDRE EFFECTIVE THAN ARASAN SF-X, DOw 98 AND PHYSON XL. REPDRTS DN DEAN SEED TREATMENTS IN CDLGRADD MENTISNED THAT DITHANE 2-78, ORTHSCIDE 4C6, CRAG #SBI, CERESAN M, PHYGON XL, ARASAN AND Dal 98 WERE THE MoST EFFECTIVE SEED PROTECTANTS (36). ANDERSEN AND DEZEEUW (2) REPORTED SEVERAL FUNGICIDES EFFECTIVE AS PEA SEED PROTECTANTS. OF THESE, PHYSDN XL, PHYGON, AND SEMESAN WERE THE BEST. OTHERS LIKE CERESAN M, ARASAN, ARISAN SF-X, 0&0 L-224 AND PANIGEN wERE GnOD IN SDME SEASONS aUT NST IN DTHERS. THE SAME woRXERS (I) PRESENTED RESULTS BASED UPPN THREE YEARS EXPERIMENTS ON SEED TREATMENT OF GARDEN AND CANNING DEANS wHICH SHSwED THAT APASAN, C & C L-224, PHYGSN XL, SEMESAN, ORTHSCIDE 406, BASIC CDPPER CARRSNATE, AGRSX AND OTHER CHEMICALS WERE EFFECTIVE AS SEED PROTECTANTS. ANDERSEN AND DEZEEUw, (A) REPSRTED RECENTLY THE RESULTS FRDM |953 FIELD EXPERIMENTS SN ALDERMAN °FA SEED TREATMENTS WITH VARIOUS CHEMICAL PRDTEGTANTS. ORTHDCIDE 75 wAS THE REST FDR PREVENTING (A) UNPUBLISHED FIELD DATA. l3 DAMPING-OFF AND cEED DECAY. RANKING NEXT flERE SEMESAN, ORTHS SEED GUARD, PHYGON S. P., C & C L-640, AND ARASAN. SPERGDN WAS AMONG THE LEAST EFFECTIVE CHEMICALS. THEIR PESLLTS FRDM THE l953 FIELD EXPERIMENTS ON ROUND PSD KIDNEY flAX DEAN SEED TREATMENT SHIRED THAT ARASAN PLUS DIELDRIN (DU DONT), MERCULINE, CRTHD SEED 3UAPD, FERMULINE, SEMESAN AND I & D (Du PONT) AS THE MODE EFFECTIVE SEED TREATMENT CHEMICALS FOR PREVENTING DAVPINS—OFF AN) SEED DECAY. SPEPGDN WAS AMDNG THE LEAST EFFECTIVE CHEMICALs . NwTEQIALS AND AETHCDS PEA SEED (PISUM SATIVUM L.) SE THE VARIETY ALDERMAN AND SEAN SEED (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.), VARIETY FOUND POD KIDNEY WAX, DERE SELECTED FOP INVESTIGATICNS DN CDMSINATIDN SEED TREATMENTS BECAJSE OF THEIR HIGH SUSCEPTIEILITY TO DAMFING-OFF AND DECAUSE OF THEIR EASE OF HANDLING AND TREATING. THE NAME, ACTIVE INGREDIENTS AND AANUFACTUPERS OF THE VERCURIC AND NSN-MERCURIC FUNGICIDES USED IN THE SEED TREATMENT EXPERIMENTS, ARE GIVEN IN TABLE I. THE FUNGICIDES WERE APPLIED 19 THE SEED TwO OR THREE DAYS EEFCRE PLANTING AT RATES CALCULATED IN OUNCES PER HUNDRED PDUNDS eF SEED. THE REQUIRED AMOUNT RF DUSTS DR LIQUIDS AT, AEDVE, DR EELOw THE RATES RECCMHENDED BY THE MANUFACTURERS, DAS MEASURED ACCURATELY AND APPLIED To THE SEED IN 125 ”L. ERLENMEYER FLASKS. EVEN DISTAIDUTIDN CF THE DUST DR LIQUID wAS ENSURED BY SHAKING AND RDTATING THE FLASK UNTIL THE SEEDS VERE WELL COATED. DUST MATERIALS wERE APPLIED AS DRY TPEATSENTS. ‘flwEN LIQUID CHEMICALS WERE USED ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH A DUST, A FED DRGPS DE A 7% METHOCEL SOLUTION WAS ADDED. SOIL WHICH HAD PREVIOUSLY SEEN USED TO GROD PEAS AND DEANS AND wHICH IAS HEAVILY INFESTED wITH DAMPING-OFF ORGANISMS, wAS MIXED NITH NEW COMPDST AND SAND AT A RATE OF ONE PART DLD SDIL, ONE PART NEW COMPOST AND ONE PART SAND. THIS GAVE A SANDY LOAM MEDIUM wHICH DID NOT OACK HEAVILY wHEN SATERED. TODD FLATS, I4 X 2| X 3% INCHES IN SIZE WERE USED IN ALL THE EXPERIMENTS. THE FLATS WERE LARGE ENOUGH TO PLANT TEN RODS EACH wITH FIFTEEN EEEES AND THE SEEDS WERE COVEREI UNIFORMILY WITH ONE INCH OF SOIL. l5 EACH TREATMENT IAS REPLICATED FOUR TIMES WITH DSUDLE RODS OF SEED FOR EACH REPLICATISN IN ALL EXPERIMENTS EXCEPT FOR THE FINAL SEAN EXPERIMENT wHICH WAS REPLICATED FIVE TINES. NO REPLICATION wAs USED IN STRICTLY PRELIMINARY TRIALS. APPROPIATE UNTREATED CONTROLS WERE INCLUDED AND EACH EXPERIMENT WAS A RANDOMIZED EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN. IN GENERAL, THE EXPERIMENTS WERE CONDUCTED FOLLOWING THE METHODS ADOPTED FDR GREENHOUSE SEED TREATMENT EXPERIMENTS AS GIVZC BY MCCALLAN (25) AND JACKS (16). AFTER PLANTING, THE FLATS wEFE PERIODICALLY WATERED IN ORDER TO PRCVIDE CONVENIENT MOISTURE To THE GERNINATING SEED, THE MOISTURE BEING MAINTAINED AT SIMILAR LEVELS THROUGHGUT ALL THE EXPERIMENTS, ACCORDING TO THE RECOMMENDATION: OF JONES ’IQ). THE PLANTED FLATS WERE PLACED IN Two DIFFERENT CREENHDUSES MAINTAINED AT Two DIFFERENT AIR TEMPERATURES RHICH PROVIDED TwO DIFFERENT SOIL TEMPERATURES. THE Low SDII TEMPERATURE RANGE ARE FROM I5. TO |8%}, AND THE HIGH SEIL TEMPERATURE RANGED FROM 20° TO 24°C. THE Low GREENHOUSE AIR TEMPERATURE RANGED FROM |6° TO 20°C, AND FROM 22° To 26°C. FOR THE HIGH TEMPERATURE. AS MENTIONED BY MCCALLAN (26), PDSTEMERGENCE DAMPING—DFF Is GENERALLY INDEPENDENT OF THE SEED TREATMENT AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CHEMICALS TESTED MAY SE ESTIMATED ON THE BASIS OF PERCENTAGE OF PLANTS EMERGED AFTER FCUPTEEN DAYS. HSwEVER, DATA ON POST— EMERGENCE CAMPING—OFF, IN ALEITICL Tc FTEETEFCESCE CAMPING—OFF, WERE RECORDED ESPECIALLY F‘F‘ CGMPARISON OF DAf-JPlfalG-DFF SEVERITY IAT IC THE TWO SOIL TEMPERATURES UECD. THESE DATA AFE GIVEN IN SEPARATE TAELEE FCR THE Two FIRST PEA AND BEAN EXPERIMENTS RESPECTIVELY. PECCFTE (F FFEELEFCLLCE E‘VCI‘G-ST" I:.E '=%_w "“ .E‘gv AFTER PLANTING ON THE ”1'!" RF TOTAL N“UEER Or PL‘NTT ENERGFC. QELORUs ON PCSTEMERGENCE DAMPING-CFF VE”E MADE THREE TEEKS ARTEP PLANTING EY REMDVING THE PLANTS FROM THE SOIL AND COUNTING THE HEALTrY SEEDLINGS. THE RESULTS FROM ALL THE REPLICATED EXPERIMENTS WF‘E STATISTICATLY ANALIZED USING THE ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (33). TFE DIFFERENCES FOR SIGNIFICANCE AT THE f-PERCENT AND I-PERCENT LEUELS ARE GIVEN AT THE EOTTOM OF EACH TAELE. VARIATITNS wITHIN INDIVIDUAL EXPERIMENTS ARE PRESENTED AS EACH EXPERIMENT If. DISCUSSEDO I7 EXPE?ILERWAL RESULTS PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS I! TWO IDENTICAL PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTS USING THE ALDERMAN PEA AND THE ROUND POD KIDNEY NAX PEAN wERE CARRIED CUT TS OBTAIN A TENTATIVE SELECTION SF THE MORE PR MISING MATERIALS TO EE USED IN SUPEEOUENT EXPERIMENTS EITHER ALONE OR IN COMBINATION. THE FOUR MERCURIC AND Nan-AFRCURIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS SELECTED ARE GIVEN IN TASLE I. THE CHEMICALS wERE APPLIED AT A RATE OF 2 OUNCEC/IOO PDUNDS: OF SEED RHEN USED ALONE, AND AT | OUNCE/IOC POUNDS OF SEED WHEN USED IN COMRINATION, EXCEPT FOR VANCIDE 5| WHICH wAS APPLIED AT 4 CUNCES AND 2 OUNCES/IOO POUNDS SF SEED RESPECTIVELY. THE CHEMICALS wEPE TESTED IN ALL PRSSIELE COMBINATIONS UNDER BOTH LOW (I60 T0 20. C.) AND HIGH (20. TO 24. C.) SOIL TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS. TEN TFEATUENTC INCLUDING A CHECK, WERE PLANTEI :N EACH FLAT. DATA ON PREEMERCENCE AN: POSTEMERGFNCE DAMPING-OFF HERE TAKEN BUT, BECAUSE THE TREATMENTS WERE NOT REPLICATED, NO STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EXPERIMENTS COULD BE MADE. THE EXPERIMENTS, AS STATED BEFORE, SERVED AS A BASIS FOR SELECTING THE CHEMICALS wHICH APPEARED TD DE EFFECTIVE AS SEED TREATMENT MATERIALS wHEN USER ALONE AND IN CDMDINATION TO CONTROL DAMPING—OFF AT TwO SOIL TEMPERATURES. IN ADDITION, AN ESTIMATION ON THE EFFECT OF TENPERATURE ON SEED GERMINATION WAS OBTAINED, TOGETHER wITH PRELIMINARY INDICATIONS OF CHEMICAL TOXICITYO PEA EX ERIMENTS ON THE BASIS OF THE RESULTS OBTAINED IN.THE PRELIMINARY EXPERIEENTS, AGROX, ORTHOCIDE 75, SPEPGON, SEMESAN, C & C L-224, AND ARASAN SF-X, TAELE I. NANE, CHEMICAL COMPDSITITN, PEA AND BEAN SEED TREATMENT EX’ERIMENTC. I8 AND SCURCE 6F THE FUNGICIDES UEEC IN THE TDADE CR CODE NAAE ACTIVE INGRE U '— {'1 2 q SSURCE MERCUPIC FUNGICIOES AGROx C & C L-224 PURATIZED C-IS |2|2 SEMESAN NDN MERCURIC FUNGICIDES ARASAN SF-X (THIRAM) CPTHOCIDE 75 (CAPTAN) SPERGON (#ETTADLE) VANCIDE 5| I PHENYL HERCURY UREA (6.?fi) ME-CUPY-ZINc-CHPDMATE ORGANIC NEHCURY-CADMIUM COMPOUNDS HYDROXYHERCURI CHLORTPHENSL (30E) TETRAMETHYLTHIUPAN OISULPHIDE (75%) N-TRIGHLOROMETHYLTHIO TETPAHYDRDPTHALI“IDE (75% TETRACHLORO-P-DENZOCUINONE (48;) SODIUM SALTS oF OIMETHYL OITHIc-CAPSANIC ACID AND 2 NERCAPTOSENZDTHIAZOLE (302) CHIPMAN CHEN. CO. CARDIOE & CARSON CHEM. CO. CALLCOHUR CHEM. CORP. . I. DU PONT OE NEMDUHS CD. (INC.) SPTW E. I. DU PDNT DE NEMOUPS & CO. (INC.) CALIF. SPRAY CHEM. CORP. U. S. RUBBER CO. R. T. VANDEREILT CORP. I9 wERE SELECTED FOR FUPTHER STUDY AS TD THEIR EFFECTIVENE EEGAY 3F PEAS ANS BEANS CAN EE SUCCE:CFULLY CONTRDLLED BY SEE; TREATMENT. £\ L.) LI :va TOP: CI TED ANDERSEN, A. L., AND D. J. SEZEELW. GEES TREATFENT STURIES FSR IAM'ING-OFF CSNTPSL IN GARDEN ANI CANNING EEAN€ (REPnPT 0F PRGGPESS). MICH. AGR. Ex’. QTA., QUART BUL. 34: 357-364. 1952. , . PEA SEES TREATMENT INVESTIGATISNS (:8P1PT OF PRGGRESS}. MICH. AGR. EXPo STAo. QUART- E“L- 34: 25-33. I952. ANPERSEN, A. L., D. J. DEZEEUW, ANI L. MERRILL. SEE» TREATMENT INVESTIGATIRNS. MICHIGAN STATE CGLLEGE. (UNPUBLI3HE3 MANJE— CHIP). I95 ARNST, C. H., ET AL.. SUMMARY OF CGSPERATIVE TESTS CF CETTGN SEES TREATMENTS I946. U. C. 050T. ARG., DL. DIS. PPTR. 3|; 204— 210. I947. BAYLIS, J. T. S. FUNGI NHICH CAUSE PREEHERGENCE INJURY To GARDEN PEAS. ANN. APPL. EIGL. 28: 2IC-2I8. I94I. EAYLIS, G. T. 8., R. S. DESHPANRE, AND I. F. STOPEY. EFFECT OF SEES TREATMENT oN EHERGENCE 3F PEAS. ANN. APPL. BICL. 30: I9-32- I94?- BocSALIS, M. C. STUTIES ON THE PARASITIEH CF RHIanToNIA SSLANI KUEHN SN SGYSEANS. (AESTR.). PHYTSPATH. 40; 83l. I950. CoHN. A. F., ANS D. J. IE2EEuw. RESPGNSE AF CERTAIN VARIETIES SF SNAP SEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIE) To SEES TREATHENT. MICH. AGR. EXP. STAo, QUART. BUL. 32: 386'4OI. I950. 'A CSRCGS, A. F. INJURY SY ORGANIC MERCURY SEED TREATMENT IN PEAS. (UNPUBLISHED M. S. THESIS). MICHIGAN STATE CCLLEGE. I952. DEZEEUW, D. J., Ann A. L. ANSERSEN. RESPSNSE SF PEA VARIETIES T3 IRY ANS SLURRY METHRSS 0F SEED TREATMENT. PHYTELATH. 42: 52-56. I952. , . LINA SEAN SEED TREATMENT TRIALS IN MICHIGAN, I95I“ 20 U. S. DEPT. OF AGR., PL. DIS. Rpr. 1: 69-70. I953- GERDEMAN, J. W. EFFECT OF SEES TREATMENT SN FcRAG LEGUMES IN WET ANS DRY SGIL. (ASSTR.). PHYTAPATH. Al: 13. I950. . THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE cN THE RESULTS SF SEED TREATMENT or SMALL SEE-ES LEGUMES. U. S. DEPT. SF ACR., PL. DIS. RPTR. 36: 4I9. I952. IA. k) \n 26. I: PAGESCRN, D. J. EXPERIMENTS wITH PEA SEE. PRSTECTANTS IN‘NISCSNSIN. (AEGTF.). PHYToPATH. 42: ID. l952. HowE, W. L., W. T. SCHRSEIER, ANS K. G. SEENSPN. SEES TREATMENT FGR CGNTRSL or SEET-CGRN uAGGoT ANS SEE. SECAY oRGANISMs. NEW YTRK AGR. EXP. STA. BUL. 752. l~52. JACKS, H. THE EFFICIENCY SF CHEMICAL TREATMENTS oF VECETASLE SEESS AGAINST SEES-ECRNE ANn SOIL—EOQLE SRGANISMS. ANN. APP. EICL. / 38: IBB’IDSS '95]. JOHNSON, H. W. SSYSEAN SEES TREATMENT TESTS [947-I950. (\S3TRo)o PHYTSPATH. 4|: 19. l95l. --— JSNES, F. R. STEM AND RSST R3T OF PEAS IN THE UNITES STATES CAUSE. EY SPECIES OF FUSACIUN. JeUR. AGR. QES. 26: 459—476. I923. JONES, L. K. FACTCRS INFLUENCING THE EFFECTIVENESS SF oPGANIC MERCURY BUFTS IN REA-SEES TREATMENT. JGUR. AGR. RES. 42: 25-33. I93l. KERNKAMP, M. F. SEES TREATMENT OF ALFALFA, RES CLCVEG, AUS SREET CLCVER, (AEGTR.). PHYTSPATH. 4|: 2|. 1950. LEACH, L. D. INFLUENCE SF THE PATHSGEN, ENVIRONMENT, ANS HSST RECPCNSE (N THE EFFICACY SF SEED TREATMENT WITH SUGAR SEETS AND SCME VEGETABLE CRCRS. (ASSTR.). PHYToPATH. 33: 788. IGAU. . QFowTH RATES OF HJET AN! PATHCGEN As FACToRs CETERHINIG THE SEVERITY OF PREEmERGENCE IAMPING—SFF. JOUR. AGR. RES. 7S; LEACH, L. 9., AND P. 3. SMITH. EFFECT SF SEED TREATMENT SN PRCTECTISN, RATE oF EMERGENCE, ANS GvnRTH SF GARnEN PEAS. PHYTCPATH. 35; “Bl-205. 1945. LEACH, L. 8., ET AL.. LIMA BEAN SEED TREATMENT TRIALS IN GALIFCRNIA, I950-1952. U. S. DEPT. .F AGR., PL. DIS. PPTR. 38: l93-I99. I954. LEUKEL, R.‘N. RECENT SEVELSPMENTS IN SEE. TFEATMENT. EST. REV. I4: 235—269. I948. '— MCCALLAN, S. E. A. EVALUATIFN oF CHEMICALS As SEES PRGTECTANTS SY GREENHOUSE TESTS WITH PEAS AN! .THER SEESS. CSNTRIS. BOYCE THOM'SON 'N‘To 122 9|‘l'7. I948. . SGME CHRSNATE COMPLEXES ANS SRGANIC coNPoUNPS AS SEEJ PRCTECTANT3. CCNTRIB. THCMPSCN INST. I6: 5—20. I950. MACHACEK, J. E., ANS A. M. EFSwN. EXPERINENTS SN VEGETABLE SEES RISINFECTICN ANI SSSERVATIGN SN VARIETAL RESISTANCE oF PEAS, BEANS, ANS cwEET CORN TO SOME DISEASES IN MANITSSA. SCIENT. AS‘. 28: l45-l53o 19430 29. MCKEEN,C. D. ARASAN AS A SEES AND SOIL TREATMENT FSR THE CONTROL oF DAMPING-OFF IN CERTAIN VEGETABLES. (ACSTR.). EISL. ASSTR. 3i: 34-387. I950. 30. McHEw, G. L., ANS S. E. A. MCCALLAN, THE CONTRoL OF FRUIT ANO VEGATASLE DISEASES. QFP-INT 649. BOYCE THoHRSoN INST. I95l. 3I. PORTER, P. H. TREATMENT OF CRSP SEEIS IN ERAzIL ANS PARAGUAY. (AESTR.). PHYTSRATH. 4|: 374. I95|. 32. REINKING, O. A. DISTRIBUTICN ANO RELATIVE IM-SRTANCE OF VARIOUS FUNCI ASSICIATES WITH PEA ROOT-HOT IN COVMERCIAL PEA-GROSING AREAS IN NEw YORK. NEw YGRK AGR. EXPT. STA., TECH. BUL. 264. [942. 33. SNESECOR, 3.'£. STATISTICAL METHSos. 4TH EO.. IOWA CGLLEGE PRESS. ANES, IOTA. 485 P'. I946. 34. THE FUNCICIRE COMMITEE OF THE AMERICAN PHYTOPATHCLCGICAL SCCIETY. NATIS-wInE RESULTS WITH FUNGICISES IN I948. U. S. DEPT. OF AGR., PL. DIS. RPTR. SUFRL. I8I. I94§. 35. . NATICN-wInE RESULTS WITH FUNCICISES IN I949. U. S. DEPT. OF A:F., PL. DIS. PPTR. SUFFL. I92. I950. 36- . NATIaN—WIDE RESULTS WITH FUNGICIDES IN I950. U. 5. SEPT. cr AGR., PL. DIS. RPTR. SUPPL. 2|O. |952. 37. ‘NALKER, J. 0., E. J. DELwICHE, AN) P. 3. SMITH. PEA SEES TREATMENT wITH CHEMICAL SUSTS. JOUR. AGR. RES. 6|: I43-I48. I940. 38. WALKER, J. C. VEGETARLE FEES TREATMENT. EST. QEV. I4: 538-60], I948. 39. WALLEN, V. R., ANS A. J. SKSLKC. TREATMENT OF VEGETASLE SEES OF Low GERMINATION. U. S. DEPT. OF AGR., PL. DIS. RPTR. 37; 6;. ’68. [953. 40. WALLEN, V. R. TREATMENT SF VEGETABLE SEES FoR INFRCVES ENERGENCE. U. S. DEPT. SF AGR., PL. DIS. PPTR. 37: 620-622. I953. EXPLANATISN SF PLATES THE PLATES GHnw THE RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS SF VARISUS FUNGICISES wHEN USED ALONE ANS IN CJUEINATIGN AT DIFFERENT CSSARES, IN coNTRSLLING SEES SECAY AND PREEMERGENCE CANPING~GFF IN ALUERMAN DEAS. THE PEAS WERE .- lo 00 G-SWN UNDER HIGH SnIL TEMPERATURE CGNnITISNs \20 - 44 0,) IN THE GFEEN- HSUsE AND THE PICTURES wERE TAHEN FSURTEEN BAYS AFTER PLANTING. THE PHOTCGRAPS ARE FROM THE SAflE EYPERIMENT (TASLE 4). EACH TREATMENT PLCT CSNSISTS SF Twe RSws ANS THE RATES SF APPLICATION ARE IN SUNCEs/IOO PSUNSS CF 8EEB, AFTER THE FUNSICIDE. F‘LA TE I COV'PAPIS‘CN ”FTWEE’N THE NPN-T'EATE“ FC‘NIDCL AND "I'E OI‘ EFFECTIVE FUNGICIPFS USES ALSNE AND IN CSNSINATISN. I FRSM LEFT TS RIGHT : VS. 1?. SEMESAN, 2 NS. 22. ‘PASAN Tr—X, I PLUS €PERC9N, I No. I8 C & C L-224, I PLUS ARACAN SP-Y, I NS. I2. WIN-TREATES CCNTRSL NS. 20. \PASAN PP—X, I PLUS CRTHCCIBE 75, I SEESLING EMERGENCE AFTEF SEES TREATMENT wITH SSME SF THE NSST PLNTE II EFFECTIVE CHEMICALS APPLIED ALSNE FRoN LEFT TS NS. 20. NS. I9. IR. I8. NS. I7. Na. 16. RIGHT: ARASAN SF-x, DRASAN SF-X, C & C Lo224, ARASAN SF-X, C & C L-224, PJ AND IN CGVBINATIONS PLUS PLUS PLUS ACRTHSCISE 75, ORTHSCICE 75, 0.5 ARASAN SF—X, EFFECTIVENESS SF SPERCSN AND sour SF ITS CSVSINATIoNC PLATE III WITH THE NON-TREATED CONTROLS FRGN LEFT TC FIGHT: CRTHCCISE 75, 2 AGRSX, I PLUS SPERGSN, 2 SPERGSN, 2 SPEPGSN, 2 PLUS ORTHSCISE 75, C. IPN-TFEATED CSNTRSL E: .1 AE C 0MP! TIES EFFECTIVENESS CELT LL AFL {EIF LC TIRE. LLIT NS. 6. “T. 24. NS. 13. HS. 25. NS. 5. 8F CFTHCCITL 75 AE P" ’rgirr T KG-vx, I PLU3 SPERG (2 O CPERGSN, I PLUS CRT SEMESAN, 2 WSN-TREATES CSNTPSL CPTHSCISE 75, I C(FFIPFP on, 2 HSCISE 75 WITH , I THE PK IvT 7 '[L CSUPARISSN SETwEEN SPF-CON USES ALPNE ANS DLATE V AGRGX, AT Twe FIFEEPENT APPLICATISN PATEF. FRSM LEFT TS RIGHT: NS. IO. NS. 9. Ii. 8. NS. 7. NS. 6. SEVESAN, SPERGSN, SPERGSN, ACch, R HGRSX, IN CPVEINFTION WITH I PLU! OSTHSCISE 75, 0.5 b. PLUS PLUB SPERGSN, I SPERCSN, 2 J SI 29 S I; Get 253‘ ‘ 30,56 May 14'5c 1m j 3 ~13 it; 3 'r 4 "b" Aug 2 ‘56 Auglé '56 492130 “as b-.. Oct 3 '53 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRAR III IIIIIIIIIII III“ III