A STUDY OF T13 LANGUAGE OF THE ASKIN PAPERS, 1747-1820 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Michigan State College in Partial Fulfillment of the Require- ments for the Degree of Master of Arts by Howard Franklin Shout H. ‘ A./ r ,. 2 r—H 5: Sis TABLE OF CONTENTS \ I CHAPTER I \ Introduction................... CHAPTER II VOCQbUlar‘r. o o o o o o o o 0 o o o o O 0 0 0 o 0 Terms Applied to iersons....... u(‘lv‘f‘c‘(‘ IeI'I-{.SO O 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 O .LIC’LGLB vreI-QIYLSOQ0.000900000000000. Terms of 1.ei,,;hL anal 1.1-;ssure151ent :JOt 101.15. . . 0 U . 0 . 0 . . . 0 0 . . . . 0 . 0 . . . Tearing: Apparel................ Fabrics Expressions Peculiar to Letter Agencies of Communication...... AgriCLllt'tlre 000.00.000.00000000 Land Terms Kinds of boat I Weather and..eatr or pond I‘Lir‘ds Of ‘V'EJ‘11 i01-es.oooooo Household Travel and LAN hlf41q+-t o o o ‘xploration. Trades 811d Occur ations. Terms Applied to Press Terms teed in “o1ere~c» Plants -.-~ . .p 4. ,,. 1.1anL-11 ace ‘T l-i-—, ‘ I ‘2 s and Vessc l s... tig/LLS . friulob F 110 L); 11‘ , r1 - ‘ C5 LL"; and and its Lugberiu: Liquors... 1&1'118000000000000000000000 L853 JOI'CLS 3.:{1 1:111:1336800ooooooooooooooo Horde and lhrsses LeI 4 7v téiri-LrL ‘I.\? AAA-LL 51.4.3. "'0'" .C‘ —_£‘ '17'" C muriflu (5-. AI1+ +51“xwooooooooooooooooooooooo- ‘ "‘ ‘ m $— 7 ‘--' + ‘ - '- r‘ ' -~ Arrestions LonAectec Vluh the Arsy and lLilitery' ‘ . 4"\‘V}(‘.‘- L‘iAs‘L-\4' .LVGI‘S . Religion anii Cyll‘lrcrl0000000000000.00.00. Terms Eelating to lie; Implements of Farm ar1d Geographicel end m Expressions Relating to rFrenoh Horde and I? iTES an' Home BeverageS............... Foods and (‘onf ir entS......... nerds and Ihrases lertei Matters of Government........ House Eurnishings............ air: to 1111“,: V.» I, \v“ /‘ y ‘ 1",)” r" 1-5 a 6‘ W Fishing. 0.00.00 . fl. glut 0000000000 (4'. H o CCIIII).ooooooooooo Hope ILIllcal Lxrressi011 Y Bela tions Polite Intercourse, GS 1‘ rec uentl‘ UL C). (J. H: ' J *4 Lxchen"e. and L;J\l.LClI-VQ.. 0 t 8.nd I‘VI‘OCl‘klce O 0 O 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 O I 0 0 Te ms Iertaining to Currency Terms Pertainjmb 10 health 0 Page 3 {‘3 F0 ('3 (RP FOUND %(R (we ,5 H (s (1 (n (n (2 (n (1 g; gs gs #5 ¢\ £0 0) C) Ca ppbiH-J 03C} L‘lfiitfi Cm C) C: O? (3‘: \‘1 (T: H (3 (11(1) C: U {‘0 O TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.) Slang and Colloquialisms .................. 85 Miscellaneous Nouns.. ...... ..... .......... 87 Miscellaneous Verbs.......................89 liscellaneous Adjectives ......... . ....... .94 Miscellaneous Adverbs ..... .......... ...... 95 Miscellaneous Conjunctions. ........ . ...... 97 Miscellaneous Prepositions.. ....... .......98 Miscellaneous Pronouns I O O O I 0 O O O O 0 O O O O I O O 0 O 98 Miscellaneous Articles 0 O O O O O 0 O I 0 0 0 O O O O 0 0 0 0 99 Words and Phrases of Doubtful Meaning.....99 CHAPTER III Proper Names.................100 Names Used to_Identify Certain Localitielel Names of Rivers and Streams..............lO4 Names of Villages, Towns and Cities......108 Surnames .............................109 Given Names ................ ...... . ...... 119 CHAPTER IV Inflection and Syntax ......... ..122 Adjectives Used for Adverbs.. ............ 124 Comparison of Adjectives..... ........... .126 Use of Adverbs .........................126 Conjunctions . .......................126 "Which'I and "Who" Used InterchangeabLy.. .127 "What" As a Pronoun ..... .................127 Instances of Omission of the Relative....127 Verb Phrases, ESpecially Those Containing Peculiar Uses of the Preposition.128 Use of "Should" for the Infinitive.......l29 Use of "Shall" and "Should"..............129 Use of the Subjunctive.......... ......... 130 Singular Verb for Plural.................131 "To Be" As an Auxiliary Verb.............132 Present Tense Used for Past .............. 153 Past Participle for Simple Past..........134 Various Forms of the Simple Past.........155 Various Forms of the Past Participle.....135 "Of" After a Gerund......................158 Use of Possessive with the Gerund ........ 138 Employment of an Article with Gerund.....139 The Double Negative .....................189 D“ n‘ 5.01:1. 2"r Qu‘ ,. 5;..5‘ (1 (1‘1 1.:1 (I: w (b (p () ' ‘3 (:3 {3. (I) In I- . 0 .'!A“ l 1 \\ u-.~“ -. _.—- “—— O f 9 ll TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.) Plural Noun for the Singular ...................... 159 Singular Noun for the Plural ...................... 139 Use of Plural Adjective with the Singular Noun....l4O Use of Singular Adjective for the Plural .......... 140 Omission of "To Be" ............................... 140“ Omission of the Preposition ....................... 140 Uses of Prepositions—End of Sentence, Superfluous, Etc ............. 141 Use of Reflexive for Personal Pronouns..........;.l42 Confusion of Cases in Relative Pronouns ........... 142 Confusion of Cases in Personal Pronouns ........... 145 CHAPTER V Pronunciation ......................... 144 Vowels ........ . ................................. 148 Diphthongs ........................................ 158 Omission of a Syllable ....... . .................... 159 Consonants ........................................ 159 .A as a Prefix. .................................... 164 Miscellaneous Spellings Indicating Pronunciation..164 Archaisms ........... . ..... . ................ . ...... 166 CHAPTER VI Spelling ........................... 167 Endings in -our and -or ........................... 170 Endings in ~ck and —c ............................. 170 Endings in -re and -er ............................ 171 Double Consonants ................................. 171 Use and Omission of Final -e .................... ..l71 The Treatment of Foreign Terminations ............. 172 Various Compound Consonants ....................... 172 The Use of "en"and "in" ........................... 173 The Use of "y" and "i" ............................ 175 The Use of "s" and "c" .......... . ................. 174 The Use of "s" and "z" ............................ 174 Miscellaneous ..................................... 175 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................... 1'76 7.5 OMB £15 N" u a V J our com-1 a‘I‘JJF‘C‘ "i—J,~| “Nara 'U‘.“‘ 9"; 1"“ H... .. -7 v“ ‘ E“ ‘Q tfi‘hJ ‘4 GMMERI Introduction The peculiar fitness of the Askin Papers for a study of this nature lies in the fact that they belong to a part of our country which has had little attention from language students. The New England dialect and the language of the Atlantic states in general received considerable treatment even at an early period. The distinguishing qualities of testern and southern speech have borne much investigation. The French influence in Louisiana and the Spanish in Florida and California have been studied to find the part they played in the growth of our national language habits. The early "Northvest," however, has been permitted to make its unique contributions without being given so much as passing recogni- tion. Yet the development of the fur trade and of commerce with the Indians brought with it a terminology of interest in itself and of no small influence on the business language of later days. The growth of a great inland commerce on the waters of the Lakes and the rise of industrial communities like Detroit and Chicago have had a value to American English. NOr should we pass on without mentioning the important effect of the French settlement of Michigan and lower Canada. Indian, Frenchman and the polyglot herd of adventurers and pioneers, all of whom engaged in the first civilized awakening of this territory, speak through the pages of the Askin Papers. ’T‘no ‘Aia tails: 'h. azi 7.9:: EUCCEE‘ an "A'OD‘ f‘V-‘vv. "en‘ A:- {dot " M‘Ca‘ a e...,_-.. ‘qb’ ~ , an“ ‘n .. Q I. ‘ ' 3‘. N',.C N4 in“ " hi; 'u t‘ : a, .S -2- The manuscripts which form a basis for this investi- gation are an interesting collection. Letters, accounts, and memoranda, both of a business and a personal nature, succeed one another to present a brilliant series of his- torical pictures. They have been handed down to us through generations of the Askin family from the hands of the pioneer trader and merchant whose name they bear. A large part of them are copies of letters sent out by John Askin himself; but many are communications received by him from men in all parts of the New World, men of varied back- ground and education and engaged in many different occu- petions. That Askin's own writings were not of a weari- some sameness is attested by the fact that his interests and activities were wide in variety. As Quaife, the capable editor of the Papers, has expressed it, "....John Askin'e activities over a period of half a century in the North- west, were so manifold that his personal papers illustrate practically every aspect of the life of his time in the region of the upper lakes...." (vol.l,p.4). We may expect, then, that a study of these materials will bring to light 8 mass of interesting data on the early deve10pment of American English. Since this investigation is based to a considerable extent upon the writings of a single individual and since it is confined to a definite locality, it would be well to ‘ ;.efec (f. (‘9' .' 1‘ (1'4 uh: row 1 -.-.-.. "4 ‘ v- .;.S :r ? ‘ ‘Ml LC”? -3... preface the main body of the work with some more partic- ular remarks on these two elements. We cannot fully ap- preciate the significance of the vocabulary and usage in the Papers unless we understand something of the background of the man whose expression they largely are. Nor can we connect this study to the main development of the English language in America unless we consider the ethnical and geographical situation. First of all, then, what factors do we find influenc- ing John Askin to use the language in the way in which he did? Had he come to this country from London we might have expected one manner of expression. From Yorkshire, another. From Scotland, another. Every enterprise in which he engaged in the New World would have brought with it a new vocabulary. The manifold nature of his activi- ties on this side of the ocean has been mentioned above and will be given later in further detail. In addition, however, we discover in Askin a twofold ancestry, Scotch and Irish. He was born in 1738 near Strabane, Ireland, of a Scotch father and an Irish mother. He was reared by his maternal grandfather at Dungannon, and left there in 1758' to try his fortunes in the New World. In America he served With the British army in the Seven Years Tar against the Franch. By 1761 he had established himself at Albany as a p u ‘- n‘ ‘ UB.CM&.A‘U fi.‘ on 31:95 1 1n. t', O I ‘u‘ \u" in. x . I z’.‘,"‘ D . ""“t a: law“; | 3" n L‘. ._‘ '.I ti. " mu‘ .. b._‘.‘ n: L: :‘o‘ C ‘. O “I IJ. ‘ ‘ ‘) :“c.: r: V. . “ . -L..’~e . ‘ I 't.‘ ”A S . - "ll » {LC A -4- merchant in the Indian trade. He visited Detroit at vari- ous times inll762 and 1763 and was one of the first British traders to venture into the Northwest after the downfall of New France. In 1764 he took up his residence at Hackinac, engaging in Indian trade and the transport business and act- ing as commissary to the military post at that place. Dur- ing the period of his residence at this outpost of civili- zation he conducted a branch trading post at the Sault, carried on experiments at his farm near the Machinac post, and formed friendships with many prominent merchants and military men. In 1780 he quarreled with the Commandant at Hackinac and was obliged to move to Detroit, where he was engaged as a merchant for twenty-two years. He showed himself as a man of ability and enterprise in this business, for, as is stated by Quaife, "The conduct of the trade was subject to so many hazards that only the shrewdest and most energetic traders could long continue it" (op.cit., vol.1,p.8}. Because of failure in the fur trade and the American occupation of Detroit, Askin moved across the Detroit River in 1802, establishing a new home opposite the lower end of Belle Isle. He named the new homestead Strabane in memory of his birthplace. From.1802 to his death he lived the life of a farmer engaging in a few commercial activities and acting as a land agent for his .a" ’ ,-~_ lee-Ind . w 9': c 11.! .Ql“ 5 .1 4o ., o 4:. r «II- .. q 5 U 5- ‘- I.',., . \. and,“ I H',’ .. i. ” ‘ I. '. “It: 1 n .e._..‘ I ‘. Piu‘I -.‘4“I‘ 3‘ .‘h V, .._ a“ . ~: '-.‘ ‘0‘ .. s uI‘ . ‘ 1»..!: x... N”. . I :I. ‘ ~- .‘ 'e.“ ." v "A, B: i 4* l ' 3' i in. I H. 5' V -5- friends in Montreal. For some time he was an officer of the militia. His married life was at all times peaceful and serene. His first wife was an Indian woman, probably of the Ottawa tribe. His second wife was Eerie Archange Barthe, a member of an old French family which had been long settled in the territory. John Askin died in 1815. Here surely is the story of an eventful life. John Askin was an Indian trader, merchant, commissar, politi- cian, land agent, magistrate, soldier, farmer, naturalist, distiller, brick-maker, and ship-builder, living with an Indian wife and with a French wife, close friend of many of the prominent figures in the early history of Canada and the American Northwest Territory, and in contact with men of all nations in all manner of business. Ierhaps our study will show something of the influence of his Scotch ancestry or of his early environment at Strabane and Dungannon. Certainly the speech of his wives, differ- ent as it must have been from his own, would have had its effect on his own manner of expression. And from his many interests and activities we may look for some unusual vocabulary lists. New let us look at the great theatre of the Northwest, 0n the stage of which the life of John Askin was unfolded. When the twenty-year-old youth from Ireland first landed -5- on the shores of America, he found the New Torld in tur- moil. The English settlements in America had gradually moved westward until they came into contact with the older colonies of New France. The question was one of the control of the Great Lakes and of possession of the rich Northwest country. To further provoke the strife was the coincident Seven Years War between the Mother Country and Old France. The result is common history: Quebec fell and with it the French supremacy in North America. A vast wilderness of thousands of square miles was suddenly opened to English exploration and exploita- tion. iilitary posts had to be established in the terri- tory to deal with Indian uprisings and possible French reprisals. Askin, as we have learned, was one of the first to venture into the newly Opened territory. Because of their strategic locations on the narrow channels between the lakes, Mackinac, the Sault, and Detroit soon became the principal military and commercial centers of this western country. At each of these points Askin estab- lished himself to supply both the needs of the soldiery and those of French and Indian traders. He was the connect- ing link between them and the older centers of population. Our manuscripts, however, deal but slightly with the period of his activities at Mackinac and Sault Ste. Marie. It is -7- with his life at and near Detroit that they are princi- pally occupied, and it is there that we shall turn our attention for a mement. According to Quaife "Detroit is the oldest center of civilization in the vast area of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi Valley" (op.cit.,vol.l,p.1). Succeeding the Ottawa Indian village which once stood on the site, came the French community established by the great Cadillac. Until 1760 it remained a purely French settle- ment, Gallic in tradition, in custom, in language. In 1760 appeared the British conquerors and with them John Askin. The thin veneer of Anglo-Saxon civilization im- posed by British officialdom and commercial interests affected the community but little. The French people were peace-loving and amicable, but they resisted change by their English brethren. This was the village to which Askin came from hackinac and in which he lived as a lead- ing citizen for twenty-two years. With the close of the Eighteenth century, however, the new government of the United States took control of this essentially French community on the Straits of Lake Erie; and the influx of newcomers soon overwhelmed the French culture that had existed and established the Anglo-Saxon as the dominek order of things. .8. What language could continue in a pure form under such conditions? The babel of tongues on the river front must have rivalled that on the wharves of Bordeaux or the present harbor of New York. French voyageurs and traders argued with stoical Indian trappers. Moravian and Dunkard villagers from nearby districts talked in guttural German to smart British officers. Shrewd Yankee peddlers bar- gained with Irish housemaids. More influences came from all this undoubtedly than can be found in written records such as the Askin Papers, but these rapers furnish some indication of the nature of the changes in vocabulary, in pronunciation, and otherwise. Since this is a study of the development of American English in one small part of the country, it is pertinent that we inquire what has been done in the field in general. First of all, let it be said that the two outstanding works in this connection are mencken's American Language and Krapp's English Language in_America. The student might do worse than to begin and to end his labors with them. Both of these have been published since 1920 and bid fair to stimulate much further effort by scholars in a province which has been signally neglected. The expected appearance of Sir William.Craigie's Dictionary g£_American English should do more in this direction. Mention must also be -9- made of the numerous studies in such publications as Dialect Notes, todcrri ililolo " and others, and of isolated productions such as C. L. Horto n's Political ‘ Ameiican sr (N.Y., 890), and Tucker's American En; isn A (NOYO’1921}O There seems to have been a plethora of early diction- aries and glossaries of so-called Americanisms, or which Thornton's American Clossrr; (Ehila.,1912) was the flow- V --r ' y‘ e 4.. ering. These include the unork of IiC".‘;§I'i-1_¥_, 3a: is Farmer, Elwyn, Clapin and some few more. All of these scholarliness and to are com.only criticised for a lack o thoroughness. Krapp, however, places Thornton in a class by hirnself with this statement: "The Iptt adva nce of Thornton's American Glossary over older books on a: oricanisms lies in the fact that Thornton gives title, page and date for every word he discusses. The method is sound and every- one who will study American vocabulary intelligently must start from Thornton and make such additions as his Oppor- tunities enable him to make" (op.cit.,vol.l,p.?lil). In discussing early activities in the field we must not fail to include Franklin and Jebster. The former on— new order of things in his Scheme for (D deavored to create .2 New Alphabet and a Fe formed lode f Spelling {ihila.1768). Although his efforts met with little succe s , his accom- -10- panying observations on the state of the English language in America have become a permanent part of the literature on the subject. The influence of Webster was, of course, more widespread that that of his predecessor. In the in- troductions to various of his publications we find him alternating between encouraging the use of new spellings and new additions to the vocabulary and bewailing the im- purity of American English. According to Mencken, the dearth of material in this subject is due to the indifference or opposition of American academics to any differentiation of American English from the English spoken in the British Isles. (Americgn Language, pp.8-12). Whatever the cause, it is certain that the mass of the studies which one finds under the caption of American English are purely argumentative discourses attempting to prove that there is or isn't such a thing as a separate language in this country, or,- that, if there is, the situation is or isn't deplorable. From.almost any point of view, other than the argumentative, such articles are worthless. One might with equal force contend that there is no such thing as an English language, for it would be difficult to find it used anywhere in a pure form. Apply the label of American language, or American dialect, or American vulgate, as you wish; but the fact remains that there are differences between the American -11- branch of the language and the forms in use in other parts of the world. What some of these differences are and how they came into being are sufficiently relative to the present discussion to merit some treatment here. The most obvious change which has taken place in the language on this side of the ocean is in vocabulary. This is also one of the most natural changes. English colonists coming to this country found themselves confronted with a variety of new conditions and new relations to familiar conditions. A stock of words produced itself spontaneously to deal with the situation. As De Vere expressed it, "It is only now and then, when the old tools cannot do the new work required of them, that we cast them aside and invent better ones;...". (Americanisms,p.3). These words were derived from a variety of sources. Hencken names five: the Indian dialects, languages of other colonizing nations, new words of English materials, changed meanings of English words, and archaic English words (American Language,pp.51, 53,55,62,65). Whether this list exhausts the possibili- ties is a matter for separate study, but certainly there tould be little difficulty in finding examples for each of these named. One might think that the English settlers would be:more chary than they were of bringing so many new elements into a language which was traditional for them; Inn, on the contrary, they seemed only too ready to change -12- both their language and their customs to fit their new surroundings. This readiness to change forever the old order of speech was almost universally deplored by the scholars of the day. Pickering remarks, "Our greatest danger now is, that we shall continue to use antiquated words, which were brought to this country by our fore- fathers....and that we shall affix a new signification to words, which are still used in that country solely in their original sense." (Vocabulary,pp.19-20). No matter what the attitude of their learned men, the grow- ing population of the New World continued to alter their vocabulary as they saw the need and have so continued to this day. Some of these differences will be made appar- ent in the section on Vocabulary in this study. No less remarkable than the changes in vocabulary have been the modifications of pronunciation which have taken place on this continent. This, too, is natural, for, as Krapp remarks, "The sounds of any speech are the least stable elements in it." (op.cit.,vol.2,p.255). American pronunciation began to change from standard Ihitish at a very early period. This is in part ascribed to new climatic conditions and in part to the influence of other colonizing nations. The nasalization tendency and the effort made to speak every syllable are said to be the remnj of climate although Jesperson discounts the whole -15- idea. In the matter of the effect of other languages we find such examples as the influence from the French toward liason and the working of the Hobson—Jobson law in Angli- cizing Indian, French and Spanish words. Krapp contends that American pronunciation is basically the same as British. In this connection he declares that "...one might say that in every case the distinctive features of American pro- nunciation have been but survivals from older usages which were, and in some instances still are, to be found in some dialect or other of the speech of England." (English Language 33 America, vol.2,p.28). As an example of this we might cite a statement of Mencken to the effect that the full pronunciation of "r" in America today is the same as the treatment of that sound in English formerly, but that it is no longer in vogue in England generally. (American Language, pp.210-le). Since phonetic changes must natural- ly be more or less fixed by physiological limitations, it is to be expected that speech habits of one period will tend to repeat themselves in another. Otherwise our laws of ablaut, metathesis, and whatnot would scarcely be use- ful instruments of language study. Varied influences, how- ever, result in a varied manifestation of these laws in (Mfferent sections of the world and in different periods of time. There seems to be a general tendency at this time, noted by a number of scholars in the field, toward -14- phonetic decay in all branches of the English language. This tendency is proceeding on diverging paths in England and America, according to Mencken (American Language,p.212). There is a resultant breaking down of inflectional differences, a drcpping of sounds, syllables and even words, and an indefinite pronunciation of unaccented vowels. Examples of the first are to be found in the careless interchange of tense forms in verbs; of the second in such expressions as c'meer for come here; of the last in the reduction of initial and final vowels to a single 23 sound as in uh-nuf for enough and Cincinnat-uh for Cincinnati. It would be impossible, of course, to attempt to name all the phonetic changes which are taking place in this country in the present brief treatment, on even, to describe American pronunciation in any detail. We might take occasion to men- tion a few characteristics. Ignoring the few dialectal differ- ences between the different parts of the country, we may say that our speech tends to be very clear and distinct but level and colorless. There is a habit of nasalization, which has been mentioned previously, and a liason or gliding effect from the final consonant of one word, for instance, to the initial vowel of the_next. The American, and the Englishman to an even greater degree, slaughters consonants by assimi- lation. ZHe engages also in clipping or back-formation, -15- instinctively searching for back roots in long words. These, with the habit of Anglicizing any and all foreign words, may be said to be the distinctive features of our pronunciation. Little need be said concerning place names. We have, indeed, a rich heritage of these from the Indians, names of remarkably descriptive and euphonic qualities. Krapp points out that the settlers were satisfied to preserve the Indian names for natural places and objects but used a terminology of their own when they had altered conditions by their labor and planning (English Language 13 America,pp.172-173). Krapp also presents some interesting data on the widespread French influence on place naming. He cites instances of the reten- tion of French spelling or pronunciation of Indian and English names as well as many original French names. Fencken gives eight classifications of American place names, as follows: "...(a) those embodying personal names, chiefly the surnames of pioneers or of national heroes; (b) those transferred from other and older places, either in the eastern states or in Europe; (c) Indian names; (d) Dutch, Spanish and French names; (e) Biblical and mythological names; (f) names des- criptive of localities; (g) names suggested by the local flora, fauna or geology; (h) purely fanciful names." (American language, p.288). Classifications (a), (c) and (d) are the only ones of particular interest in relation to the citations -15- from the Askin Papers. Hany studies have been made of place naming in various localities. Gannett's (see Bibliography), however, is one of the few wherein a general survey has been made. The history of American spelling has been a history of vein attempts to lead the populace away from the awkward traditional forms to simpler and more phonetic representa- tions of speech. Franklin made the effort as early as 1768 but was forced to admit the project a failure. Webster tried again a few years later, and with the great influence of his American Spelling Book and various dictionaries was able to change the prevailing practice to some slight extent. American spellings of honor for honour, music for musick, traveler for traveller, to demonstrate with but a few examples, suffice to show that there was some alteration. The existence of many standard British forms as shew, burthen and rendred in the éggig Papers indicates that this New England battle of words had few reverberations in the northwest country. Today the differences between American and British spelling are negli- gible. The custom of placing a hyphen in the first word of the preceding sentence would be as important as any of them. Mencken gives three pages of words written differently in the two countries (American Language, Ch.7) and R. P. Read announces 812 examples (New York Sun, Her. 7, '15). In fact, -17- spelling has been the most stable element in the development of the language in this country. Perhaps of all the attempts which scholars have made to regulate the affairs of men, grammar may be said to have failed most completely. From any other than a narrow or clois- tered point of view the so-called science of correct expression has shown itself to be beyond the common ken. Even during the period of a child's schooling it has proved a poor weapon with which to combat the bad speech habits acquired by the pupil in his daily eighteen hours outside the classroom. Two simple causes may be given for this failure. In the first place, a glance at the history of our language shows us that it has never conformed to rule. The beginning found it in a highly inflected form, a heritage from its sources. These inflec- tions have gradually been broken down until only the verbs and the pronouns retain them; and it is with verbs and pronouns that we find a least fifty per cent of non-grammatical usage today. (Mencken, American Language,pp.188-189, citing Dr. Charter's Report, University g§_Kissouri Bulletin, Vol. XVI, No.2, Education Series, No.9). The development away from.inflections will continue in the evolution of the language. In the section on grammar in this paper it will be found that three-fourths of the citations involve errors in the use of pronouns and verbs. The remainder consists of violations of ~18- such grammarian's preachments as the double-negative rule, the shall-will rule, and the rules for the formation of plurals. The other reason for the failure of grammar as an effective instrument in the teaching of clear and forceful expression is to be found in its manner of presentation. A complex terminology and an excessive number of laws and ex- ceptions have succeeded in making it a mystery to all but the most diligent and advanced students, and even they have ignored it in the exigencies of daily life. If there is any solace in it for the purists, the fact might be stated that, at least, the common speech is no worse today than it has ever been. The idea to be derived from all this is that grammar and syntax have been treated in the United States in much the same way as elsewhere. In the oft quoted words of some anonymous wit, the history of grammar has been the history of its corruptions. There briefly we have the story of English in America. Mention might have been made of other elements such as the language of American literature, the history of American lexicography, the moot question of the existence of dialects in the country; but the five subjects treated, vocabulary, pronunciation, place naming, spelling, and grammar, parallel the five divisions of the word lists presented later, and are, therefore, sufficient for our purposes. The general situa- tion of English in America is said to offer the unique -19- spectacle of a linguistic solidarity, with few sectional differences in vocabulary or pronunciation. A certain vigor and freshness about the language in this country has been noted. The Americans are prone to exercise their native inventiveness and enterprise in making their language as they go along. In this aSpect of their national life they have been likened to the Elizabethans, and whether, as in the ages which succeeded the Elizabethan, they will in the future become more reverent of traditions and standards is a matter for conjecture. The method used in this study for selecting words and phrases from the Askin Papers and setting them out in the various classifications needs some explanation. In the first place, let it be emphasized that there has been no attempt to limit the selections to so-called Americanisms. The only basis of choice was that the word or phrase have some unique quality which made it of interest to the study of the English language in America. Individurlisms, Americanisms, Briticisms, provincialisms, vulgarisms, unusual idiom, even proper speech which is no longer standard today are all included. When- ever some pertinent information from another source has been discovered, it has been included with the citation. _Diction- aries of Americanisms have been examined thoroughly to learn the attitude toward some of the terms which has prevailed at different times. The main classifications into five divisions (vocabulary, place names, spelling, grammar and pronunciation) follow the usual method of students in the field. The arrangement of the lists into subdivisions is not intended to be airtight, but is made simply for convenience. There is-some overlapping, as in the subdivisions under Vocabulary of Trade Terms and Business Terms. The excerpts given to demonstrate the use of the w rd or phrase have seemed sufficient for their purpose, but may in some instances strike the reader as being unduly brief. Where this is the case, the reader must accept the assurance that a longer quotation would not serve to clrrify the matter to a much greater degree. Often, as in lists of accounts, nothing is given but the word itself. Very many times a multiplication of examples has been possible but has been deemed unnecessary. For instance, the phrase, "by this Opportunity", is used perhaps one hundred times in the vari- ous letters, but almost always in the same sense. Occaszion- ally repetitions of the same use of a word have been given to show that it continued to a later date. Additional comment might be made on the advantages which the Askin.Papers offered for investigation of this nature. The faithfulness with which the editor transcribed the orig- inal manuscripts so as to retain the peculiar spellings and -21- speech mannerisms is noteworthy. This is best stated in the words of Kr. Quaife himself in a letter which I take the liberty of presenting in part here. ".......In printing the Askin documents the manuscript has been followed with entire faith- fulness in so far as anything you would be in- terested in is concerned. is a matter of practi- cal common sense it was sometimes deemed advis- able to translate dashes to commas and more frequently not to reproduce them at all since Askin, like other penmen of the period, was in the habit of splashing dashes all over his pages in a way that would be entirely meaning- less to the present-day readers. Another type of change in printing the manuscript has been the omission to reproduce in print words inad- vertently repeated by the penman. For example, the definite article might occasionally be written twice where only one writing was intended. It seemed foolish and needlessly distracting to the reader to reproduce in print such inadver- tent errors." Other extracts from Kr. Quaife's letter might be used here to demonstrate further the suitability f the 52512 Papers for this study. For example: ”....Assuming Askin's background and environment to have been what they were, I know of no reason for not supposing that he used the language of his time and place;...." ********1* "I do not know of any better material ' than the Askin Papers for your study." * * * -22- These introductory remarks would not be complete without a note of apprec- iation to Dr. Claude M. Newlin of the Department of English at hichigan State College, East Lansing. The original idea for this study was his, and only his sympathetic guidance and assistance have made its completion possible. Thanks are also due hr. Kilo H. Quaife, editor of the John Askin Papers, for his several courtesies in connection with the work. The following collection of material is humbly offered to more advance stu- dents of the various Subjects connected with American English in the hope that they may find therein something of value to their own individual research activi- ties. -23- CHAPTER II Vocabulary To the casual surveyor of the American scene vocabulary must seem the most interesting part of the study of our lan- guage. The nuances of pronunciation and the wearisome anal- ysis of grammar in the common speech may interest linguists but not the ordinary individual. Yords, however, are the symbols of our thought and life, and by their kind and variety may the quality of our civiliaztion be judged. There is a romance in the study of words, for in them we may view the historic past. The vocabulary we have drawn from the éEElE Papers serves well in this function, the words in these seem- ingly prosaic lists standing out against the savage but beau- tiful age of the pioneers like figures before a great panoramic screen. Each word had its life to live in that day, its work to do. Some found their usefulness outlived as time went on; others were stronger and adapted themselves to changing con- ditions. Krapp has said that the duty of the student of American vocabulary is ”...to attempt to give in some degree a record of the American mind as reflected in words." (English Language in America, vol.l,p.78). Such a record for the lives of our forefathers in the early Northwest you will find in the pages that follow. -24- TERMS APPLIED pg PERSONS In this section are grouped a variety of expressions applied to individuals or groups in different situations. Some of them deserve special mention. The use of gentry and peasants implies a social condition not recognized today. Undoubtedly the distinction intended was between the French country people who were settle about Detroit and the English officers and merchants who were generally higher in the social scale. From the context of the letter in which brethern appears one would conclude that it was used in place of brothers. Fellow as used here seems to carry with it a sense of opprobrium which has been its usual connotation in modern times. Sans Culottes is the French appellation of a band of outlaws. Winterers is a vague expression apparently applied to men working in the transport business who are forced to remain for the winter at some place along the trade route. 1. brethern ...nothing in my power which can be ’ done in justice to myself & his Brethern shall be wanting... Vol.2,p.599(1807) 2. characters Mr. Hands...well wishes to get that place and the first characters here mean to memorial his Excellency... Vol.2,p.369(1802) 3. fellow ...constantly exposed to the care- lessness and caprice of every Fellow going to and coming from the Mill. Vol.2,p.198(1799) -25- 4. gentry The french people can easily walk to Hustings but hy gentry will reguiresome conveyance... Vol.1,p.427(l792) 5. improvers I have heard that they have try'd the course by the compass, and say it will not fall in your Line, and if it did they will maintain their right as im- provers... Vol.l,p.231(l786) Pickering says positively that the noun, mprover, is not in use in the United States but adds that he has seen it once (Vocabulary, p.112). Thether this use of improvers comes under the speCTal American use of £g_imrrove meaning to emclcy or under the general use of the word of improving land by erecting buildings and fences is debatable. The "improvers" in the example above might have had a legal right either by construction on the premises or by simply occupying and work- ing the land. The generalized use in old as is pointed out by Tucker, p.143, and Krapp, English Language in America, Vol.1,p.87. 6. interested In confiding this business to you we are satisfied that the Objects of the interested will be attained. Vol.2,p.444(1804) 7. kind wisher ...to be, you and yours kind wisher & Friend. Vol.2,p.390(1803) 8. paymasters some Indians, as you know yourselves are little concerned about macking Fayment;...there are but very few left, of whom I know, that they are bad Paymasters.Vol.2,p.187(1799) 9. peasants Let the peasants have a fiddle, some beverage & Beef.Vol.l,p.428(1792) 10. people ...which I had cut & stacked near where your peOple are cutting Pine... Vol.2,p.186(l799) Our news is that Genl Clintons Army defeated Genl Gates below Albany and killed him with 7000 of his people... Vol.1,p.105(l778) ll. peoples 12. Phiz 13. Prentiss Boy 14. Public Crier 15. residenter -Zo- I have inquird of some peoples who well know the situation... Vol.2,p.258(1799) ...and a more consequential Phiz I never saw in any man before... ‘ Vol.2,p.670(1811) Prentise Boy galloping through the streets. Vol.1,p.386(179l) ...three announcements...made by the public crier of said place... Vol.1,p.4l(1759) o o OI‘JTI‘ LOUiS cravflford VII-110 is o o .8 residenter at this place... YVrOlo2,p.584(1807) Thornton calls residenter New England dialect. (American Glossary, vol.2,p.73§l. The use of it by John Askin, who had little contact with New Englanders, would lead us to believe that it was more widely employed. 16. Sans Culottes 17. wench 18. Winterers 19. young sett ...if we sail in a single ship, we are on the other hand exposed to the merciless Sans Culottes. Vol.2,p.52(1796) My negro wench Hadeline absconded two days ago... Vol.2,p.772(1813) We are not altogether certain whether two of your Winterers...may not go forward... Vol.2,p.206(1799) I think it very just that the young sett should now take the same pains that the old have done. Yol.1,p.134(l778) BUSINESS TERMS The distinction between this section and the next, Trade Terms, is that between ordinary commercial intercourse as we know it today and the unique trading activities with Indians Lu... $.4i auq -27- and white adventurers which wan characteristic of the 18th and early 19th centuries on this continent. Kany expressions used in the latter relationship were totally separate in mean- ing from anything customary in business exchange. For that reason it was though wise to present them in two sections. 2.1.345. as a noun is mentioned both as an Americanism and as a Briticism in several references. It has had fairly good stand- ing as a verb but is no longer in habitual use. From the terms of the letter in which block is used, the meaning would seem to be a settling of accounts in which one party states the terms and there is no more ado about the matter. Douceur is used in French for tip or bribe. In this quotation it seems to mean "to boot.” The use of fixed to mean settled and Eigt meaning stationary reminds one that this has been the most used and abused word in our language. Fixt property, as cited here, is probably what we identify by the term real. property today. The use of hand for laborer is an interesting example of synecdoche. £233 is customarily used in England. Eggggdup_is ordinary British usage today. The use of middle Egg is not clear. It is perhaps a general term applied to individuals who have charge of the transportation of merchan- dise between two points. 1. account You will receive this and another I wrote some time ago both by Capt. Robertson who Eajr De Feyster sends 2. advantage 5. bilk 4. ’25- to Detroit on the Kings account... Vol.1,p.86(l778) I have been So much disappointed in the Kackina and Detroit markets, that I shall not be very forward to try them Again, thinking it better to sell at a Saving price at home, than to run great risks for the prospect of an un- certain Advantage.Vol.2,p.429(1804) Now if I'm in the Service & can furnish them at the same rate & make an advan- tage to myself...Vol.l,p.87(l778) He who would stoop so low as to, I say bilk the Government of so small a trifle... Vol.2,p.245(1799) Tucker mentions the British employment of the noun in the sense of a cheat or swindler.(nmerican English,p.84). Farmer lists it as an Americanism for "sponger". (Americanisms,p.55) Block cash down charge concern Custom Douceur ...I propose a Block as the French call it as the only Friendly manner of settling our accounts. Vol.2,p.28b(1800) ...tho not all cash down,... Vol.2,p.3 5(1803) I would rather be at any charge than disappoint any person who confides in me... Vol.1,p.112(1778) ...tho' I would not take any unfair means to prevent gentlemen in that concern doing well...(The Northwest Company) Vol.1,p.127(l778) ...a respectable Patter here in good Custom... Vol.2,p.332(1800) ...that if you will throw in Gaillards Farm to me as a Douceur, I will sign the necessary securities... Vol.2,p.194(1799) n': ...l 10. engaged -29- ...it will first be necessary to send you what I have already engaged to send you. Vol.1,p.125(1778) I entertain hopes of being able to send you down good white fish having engaged all I may want from the Sault fishermen. Vol.2,p.574(1807) Bartlett cites engaged in the same sense. (Dictionary of Americanisms,p.137) ll. engagements 12. fair Coppy 15. Fixt property 14. halk I return you thanks for the printed engagements you were so kind as to send me... Vol.1,p.1$4(1778) Please send Alex to Mr Audrain for a fair Coppy of an Obligation from Gabriel Hunot to me... Vol.2,p.475(1805) could I part with even some of my Fixt property here... Vol.2,p.293(1800) If you should find a shiness in getting any One to Execute my Order let me know ...for I would not wish to give you the trouble to halk it About. Vol.2,p.67(l796) Undoubtedly a variant spelling of hawk from 0.3. hack, to peddle. (See Palmer, Eglk:§tymolpgy,p.165) 15. hand 16. Improvement 17. Letter of Licence if you Can Sind a hand with Clearwarters I Shall be Verry glad. Vol.1,p.248(1786) ...which is: to sell our Improvement. We do not speak of selling the Land. Vol.1,p.220(1786) ...since which I have from time to time given him a Letter of Licence, without which he perhaps wouldn't have been trusted. Vol.2,p.501(1805) “ ‘ID 'n‘gv-c. Fl 3:“! .MC“ . ‘4 1}. ”feet a? .. at 5;: '3 .‘n; w.” - Vv‘. Mv“ ‘; " \. a . . I‘I. HE . 7:" .v “~-‘ g. I. ‘ u 3" ha 9 out“ .‘\'E_! I .Act‘ ’ Q d‘l~‘v L'.‘ A! u. c. tar" ‘. u ,- ull S‘.‘::;_l ._.‘ H. t a, 'QHL‘, .‘ ‘ n 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 25. 24. 25. ing 26. 27. -30... make Interest Should Cowan...get up in time to Sail I will make Interest with him to get a few Barrells on board if possible. Vol.2,p.lbl(l?98) Neat ...at which rate you have 1300 lbs. Neat, for your 20 Bag rs... Vol.2, .22b(l799) neat sum ...bind & oblige themselves to pay unto the said John Askin or his order, the Neat Sum of Twelve Shillings... Vol.1,p.388(1791) note ...as to the last note you sent me, I...inclose it to you, as I have not any hopes of it's being discharged here,... Vol.1,p.153(1778) obligation Please send Alex to fir Audrain for a fair Coppy of an Obligation from Gabriel Hunot to me... Vol.2,p.475(18C5} push'd Various times I have spoke to Pr. E on the business, but could not get a final answer. I have at last push'd him. Vol.2,p.266(1799) realized ...& when the prOperty...is realized... «01.8,p. 288(1800) renoncement ...That you may make the necessary arrangements to complete the fences ...as far as your Hill, agreeable to my renoncement...Vol.2,p.198(1799) Possibly from the French but more likely a variant spell- of renouncement. screen The sale of the mortgaged property to screen the debt due your nephew shall Sharp ...but perhaps not so Sharp but that others may cheat him. Vol.1,p.78(l778) r L.~.'-‘ ,- ..n n to- Ie ” P V -‘O "¢.4“ "hf?“ - c¢\ --.., fi«‘n.‘hn It ‘Vn. 'E‘c: ~\"\.- . "c' '5' -31- 28. tumble ...deer Skins have sold badly a I fear Beavers & Otters have had a tumble. Vol.1,p.256(1786) 29. Vendue ...and above what Kr Laselle sold for at public Vendue.Vol.2,p.ldO(1793) I owe Cadiau four dollars. Answer so much for him at the Vendue. Vol.2,p.4lO(1804) Pickering mentions this word as good New England dialect fin'auction. (Vocabulary,p.192). Bartlett assigns it to the Imited States and the East Indies. (Dictionary of Americanisms, p.496). Krapp has examples for it as early as 1631 and 1686. (English Language in_nmerica,p.95). On the authority of one who remembers its frequent use, the word was commonly spelled and pronounced as vandue with the a.as in hat, Nets the use as a verb below. ED. Vandued ...as he has Vandued all off and lives now at Ir Lays...Vol.2,p.4lO(1804) 51. vendued The slaves were vendued and Vigo and Col. Yamtremck purchased them... Vol.2,p.347(1801) 32. vent ...so I think we farmers will get vent for our grain. Vol.2,p.390(1807) 33. knock up ...A Disappointment in these articles would in part knock up the Forth Trade... Vol.1,p.71(1778) De Vere cites this as an Americanism(hmericanisms,p.321) Which it certainly is not. 34. middle men ...please send them up early in some persons boat or perhaps you could get them in as middle men & I receive something for their services. "ol.?,p.371(1801) 55- expertance wants your assistance much from your expertance at that business... Vol.1,p.614(l795) so. way at? ~ -.$- 0/ o nBL'.U€d Hf‘ £7.11. nOted owned put in a better footing 41. put on board HD- (9 I o :1.CD(31§:EEEC1 As was set forth in the section, peculiar in some way the Northwest. sflrenture, see N.E.D., t dangers which confronted 13 probably a shortened form Cf Chris 7'7“, ‘.£¢ 0? French adventurers —U~‘ ”I r~ Y7 " . I.” " '4‘ ‘ “ 4‘1‘ f. ‘ . w r ‘r I; . . .EJQ ”.021 a] :, \HJJ VJ. b: L. .L ‘11 v a»; . V J ‘ . . . r 1 a _ . ' rt) .‘ (s. (‘ wr }~ -\ ‘ . -* -‘ t '. v|v . . 7’. ' - 'K' . 1L kl _& L) L.‘ J '. V 4.‘ L . .x ' Q .‘ O u . - O V C _ er..L r L '/y) . \ ,. .- 4% ._ '5. .7, ‘1 . 1.. r‘ v (. AJ!‘ 8 1} C1 {.4 LL '. \AtuJ L/ U} N: .v .1 ..l. x. O " 1 o p ""l1::"'-‘ J ~J . .‘r ’ .1 . ...J t- ‘4‘ “\J {J} h. J . . .1 L .. .‘ L " L , , ., ‘\ r V - - ‘ ’ - Y‘ .’ o o OLLL~J '.‘CC\Ju.u'.Lz L ’4 V" 1‘- ‘2 5‘». -AJ 5...“. .\ L. ' . 1 ' n " n. ,. l w . .) r x H . r f-_ 2‘ .3 l‘ (3 ILU ‘i 1 Ct! b...) .1 .1. A. t - s ILL ‘_' J. - .1 L' l. L.) 1‘ - 'J — L A 3 1’.’ — l ‘ " ‘ ’ n"k .. ' .‘ fir E x: C.- ' l; \4. o o c c K) 0 ’ I O .- ‘tu k .L J\. \J I You for;ot inclesih; tne Gentleuwn cf the Garrison's accoints as 304 Men- tion, you lave pal“ noted the sum. Vol.1,l.126(1/73 I received the hundred Livers ”alliard otnel 30¢... Vol.l,;.lba(l77$} “Luuullmr in ‘vi] 1 soon be put in ’ I v \JL‘M ...LL3 EXLE‘CtS tlLEJ the Upper Country -a better footing a he e :ore pay... Vol.1,p.73(l775) Only when you cannot load her of course others may put on board... Vol.1,‘.125(1773) I shall be able to get fret 20 30 otters good & bad lodged with as {W r-n 9U due lr2w(l7 for‘iflui TVIr():L.1 ’13. security to e JOLl. '3‘ t 9 TRADE TERKS this classification or other The first CI statement at tn+ head of the last includes all those terrs which are to the early tra di.<;- activities in word in the list for examnle ’ a 8 ells the story in itself of the risks and the pioneer merchant. Cor7is, see I.¢,J,, [r1 -.fi‘rfi ‘1" T . L‘L Lfl.‘-‘es s. er L '1 hired out for all sorts of r: r,’ u U entergrises, transporting L00ds, car F4 “17"“ "';~:?:32if.;_;es, .01}: i “2‘ l ”r ‘J T" ‘3 f (N ".4"~'L; )V‘. r 1;,‘i'r: (”41.71 r ’2’: «.Y' ¢)v'u;‘r~.r~;) as EJOI’tI-‘S. Ilb dif er\1ALC\ t_4L.O\,€ ..L r.- I 4- \‘d' .44 :::.al-s C4-L .;.\‘\.:l .1 . "\ “ ’1‘ l‘ "V ‘.‘~ ‘ “ ‘ \ ‘ I - ‘ ‘L ‘ ’ ' \ ' l ' ' 'f V ' " r, '\ g “ . is not Clear. inc immer 5-1.1.LLI»3ntly were employed 1,1012 as ‘ . V . a I ‘I '\ . v ‘- ‘ . r ‘ .V ‘ ,‘."u "G L ‘0\ VI. . O 'Y.‘ - guides and scouts in traversing the -Les aha s.regus or the vilderness, whereas the latter “ad lore the Ci'raciar Oi orfi- nan y workmen. The word lenrth, moaning distance or localit~ ——-—— is frequently used in the hskin xzpcrs. It is complementary in a sense to the terticxninn.icriiwu. Ihe ddiflMdZCC which goods had been transported was called the length, and mhi they were in process of transportation the on the communication. lacks seen to have had a regulation size; so, a letter offering thirty packs of furs for sale would b (D perf (D ctly understood. There were no instances in tE1e Askin P pass of the use of rack as a verb is carry. Sfec is (J obvi lously an abbreviated fora of speculation. 1. adventure ...sendin: in “i ht nen vith 54 racks was r ther entraveicnt ad: ittin: that the adventuie o il;i afCLri it. V.ol.?,;.43£(1504) 2. commis ...Funl the lfiqnjuagfzilcald c-n; that 1110 Agmnits, Lindbcrwséi coxxi's Maire tn) live at he post. Vol.2,p.604(1305) ca 0 communication ...Sorry to say that about 100 Harrell Sula of th- Goods now at that place... must winter on the Comnunication. Vol.2,p.lbl(179e) 1 i he vast quantity n the conmunication, a Loment to Iyself. M01 2 ,p.3C2(1800) .uhat with t1;e: o racks now upo I have Scarcely' .0 n .L -34- Ky goods and many others are yet on the communication... Vol.2,p.455(1804) 4. compound I would in these troublous times, com- pound for the two-thirds of all my things on the way up. Vol.1,p.70(l778) 5. dry Goods ...he was under the necessity of re- linquishing every Scheme of business except the shipping a few dry Goods & some Rum... Vol.1,p.255(1736) Thornton says dry goods were limited in America to linen, cotton and draperies. C 3 American Glossary, vol.1 p.273). Mencken points out that in Lngland the term is applied to "non liquid goods" such as grain, etc., whereas in America as early as 1725 it had acquired the single meaning of textiles. (American Language,p.64). Dry goods as cloth and the like Tucker classes as a real Americanism and places its birth date in 1777. (American English,p.2b4). The letter, from which the above quotation’is taken, is addressed to Askin from Iontreal and warns him to order few dry goods from that city because of the dangers of transportation. Since obviously there was no need to order grain to be sent to a grain-growing community, the conclusion must be that the expression had already acquired something of its new significance. 6. Engage I have this day promoted a very necessary Ordinance, which is, that no person can hire an Engage without first seeing a proper discharge from his former master or a certificate from the Commanding Officer why he has none... Vol.1,p.154(1778) 7. Engagee's had much trouble as Customary in getting the Engagee's off... Vol.1,p.339(1790) 8. headed Two Barrls are headed and two unheaded. Vol.2,p.sa4(1aO7) 9. length The Box of Glass & Pipes...I cannot trace...the presumption is that they did not come this length... Vol.2,p.238(1799) lO. loading 11. musk 12. ordered out 13. packett of freight 14. paquets 15. packs -35- I have wrote Messrs KcGills about the Glass & Pipes as they did not get your length... Vol.2,p.24o(1799) ...English goods arrived the other day at Queenston but have not yet got this length. Vol.2,p.429(1604) Your canoes shall be loaded with what's here and at Sthary's as nearly conformable to your orders as possible & I beleive it will about make their loading. Vol.1,p.llO(l778) We got in the creek and went up to the carrying place. Xe had to take out most all our loading... Vol.2,p.715(1812) ...of the Capture of one (and the richest of our Furr Ships...of which your musk was a part... Vol.2,p.135(l798) ...you wrote me last year of having ordered out goods of that Hind... Vol.2,p.196(l799) If you find a difficulty in getting forward the things I ordered out from England... Vol.1,p.85(l778) ...without the prospect of getting a single packett of freight... Vol.2,p.481(1805) We understand that two pacquets of letters for us, were sent to Detroit... Vol.1,p.260(l786) Major de Peyster has taken his packs into the King's Store... TV70101,P0135(1778) I would not take the thirty packs of raccoons Rouleau made... Vol.1,p.458(l793) 16. packet 17. packstrings 18. parchment Buck 19. portage -36- I brought up a large English packet which I got at Quebec from Sir G. Pounal it Accompanies this, & I hope gives you good accounts of your friends at home... Vol.2,p.425(1804) The august packet is come in... Vol.2,p.488(1805) ...from which to deduct my expence for packing, pressing, packstrings, Cartage & Shipping. Vol.2,p.288(1800) ...more value than a deer Skin, ex- cept it be a good red or...parchment Buck. Vol.1,p.2&6(1786) ...respecting the portage they mean to establish from Youngs Street to Ratchedash Bay...Vol.2,p.658(lBll) Thornton points out that the words carry and carrying were often used in place of portage (American Glossary, vol.1,p.149). Mencken notes the use of the word before the 18th century (American Language, lst ed.,p.45). 20. post 21. put on board 22. side of leather 23. sink duty 24. skins When the post begins to go I hope to hear from you... Vol.2,p.488(1805) Only when you cannot load her of course others may put on board. Vol.1,p.125(1778) I send you by the Ueazell...a side or leather... ‘V'Olol,po590(l795) ...offered them for the price of this place and sink duty and freight. Vol.2,p.482(1805) Raccoons and Beaver bore the best prices last year as to skins If they do not Rise in Value we will all be Ruined. Vol.1,p.226(l786) m...— 1H‘.\T‘Aiw A - : Ivac ‘ 5 hit u. v ' 5. .~ f”! uVO Uv-. o. ’ 1 .2.»- I4-...- 5 . III‘ N, - c- -..n-au L. - o ’ . . ~ I! \ .- l n- u“; b . ' "i M .. , ‘ d...“ f. . " , I "' H '3 .JV‘ “.4.,. . '. .. ' D "I ‘ 1‘. "ND“ .0 ‘r ‘l kut‘r I‘ t. . ‘ N 5““ n 4 . "-0 ’. . '~ ..o .. ~. It... \ d‘. ".1 ‘. ‘71 . . “ .‘al 0-. “.‘. .v .. t. ._ H‘~ I~ ‘ .'N .V‘ n ., I‘.‘ ’— ' t -37- 25. Spec It will I am afraid be a bad Spec, not a barrel being yet sold. Vol.2,p.445(1804) 26. store Major de Ieyster has taken his packs into the King's store... Vol.1,p.13o(l778) Store was used in America in the sense of a warehouse or storage place until the middle of the 18th century (lencken, American Langpage,p.68). Since then it has come to be employed in the stead of shon as a place of retail trade. Probably used in the former sense here. 27. trade It was never my intention that he was to commence trade pennyless. Vol.2,p.b73(1307) Palmer states that trade has passed from a meaning of "to and fro" through a sense of reciprocal intercourse and into the significance of traffic or commerce. The influence‘ of the French traite, handling, he believes, may have caused this change (Folk-Etymology,p.401). Farmer also lists trade as a noun in his Americanisms, p.559. 28. trader He has been for some time past a trader from this to Detroit. Vol.2,p.500(1805) 29. Vouchers I now send you the like Vouchers & Returns from that time to the 24th of last month. Vol.1,p.81(1778) 30 wastage You'll see in them a wastage of 34le Of CEHdleS... ‘ETOlol’po82(]-778) Farmer defines the word as "the drippings of a barrel or box" (Americanisms,p.552). Bartlett includes it in his Dictionary of Americanisms, p.502. TERMS 9}; WEIGHT AND LEASURERENT These form an interesting collection of words. Some of the terms listed, such as ell, gill, tierce, are still occasion- ally used. Words used in the measurement of land are listed in -13- U a later section of Land Terms. Considerable difficulty was experienced in the trade of the early settlers because of the lack of a standard system of weights and measures. This often led to misunderstandings and in some cases many letters were exchanged before a business agreement could be reached. Such expressions as English {easure and Tincheste- Rushel indicate the care which was taken to differentiate one set cf measurements from another. Bark and mocock seem to have been more or less synonymous terms, at least if one accepts the ex- planation of McKenny as given below (see note to mocock}. The minot was an old French dry measure varyinv with the locality L4 nd the commodity measured. 1. 9 we '1‘ Us 4. bark carrot chests all The sugar is in 32 barks marked IA. ...& you are to send her a bark of sugar for each, abt 30 lbs weight... Vol.2,p.€2d(1809) I send you a bark or mocock of sugar... Vol.2,p.646(l€09) be so Good as to Seld me a carrot of tobacco... Vol.l,p.262(l725) ...no tea can be brought into the province from the States...Thirty thousand chests are said to be con- sumed annually in the Irovinces... Vol.2,p.698(18ll) By 1 E11 Brown Coating... Vol.1,p.193(l751) -39.. 5. English Measure ...when in Wheat it must be good & Clean but I am willing to take English Keasure... Vol.2,p.262(l7$§) 60 Gill TO 1 Gill Of .I'i'ineo o o Vol.1,p.593(l794) 7. Hamper ...as to the cheese please repleace it with another Hamper this Year. Vol.1,p.l43(1778) 8. minot ...that your people may want any supplies, these can be had at my house for, Corn for 8/ a hinot... Vol.2,p.186(1799) 9. mocock ...beg your acceptance of a little mocock of sugar... Vol.2,p.é7d(lBO7) I send you a bark or mocock of sugar... Vol.2,p.d46(1809) Possible explanations of this term are numerous. De Vere lms mocock, meaning a cake of sugar, from the Abenaki Indian dialect. The fact that the word is always used in reference to sugar would seem to favor this derivation. (De Vere, fggricanisms, p.21). In Thomas L. thenny's Tour of the lakes, however, mocock is defined as a little recefitacfe of a basket form, and oval, without a handle and made of birch- bark (p.194). Of course, the Indian name for the cake of sugar might easily have been transferred to the container. on the other hand, the French version of the letter from which the first example above is quoted, gives macaoue for nmcock. (John Askin Papers, vol.2,p.575). This may be de- rived similarly from the Indian. 10. peice There must also a Coil of Inch a another Coil of half Inch anp be made up the weight of a Peice each of them & sent by the save way. Vol.1,p.lOl(l773) ll. tierce Lieut Brooks likewise wants a Tierce of Bristol Beer... Vol.1,p.86(1778) -_ 4-.II. .1 -40- 12. Winchester bushel I will thank you to say that pro- portion the Uinchester bushel bears to the Linot...V01.2,§.402(1504) 15. packett ...without the prospect of getting a single packett of freight... 14. pack major de Peyster has taken his packs into the King’s Store... Vol.1,p.lZC(1778) I would not take the thirty pack of Raccoons houleau made... Vol.1,p.45€(l795) 15. toises ...for ye house 2 tcises & half of stone, 2% barrels of Lime... YVrOlog,p02i39(1799) NOTIONS Skains spelled skeins is used today, particularly of yarn. Egtgp still has a place in the dictionary although it is heard only in a fen isolated communities. (See Webster's, 1921 Edition,p.2507). 1. leather threads An assortment of drygoods consisting of...leather threads... Vol.2,p.605(ldce) 2. skains To 2 skains silk... To 7 skains thread... V\ITCD].01,EjoL‘.JC/(.‘)(1,795) 3. watap All your Corn, Sugar, Bark, Cum & Hatap now remaining here shall be delivered him today. Vol.1,p.109(1778) - Krapp mentions watap in a list of Indian words (vol.l, P-107). In McKenny's Tour of the Lakes it is defined as the fine roots of the red cedarT—split.(p.194). It is said to have been used for sewing canoes. q‘»-__' ‘ ~ ‘ .fi&on‘ cg {it-E.“ .: ll!!l.‘ll.lll1l‘]ll 'u‘ 1 -41- WEARING APPAREL Camblet in the first example is a variation of camlet, an Oriental fabric or imitations of it. I have not been able to identify Suwarrow. Great Coat is preferred in England to the American overcoat. Legons and mogisins are variant spell— ings of leggins and moccassins. Cravat is still in good re- pute but has been replaced almost universally by the expres- sive term, necktie. g§§§§_is now spelled leans although it is often still pronounced with a long §_sound. Casamir is nwre than likely a variant of cashmere, a rich wool material. 1. Camblet Coat a Camblet Coat... V01.l,p.511( 1795) 2. Casamir vest a Casamir vest... Vol.1,p.611(l795) 5. Cravats old Stockins & 4 Cravats Vol.1,p.610(l795) 4. Earbobs your Earbobs, Crosses & broaches are come... Vol.2,p.ldO(l798) Bartlett lists this as an Americanism (Dictionary,p.1b$) but Tucker has an English citation for it as early as 1648 (American English,p.ll$) . 5. French fashion Please have one made for her the french fashion, of a light blue Settin. Vol.1,p.102(l778) 6. Great Coat a Great Coat...Vol.1,p.611(l795) 7- Janes An assortment of dry goods consist- ing of...calicos silk cot thread stript cottons Janes fustian... Vol.2,p.605(1808) -42- 8.1eging Sir pleas Send Som blew Cloath for one pair of Indian leging... Vol.1,p.259(1786) 9.1egons Hired Chabotte from this day to the arrival of the Cos Canoes from the G Portage for...l pr Trowsers a shirt & pair of Legons. Vol.1,p.51(1774) Tucker gives legeins as a real Americanism, citing Bartlett (American English,p.274). Thornton has it listed as legging, but says it is an undefined word. (American Glossary,p.538). 10. Milk of roses Your order for Nilk of roses shall be attended to...I highly disapprove of cosmetics. they are very danger- ous. Vol.2,p.456(1804) 11. Kill'd Hose To 1 Pair Kill'd Hose... Vol.1,p.605(1794) 12. Mogisins I will endeavour to purchase what you want of Blankets, Yartins, Regisins, &c. Vol.1,p.80(l?78) Krapp lists moccassin among words borrowed from the Indians (English Lanruage In_nmerica, vol.l,p.ld$). Pickering declares that the word is usually pronounced mograson (Vocabulary,p.134). Thornton has the word spelled ten differ- ent waySITKmerican Glossary,p.586). 13. Ruffles 5 pr Ruffles...Vol.l,p.612(l795) 14. Shoe Eacks To 1 Pair Shoe Packs... Vol.1,p.607(l795) Krapp gives this with words of Indian origin (Tnslish Language £2_America, vol.l,p.166). It is defined as a kind of moccassin in Webster’s, 1921 Edition, p.1945. 15. stocks a parcel of ruffles and 2 black stocks... Vol.1,p.612(l795) 16. Suwarrow boots I wrote you for a pair of Swuarrow boots. Vol.2,p.402(1803) -4m- U Also written Swarrow boots. (See John Askin Tapers, vol.2,p.462). I]. Wescoat Do please let me have some Rattean or Coating to make a Iescoat and trowser... Vol.1,p.264(l786) FABRICS Belting cloth was a sieve cloth used by millers. Ratun is an individual spelling for ratteen. Dowlas cloth has been almost entirely superseded by calico. l. bolting cloth I mean to send you the bolting cloth. Vol.1,p.590(1795) 2. Dowlas winding sheet ...4 Yard of Dowlas winding sheet Vol.2,p.25(1796) 3. Leather cloth No Leather cloth...cou1d be had at ~ any price. Vol.2,p.605(1808) 4.12ckason Leather ...I would be willing to take a Pack or two of good Buffaloe Robes and hackason Leather in payment... Vol.2,p.313(1800} 5. Ratuns the only things then wanted to Compleat my 6th share is BOps Striped Cottons & of Coating & as many of Ratuns...(also rattean, ibid) Vol.1,p.253(1786) 6. Second cloths An assortment of dry goods consisting of...fustians a Second cloths... Vol.2,p.605(1808) 7. Shalloon To 1 Yard Shalloon... Vol.2,p.l4(1794) 8. strouds The strouds you now send are the worst I have ever seen... Vol.1,p.152(l778) a Strouding is defined as a coarse, heavy cloth supplied S a Staple to the Indian trade (John Askin Papers, vol.1,p.152n). "‘ 172mm? ' . -44- Shrouds were coarse blankets worn by the North American Indians (Eebster's,3dition of 1921,p.2061). EXPRESSIONS PECULIAR zg_LETTER.WRITIN These few words and phrases are grouped under this gmunal heading because they have a certain common quality in relation to the business and social correspondence of the period represented by the Askin Papers. All of them appear frequently and must, therefore, have been in fairly wide use. Opportunit and b this on ortunit' are simple exrressions A l which tell the whole story of the difficulty of communication which the early settlers experienced. For intelligence the American is prone today to use the briefer news. 1. Intelligence as for publick Intelligence there is ' scarcely any that is worth Communi- cating or that is Interesting. Vol.1,p.564(17901 ...No European Intelligence of any Importance since that time... Vol.2,p.402(1804) As an Express will leave hackinac in a few days for Detroit to give Intelligence of the sudden death of Capt Howard... Vol.2,p.672(1811) 2' Opportunity I wrote you the 27th of last month which letter also goes by this opportunity. Vol.1,p.81(1778) There has but one Opportunity offered, from this place to Detroit by Water... Vol.2,p.253(l799) 8'Im3t Paper To 1 quire fine folio post paper... Vol.1,p.604(l794) v -..__‘..,- -45- IL Quills I send you by the Ueazell...é cut Quills... Vol.1,p.590(1794) 5.scrol ...youl be plagued reading this scrol. Vol.2,p.456(1805) So long since you and I has had no correspondence, this scrole will tire you out. Vol.2,p.390(1803) 6.your most obedt I am Dear Sir your most obedt humbe Servt humbe Servt... Vol.2,p.278(1800) This complimentary close in various forms was used with- out exception for all formal correspondence in the Askin Papers. AGENCIES Q§_COMNUNICATION A number of methods was employed to transport letters and news from place to place. The difference of one from another is not made clear by the names applied to them. Packet was used both for the bundle of letters and papers and for the ship in which they were brought,as the two examples show. Express is a term which covered both the message itself and the system by which messages were transported. The post seems to have been a regular mail carrying system, probably established by the government. That there is a distinction between post and express is indicated by the third example under Post. 1. express I was favored with your letter by the Express... Vol.2,p.209(1799) he told me he would most probably be able to answer it by the express. YJrOIOZ’p0277(IBOO) 20 LIEil 3. packet 4. Post 5. Winter Courier ~46- we found a man there who had just arrived with an express from General Brock. Vol.2,p.716(1812) On Saturday last I had the pleasure of addressing you by the hail, which I renew this morning by the opportunity of hr. Conner... Vol.2,p.477(1805) I brought up a large English packet which I got at Quebec from Sir G. Pounal it Accompanies this, & I hope gives you good accounts of your friends at home... Vol.2,p. 25(1804) The August packet is come in, by which I have received many dispatches. Vol.2,p.488(1805) When the Post begins to go I hope to hear from you...Vol.8,p.488(laOS) ...which I think you ought to trans- mit by Post if no private opportunity should offer...Vol.2,p.478(1305) There is neither Post or Express arrived yet... Vol.2,p.499(1805) ...untill our Tinter Courier arrives & bring their letter to me. Vol.2,p.585(1807) AGRICULTURE Askin, you will remember, engaged in agricultural experiments when he first established a post at Mackinack, and later retired to a farm, Strabane, when he left Detroit in 1802. It is not surprising, therefore, to find consider- able reference to farms and farming methods in the Papers. Bracking, calfed and pease are merely obsolete or individual -47- smfllings for bracken, calved and peas. Tilth and mellow smm1to be very similar terms. Stocks and shorts are words which are still used to a certain extent. 1» bracking Thro bracking when Green, or rotten Bay or any such Stuff on land where pease & Buck wheat have been... Vol.1,p.57(1775) mencken contends that this word had disappeared in the Colonial period. (American language, lst Edition,p.46). Bracken is still used in England for fern (hencken, American Language,p.ll4). 2. Calfed a Cow Calfed at the farm. Vol.1,p.54(1775) 3. crop ...that he Buttler was to crop for ad year with sd Weston on shares... Vol.1,p.40l(l791) 4. culture the Lands something better but cold & barren for Culture abound’g prin- cipally with Black Oak. Vol.1,p.541(1790) 5. dunging ...& Plant Potatoes without any more dunging. Vol.1,p.57(1775) 6. fatten ...the land will fatten by keeping another year or two. Vol.2,p.258(l799) 7. mellow it will require three more plough- ings in the Spring (for it must be very mellow)...Vol.2,p.365(1801) 8. pease Sowed some Pease at the farm. . ‘VrOlol,p.50(l774) 9. shorts ...with as much flour Bran & shorts as you can spare... Vol.1,p.590(1795) 10. Stocks planted in a hole of about a foot deep...6 potatoe Aples with Potatoe i; | E F. s: s: -._--,‘ 'l.‘ . m --.1———_ran .-—-- 11. tilth ~48- Stocks with them as dung from which all the roots were Cut. Vol.1,p.57(1775) Your plain or Prairie Lands at the Kouths of the...Rivers appear to me well calculated to raising Kemp, and I think they might easily be brought to a preper tilth... V01. 2 ,p.3 55(1801) LAND TERMS This section holds more than ordinary interest in that it contains several such subjects of philological speculation asikflg prairie and common. The term Captaincy land is possibly meant to apply to land given by the state for mili- tary service. Line and try the course are expressions used in surveying. Arpent and French acre are probably synonyms. l. arpent A french arpent is 3 English chains less 9 inches. Vol.2,p.$12(1806) ...containing one acre in front by forty acres or arpents in depth... Vol.1,p.369(l790) ...a concession of 1and...containing two arpents in front by forty in depth... Vol.1,p.28(1759) De Vere states that arpent was still in use in Louisiana at the time he was writing, 1872 (Americanisms, p. 99). The term is defined as "a French linear measure of sliahtly less than 193 feet" (John Askin Papers, vol. l,p. 28h). 2° captaincy land I am told Caldwell by his negligence will lose nearly 2000 acres of his Captaincy land.Vol.2,p.494(1805) I wrote you in my last, in case of success to have an ox Roasted on the Common... Vol.1,p .420(l792) -49- ...together with all headows pastures feedings Commons... Hencken avers that common disappeared from the language tholonial times. (American Language,p.57) 4.feedings ...together with all Neadows pastures feedings Commons... Vol.2,p.6(l796) 5.Eixt property could I part with even some of my Fixt property here... Vol.2,p.293(1800) 6. French acres You will lay out for Kr Livernois in front 4 French acres... Vol.2,p.511(1806) 7. Line ...That they do not look upon a course mentioned according to a Compass, which is called a Line, to be a line at all. ' Vol.l,p.231(l786) 8. lot ...to go through another person's potatoe lot... Vol.2,p.410(1804) ...the adjustment and confirmation of a certain lot of ground in the Old Town of Detroit... Vol.1,p.207(l784) Lot came to be a term applied to land because in early §ew England land was distributed by lot (Thornton, vol.l,p.hdl). “rap? points out that ordinarily now the word means "a portion of land facing a street and meant to be a site for a bUilding", but that originally there were several kinds of lots. Some doubt is cast on Thornton's statement that the gpplication of the term to a parcel of land began in the New England allotment system (See Mencken, American language, lst Edition,p.51). Pickering mentions the use of the word fav°r3b1Y. and says Webster approved it as a necessity (Vocabulary,p.127). 9' Meadows ...together with all Meadows pastures feedings Commons... Vol.2,p.6(1796) -50- Krapp has evidence to show that meadow in Kew England meant low, swampy land whereas the common Lnglish meaning was all grassland that was annually mown for hay (English Lanpuaae iE'America,vol.l,p.Bl). There is no support for either interpretation in the quotation above unless it be that by association with pastures, feedings and commons we conclude the traditional meaning to have been intended. 10. Hill Seat ...upon condition of my signing an entire relinquishment to the Kill Seat... Vol.2,p.199(1799) 11. parcel That part of a former law which allowed of one tract or parcel only being granted to any one person... Vol.2,p.603(1808) 12. patents I wrote you per Capt Cowan & sent per him two patents...I intended sending the present patent of Lands sold Pattinson a by no means my patent of the Toun Lot... Vol.2,p.564(1807) 13. plantation Your Rock tract is a bad farm for an American farmer...1 have always endeavoured to buy that and the adjoining one and both would make an excellent plantation. Vol.2,p.622(1809) Tucker appreciates the difference between the definitions of Murray and Bartlett for this word. Bartlett has "an estate appropriated to the production of staple crops by slave labor”, while Murray defines it as "a settlement in a new or conquered country". The latter has a citation for 1614. The quotation we have above implies a usage akin to Kurray's. l4. prairie Your plain or Prairie Lands at the mouths of the...?ivers appear to me well calculated to raising Hemp,... Vol.2,p.355(1501) Bartlett, Farmer and Thornton list this as an Americanism. Pickering records that it was attacked by an Edinburgh re— viewer as a Gallicism (Vocabulary,p.153). Kencken says the word had been adopted before 1750 (American Language,p.53), but Krapp declares that its use did not become general until -51- the 19th century (English Len; Q? in America vol. l,p.lze). 15. run out ...we Daily Expect the Town Lots to be run out Ears... 1.. p ‘ ,3 .. ”Kl ‘. ,1 ' ,: ‘,- ,‘n .,. .1 ,, 1o. stenuis ...igfleb,tflfl.=¢[lfll(ni o1 11y beirud a ~1. - ,. ,'.,.' :..._ m-.. .. -, lintlo Eaudlmtfi in uhubblhp good ~# 3 ~~1 L 1. r-n pv-.~ stands as well as at cttli; he“ countiy... V V _ V01.$,p.la?(l7su) The context of t:= letter f1:n which this quotation is taken makes it appear that the Stand spoken of is a suitable location fo1 the e-.aolish‘vzt of a community of fifty families. In this meaning it is comparable to the stand, s t store or business, "‘w'a‘ntirrie'1 s a:1 niciicuiigi by op.cit.,p.513 and oy ”hainton,o,.c t. ,vo1.f,1;.aL;. ., , .1. . . . . . ’V‘ ‘... ,. 1v, ,1 ,. ‘ ,- l .1 ‘7 f.) ' ,.,, '1"- _. v , 17. t1; the course 1 have neail ta,u “it, have tzy'd tin: co:¢:se an? t 06141383, #311 333* 1‘1, '5": 1.11. 31-23411 :3. 1 lb 1- ‘J KINDS pg BOATS AND VESS;‘SLLS 7' “ A \ - V ‘ - n :2 \ "I n ' A ~ I ' '. ’ , ’\ > . jI “5 . ' Innumeraols Sgfilllngb UL TLCbL “club sly leuuiuw. 1n L19 Pacers. Cnl; a fan a, e giVe-ri 16%;. Others may be. found in the section on Spelling and the section on Ironuncia ion. Batteaux were usually flat-bottomed with taperinv ends. Petiacer and seem to have indicated the same kind 01 ”U T'C' (71.19 A— ' boat, one made by hollowin; out a tree trunk. Census, of course, were usually made of birch bark or skins of wild animals. 1. Batteaux ...and I shall send a Batteaux to Detroit that will bring :3 at least 120 ELI-811611.39 Y.rOl.l,F.7S (17 7\:) Our Lake is just now clear so tliat we are in hope of seeinv 11 pen: lett K4 in a Eattoe of (or) Va 53 all very soon... TaOlol,i..-€) 7(177-) r. - -.;2- Farmer lists batteau as an Americanism (op.cit.,p.45). So also does De Vere (op.cit.,r.106). Thornton identifies it as a boat of light draught, (op.cit.,vol.l,p.47) This last probably is a closer approximation to the French than the custom along the Canadian border of confiiinh the term to a particular flat-bottomed type. 2. canoes ...let her know also that her canoes was the first men here this Spring... Yol.l,p.llO(l778} with there small Canows they do not like to venture over the lake... YVTOl.2,p.lE—;g(1798) if You 3111 Kant any large Cannons built this Jinter...lleas let us know... , Vol.1,p.263(l780) left the Cannots at point Sables & took his PurOgue Vol.1,p.3$6(l790) Fencken remarks that the word is from an Indian dialect, probably Haitian, and came into American through the Spanish, in which it survives as canoe. (0p.cit.,lst ed.,p.llln). 5. Kentucky Boat he is building a Kentucky Boat at the former place, in which he intends going to Quebec... Vol.2,p.3'3(1801) This was also known as a "broadhorn" (John Askin Tapers, vol.2,p.343), an ark and a flatboat (Thornton,0p.cit.,vol.l, p.51l). "They were great,pointed, covered hulks carrying forty or fifty tons of freight and mannei by almost as many men". (Archer B. Hulbert, Waterways of Westward Expansion, p.115). Bartlett has it as an Americanisu (op.cit.,p.l££). 4. Petiagers ...I knew nothing before of your wanting the Fetiegers so bad. Te will endeavour to have some down by tomorrow night.Vol.l,p.207(l7So) In a note (John Askin Tapers, vol. p.253} Quaife has the following definition: "h petiager (variously spelled} was a boat made from a tree trunk, hollowed out, which was often provided with a plank bottom, the trunk being split into leves, each of which was made to serve as one side of the boat." Thornton Classes et1s'e , ZQTPCLuG aid riro“ce to- gfither with a common derivation fr on the Spanish piIaLua (op.cit.,vol.2,p.655). Farmer further points out tE1at the French form of piragua is 1nrogue, for which s'ee belov. (op.cit.,p.423}. r. 5.?urozue left the Cannots at point sables & took his Iurogue V01. 1,E0Uub(l790) Also used as pereocne (John As kin lagers, vo1.l,p.356). Tucker has periauger, piroipe as a real kneiicani em with its first date at 1606 (American hnglish, p.20o.) 6. Schenectady boat ...and send a Schenectady boat for speed. Vol.2,p.4d(1796) WEATHER AND WEATHER CONDITIOIJS The use of breaking Ep_and bIO(e up are sli.htly differ- ent, the latter probably referring to the ice on the lake. From the circumstances surrounding the use of the two :hrases We may conclude that snow showers and flijhts of snow refer to much the same thing. 1. breaking up ...but it happend to be just at the 1 breaking up of the veather and now it will hardly be possible to do much more to it till June or July... ''.0-] l ,P. 2C2 (17:30) 2. brok ke up April the 16th the la ke first broke up a little. Vol.1,p.50(l774) 3. decayed The ice in the River is almost decayed. Vol.1,p.225(l756) 4. flights of snow ...and passed soxr 1e fli hts of snOJ... .ol.1,;.341(179b) 5. hard frost ...a very hard frost this nL ht... Vol.1,p.:1(1774) -54- 6. Indian Summer ...the Indian Summer so call'd at DBtTOit... 1V70192,P.578(1807) This seems to be universally accepted as of purely American origin, adopted directly from Indian life accord- ing to Erapp (op.cit.,p.165). The English equivalent for this is S . Martin's Summer. 7. old of the moon ...They must be planted in the old Of tl'le 3.10011... T.r0102’p0212(l799 8. Snow Showers ...& Several Snow Showers Next Day. Vol.1,p.57(1775) 9. wintering ...& wintering setting in immediately after compelled him to winter here. Yol.2,p.6oe(lall) 10. fall Respecting the provisions wanting in Capt Ferrins Cargo last fall... Vol.1,p.78(1775) Mencken notes this as a survival from the English of the seventeenth century, long since obsolete or provincial in the Old Country (op.cit.,lst ed.,p.56). he quotes Thornton to the same effect (ibid,p.53). KINDS_Q§_VEHICLES According to most authorities celash and carry all are merely Anglicized forms of caleche and carriole respectively. It is interesting to find all four forms used almost side by side, indicating something of the ease with which they were interchanged. l. Calash we however will have occasion for your Calash notwithstanding. ‘¥r0102,p0118(1797) Tucker refutes the idea that calash is an Americanism by a citation from the London Cazette‘ifi 1666 (op.cit.,p.90). Bartlett, among others, gave it as an Americanism (op.cit.,p.64). Quaife gives this description of the calash (caleche): "Its body, curved like the bottom of a boat, was attached by -55... leather thongs to curved uprights extending from the axles in lieu of springs. In Canada, where calashes were intro- duced by the year 1700, certain changes in the construction of the vehicle were made. Two wheels were employed instead of four, and...sometimes a folding tOp was added...From these tops the French women conceived the idea of the headdress of the same name..."(John Askin Iapers,vol.2,p.llB). 2. Caleche ...on the Seizure of your Caleche, for some Assessments that seem to be in arrear. Vol.2,p.273(1800) 3. carriole ...twenty shillings for each carriole... Vol.2,p.484(1805) Carry-all is corrupted from the French carriole accord- ing to Palmer (Folk—Etymology,p.52) Mencken avers the corruption to have been by the hobson-Jobson law (op.cit.,pp.53-5 ). De Vere classes the two together (op.cit.,p.107). Although this corruption may have taken place, Thornton has evidence to show that the two names were applied to two different conveyances, carriole to a sleigh, and carry-all to a carrhage (op.cit.,vol.l,pp.l49-SO), and Tucker concurs, giving the date of carriole as_1803 and that of carry-all as 1814(op.cit.,p.243). 4. Carryall Lewis will fetch me the Sheeting up to my House in his Carryall,... Vol.1,p.217(1786) The fact that the letter from which this excerpt is taken was written in January might lend some color to the theory that Carryall was meant here to apply to a sleigh. (see note, carriole, supra). 5. Curricle I think the Curricle a dear bargain... Vol.2,p.603(1810) 6. Phaeton ...have been good enough to say that they would spare us their Phaeton. Y110]. .2 ,poll7(1797) 7. Voytures I'm well provided with all the necessary Voytures to pass your effects from hence to the Portage. Vol.l,p.75(l778) -55- HOUSEHOLD EQUIP ~21. 1. cocks a coffee pot funnel & brass cocks... Vol.1,p.612(1795) An interesting analysis of this word is made by Palmer. lb suggests that it may be that which cauks or calks or keeps from flowing (op.cit.,p.67). 2. Hulling baskets ‘ ...and likewise some of the women will send Uulling baskets with them. Vol.l,p.2ea(1786) 5..Kitchen wrappers ...which prevented her finishing a dozen of torchons for your kitchen wrappers... Vol.2,p.583(1807) 4. Lanthorns 5 old Lanthorns... Vol.1,p.609(l795) Palmer states that the word is so spelled from reference to horn, the material with which it was commonly glazed. It is a corrupt form of lantern. (op.cit.,p.207). 5. torchons ...which prevented her finishing a dozen of torchons for your kitchen wrappers... Vol.2,p.b€3(1807) It is possible that torchons are made of torchon lace, a rough, linen weave. TRAVEL AND EXPLORATION Travel in the western wilderness around 1800 was not a matter of tickets and time-tables. The adventurer had to proceed with caution, employing Indians to guide and protect him. There were no clearly defined roads, no bridges over swamps and streams, no means of transporting baggage over land other than man-power. For these reasons, the words in this classification are not to be compared with modern terms of travel. Blaze and mark signify the methods whereby early -57- travelers established a meeting place, located a trail, or conveyed other messages to one another. The §a£k_might have been anything, a broken branch of a tree, a pile of stones, a symbol made with pigment clay. Cundocter may here have the obsolete meaning of the commander of a £212: The significance of traverse is vague. In the first example it seems to be something akin to a portage. The three quotations give us Huaword in as many different ways; they give it as a crossing, azmmns of crossing and the act of crossing itself. 14 Blazed Blazed a tree at Test of the Road next the Water... Vol.1,p.343(l790) This is an Americanism appearing in 1737 according to Tucker (op.cit.,p.256). It is similarly classed by Bartlett (op.cit.,p.55), De Vere (op.cit.,p.168) and Thornton (op.cit., vol.l,p.69). The word comes indirectly from the Provincial German blessen, to mark a tree by removing the bark (Palmer, op.cit.,p.35I. 2. Cundocter ...thear is always boats a Coming up in the Spring...& with paying the Cundocter a triffel He would heave Cundocted them up. Vol.2,p.134(1798) 3-1EIK ...encamped near where we were to make a hark for our Indian. I went up as far as where the Squas from the River Huron had passed where the mark was to be made but Saw no Indian. . Vol.1,p.342-5(1790) ‘£.traverse ...after a Traverse of about a League brought again into a small Serpentine River... Vol.1,p.345(1790) the wood very thick & many trees cut across to traverse upon... Vol.1,p.549(l790) ...and the Jar hirty feet of gest of the other a foot square exec? (111981518) & Treversea... V01.2,p.1ee(1799) 0 t1 L K, A . ‘.~ 4Jer t the 5. portage ...resf'ectirz; the lortave the teen to establish from Youn3s Strae t to Latchedash 3ay...".olf i....CJT7“(l 11) ee note under rorta3e in section on Trade L‘erms ,p.Z§. TRADES AND OCCUPATIONS 14 c hairmIker I was favored with yours a few days ago by the ChaierELer... ‘r01.~,::'.u\.1(130 ) 2. keeps sch ool :cCla chlan Ice age a school a short Sis; .erce! fix):: t1is:.. . Vol. ?,p .lSl(l799) 5. Pedlars I learn there is a number of ledlars on Board the hint 3 hary .ith .hisky for Lrade. "ol D.7$O(1315} For some remarks 01 the American treatunnt of “eddle and pedlar see Lrazf, “n33ish 1an3u93e in America, vol.i,p.lal. 4. public crier ...three annonnoeneqts...wafie o; the public crier of said ;lac;... VQlol, 0431 17:9 ) C H -\ . - - u. salt sellers I find a atxeranuun fron ;cu 2:;bout your Jult Lari; . ‘here are often salt Boileis at :is place e,...sone of whom would be 31a 1 to lent it... 01. %l(179€) b. Tavernkeeper ...sold than to a finith, A fave“nle tar... Vol.9,p.453(l€ -05) I can 3st a Bble of Jamaica 3} nits,. This will answer you better ffr tavern keeping... "01.2,p.lGC(17CC) t .ickerin3 :15tes that in the ?nir¢d States and Canal; R . . Vern is usel to delete an inn or hotel of an" daecr1;tion "rereas in England it is us only fer tn eetin3 place SOP Cit.,p 187’ C 0:319001 111—; i *§~- I!“ . L L"611 \IL:\J - '1 IVES tiiis co antry before tim :1e infOIuation 1411.111; J... avern hevolution(op.cit.,p.6é). -59- 7.beager ...being a Voyager on the other side and often in the Indian country. Vol.2,p.502(1805) This word, according to Kencken, aypeared about the middle of the 18th century, was in vogue for awhile, and has since r- c: ‘ ‘Mxmme a localism or disappeared altogether (op.cit.,p.uU . It was spelled voyapeur at the time he mentions. TERMS APPLIED gg’TiEES, TIKBER AND LUKBERIN Timber as used in this heading to mean woods or woodlands is mentioned as an Americanism by Bartlett (op.cit.,p.480). Bois Blane or'white-wood is another name for the American linden. From the circumstances surrounding the employment of scantling in the letter, it is proper to state its meaning as trimmimgs from the squaring of logs. 1. Bois blanc the Lands on this Fiver seem low & very thick Hood plum trees Hickory & Bois blanc... Vol.1,p.3£0(l7CC) 2. Button flood the Land on all sides in general very low & wet abound'g with Alan Button food dc... Tol.l,p.340(l790) Bartlett has the Button tree as an Americanism for the Sycamore (op.cit.,P.6l). Farmer has Button wood with the same meaning (0p.cit.,p.llO). 3. hewing ...without goinq to any additional expence of hewing or hauling, I wish you to do it. Vol.2,p.222(l799) 4. hickory the Lands on thkshiver seem low & very thick Wood plum trees Hickory & Bois blanc... Vol.1,p.5€C(l790) This word was borrowed from the Indians and was used as early as 1705 according to Kencken (0p.cit.,lst ed.,p.40). It was first employed in the South where there was need to have separate labels for the walnut and hickory trees (Krapp, 0p.cit.,vol.l,p.99). Thornton holds that the name was common . .I Is.‘.-. \" IL: . IRE! -60.. to a dozen nut-bearing trees (op.cit.,vol.l,p.432). ~5.1:inery I have heard that there is a grist & Saw Hill on his land and an excellent pinery. Vol.2,p.196(l799) 30th Bartlett and Thornton have Einery as an Americanism (Bartlett, op.cit.,p.321); (Thornton,op.cit.,vol.2,p.667). 6. populars ...as they are populars they could not have grown to that size since you left. Vol.2,p.5¢3(1307) 7. rails If you have 400 Cords now ready, I advise you to accept of his offer... I think you should prefer this to getting rails... Vol.2,p.205(l799) 8. sand cherry ...send Pine & spruce plants, like— wise sand cherry plants. Vol.2,p.bdb(1807) Listed by Farmer (op.cit.,p.470) and Bartlett (o;.cit.,p.379). 9. Saw logs ...if the large Saw logs do not come down this year... Vol.2,p.282(1799) 10. Saw Kill I have hear that there is a grist & Saw hill on his Land... Vol.2,p.196(l799) ll. scantling the remainder of the scantling will be immediately drawn in... Vol.2,p.269(l799) This is an Anglicized form of the French echantillon, a small cantle (Palmer, op.cit.,p.542). 12. stuff ...a good table...the feet should be of stuff 2 inches square... Vol.2,p.475(1805) TERMS USED lfl;REFEBENCE 2Q_SPIRITS AND LIQUORS By Maderia is undoubtedly meant Kadeira wine. Black Strap seems to have had an uncommon use here, it being classed kw. ‘7‘ b 3“ ‘ 5'7-‘ -51- mmwwhat higher than elsewhere. High wines were those with a big; almflmlic content. Sannree was probably sangaree, a drink (niginating in India. Most of these are found in tavern bills. l.bitters To 1 Glass of Bitters... Vol.1,p.599(l794) 2% Black Strap The Common red wine, alias Black Strap if good, Serle will take... Vol.2,p.217(l799) Black Strap is gin and molasses according to Bartlett (op.cit.,p.34), but Thornton says the term refers to all cheap liquors (op.cit.,vol.l,p.68). Farmer makes a distinction between the use in England and in this country, stating that in the former the term designated a thick, sweet port while in the latter it was applied to a drink made of gin and molas- ses. (op.cit.,p.60). By this theory we might conclude that the English use was intended above. 5. Cherrybounce ...because there was not some fine Cherrybounce hrs. G formerly produced. Vol.2,p.390(1803) 4. Grog he has given himself up almost entirely to the drinking of Grog... Vol.2,p.369(1801) 5. high Wines ...to get a promise of 4 Barrells high wines for you... Vol.2,p.lbg(l798) 6. Jamaica Spirits I can get a Bble of Jamaica Spirits... This will answer you better for tavern keeping... Vol.2,p.160(l798) 7. Maderia Lieut Bennett desires you may send him a barrell of your best Kaderia... Vol.1,p.85(l778) 8. Sangree To 1 bole sangree... Vol.1,p.398(l794) 9. Shrub To 1 pint Shrub... Vol.1,p.605(l795) -52- ML Sling To a Sling... Vol.1,p.602(1794) ll. Spirits No doubt from Queenston to Sandwich the Spirits will be at hr. P. risk & charges. Vol.2,p.663(1810) 12. Toddey To 1 Bowle Toddey... Vol.1,p.602(l794) PLANTS AND PRODUCE Potatoe aples probably stood for the berries of the potato. Echallots and shallots were the same. Spanish beans are otherwise known as the Scarlet Runner. 1. Bracking Thro bracking when green...on land where pease & Buck wheat have been... Vol.1,p.57(l775) 2. Echallots A few Echallots and Garlic would be very acceptable. Vol.2,p.584(1807) 5. Indian Corn Began to plant Indian Corn Vol.1,p.55(l774) ...Baissing of & Gathering of Indian Corn... Vol.1,p.234(l786) Corn, having been a general term to apply to wheat and similar grains in England, was prefixed with Indian in America to distinguish maize from others. The Indian has long since been dropped, causing a sharper differentiation between wheat and corn in this country than elsewhere (Krapp, op.cit.,vol.l, p.163). Tucker cites its use as early as 1621 (0p.cit.,p.270). 4. pease Sowed some pease at the farm. Vol.1,p.bO(l774) 5. Potatoe aples planted in a hole of about a foot deep to the right of the old garden gate 6 potatoe aples... Vol.l,p.57(l775) 6. Rye Grass Sowed Garden Pease, Beans, Clover & Bye Grass. Vol.1,p.53(1774) -53- 7. Shallotts Sowed more Garden Seeds & sett Shallotts a Beans... Vol.2,p.55(l775) 8. Spanish Beans ...I will put to it some seeds of Spanish Beans... Vol.2,p.337(1801) 9. Spanish Spinage fie have abundance of good Badishes every day and Spanish spinage... Vol.2,p.605(lBOB) lO. tresses He got about 6 or 7 hundred tresses for l beaver. Vol.1,p.27l(l786) Tresses were braids of corn, fastened together by braiding the husks. (John Askin Papers, vol.l,p.27ln). TERMS PERTAINING 2Q CURRENCY AND EXCHANGE As in the case of Weights and Heasures, there was no standard system of currency in the early Northwest. Barter was the chief order of the day, but was not satisfactory for business agreements between parties living a distance apart, as between merchants in the East and traders on the frontier. Some one medium was wanted but many different ones tried to satisfy the need. Hence, we find records of dealings in English, French, Portuguese, and bnited States currency, not to mention those in terms of goods or merchandise. It was imperative in most transactions to specify the kind of payment to be made, and we find the greatest care exercised in this regard. In general, the sterling shilling was the standard of value. Halifax currency was worth less than sterling, and New'York currency, commonly called York, was worth least of all. This arrangement varied at times, the Saw York shilling -54- (AH lmlding to its normal vslue of 12 cents more regularly than the others. The livre, usually written liver in the Askin , l Eaters, had an afITOliuatc value of 1;; cents, ngilo t-e soc, -—-‘-——- cannon 1y called so , was worth about one cent. Hal OtLCT values see notes acco-,.n"11; the citations below. The awnqles given cf the employment of brooches and rum as currency are not surgrising when we rcnerber that cheap jewelry and poor ' .. .4 .', . ' +... ,, ,3. ..‘4—1 I) *nw‘ .-. licuor more standard articles in the tzaae wlbfl tnc inuians. l. Broaches 1311 tut olc lull n 25 Eroaches for LUlk-lk; US... ‘7‘"1015P03‘14(1790) 2. Copper ...would not gran; LQu a Corp r Li a design to do so. Yol..,p.£3£(l§3£) 3. Dollars if you lave rec sived any Dollars -« 380E151 i\:1:;01;..o 4. 4 16 l Yk ...znu he has Liven no lie lots for [5:16 1 Ykooo ‘1'0105‘3’p. 1.91‘1nf'm 5. half Joe , ...he got tnenty-eight of their 19:21“ ollars for a half Joe... Tol.l,,.l$6(l775) J it should ‘ i -\ loo-Will be 13:19. 111 rain a she er cf "01 "“h1 :t ””C JI‘C...‘ t—J HO (j) C: S :l‘ o 3 7,510 ,. {1306) ...please aaV'IC&.tlA. ecuirnents and not sore than a half Joh 1 as to (each) ifl HOLE}... 4040.’,rov7l(1 } The johannes yes a lortucuese gold coin of the value of 3” Shlllinfs 23 re nce sterling. Apparently the ’half joe'--— Sjort for "Unennes'---'11cn was a noneta”; unit widely C'“loyed in 31c1ica our11, the eighteenth century, orQ izm tc égethe colonial custo* Cf reckoning in terms of 1011; culrer c 9; '01k Shilling was valued at 121 cents, ao‘rCAill ely half ' much as tie sterling shilling; hence the johannes, or jse, k1terms of York currency \9 as the gold johennes, and ‘a (Jehn Askin leper s, vol.1,p. 121 as once curl Lt elon; the At 2L Halifax Currency ...to gay him the sun of eigfity five pcrurjs lufilifzg; cirrww c1... o].?,p. 40C(1EOZ) 7. hard Honey I judge there will be about 70 or 80 a, 1 Lutr. of torn for ‘.hich herd Leroy is i :rnted. Vol.1,p.?]7(1736) Tholnton gives herd were? reri dollers emu herfi cesh ‘ aw Americanisns. (oi.cit.,vol.l,;.éle}. i .. V, ,‘fi 1,. Y... _ .' - .L.‘ L: h 8. Livers 1U EMMDUJt Lu. thu aaquc 111 s £11 1<11.”}‘(;Es€; 3 ”'sn] L362 :1 g . r or ercie11t 41111-33... 'VYC101,;:301U:{177\3) ivers Gellier; sé(177:) ed Clutiez...fc ty livers...Yol.l,p.b2(1774) "The norinal vr11ue of the livre Ls.s tuen y s s. L e ancient shillinvs' signifies that f01 H e tur"os sent con tract tbrre is to be no Jim nution f i on." (John Askin Ir ers, vol.1,p.162n) 9° 39W York currency ...the sum of three hundred and tiirty three pOUn 3s sir shillings and eight gene: fivj York Currency... Vol.2,o.3 C-€(1EOZ) D 10- Paper currency ...the sum of six hundred livres in the perer currency of this post... 11. FQHCe fie will carry it to Detroit for you for l3 fence per bushe]. Voi.¢,p.159(1793) 12 ~ .. ., . ' run ... 1e rum reed of Lr. Leruln in P8?“ Kent of a debt due you... Vol.1,p.?& (1766) 15.”“o Thousand rounds fawr1 '& ‘I‘ 13.Tmrpem LLenc :en place s ti which have begun to {I H 01* Frd 10 so ...CA: FY?“ *k) IIL~ in 8 out o TEELS PERTK EIKG T’ ~ . ‘ ' I I r’. ‘. A. Ml te. \IE).S ‘\"’1tll-0_a.t Cons‘rption we sgenernlly -...,_ 1., .. .- .- .. . . 1- bLEQUnl nast1nu eLeg of t l. blister 2. consumption Bartlett 9 the names of diseases is 3.1nmmurs s...l l , snL crosses ls. Vol.2,p.lCl(l7§£) .. ..'4_u 4.1. or e1 “ILA Lee same f0 ‘1 J. k r 1 b 's T”'vesu’, 0 four livrc 015 Lil 1 KlDOt of corn enn Vol.1,r.é“(1719) _ L .. - 1 ..-, 'v e price s tnleO xoun1o Yo. ‘dr0102’l‘jo l:‘Uklli-zv) CC) " ‘~ ‘ » W . ”"r L ii'o *ALU JOELALd PC‘u.i':1.3 ‘1. f I. o o o T v‘ '1 "1’ r (3)."\‘ UrClo¢_,:-.K'U‘17vh’ 17,1 1r~r7 r77“ ' ..ELFI'XFLQ o. ¢\)1ol’;oi§u( (~41) 1. o .1“ ‘n -~-.-.:_.-. .. 1153; o- Lor_.s Lu 1-LL1L;: 1 n . -. . -...fl .1— 1. MSL 111 OL‘LII Until 01.1.. v- hiALTH ALB RLJICIKE 7‘ wr- ,3 ‘v/ 'v- j n . , V 1ouut nous 11n1 o1 vesieatoid. rV~-\ . ‘L q . "P ‘ 1r srkliel b0 all 1111cssos Lous11 be b“ \L O O o‘iViL «1 fl. JW'O (15 Ar be consuugtion... contencs that th 1:}. 1.1; ...in "$11.3 .L C- :1 CZTT} 10k is seldom t is of 8 consumption. ' 9 nsensn is very sick on t IUlo~,Pou/U\17CJ(J) article b‘o‘ 1? Frencn{o; ci lee in ' of en ti 011 (if t1-e (A it 9'1 trq consequence of his leg sue trer; tinnuLjrt vHDUJli 01' sL, ff ell the bed hurours... 01.1,:.L: (13111 ‘ ' 1 R r. ' ‘\- « ‘1‘J': 0.,“ 'L’N 1 ~.-"\ d1}.OJ-Ka ‘ EU t :‘2 URBLLmL‘L‘ LU ..l‘LH .e(op.ci' . "1 v1 ....LL 1 U"; W f) U) (r) 5"\ cL-l ara‘ o‘l/b llilz‘ 6111(1 -07.. 4.intempers Colds have prevailed much but to other intemyers we are in general strangers. Vol.2,p.442(1864) 5.laid up have been laid up this five weeks. Vol.2, .394(1305) 6.rmnds Ky father mends very slowly indeed... Vol.1,p.593(l?95) 7.Physidc I beg you will not kill him with d-m—d Ihysic. Vol.1,p.86(l778) 8.5ickly ...it is very sickly about here but I...an in...health... Vol.2,p.4€7(l$05) 9.30pyknit Root ...but Thank God I made a great cure of it by sopyknit Root... Y11701.2,13o778(1814) ML vapours Todd is {one to the States to...get rid of the vapours. Vol.2,n.543(1307) ll. speale ...had a long sisale of it. Jnui if she, dear Soul, lives her lot never to quit it. Vol.2,1.353(18 8) ———‘—————-— Pickering contends that z lcnr s 1" c '.s. Le Cites pessnmy be borrowed from the sen N ell or srecle C? sic?- .. ‘ (’1‘ .atherspoon \oy.cit.,r.17%). 1" hObble ...and I an only just now able to hobblc about. Vol.2,p.268(179§) 15° LESSEd ...has cured many Very soon and Lessed the fit in others. Vol.1,p.553(1795) 14‘ recruit He says the only motive he has for taking this voyage are to recruit his health. Vol.2,p.254(1799) R l”° keep the house I have been so ill that I was oblidged to keep the house this month. Vol.2,p.438(1804) -QB- LANUFACTUBIRG TLhLS . . . v- a _ ‘A ‘v ‘ . - L frlst hlll i not: .":i -t l clu is LLleu 1' \ - - 1 1\ DA‘ .-J__LJ_ VJ. 1...L¢ L 1:... '-‘ m-n' 12'“ 2- '1' PA“! 0 o .lLlA '-'~.4'. ..-»I‘C: L151“. pbb . o .1 . a»- v. .- W ‘-‘}1 erect: n; tLo brie s .ills 1'." V'xll Lencken notes the tendency of gris'—mill {gist-mill (o;.cit.,;.2 2). 1 r) L. U. OT v 18 Horse hill ...& if you still think the horse Lill ac; no worth One hundred anl fifty rounds, J.L. fUl' 1h": Lotion, LOIS: will (It... v‘ ‘ 'f - -'~“\ val.(3,l'0f"g(lC/kv\a‘ lot ashes Lil 21“ ti-oe1 L11 Iot ashes gone hn“e 2111 Le 11:; CC g3: vt. Vol.7,p.c7é(lell} LEJGjiL thilUS Aid.) 1):;121IF‘L SL8 These are, without enception, in use tofia; in one place .1 - 1 .1 . . ' ~ ~1- ...».- — A n.-, ' 1 ... , Lithou-n snlioa in tee s;de Sense. L ihir col—.1”V ‘- A‘ “i - T ' v . ‘~ ". - 'n v -' -. " \ I ect CoPJ. .ullld Le ljtflz .alits o: cdcr'axm. m m. . ' ' " ~ ~- ‘ '1' ‘r . 1 lerniner in the bnitei states at pres nt, the, Love little of l. the character of the first courts unuer this nuns. Eiressor ...no rersor ca ithout first SU?ldg a t‘oger ais- char ea frCLliliS Ikruier imgste1:...a... tin? JB‘UEkiI .ts....i:V‘; st.L1 tlA; cOL-4;:;;- ire; of:.iceI'Ltith.1.utin:rit;1 to ruike such egre sor gay lCCO... Vol.1,p.l££(177&) L! Q I ‘ ...fl 9 . .r‘ _ ' . “33128 ...to put the 101109 Oi this lbnfl on a prorer gnu Iesgsctsblc footing, w ‘eg ‘I,’ (31": ’ {‘1‘{\. 111‘r: f llfltx,ld-I r;§“§::+35';evtrnxi vy L‘. .L \JLJ \.~'L. .'_;_ Lu “Ai‘xfig‘ 6'1 ¢ n o o 0 Val. ,Lou/lelbi‘)‘ p ' V - .. " ,. ‘ . . 2 u . '- .fe1r Coppy ilessc svr n e“ to 1.11 Assigin 101 u V r u 1. ‘ V‘VK.’ a] n "W .‘ 2‘ 1 _- ’ ‘ - e ,‘ O r-. em. 'W , - -, f4lr oer J s1 *1 cs11~st1cn -roi Ussrisl V 3'3... v04.:,l-ollm\iqti) ()3 .‘1.’ . 1 . 1 ~ V. '1' - ’ h'-( I ‘. *. “ 4‘ .’\ ‘1': '.' ’Q . “ ’ 1‘ 4. 17.3.1.1qu 3&th 19:) 11514 Ltslhltluu {0 ol ..‘L, lL- ful -. ‘. ' F .7 .¢—‘ .1 for an; other use.t (.71 .erinence l vae ' ’s u.; i reCcssary ori'nsn no 110150;} ca; 1111”? {.11 (Ir-”Eifjff LithOst first :tcin* a r ‘ " = 6. Cllrer & Termirler ooobEii‘; WORDS AND PHRASES PERTAINIHG 2g INDIAKS This classification sees not include ell expressions found in the Tapers which heve e derivation in the tongues, but only those syglied directly to dealings with the Indians or having the «0rd Indian in their construction. Such terms as supon, we tat, hickorg, caress will be found in other sections. An Innicn Csrco as; have been e col 0f Jews 1r; uh sky, blankets and geints for tie]? wit; Inlirns. The peculiar use of speeches probably has its source in the custom of using interpreters to com;renicste nith the Inafi iens; so, SCHt out syeecfivw= to J _, .1- isr , x V“ a. I. O” “D ‘3 ’1 (C 0 *3 .f. D $.41 C‘ c+ * '2‘ (.1 .4- ,j r+ (1 H .71 H (“ (‘- C he L". t. "1 '. r—Q. Lo 'Tr. .. .. _ _’ IQJLuBEB Of tlmz‘tiioes uniclL1W&re contacts}. 1- I? Uiisn Corn Began to plsz:t Injiei n Corn. -70- 2.Indian Cargo The Bearer hereof...has applied to me to know if there is any merchant who I think would advance a small Indian Cargo on getting Security... Vol.2,p.196(l799) 3.Indian Sack I send an Indian sack full of Cram- berry for Alice... Vol.2,p.584(1807) 4.Indian Sugar I purposed troubling you to exchange 4000 of flour for me, for Indian Sugar,... Vol.2,p.214(1799) According to Thornton, Indian Sugar was maple sugar (op.cit.,vol.l,p.476). 5. Indian Summer ...the Indian Summer so call'd at DGtI'Oit... YJOl-P,p.578(1807) 6. Kounsy Indian a Mounsy Indian was taken from one of the Indian camps... Vol.2,p.727(1812) 7. Ottaways Krs Ainsse arrived today with the Ottaways. Vol.1,p.52(l774) 8. Peutowatomas ...refugees from the Ottaways & peutowatomas...Vol.l,p.550(l790) 9. Potewatemie ...the Indian chiefs of the Iotewatemie Ration... Vol.2,p.448(l€04) 10. Sock Kr Johnston was to have left him at the Sock Villiage... Vol.2,p.669(1811) 11. Speeches He then sent Speeches to our Indians... to invite them in... Vol.1,p.220(1786) 12' TOthawk ...had his arm broke by another who struck him with a tomyhawk. Vol.2,p.776(1813) ...probably have the Tomhawk raised over our heads.Vol.2,p.l39(l798) -71- Egg§§_9§.ANIMALS It will be noted that a large number of these names are frmnthe French and Indian, as is to be expected, since both Ineceded the English in the territory where these animals wemafound. It is doubtful that the American SE was a sep- amme type; the adjective probably indicated nothing more than the place of purchase. The expression Horned Cattle tends to show that cattle was understood in the meaning of mu.domestic quadrupeds. hush Rat is an Anglicized form of the Indian musguash. 1. American ox ...to order from the river Trench an American ox such as you want but something larger. Vol.2,p.626(1809) 2. hares Indians have furnished us with an abundance of...hares... Vol.2,p.005(1508} Mencken says hare was dropped from the vocabulary in colonial times. (op.cit.,p.64). 3. Horned Cattle All the Hogs are starved to death & it will be with great difficulty to prevent the Horned Cattle from the same fate. Vol.2,p.591(1808) 4. husquash 5 Kusquash Vol.1,p.209(1785 The use of musquash for a beaver-like animal began in 1624 (Tucker,op.cit.,p.280). The word comes directly from the Indian and was later Anglicized to musk-rat (Krapp, op.cit.,vol.l,p.104,166). De Vere has it as an Americanism (op.cit.,p.55) as also has Thornton (op.cit.,vol.?,p.598). 5. Rush Eat passed on the north Side of another spreading lake full of long grass & Mush Rat Houses... Vol.1,p.346(1790) ...aIquwif Th i S MO U] (1 flange from PUS“' Paccans hrs Kcnee a few I accans . . . "The paccan(pecan)was a fur-begi'; thmhl, the largest nwnber oi the weasel fanily. by the Liitisk treders it was called the fisher (mustela iennznti)" (John Asfiin Islers, vol.2,p.llSn). 7.parchment Buck ...ncre value than a deer Shin, encept it be a good led or...1 Jch- nent such. Vel.l,;.2;o(179d) S. Fichoux ...to change all your fall d Winter deer Skins for Iacceon a Lichoux... T'f‘ Vol.1,p.2;6(l750) This res the FrenCF-Crnedian name for the red lvnx. o 1 c U I), VIC-)1. ],£.VU;‘|". all yotr fell a Jinter or ;.eccoon... 01.1 1.~oo\l7""‘ 9. Raccoon ...to Chen: a haccons of their hiz'n‘ so good. . . 'erlol,?02C‘l(l7jé) ...nor are t m1 lurcell an‘ t De Vere records this as from the Irdien (op.cit.,p.LO). uFPPP gives it in a list of words horrened directly from the IHdian (op.cit.,vol.l,}p.lCé,lob). géPRESSIONS CONHE TED WITH THE AhMY A"' KILI ABY LAHHUVCR Block houses were high, square luf buildinrs placed at . - s strategic points for defense a; ainst irveders. Fencibles (D were soldiers recruited for home defense only. Lis’t is Shortened form of enlist. Embodied scans to have a meaning 1., . . .,_ . of .32E12:.t0"ether in one 00d? c: furnished nits esuienent “— _______._._ .L .l. f()r‘ "tn C“' o w n " ~_ " 0 ~_ . D 4_"' 1 .'V V -. a ‘ ‘ ... u.r. chivorod he; have :ltdCr or two old huuhlheb: -3 ~—-__— —_ O H S . w. .. t 8 t . m... ...... t S . B S o o t ”rt .u .U 1 I a :L S o e 1 I 1r. e . U 0 ..c 8 T .T. L. .1 ..- e r d . ..-. ... 1 U ., 00 \II o ..H. \il Tu \) 91 \sl 1.. nkl ...to \II I C... A: 1‘ .U ...... v.1. ) .Tu .1 f . ..u. 4. n S n; a; .Tu AU F, .1 7 P .- Wu ..h C C on. I ...” I. O C. .1 G ...... 1 T t 8 .-.... u S 0 Ct at C .. . .. .1 1 0 ..." .l 1 1 «I u T .L n,“ 7 S S h ... e .1 S 7 P I R. ...... O at. e 4. L «A ti o O .1 S ....“ 1 .1 a 1 ..fl r. 1 e l a» .. . .3. 1 1 .l 1 u a 1 5 r1 ”Ky ....” (\ ..Lu ... ....v {t\ ..- . 3 0 II\ “J LL l\ WJ t . . {.\ .HJ m \1 /\ «U ...I ( ".0 .Tu S l .I ... 2 .1. an S ..., o ..., h J; a I 7 ..u 5 .u .1 1 1 ....L. . ._ u C. .1 x .1 u L .... d. a. _. S ...: ...m u: ...a. S ..o C .l r 7 it i. t l t f .1 I. r. f 1 r c r ...... O 7 Q I t 4 S C t L C L .h t: n 7 .l 7 v e ..A e. ..-. .u . c .L .f. . t O . S e . L O b . G a U . h d ....i . S n .l r“ .-.a. .... V O .K T. 1 . ._ ... t -u 1 P, .l P f m. 2.. t 1 a U. .l ...... n. d .1 .n “a . iwic , a .i . n . .-id , ,LE , aloe , loo 0 l ...... l E L 3 . c... t 1 1 e r on S n l E f 2 at. ... an. ,U ml w i— ..L o «In. a 0 .Ta MU. . w“ 1.”. . .... a... U. 0 Q a... ....” o I.» o O m. l. C C. b a o 1 .Q B .iu . wJ. .U .. 1 l n V 11 r O l O 01 l ......“ M...” . o 1 +u ...: ...- C . C I. .... T. O n .l 1 O .1 L O 1.-.. .x S C O C E .O t. .. t ...o . .1... a L e .1 V . 1 8 V e n. t r S v. ”...... ....u v. .1 t w. r t . H .l ..L. n v in V. ...- . V 1 S i I ..c ...... .1 .1 C a... S C. e .... O O K... T h . I n. C R C V m 0 C O Y. I .... x . 11 14 “.... t T .1 .L O O ”5...... rm ...; C .... +4. 1"...“ O +0 (d -u w- .. .u 3. t .1 n . C . Q ..L S ...-.. MTG .1 ...L a... in. ..o Q ”J C u.“ a t 3 kn I O C T .1 8 ...c. C h C ”i C .0 t .0 O 1 n O .0 8 .2 O ..u an. 8 1 .1 I L C O ..l . ..t G 3 .C T .1 1 6 . ,3 f .1 .L .l S 6 . 1....“ t n C n L o t l h n... t C S .2 S e m C ....“ .....i. . d t a P, .1 ... S T 1 t It .1 .8 .-..v. U 0 mi ...... mu . . .l ....u 0 T. .1 f t .l C .1 .0 i. n O I 1 u e t r C e ..e . ...... d r e a... C 3 LL 1 ...... U T. .... .1 n .U. S .1 h; e Pu ......“ C o 1... Ti. 8 ..u .1 ...- u e . t .D a. .... d r C .-.:O 0 hi... V. t r. .... P ..u ...... .. O I n1 .. .3 .4 . . .-.; .n ..u 1 u ..l h 0 ..L H H 6 T O .....c an 1 . 1 h . e . 3.1 .n O M .l a t .l .... e f h e c T h f 1 . o S ....r r... .-.. . ..O . ._ .. ..1 .0 vi C r ..-o I S 6 .u“ H O I ..f. in... r-.. «l C ..c . S C +.. .I. “...I 8 n6 :5... W. l C :1 ..THL 7M 1... ....1 C T 0 .0 e C +0 ab 0 +4 a . x, H... F. d 11 r C S .1 n r3 5 a r 0. e .y\ “L“ t S Q .I e u S S f t u u r1...» 1 O S m; d e 0 S C f H B e e 1 T d .1 n t .1 .0 S G .. I k .l T d .l r. t S .TV 0 b 8 O C O o. e v e e O r S ..O. n .... S 1 -.u H nn 1 8 e H 8 C .1 U ..1. 0 ..b B C ..U .1.“ «I Wu. 1 .v. if Tu ....H S .e O . . . . . . . .1 In .0 t 1 2 no A. 5 C 7 l; 4. t a W“. 11 (‘7' 1St hub A . I v .1” a ‘. ,1. l ‘1 1"" V :T!, I 3 IL .—k A;- n 1- i .sv“ p, ‘1 Vol. .3 ._L “CL/.00 -74- through the different Kaneuvres. Vol.2,p.099(18l1) 9.1MSkets They kept up a warm fire with... muskets and a howitzer... Vol.2,p.757(1813) 10. powder bag a powder bag...Vol.l,p.oll(1795) ll. press'd From this Kajor C and myself...went to Kount Pleasant, press'd a few wagons and then rode to Yiegh's. Vol.2,p.712(1812) It is pointed out by Palmer that press meaning to enlist soldiers is derived from to orest, give ready money, and originally was applied merely to all hired soldiers. The great came to be mistaken for a past participle of press, to push or urge, and gradually took on its later significance (Op.cit.,p.298). Its use in the above quotation in the sense of taking equipment for military purposes is an interesting one. 12. Skivered our troops...yelled as much like Indians as they could. This had a bad effect as it woke the enemy who would have been skivered other- wise. Vol.2,p.757(1813) 13. stand of arms ...there were 32ps of cannon in all and about 2900 stand of arms... Vol.2,p.719(1812) l4. tucked up The latter I really dont believe will fight, being in dread of being tucked up if found in arms. Vol.2,p.771(1813) RELIGION AND CHURCH The use of Evangelist to mean the book of gospels is generally considered obsolete. Jesuitical carries with it a sense of craft and deceit occasioned by the bad practices- of which the Jesuits were accused by their enemies. -1; -75- Last week a Bunker with his Son was here looking at the place...thinks to find more of his profession to join and get Farms of you. Vol.1,p.235(1786) 1.Dmmer Dunkers are mentioned by De Vere (op.cit.,p.242). TMnmton defines a Dunkard or Dunker as a species of Anabaptist, oruflnating in Germany, and found mostly in Pennsylvania (opdflt.,vol.l,p.27d). He also has the name as Tunker (ibid, vol.2,p.911). ...who being duly sworn on the Holy Evangelist of Almight God, deposeth & saith... Vol.1,p.225(1786) 2.Emangelist ...he purchased...of the Koravian Finisters...&...from the Koravian or Christian Indians...their Improve- ments... Yol.l,p.228(1786) 3. Moravian One of a denomination of Christians more commonly known as the United Brethren. This church originated in Horavia in the 15th century and consists of three branches, the German, the British and the American (debster's, Edition of l921,p.l405). 4. Jesuitical excuse ...then Tommy cannot frame a Jesuitical excuse... Vol.2,p.268(l799) TERMS RELATING 29 FISH AND FISHING Soused Trout were pickled trout. 1. Fish Backs l Kocock wt Fish Backs Vol.2,p.679(1€ll) 2. Herrin Sett a Herrin Nett yesterday... VOl.l,p.55(1775) 3. Maskelonge ...& skin the Naskelonge for the same purpose. Vol.2,p.589(1808) Bartlett has muskelunge, masguinonje and maskinonge from the Algonquin Indian (op.cit.,p.265). Krapp says the word has safely established itself in American usage (op.cit.,vol.l, p.106). |~A -75- «L Snmed Trout We will try some Soused Trout by the time Robertson goes down. ‘JTOlol,p0105(1778) HOME BEVERAGES Hysonwas a kind of green tea imported from China. Barly may have been an ale, 8 wine, a broth, or a brew of flavored barley water . 1.EMrly The rest of us have Chocolate for Breakfast & Early Substituted in the room of Coffe for the afternoon. Vol.1,p.79(1778) 2.dish of tea ...and entertain their Company with a dish of tea and humble Grogg... TVrOlol,pol:§5(l77d) IL Hyson teas I have However Received from Xontreal some Hyson a Breakfast teas... Vol.2,p.148(1798) ...that you had a quantity of Hysen Tea... Vol.2,p.4BO(lBOS) FOODS AND CONDIMENTS Hog is included because its use in conjunction with Eork indicates a distinction in meaning. 1. Crainberry Comfiture ...thank Madelain for the Crainberry comfiture sent your Mother as i eat my full part of it... Vol.2,p.627(1809) .A confection of fruit preserved in sugar and dried. From the French confiture, a sweet meat. (Yehster's, Edition of 1921, p.446). 2. Hog The Barrell of Pork, Hog and other things belonging to You I will also send. Vol.1,p.259(1736) -77- 3.Indian Sugar I purposed troubling you to exchange 4000 of flour for me, for Indian Sugar... Vol.2,p.2l4(l799) 4.10af sugar hrs. Askin has still some tea & loaf sugar... Vol.1,p.79(177€) To 1 loaf sugar... Vol.1,p.604(l794) 5.LMscovado sugar Sugers are much lower this year than they were last. huscovado is 40/ th and loaf 1/ ka. Vol.2,p.sss(is11) Muscovado was the name given to raw sugar imported into Hus country. The word is from the Spanish mascabado. (Palmer, op.cit.,p.248). 6. Onondaga salt ...and Onondaga salt was selling for fifteen dollars a barrel a few days 880... ‘70102,E07bl(1815) 7. Pine Apple cheese I have a Fine apple cheese and a few other small things coming up for my mother... Vol.2,p.699(1511) 8. supon meal he takes a little supon meal over for Alice we did not think of geting it ground before now... Vol.2,p.459(1805) Quaife notes that "suppon (supon, sepon, etc.) is a word of supposedly Algonquin origin, signifying Indian meal or mush" (John Askin Papers, vol.2,p.459n). Bartlett states that supawn, also supaen, and supporne, is the Indian name for boiled meal, sometimes called hasty pudding (op.cit.,p.465). Farmer says the word stands for a food prepared like oatmeal porridge (op.cit.,p.522). WORDS AND PHRASES PERTAINING IQ ELECTIONS 1. boards Leith will give me credit for any little Sums you may...require, such as putting up the hustings, boards, &c, Cake and wine... Vol.1,p.421(1792) -75- 2.chained ...should I be elected, I shall pay you a visit in the Spring to be chained. Vol.1,p.421(l792) 5.hustings Kr. Pollard tells me the hustings will probably be held...about the Rivers Kouth. Vol.1,p.420(l792) Leith will give me credit for any little Sums you may require, such as putting up the hustings, boards, ac... Vol.1,p.421(l792) 4.;mt up If yourself, Feldrum, Park or any other liberal man...should put up I will heartily give them my vote... Vol.2,p.299(1800) 5. return my having done the settlers business without emoluments...should be some inducement to them to return me! Vol.1,p.417(1792) MATTERS QE GOVERNMENT Some of these expressions come under this caption more by association than directly. Government without the article is probably carried over from British usage. sport may be used here in the same sense as to sport a cane but is more likely a shortened form of surnort. we find nice here in its best sense of exacting or discriminating. 1. account ...by Capt Robertson who Kajr de Feyster sends to Detroit on the Kings account... Vol.1,p.86(1778) 2. Government I have seen his deeds from Govern- ment for between two a three thousand acres of land. Vol.2,p.196(1799) ...he gets 7 dollars from Government for a barl of flour... Vol.2,p.280(lSCC) -79- ...recolection of the service rendered Government by Capt chee... Vol.2,p.470(1805) Government, used in this manner, is listed by De Vere asan.hmericanism. (0p.cit.,p.252). He came over on Saturday last and yesterday held a levee at which I with a number of others attended. Vol.2,p.u95(is11) 3. levee De Vere gives this as an Americanism (op.cit.,p.99) as also does Bartlett (op.cit.,p.242). Derived from the French lever, to rise. 4. memorialed Captain Bird of the King's Regiment having memorialed his excellency... ‘JrOlol.’p020L‘)(l784) “ Sport ...Kade it necessary as some thought to Sport & Send to the Govenor a presentment... Vol.2,p.517(1300) o. presentment Kade it necessary as some thought to Sport a Send to the Govenor a presentment... Vol.2,p.bl7(1800) 7. Town Meeting ...host of the Lembers being f Town heetinr...Vol.l,p.4:d(l79 \4 01" a 2) His Excellency General Carleton our Vice hoi is to be out this spring... Vol.1,p.244(1786) H9 8. Vice “0 9. Legislate Bord Elija Brush attorney...maketh application to the Legislete Bord... Vol.1,p.207(1784) lO. proroguing ...so that in a few days I will be under the necessity of proroguing of them... Vol.2,p.506(1806) (wiis was used with reference to the provincial assembly............. ~80- HOUSE FURNI ShI N G The mention of a cast iron stove reminds one that anmlin had brought this into use not Jon; before. Iater pdates were those with a receptacle underneath to hold hot water. ...and‘if you could lend me a Bunk... I should be very thankful...0ut of Nine or ten bedsteads I cannot 5e one up... Vol.2,p.743{1312) l. Bunk This is an Americanism according to Bartlett (op.cit., p.58). 2. Candlestick snuffers 2 Candlestick snuffers... Vol.1,p.609(l795) 5. Cast Iron stove pray Sir what may be the price of a very small Cast Iron stove if I can raise the honey for one. Vol.2,p.261(l799) 4. Xacinac Feather Bed ...take a Puck or two of rood Buffaloe Robes and hackason Leather in payment, and a Lacinac Feather Bed miiht not come amiss. Vol.2,p.315(1800) 5. ticks Gne of the bed ticks is put down by guess as I could not find the invoice. Vol.2,,.243(1799) 6. Water plates 6 deter p1ates.. Vol.l,p.003(17§b) IMPLEIv-IENTS 93 FARM Am) CAMP Tomhawk and tOMVhank are included here because tne instrument was often used as a tool as well as a weapon. This was particularly true of the commercial ones intro- duced early by the traders. Shear is share today. Sin a -81- mudeaux is explained by the citation under Sui §_Bardenu. l.Adze we took from the goods...an Adze... Vo .2,y.ELd(lECl) 2.?low Irons ...as also t _urnish said COInnell with the use of a horse a C03 a Plow Irons... .ol.i,1.214(l7dc) 5.5MW a Bardeaux as for the Saw a Bardcaua 1 dont hz’lkb‘il M11151 t i t i S o o o w”? ‘I n r?“ :fir‘ in 501 a Bardeau formerly 801 a Sardeau was a partic- ular kind of flo~ shear 1nd not a saw fer shingles as you . -ld Make it. Vol.2,p.39d(le02) a Shear I wanted and 5. Shear ...and it is h. V01. 2,}.u44( ECG} A 6. Tomhawk ...Liobabl; hrve the forhswk ra’sed over our heads.?o l. 2 ,p. 159(179 3) ...had his arm bro}; by another who struck hin tith a to"nsuh. Vol.2,;.776(l&15) GEOGRAPHICAL AND TOPOGR APHICAL EXPRF SSIONS Back country and Fr;er Country refer here to splrox- _4L imately the same district, the region of the unper lakes 1. Back country ...some yereons in that Back co ntry will garish and the trade will be hurt. ErOlol’I“o7l(l778) This is made one of a swarm of reolc isms, chiefly ompounds, stimulated into being by the new landscape (Nencken, or.cit.,p.37). De Vere has it as an Americanism (op.cit.,p.165), and Earme r defines it as sgarsely settled land (op.cit.,p.2.). 2. heads Johnny remained with re about One Lonth & then went to winter on th heads of the Eontreal river... Vol.2,p.697(lbll) -82- 2% run about a Lile a half farther up the Run came to the yortege... ‘vr0101,1024b(l790) Krapy has the origin of this word in the yhrase "a run of water" found in the huntir ton iecorfls, luau. he also nwntions earlier citations Dy the Lou nn lish diction“-.. The word is ascribed to hmerican and noxthe1n “llLluJ ui inlect (op.cit.,vol.l,p.8£). Bartlett gives it (op.cit.,p.374), and Farmer also (op.cit.,p.4uc). 4. Upper Country ...he exyccts the Comnissa1ies in the Epier Countiy will soon be put in a better footing & have more ray... Vol.1,p.79(l77d) EXPRESSIONS RELATING EQ_HUNAN RELATION , FOLI”E INTERCOUESE, E'C. l. civility ...you will I am sure to be Happy to render him ary civility 2. favor ...all in my favor shall be done between this & Sept... Vol.2,p.293(1800) 5. Interest I must beg your interest if you have any to get what you can of my things... put on board...Vol.l,p.E7(l773) I beg your interest about getting what things of mine...fcruarded in the Kings Vessell... Vol.1,p.82(1773) 4. Intelligence I return you many thanks for your Intelligence & advice to my Clerk. Vol.1,p.76(1773) 5. lJKUIlge I make no doubt but your Commanding officer would indulge you in any- thing reasonable which was for your advantage. Vol.1,p.87(177e) 6. relied ...that you relied everything was done & said with Sincerity . T[(31.2 ,r 01Cd(179g) ~83- ...heve been good enouLh to say they 7. spare would syare us their Phaeton. ‘4r0102,10117(1797) 8. Suffered Its certain that those who left Detroit this Spring were not Suffered to bring but a very little quantity. Vol.1,p.83(1778) 9. trust ...I trust this letter to them... Vol.2,p.269(l799) I will wait on you at your home by a line from you. Vol.2,p.495(1805) 10. wait on you Your son Charles was here a Short time. I could not get him to make free. ‘VrOlog’p0674(lE-ll) '11. make free FRENCH WORDS AND PHRASES FREQUENTLY USED All of these expressions were certainly not adopted from the French in America; many made their debut in the English language before John Askin was born. All have, however, retained their characteristic French formation. There is considerable question as To whether moccck and renoncement should have a place in this classification. They are included, nevertheless, so that they may be rejected when irrefutable proff is forthcoming that they should be. There can.be little doubt that errant, batteaux, engage, minot, and.marrey have a proper place here as having been adopted Idxmxthe French colonists in the New Uorld. A prOpos now we are on the subject, there is a Boy here... Vol.1,p.155(1778) 14 A prepos 2. arpent -84.. ...containing one acre in front by forty Acres or Argents in depth... Vol.1,p.369(l790) A french arpent is 3 English chains less 9 inches. Vol.2,p.512(1806) Also mentioned in Vol.2,p.345, and defined in Vol.1,p.28. 3. Bagatelles 4. Batteaux 5. Douceur 6. Engage 7. in lieu 8. Karrey ...and give the surplus to my ear Kother to buy such Bagatelles she may stand in need of. 37.0102 ’p0631(1309) ...and I shall send a Batteaux to Detroit that will bring me at least 120 Bushells. Vol.1,p.75(1778) ...that if you will throw in Gaillard's farm to me as a Douceur, I will sign the necessary securi— ties... Vol.2,p.l94(l799} ...no person can hire an engage with- out first seeing a proper discharge from his former master... Vol.1,p.134(1778) had much Trouble as Customary in getting the Engagee's off... Vol.1,p.359(1790) ...to send me Rum in lieu of what he took of mine... Vol.1,p.126(1778) the River...increased in Water & run in large Turnings with Points and Larrey & not so strong a current. Vol.1,p.SbO(1790) This is applied to swampland and is derived more than likely from the French mereis. 9. Kinot ...that your Peeple may want any supplies, these can be had at hy House for, Corn for 8/ a Kinot... Vol.2,p.186(l799) ~85- 10.nmcock ...beg your acceptance of a little mococh of sugar... Vol.2,p.576(1807) 11. renoncement ...That you will make the necessary arrangements to complete the fences... as far as your Kill, agreeable to my renoncement... Vol.2,p.195(l799) 12. Sans Cullotes ...if we sail in a single ship, we are on the other hand exposed to the merciless Sans Culottes. Vol.2,p.52(1796) 15. Torchons ...which prevented her finishing a dozen torchons for your kitchen wrappers... Vol.2,p.583(lSC7) l4. Vendue ...and above what hr Laselle sold for at public Vendue. ‘Vr0102,P'0160(1798) I owe Cadiau four dollars. Answer so much for him at the Vendue... Vol.2,p.4lO(lBO4) 15. vendued The slaves were vendued and V150 and Col. Hamtramck purchased them... Vol.2,p.347(1801) ...as he has Vandued all off and lives now at Mr hays... Vol.2,p.4lO(1804) SLANG-AND COLLOQUIALISMS 1. Bruise the Grogg you and I had the best rights to Bruise the Grogg being old Champaigners. Vol.2,p.396(1803) 2. crosser ...I'm much younger than when you saw me last, tho' in your opinion much crosser. Vol.1,p.79(l778) 5. flame ...where your old flame rendered herself rediculous... Vol.2,p.539(1807) 4.;MSuitical excuse 5. Loup 6. miffed 7. pinched 8. Phiz 9. tucked up 10. went off in a pet 11. Whopper -86- ...and than Tommy cannot frame a Jesuitical excuse... Vol.2,p.268(1799) ...send it down in my name, that it may not appear to Park, who in matters of trade is a Ioup. Vol.2,p.218(l799) hr Brush has too kind a heart to be miffed at your short silence... Vol.2,p.638(1809) ...that you might be pinched for want of money... Vol.2,p.390(1803) ...and a more consequential Phiz I never saw in any man before... Vol.2,p.670(1811) The latter I really dont believe will fight, being in dread of being tucked up if found in arms. Vol.2,p.77l(lBlZ) ...the latter went off in a pet, the cause as far as I could learn was who should be first---NCTavish or hck... Vol.2,p.275(1800) If anyone says so he tells a ThOpper. Vol.2,p.595(1803) , De Vere gives this as an Americanism (0p.cit.,p.647). Bartlett says it is provincial in England but common in this Country (op.cit.,p.505). 12. Yanky, Yankeys the Yankeys will trade Rum for Raccoons. Vol.2,p.27b(1800) ...& the manner he escaped the Yanky collectors &c I am not at present authorized to say. Vol.2,p.696(1811) While some scholars would contend against it, and with ve * ' ry credible ev1dence, the generally accepted derivation for .1 C a 1 AU .14 .-. . an S .1 hi. . s I _. v T .1! C C 8 pi . . . PC ..1 b. .1“ .... .... O (a S I t \A l C S C O F . .1 6 7 8 C 11 .... c .1 S 1...... f h a 0 .-. a... ..n l ...a f . 2U ..., .1 l ...a S I c... t r. C H. .l 5 .Tu { S v...) ...a f\ T. n... 9... .ru r.\ C m _; V (4.. .. 11 T L m T ab 0 t 1 n. :1 l T .... _ c \J _ . . . 2 t 1-1 -. A... 1 ...... \A ...... n, w . ...o r. O +. r\ a. \J l . . 3 _ .-. h e 1 1. . n c 1 l J. u .-. E T 3 it Q l e .1 1... 3 .... s . H C . Q S ...r. .l .c .0 r 7 h u AU +.. l .ru . .1” ....u a. AU 3 P. O . .l 1-. . T C .1 .1 r... ..i .. u. C e ...... /\ d r 1 ..-. .n m o H .7 C C. l ..1 . a O D 3 11 . _ .T v. 1... 2 Cu 8 S ) Ow . F. l : .. .. {\ h I . .1 2c . S V]. p.11 c II. C 7 Z ..., a... E S n; .0 IL. K 2 Co 3 3 ..i .m -. 4... .l T. r. 1C 9. .l ..o . I C a n- .l . C E ... .l G e S ... .l 1..“ w” ...H Q Q . I u l ..r .1 ..u n .., fl. 7 1 .J n c it ..o .1 T Q S O ,5. ... .... p 0 8 C ... u . l ...a O . . . ..a L .1 .... 11 vi n1 .n C . . .-. o g. a .H C v... .H t 1.1 l +4 . u w- m, U1 .. C ...a . 1 1‘... .1 Mu JC 0 .-.I h .09 Lb . r... .1 O 1.. h... T 3 .1 .1 F. a. h o a fl «.1 a .i . u e . 3 n .... v. 1. a t 8. Z .... “.1 ... H 1. i l .1 uh r 1.. n, _ .U l ..a .. M o 3 w . .l n; S .0 o a .1 an -.L .1 A-.. n O .1 l S . ...... O O ... .... r. . . .1 e n l ‘D ..L v.1 ...a V. n. L. J 1.“ .... 1.1 ‘1 ".1. 3 Cw ..._ U ...; mu . 2.1. 1 .1 c... 3 . b O -. .1 .. a. c. .... C S . a. R .....1. 3 h e e C e .-.. v. .1 u m. ..t . c C a ..- e v. L S h n .1 n i... v. .1 S . f l ..c o .. f e ... .... v. n .1 s. a -. t i C h 0 . U C fli. L- hr; .14 .{2 \rd #1. .c :1. .NKJ 1 r. :1. 1r.“ H“ 0w D... 0.4 “:1 o 00 .c D ... ...a S G .l l S C n. S .hi .1 it n T. . . n. T. e ..1. 3 l f. a, L t .1 v... _- .1 f H.. . v... f O L f S D ... t C e l I u c1 3 C e. a. r. O C . f 9. n .... .1 .-.U 8 L J r... ..u U ..V 1 cl. +u rm .0. u . ch. CI ....1. t ..i. .(1 3 .1 l S a .u J u . H C C C O ... f t L... 3 t ..H .... t 8 I l .l .l .1 o . 1. . 1 .l e ..n .1 no .... Q C ....n .l ...1. .T. V. :1 OJ C n... D, .1. .AJ C I.\ ....._ .0 .1 r... .Tu S T. L.“ e n... .....1 O ... and a.) ab PL LU ....I... :. n 04.. ...u ...a a ....r .A .9 my «.0 1 .VV t .1l. mi S n 1:... u up .... ...... C V l J ....) C ..o ..u e v.11 U 2. 11 C h K 1; f ..., ...a 7.1 .1 u e .l I u... an M .f .l O .0 I e ... o .. . cu. .C T ..- -J S J S . 3 u m. S .1 an . C o . I S T. x, T o x... .n. 1. o u p r i h H . ... .1. -.. o .1. . l e . o .1 a o T 1. .. L S S t L C 8 C . t S O I C It . C t . f h 11. ...a f ..i r. .. Tu .... . .... 1K .1 .1 . 3 S ... S .n 1 .L S S A w; «L .H H C E o n... .1 “k ... ) C v.1 I L... .;\ A w. Cu r H; .1 . I an. . c a; ...a. t T a u E S t ..w. t .1 .1 n H. h h ..c ....“ :1. 0 ..w 1 «11 al. I C. ...a .f, S 1 H a: “H . S n n R. c- i. . n ...... n. e .1 C _ - . n L... O h .1 f V .l .\.\ .... 4- 4.... we to O .l n {1 2r. .. 11 8 f. O -. ..H. . S l S e oi l 1 O C n1. 0 \l P. t a... .l ...1 O .... e r. . L +... O 5 ...; h C e T. I O . t ..L 8 J .0 ..V e U “rm .1 . l n; +4 .1 r m t t ... n .1 e . n e t n .. o e o a h c a I .o. a s .1. t l . . c ‘I 1 r... ...J Cu K . . . a .1 ... a“ I V h 3 T 9.. .1 ..b S S v? 9. an; a .J . S B .11 11 r k). c. G o 8 C .\ O D .1 ,w .11 S C... M1 MC V. 9 71 e f WU K.” C r... NIH. .v a .1 +Iv (\ 01 a a "V O awful. m ”AN 1|“ fin 7 o O . ru A. :v -53- I hOpe the poor fellow has extricated himself from the horrors of a Joal... Vol.2,p.663(l€ll) 6.kind I return you many thanks for the news, to which I would now make return in kind... Vol.1,p.lO7(1778) 7.language ...I mentioned the favorable prospects I had of this place improving...and the language held out that the Agents... were to live at the post... Vol.2,p.604(1809) 8.1aunch ...he is going to 1r. Kclntosh's to assist at the Launch. Vol.2,p.259(l799) 9.1ett ...without any Lett, Trouble, Holes— tation or Interruption... Vol.1,p.59(1775) 10. out cellars ...have built a small Villiage consist- ing of 27 10; Houses, besides some stables, out cellars... Vol.2,p.220(l786) ll. situation ...his head at times is in a shocking situation... Vol.2,p.204(l799) 12. situations The very Clear account you have sent me of the furs shipt...as well as my Liquors &ca in their different situa— tions deserves my thanks. Vol.1,p.126(1778) 13. Stiver ...that if I ever have a Stiver of Interest or Influence with the Gov- ernment it shall be exerted te...your services... Yol.l,p.447(l792) but Ogtiver, a Dutch genny (stuyver), was used in England tained a footing in America through the uutch occupation. The coin was worth about one penny; hence, the term came to mean anything of little worth (Thornton, 0p.cit.,vol.2,p.859). 14°‘KUS1CK if the deather is fine, and it is not too much loaded very likely they could .89. bring down the Musick. Vol.2,p.2©b(l79§) What alarmed me much and put me to an unpluse was mostly all the officers of government being absent... Vol.2,p.495(l&Ob) 15.unpluse The 2nd Brigade was halted a short wait at Sandwich... Vol.2,p.717(1812) 17.want ...Sind me five or Six Yards of Stripe Cotton...as I am much in vant of it. Vol.1,p.24l(l786)' ...Owing to a want of judges there was no court...Vol.2,p.410(1804) Hi Cation ...You had better take all on your - own hands and then there will be no Cation of a division. Vol.1,p.262(l756) 19. War Pole ...and surveyed as far down as the Ear Pole and Cabbins where I left off. Vol.1,p.225(l786) MISCELLANEOUS VERBS Some of these are simply cases of omission as do for do E2..l;stnin5 for listening to. Others seem to be cases of sub standard usage as lernt for taught, protested for Iflreatened, surmise for intend. The use of ggnd is not clear. It might possibly mean to make amends for deficiencies in pay- ing What was owed; but more probably it was written in error for send, Takes off has here the sense of diverts. The ObJBCt Onfitted after to discover would be something like "who set.fire to the town". §2_find in the sense of tg_provide Wi , . -, -.;EQ'W&S, of course, very common usage in ASkin's tine. Je -90- hmm also another use of fix, this time in the sense of gdmflng oneself in a position to profit. l.affords 2.anchored off 3. answer 4. appointed 5. Cherished 6. comes 7- Credit 8. discover 9. do 10° fEllen This place affords no news... ...admitting that the adventure could afourd it. Vol.2,p.435(1804) ...we went a shore and anchored off. Vol.2,p.716(1812)‘ ...there is proper kettles now here that I believe would be Sold cheap, as the Spring they were intended for does not answer. Vol.2,p.2?8(1799) I have a Small House in the Garrison, of two rooms appointed for me... Vol.2,p.305(1800) I assure you that I am so Cherished with yours and other friends accounts of the relnstablishing of hrs. Grant's health that I feel myself growing quite hearty and Well. Vol.2,p.498(1805) If it happens luckly that the gentle— man who comes Lt Governor, has the Command of the Troops... Vol.2,p.517(lSO€) ...and the remainder not long after if I may credit report. Vol.2,p.218(l799) Five hundred pounds reward is offered to discover. Vol.2,p.594(1805) If I can help...I will most cheer- fully do,... Vol.2,p.5gl(1803) The Officers a Docter...have fallen on another method to get their things... Vol.1,p.86(1778) as ....) ) 0 .(v. w... ..g ml may H... C n 3. C \I c ..l .... . u my 1.. r: C . \ l I .1. :1 11 and mi. a .1 l S ...a C p... d ...... 9 .1 ..r“ It. I .....v 3 T; U ...I. L L ....... 1- . . V \I’ m.“ him :J _ u m... l ‘1. ) \n’ .T m. ... L \n’ "J “mu‘! .1 Q ...... _ . . ....u I.\ -.-. C O is t L. .c . C a S C .1 o 3..» .0 . u n .. 3.. +2.. 7 7V 4L _ .. _ a 1. S F... ~ 1. . Mb I: L ...v ...a or/ v o .-. .a r.» at all o..r.l 1. :n1 .1» ....v a... H. G . l C .-r .... T C 1 l 1. .-.. l 3 ...a 1 O l ..L l {\ a t I... o O. o .l «...... f\ 3 p... /\ C u” 4 .nl C .i\ ..L O r\ ...H a l w/ .0 C; ..r. 11— ..T. fir. n . I .4. 3 V. A,» .TV 11 O u. i; S as... S l . .1 Q .. O . U .1 l L... O 1.. ...; 2,... 4.2 t l f Y S a...” a v. E e e E i a e n .3. 0 n.-. 2 a. n... o C O o a; o ..b . 1L . 8 ...-o C .... o 11 0.. o .. . P. -t 1 vi ... o 14 7; .U L Y: C. ”.1 L . .. .1 V p. ,1 1i ..U 2-..... ... rm 3 I o 6,. . .l O S +c 1 S J C Q ...a .1 ) .8 2 C 1 4C . ... S 1.“ V. .1 1 1 on ... S E u [72 PS 3 3 . l . t J. . ..h . .l f . ...a . n . ._ l . ... S l .1 9 1i 0 P. ....c l .b .1" 1L ...v o 3 up «i c l .1 ”U M 1... LL 1 l u. o ,C ...H .U u . U a... o 7. 1.1. V .U C . a ...u . . Vs]. "VI 0 +v CV mu arb LU "v g V! ..L. f. r“ K, (A "d "...I k a ...a 1 r. «.H n. 4b «a C u . 7.. x .M up- n. a.” 4L ...v“ o .1; C -. .U fir“ ...n w. u _ 1 . CA ‘ ... Wu .nJ. 1,31. ...; .l S l . . .1 l 1 +4. . a. C1 1. t r-.. 01 rd 1.3 H o ‘1 4 a. . .H ”J .8 ......m ”a ». 9w; 8 ,n o 11. -. 3.1. u .1 L 3 11. Yr 1 S 3.1. L H v2.1. _ n u .1 V .1 ...I 7 +. ...c. .1 .l u . h 1” .1 3 .T .1 1 O .... .....l H. 1 m. .1 C C .l 3 J O ...a .... V -n L "w .1 ...... T l I.“ 3.1. C S ..-“ Q _ O t ...... f C .1 a... S .H O .T... 3 .1 1 r. ...... ...a 1 .-.. O 11 r. ... 5 Y o .l h -u .1 a .3 ...... t. G _ . .-. C C C . .l . . C an... , n1 - M S H- . . ...... .1. It J . ..o f... H “... I B . I h . . C “.1 as . ..1 G O .1 6 ...» .1 Q h . C. Q . f . 1 .-....1. pl. . V Tu ..L h f S a. F. t o f b . U . .. #o ..r... o ...w a... 114 D A_ mp n O h T. .3 C d .1 H S t H w u t e .1 .1; AU 8 f. f. f f ...; 1. . . . . 7; M m A“. RU ,' 1‘- ‘L... V'.\ J. k1 ax V! k ._ i .,1 I 1 ".I\ 4w \ emf x» l‘ C l y . 111'- v\ ,LOQL -m y . .Lo 17. had 8. hath 19. hear of 20. husband 21. lernt 22. let 23. listning 24. mean 25. mend 26. misbecome 27. mislyed 28. pitched upon, on -92- ...add some Corn more for the goods had of him... Vol.2,p.336(lSOl) ...altho almost the whole hath been delivered. Vol.2,p.265(1799 There is one man named Couroy in your list...I can hear of no such person nor any other in his stead. Vol.1,p.163(1778) ...therefore I advise you to husband well your dry Goods... Vol.1,p.235(1786) ...that she said hacheal shall be lernt to read write and sew... Vol.2,p.277(lBOO) ...declared he would not let the cargo into anybody's hands lodged it into a house. Vol.2,p.175(1795) ...without listning or Consulting any other person... Vol.1,p.241(l786) the other I mean for the use of such other Gentlemen as may choose to ship on her. Vol.1,p.125(1778) ...What fur he Kaid in the Wintr he has Been Treading a nother may for him self & dus not mend hear... Vol.1,p.210(l785) it would misbecome one of a turn of mind so like my own. Vol.2,p.407(1804) ...the petition was mislyed in the Council office... Vol.2,p.254(1799) We then accordingly went with those Indians in search of a place and 31. 55. 34. 35. 56. 37. projects promoted protested j leduce .. rose surmise takes off vergeing victuled -93- pitched upon the place He now live on... Vol.1,p.220(l786) They like the place exceeding well, but imediately pitch'd on my House... which I endeavoured to persuade them, they would hardly obtain... Vol.1,p.250(1786) ...that in case they could by no means obtain the 2 Iouses and Corn- field they pitched upon, they would then satisfy themselves with the 2 opposite Houses... Vol.1,p.251(1756) He projects spending this winter in Quebec... Vol.2,p.425(1804) I have this day promoted a very necessary Ordinance... Vol.1,p.l$4(1778) Morras spilt a Quart of Corn & I protested to make them suffer for everything misspent. Vol.1,p.349(1790) ...& had bread made with it... rather than Reduce them to eat the bad flour belonging to the Store. Vol.l,p.lOS(177S) The rains rose the waters... Vol.2,p.638(1809) I am glad that you surmise bringing or gating Mrs G. now and then to your house... Vol.2,p.498(lSOb) ...any other company which takes off my attention. Vol.2,p.480(lSOS) he is fast vergeing toward his grave... Vol.2,p.387(1803) ...the number of persons which... will have to be Victuled here... Vol.1,p.l2l(1778) -94.; If anything I can do here...can be of service to the Concern, it never shall be wanting. Vol.1,p.134(l778) 58. want ing Respecting the provisions wanting in Capt. Ferrins Cargo last fall... Vol.1,p.75(1778) I hoye however to weather through 59. weather the winter... Vol.1,p.420(1792) ...my family and I have weathered another Hinter.Vol.2,p.410(lBO4} MISCELLANEOUS ADJECTIVES 1d Droll it seems Droll to me of hr KcCormick taking so much a pon him... Vol.1,p.210(1785) 2. farther ...I make no doubt there will be no farther hindrance... Vol.1,p.112(1778) 3. fixed I believe I shall want a larger supply from you soon than I Bxpected...but as its not yet a fixed matter I will lett you know. Vol.1,p.244(1786 4. forward I am no ways forward in assisting any body... Vol.1,p.217(1785) 5. hurtfull Because in the first place it is hurt- full to their character as missionaries. Vol.2,p.336(1801) 6. in good train ...I fear I shall be a little dis- appointed to obtain some lands that were in good train before. Vol.2,p.220(l799) 7. midling ...but he said he had midling trade... Vol.1,p.352(1790) ...yours and mine pretention to the farm at Gross Point. Vol.2,p.498(1805) 8. mine -95- 9.nice Your a nice boy not to say anthing about your family. Vol.9,p.352( 805 You know how nice the Joerd are re- garding Lagistrates Certificates. Vol.2,p.236(1799) 10.present This present letter is ii an swer to one you intended to -Ieve wrote me... WO].1,IC.SU(177'>} ll.pretty has Alick has a pretty collection of books... Vol.2,p.423(1804) Bartlett gives this as an Anericanism (op.cit.,p.341). 2. sensible Iwr A.skin is very sensible of firs Elemi Rn s kind present for which she retuins many thanks. "ol.l,104(1773.) I assure you we are very sensible of the manifest favours of he Lajor toward us... Vol.1,p.259(l77%) 13. troublesome I would in these troublesome tin .s... "01. 1,}.7CW(177 ) 14. like I hear Capt Zilkinson is like to get a handsome situation. Vol.2,p.551(1507) 15. outmost And now with outmost difficulty I got the deed in Xright's name... Yol.2,p.234(1799) MISCELLANEOUS ADVERBS No ways is more apt to be written no wise and is usually preceded in this use by the proposition 'n. Amazlin; is probably an.individur 1 sp elliny for amazingly. Cleaverly and timouslv are variants of cleverly and timeously. l. amazlins I am Informed thct you are concerned Amazins is 2. cleaverdgr Cleverly in the se bylfickering \0p.cit.,p. Ef'in co 4. luckly ()1 0 pretty Bartlett describes sensibly 9 . someth inf: sooner mentioned as inikmster's (Edition of 1921,p.o 7n). in n ctab 118 School in his in opposition surprises me...".ol.2,p. hing a ?—S(1799) 001 10“. or illit. i sooner that... Vol.1,p.2?? (1730) If it hapvens luckly that the gen I‘L‘lnlo o .hLS 131-3 C‘ij'l’ :1.d 0 o 0 Vol. 2,p.El7(l$OC) 0 WA .- \4 - 4- ‘x .- 1» ‘r l 3 L' AACJ »' ... :1 r ...tells me, ecEiv l Yol.?,:.l$d(l7€f} 500 3111 . . . a - v , v- J‘r\ '1; h“ :I‘ ‘ \ r . . ~ ‘. V l smith) 145 form 1 ..ul bSSISLll; I — v h. '7 on.” 0‘3d37. . o 1'3101,‘L .5111 ( {...-1" .. .a71d I I 1 ljr'ft.t:' ( e:"*f~1-- 3f";1 «*1 'n .. r...‘ - b. V".’~‘ fl.L(& he]... ‘leol,;'o.’-.&4~J\l/ ‘ 1 . 1‘ ..‘1‘ I. 0- . "W i‘ I. " V" this as an AmeIiCanisn (o;.c1..,,. I am sorry there shoull Pave born cause to effect your rird so VOl.2,u.ec7(l C:‘ p {UUL-C; I feel very sensibly your Kind an Friendly attention... Vol.?,p.47(l796) health bait" sq: etii j be lSCé) John going ‘ UUI‘ 8U JUt (it 370L421: ' (:tri a“..- I L.’ . . )1 .‘V‘ \_‘ 3. . .. it‘s lfoU Ur); LJVJAJ\O_. '_-1 v-fi LOB-1L , to me w‘:ich a.a/linp ...matters seen as yet not to be cleaver]; at ri fits in the Indian Country... Vol.1,1.?di(l78e) ms of .ell or very w~ll is nvntioneu CE) and by Lartlett (o1.01t.,“.37). I mould it“1 have ‘tirtionod to gmmi I “' [I ... (111‘) '2"? U14 0 any it )l; .. d +tcr... 06111;: DCCK . k) -97- 0911;93 to make a sec2i is: m;st lie over. Vol.2,o.éoo(l;0é) ll. Thrously ...tho i;Z;sve t m:;)epui3';w;rvevor‘;s U z‘ .. ' .r'. I ‘ "7‘ ,~ - Q_' ,3" .y '1} 7" W“ LbI-tll lLLLLtj Lil 1.- .1 1.;L‘vl...‘ ll-.1UL«.L..1 aggliiexl to };o\%3 tlgx; lilcattxl... 3.301.11’i). [JC‘(1VCCJ) hISCELLANsoUS CONJUNCFIOKS 14 without ...but he will Lot Get t-(1 u ost you got your f9ft... 2. least I:J.principa. 71;tive for “ tfiiS information was, least tie puol ic reuort of s scx I might mahe gcu u: sy . 18E; 5. only I mean to allot on-e of the tuo susll vessells purely for your service, only when you cannot load her of unurse otlieIs may put on 00913. Vol.1,L.125(1775) 4. whilst ...~WI at hardship on all the garties conceined whils t tlm a;:pee ...dis— L'US‘EJ to SEUL'LE ... Vol.2,p.4b9(1804) ...whilst Lr Jones and you were our joint attorneys... Vol.2,p.4€9(l€0£ ) ...but whilst Laitin; for information the o;pertunity...mey be lost. Vol.1,p.4oO(l795) ['7 ~o except ...for exco; t I have it here before- hand, I will not make any more positive contracts... Vol.1,p.l¢2(l77é~) 6. . "r V ’1 - lf However, I dont Know 11 I smell send him back so soon. Vol.1,p.30(l773) 7, , -. as ...but I m not sole to rore as I 01d. Lol.-,:.ooo(l Cl) ..CQ- MISCELLANEOUS PhEPOSITIOKS l.ere ...l felly CAEGCLBG I should have ere this had the pleasure of psyiq; Ly res;ects to you... Vol.f,p.ElO(1793) 2. from ...so soon es they can be sent with- out tekin; the room of tie; up from something else.Vol.l,p. 37(1778) 3.to This place affords no news uhiCl I ca r send you in retrrn to yours... 17.01 .L,polw‘i(l775) 4. off ...teke the whole or what they can off them... Vol.1,f. 37(1773) ...as i hove no other in your quarter that I can so well reguire such a favor off... Vol.l,;.7l(l775) Alexr being on the other side does not know off this... Vol.2,p.540(libo) r. ,, _ - ‘ b. - 0- téixt ...a settlenent toox place twlxt us on this subject,... Vol.24,!) .lE-d(l7 (1(3) MISCELLANEOUS PRONOUNS 1° Ye ...when we are certain as to the result ye shell hear... ‘VrOlol,po4C4(1792) ' this “he Saguinah left tk 118 Some days ago... Vol.2,p.429(l€04) The people about this seem to be much easier about the Jar... Vol.2,p.5£ ”(I 07) he has been for some time past a treder from this to Detroit. Vol.2,p.SCO(lSOS) ...get what you can of m3! thin s that -99- me; be et Detroit put on Board 8 Vessell that sails for this. Vol,l,p.87(l77&) This peculiar elliitical use of this is noteuorthy but nothusuel (See webs ter' 5 Ldition of 1‘2 ,;.2140). MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES Kg, the article, has been omitted eltl olijh there are mmnrceses of it in the rs kin layers. The Y is simply a tren- mndption of Old English thorn, end does not indicate pro- nunciation as Y} “e have also wade an fort‘ barrels 1. an of C13 er... Vol. 2, b.447(lc04) WORDS AND PHRASES OF DOUBTFUL N ANII JG 1. Brittels To 1 pr Brittells... Vol.2,1.lv(l794) 2. rks ...let me know whet I.erks hsve end whet have not been sold that I may settle with the Furnisbers. Vol.2,p. 6‘13 (180 O) 3. Slaw bak a Slaw bek... Vol.1,p.611(l795) do not my dear Sir thumpen out my regard for Mrs Askin... Vol.2,p.486(1805) 4. thumpen out few Sheygens in a mocock & two 5. Shaygans n secks...corn...Vol.2,p.679(lall) 6. Riding Slabs To hiding Sle ‘bs.Vol.l,p.602(1794) 7. by the run If the wretches who set fire were to be burnt from time to time...it woull be a grecter example then to be sent out 01 the world by the run. V01.2,pouJ0(lLOQ) CHAPTEH III ~100- PROPER NAEES The study of American place names is a fascinatini subject. Nmflmre did the inventive spirit of the American run more Nowhere have influences been so numerous in bringing rampant. abmm the creation of a colorful nomenclature. Staid British nmnm, adepted from the hother Country or from the family tflfles of her colonizing sons, vied with Indian and foreign nmum or those created by sheer, joyful fancy. On the map of inchigan alone (to remain faithful to the locale of our study) wefdnd such a startling array as Ovid, Bad Axe, Zeeland, Austerlitz, Kalamazoo, Sault Ste. harie, Muttonville, and Ypsilanti. To make a proper study of the place names for even (mm small district would be a colossal task, although its interest to the student and its value as a record of the history and psychology of the American people would be extreme. The place names drawn from the Askin Papers and listed below have not been selected for the simple fact that they are place names, but because they contain in thenselves some peculiar quality which make them of interest from the historical point Of View. Some are included because they represent an obsolete SPEIling; some because they show the derivation of the name in Present use; some because they are different from those by whicn the same places are nowidentified. -rersonal names have also had an interesting history in ~101- MMndca. Even as in the England of the early modern period, sanJngs have been many and varied, following usually the pMnmtic mannerisms of each individual. The prevalence of illiteracy and the lack of standards in spelling made this simumion possible. For example, we find in the Askin Tapers wum.variations as Fry and Frey (vol.l,p.323); Dumouchel, Demouchell, Desmouchelle, and Dimouchelle'(vol.l,p.273-79); amilbwrie and Lawrie (vol.l,p.72). In given names we come pen Ludwig and Lodwick (vol.l,p.187} and John and Jean (vol.2,p.542). The American tradition has been to Anglicize foreign names with great rapidity, the aliens themselves seem— ing to promote the changes with as great enterprise as anyone else. The personal names selected from the Askin Papers for this section are those only in which variations in spelling have been recorded. That is to say, the great mass of the names which seem to have remained the same throughout'the manuscripts have not been mentioned, whatever changes of interest may have taken place in them since Askin's time. NAMES USED IQ_IDEKTIFY CERTAIN LOCALITIES In this classification are those names which were given to countries, districts or points of geographical prominence. Villages, towns and cities are left for a later section. 1. Grand Travarse April 28th Mrs Ainsse went in a boat for the Grand Traverse... Vol.i,p.g3(l774) ~102- The name Traverse, found in Traverse City and Grand €Haverse, meaning lying across, was given by early French wwagers to an indentation of the coast line of Lake kichigan much they were accustomed to cross from headland to head- land. (Gannett, Origin of Place Names in the United States, p.503). The Schooner Capt De Feyster left this for the Great Carrying Elace on Lake Superior. Vol.1,p.55(l775} 2.Great Carrying Place ,orta: see 'l’l'f Thornton remarks that a carrv or carrv'né is a (op.cit.,vol.l,p.149). This was probably Grand Portage next citation). 3. Portage this...will go off early for the llOI.t&C3. Y;Ol.l,p074(1778) "Grand Portage, at the western end of Lake Superior, where a nine—mile portage was made between the Lake and a point above the falls on Pigeon River. Iractically from the beginning of the British regine in the fur trade until the Opening years of the nineteenth century, Grand Portage was bv the the great interior entrepot of the fur trade conducted hontreal merchants in the far Northwest." (John Askin Papers, vol.l,p.74n). There will then remain at hackina 14 Barrels of York... Vol.2,p.451(1804) 4. Mackina, china ...acquaint you that Johnny is a prisoner at Lckina. Vol.2,p.577(1807) Mackinac, of which the above are variants, is derived island from the Ojibwa Indian word michilimackinac, mean'ng . , - . . -.——--—-:- of the ggeat turtle, or in other niaTects, island of the giant fairies. (Gannett,op.cit.,p.195). Also see neat citation. 5. Hissilimakinac ...Jno Askin Depy Commissary and Barrack haster of the Fort of hissilimakinac... Vol.1,p.49(l773) JJe Vere remarks that Lichi- in hichillimackinac and hichiggni is the same as hisi- in Lississippi and Kissouri —103- (mycit.,p.15). The usual spelling in the early Askin letters giwm the name as Richillimackinac. he says his plan is to go to the Uuisconsin, on or near the for River... Vol.2,p.l§d(i799) 6.0uisconsin This word comes to us from the Indian through the French Unapp, 0p. cit.,vol. l,p. leC). 7.Ieach Island ...respecting t1 e lands at pet tite hiviere above Ieach Islind... «01.2’p.122’(17€7) The fact that the Ieche River flows into Lake St. Clair rmar this island would lead us to believe that the Name has bmnlcorrupted from he French cache. (See John Askin Iarers, \ “— ’ V0192,p0101‘ O ...we left a Keg of pork behind 'till we got to the petite Cote... Vol.1,p. 539(1790) 8. petite Cote From the context of the letter in thich this name arrears We rcv infer tlet the petite Cote, little coast, referred to .VLCIV the east side of the Detroit giver at Lane St. Clair. 9. Point Ebineau ...ros enolinf the Sugar Loaf at Iointe a Eineau Point Lnineau... Ioint Lbona Vol.1,p.353(1790) they were drove to lointe a Bineau the next day...Vol.2,p.l75( 7 e) l Ioint hbona... Vol.?.fl.211(17 99) ‘Phis is modern Point Abino (See John Askin Papers,vol.l, p.355). d' lO..Point aux pins ...th. Carryir; place from loin aux p’ns to the River la Tranche... Vol.1,p. élc(l792) land thich is called . sle, or in our la1 uaee skanake... Vol.1,p. 174(17CQ) ll..Fresqufisle This is a French phrase Leaning"nearly an island", or pmflnsula. (Gannett, o,.cit.,p.2&3). 12.Saut St. hary's . .who I'm told is An Anglicized form of he irench flab: ing "falls of Saint nary". (Gannett, ioid,;u‘ Swisserland France, holland, Snisserl combined a ainst us. '2 do CAKES OF RI'ERS AID STRBAKS Hith few exceptions these names are directly from the Indian or French, indicating the entent of their influence on ce naming in the northern stretch of .ountry in a line from ’31 l (D the “t. Lawrence River to t1 V nent information on this point ( p.cit.,vol.3,pp.179-133). The northwest country was, of course, no exceytion rule er;ressed by Carlton that "a settlement usually takes its name from the lerson who first enters tte land...Cften it take the name from the family first actually settling or owning the largest number of acres..." New Purchase,p.€6). For example,» in the Askin Tapers We find thet Cox Creek derived its name from Thomas Cox who obtained in 1780 a grant of land beginning at that stream (vol.l,p.l7l-17?n). at the time the letters were written, however, settlement had not gone so far that the n. 0 names, given by the Indian* and by the French missionaries and r retlnced. O , had been anuwed ’D (D traders to prominent plac, 1.Gajahaga stahaga Liver Joly ye Cayahoga Vol.1,f .250(l736 Cyahaughga Cayahaga ...at the entrance of the Cayahcga River into LLke nrie... $01.2,Po;{l793) ...CCT snare of no Cyenaughge t _ porches at the {rice it cost... Iol.2,p.2§7\l:CC) ...ECC, 000 Acres of Land near Cay'ahala... VC].2 ,g 453(1503) Quaife notes that the CuJaho a Liver news sorct1"es ca lled the Grand River (John Ashin ILLCIS,VOl.l, ,.£Lin). Discussin‘ the derivation of the nine of the Cuyahoge LiveI Can1e-tt says, "The name is said by sore to be derivei fror cavghaga, 'crooked' but Atwater derives it from CoJc-;;en uk, 'lake river'. Another authority gives corrihoga, neanin; 'ncrs carrier'." 2. Gr and Calamanuc Arrived at GIanl Calanarncn a Little Calananuck afterwards at Little Celaluanucx. Vol.1,p. ZLC(l”7JC) Grand Celsinnuck was the Si“ Ca nret. (John As i A vol.l,p.3c5n§. Eor the origin of Calnnct see note to Litvl. fienomuk, below. 3. Little Lenomuk ...by this Lass its said to be tLree Lesénes to Little Ienomuk... Vol. l,;.$i7(l7£0) .“ Tl? . ' u ‘ . I‘I . v '\ i" e Calumet ,1vo: (Jo:_n ASnlfl isleis, { l 7' ‘ . 1e Vol.1,p.337n). Celt“. , ,, nunnack, etc. sis, acco ..... i) Gannett, a corrozgtion of tJd French chzle :11, n’ich literally means "little reed", on which, in its coII opt ted form, IefeIs to the "pipe of reace" used by the Indians to Iatif5 trr —eties. Heines derives the word from cslano, "honey n od". Other authorities say that the name was originally kennenich or kennomic. De Vere says colvrot is from the ?rencn rat eI than the Indian, and means "pipe" p.cit.,;y.3o,lCC). 4. Grande Riviera Lessrs Sen Chagrin a Chabouillez Grande Bivirc arrived fr 01 Grande hiviere Vol. 1 ,;.Lo(1775) fiessrs Cim DO uille Caine anJ 1r Sans Lfiuagrin A1ri1.1 mi fre.1tic:~3rtr”e Y“. . —. 1 ’_ _ - ‘ 11v1r~ tbufig. v01.1 ,1.L2(l774; The CuyaLo;a \as oft n referred to as ‘ze Ergni .1Ver 'P A 7 fi‘ (daulask1n .epers, vol. 1 .2L:,. 5.1Jver Huron ...the Liseionaries, new livir; on ‘tLe iiiVEJ”EJUITN1... Wl. 1,1.219 (1756) According to Quaife, tvs modern Clitflnn Liver was known V 4&0 a aflmury ato as tne flare” (Jena heal; ivivlr, Vol.1,g.~1.h). 6. eke depiori s a moo derate current fro; the riVer... to the entrance of Lake deriorias. Voi.1,t.3;e(1vgo) (D C“ This is modern Lake ieoria (John Askia Payers,vol.l,f.3 7. River Mazame ...came to the River kazaz He or River Kualamazeau hualauaeeru... Vol.1,p.3;3(l7 :0) River Kekal mazeau ...at the entrance from the Kekalemazeau or Liver hazame... Vol.1,p.323(1790) According to Gannett, Yalamazoo is derived from an Indian word, me i a amaze, meenir; "otter tail". 8. River au Raison ...Stope at the hiver au Raison for River au Resin the Flour... Vol.1,p.5E W(l ...bearin; date at tr e hiver au Resin... Vol.,,P. 448(1604) Gannett says the Raisin River was so named on account of the number of grapes which formerly grew upon its banks.‘ 9. River de Chemin ...to thy River de Chemin where we arrived about 4 oClock. Vol.1,p.3-L(1790) biodern Du Chaplin liver (John Aerin IathIS vol. l,p.SLSn). 10. Fdjner Galline ...in about an hour we arrived at the Vol.1,p.508(1790) -107- Lodern Galien River (John Askin Tapers, vol.l,p.3LLn). ll.fhver‘LaTrench ...ieceived the Freight Account for [fiver la tranche you by may of the River LaTrench... i Vol.2,p.l43(l795) ...is bounded on the Last by the Carrying place from Point aux pins to the hiver la tranche... Vol.1,t.4lo(1792) According to the note by Quaife (ibid, vol.l,p.416n) UUs is the modern 'hames River. 12.Iuver Hoir Arrived at the iiver Eoir about 10 oClock... Vol.1,p.353(1790) This is now the Black River (ibid,vol.l,p.553n). 16. River St Josephs Arrived at the River St Josephs late & camped. Vol.1,p.$bé(l790) This is known today as the S . Joseph River (ibid,vol.l p.$54n). Gannett states that the St. Joseph hiver was nazned by the early French Catholic explorers for the husband of the Virgin Hary. 14. River Theakikie Fass'd the entrance of the River Theakikie about mid DaV... \I Vol.l,}.555(1790) hodern Kankakee River (John Askin lagers, vol.l,p.356n). Pickerinc gives as typically anerican the custom of placing the word River after its identifying name rather than before as was the tradition in England (op.cit.,p.loo). Examiles 5,6,7,8,9,10,ll,12,13, and 14 in this section are excellent to show the earlier usage. 15. Straits of Lake EustachaGamelin, an inhabitant of the Erie Straits of Lake Lrie... Streights of Lake Vol.1,p.27(1759} Erie ...Lands Situate lying or being on he Detroit or Streights of Lake Erie... Vol.2,p.550(1806) f‘f‘ - U‘-.’- NAKES OF VILLAGES, TOvYS AK’ CIIILS 1 1.3rown's Villiage we loreed a s island Qggcsi . "'1 .‘l‘ 'I‘" h ‘1‘“ "‘ .:'\('l r‘ Thls \‘l'x’iS on Bro 4V: Lt) to \VII V11(2t31\ Q 3‘ (J‘xlrj) . IK) \‘LLO '1\.. I ...A Q JUS + V " F‘" ' ' T‘r. , -. , .V ‘ Ls name thus. (Jozn no ii 11191:, vol.1,y.uaoi;. n‘ r ‘ " ., , . —- w -‘ 4' ‘7‘ 1 ‘7‘ 2. meme Jo 1'11 ag; ehenslv 3e .-..s ...), 88-1 a le .. J— ‘ ‘. to Jfixt DK (Jfl‘ .1.: r0. 0 o This is from the inbaa ludiin "or., SHE-hag-CTQ, :ean- ‘ "’. V r: ‘ " ' ‘ vr 1"“ 'Va.‘ ' u' 1r ‘ N m)"tild onion p1ace".(Gannett; hrugg ietoids the spell- iin5Chicauyo from the £m3ricnn 5 ellin" Book, 1505 (o:.c1t., vol .‘_1 , f .' ‘1“;15- }' . 5. Cincinata ...i a sure i at‘ 4. Lauravian Town ...uio cues Jou 26 dollars at the .uurf‘Vi n LOW 1.1J.~o-,r oi-l"‘\l7FIJ) This settlement was situated about two miles west of the present city of mount Clemens (John Asnin 1a,eis , vol.l, pp.219n-220n). 5. Kilwakee A Canoe of nr St Eierres arrived from lilaakee with Corn. Vk}lo.&,1\.:~\l ‘1) Milne u}? e is from the Indian word pilioke weaning :ood earth(CA3nnett). iirepy shots;&ni theIESLiil (evolution film: J 18 word. He has evidence for Helleolii, 1679; Li lioki, 1o79; heleki, 1684; Lilnarik, 163;; ;iln8LKJ, l7cl, niluakie, 177%; hilletackie, 1917; 1L l}10 1844; nilw,l.,e 1 44. (o;.ci,., vol.l,p.1€2). 6. Lount Julliett ...ceme to the Villia c o‘ nount Julliett... Vol. 1, :. 337(179C) ’ 11tis is xrdolri;JM1nt Joliet (JLuinzn;;in Pagers, vol.l, s C777 I—‘05'/n)o 7. Sagana. ...a little lower two bands of Indians from sevens... Vol. 1,}.53 (1%0) ~1094 According to Gannett, Serinaw is from an Cjibwa Indian mud meaning "Sauk Place" referring to the sauk or See Indians. Kmmp has the spelling Sadunau from the America; Sjellir; Sum, 1803 (op.cit.,vol.l,p.130‘. / 1 realy thought you lost when I heard you tent to at Vincent. Vol.1,p.70(1773) 8.8t Vincent I‘ Quaife thinks this to have referred to V'ncennes, Indiana unhntnskin Papers, vol.1,p.70n), but the name seems an lumsual one to give a community so closely identified with 'Um name Vincennes. Gannett states that it was named from the fint built there by Sieur de Vincennes. SUBNAKES With a few exceptions each of these groups demonstrates variant spellings of the same rerson's name. The tendency to Anglicize is apparent in such examples as Donrav for Dunrat, Hoilette for Juellet, Ray for Rhea, Erstler for Boerstler and Lise for De Lisa. The influence of the French even upon good English names is discoverable in Allet for Elliott and Dobe for Dobie. That many of these variant syellings are indicative Of Pronunciations is obvious and will be considered more at length in the section on Pronunciation. The variants Clerk for n . .. . clerk and Renae for Penalgue are almost unquestionably direct evidence of the ways in which these names were pronounced. A general time limit for all is 1743 - 1820. ...in account current with Sarah 1. Ainse ’insse , A a Vol.1’p.193(1781) Anis Anis. Hrs Ainsse Went in a boat for the Grand Traverse... Vol.1,p.50(l774) 2.Askin, Erskine 3. Berczy, Burggy 4. Chabouillez, Chaboillez 5. Douw, Dow a. KcBeth, cheath 7. Trambell, Trimble, Tremble, Tr emblajy ...taken b? 1r xiinse from Ioi... r! 71‘ I observe you spell your name Lr skine whereas my Father & myself have wrote our Askin... Vol.1,r.4/u(17q') Your friend...1r Burggy, ..1s the only remains... Vol.1,p.69(177€ ) Christinn Berczy, a trader of Lackinac. Vol.1,p.69n(l778) Kessrs CEabouillez...Arrivel from the Gra nie ivire today. V~01.1,T.52(1774) ...and the remaining 50 iinots for Ir Chaboillez. Vol.1,p.91(l778) ...nfgoint Vol1 .\ possessed, :{4 more rarely a Citizen m1;1t possess tto 11icinenee; emu frequently he was better known b; his nickname than by his inherited nune." (John Askin Papers, vol. 1, .20). These nicknexes have largely been omitted here, f01 the custom ceased as soon as eny Verie— tion which might interest us put in its sprenrenoe. Ye need en rmwrtion tfua CiTCdflfflfifllce es 1L_J€~31t 9— .4 . do no more, then, t 1? the bistory of gersonal names in this country. Included here, along with variant Spellings of given Mazes, ‘. are a numoer of so-celled ”pet" names such rs gelly for Fl A ' ‘ ~ - ' rs (‘v ' -1 e. 1‘ -. ' ' ‘n W . -‘(~ 1 1' "n ‘ fir, "leenjr, AllCB for Adeleioe, and sell, 1oz Lc1e1. fine 1 nner of presentation has been varied soxemhet in the matter of citations (\I o (I) 10. Fransois, Francis Josiah, Joseph Sarah, Sully Louisen, Louis Adelaide, Alice Jean, Johnny Felicity, Phyllis Joseph, John Daniel, Donald Genevieve, Geneveva Lrerot) ~120- (for Jean Francis Vol.1,1.bbé(l?$l) Fr'ns ois frcrot ...a certain iegroe Josiah Cutton... -Yh ‘.' U FJ O L.) I O N C H O L t 1 o. .8. NEIL-"I'D 17513.. .i EII‘C‘Q C COttOI-looo ‘."\Jlol,f 0:1]. with Sarah ...in account current ' .io:(1v:1) Vol.1,i ...are made out for Sully Al 0. Y’Olo~,*’o.LL/l(l ‘57) Young Lr Earth, LuVoine i Louisen are all well. (for Louis Theophile Earths) Vol.1,7.77(l775) I hogo Alice is takin5 my place... (for Aoelside Ashin) Vol.2,p.112(l797) ...take one good days play with our Alei A JohnnJ Ashin. (for Jean ASkiII) $01."): 0:7“, 302 came up from sge of (for Iary Felicity "01. l,}/.77(ln 7:3) I had a dsuvhter Lontreal last Spring the R1"llis. :aI‘tnC) Joseph Burrill (or John Burr Vol.1,p.L€4{17* Daniel Fields MaiilJ... ‘fol. l,p.LE2(1792) Captain Dorcld Fields Tol.l,p.5”fn(l71*) Genevieve Cuilleri r flit Beaubien... IrOlol’T..o/‘1£1(l770) . Gsultier, a nstive of c. Vol.1,g.363n(l790) gin c 0 U ~121- (.Ielji) Ii'jf {at ' Teini 11. John, Jeliu John AsKiA to JC‘ :11 T)t\trCIi.L...(I-‘OI Li. C:’(“E76‘TI'CI (J Hay) V l.l,;.c7(177;‘ 12.Iery, Folly inn any (I 3 ly) rsAs no to write you...(lolly, e Toravien Indian, Vol.5,p.3;o(lSOl 15.111en, KellJ ...hnpgy to find that Lelly is so well provided for. (for Allen Ihyllis Asnin) Vol.2,p.c04(1803) icons noted by l4.lrisque, Priscus Friscue Cote (T*I ._ Queife). Vol.2,g.655n(lEll} ircarethe Little (noted for 11'. {T L) loirnret Little) Vol.2,p.713n(l794) 15 Lhrgaret, largerethe ...as e circumstantial account 01 Ann [GULV Grants elopeucrt...,ior Vol.2,p.673(l§ll) 16. Ann, Nancy Grant) 17. Eleanor, Ellen, ...uhere I had gone to eccongsny Nelly Grant. (gllen noted by Quaife; both for Eleano' Grant) "ol.2,p.097(l&ll) Kelly f‘t Ever Johny Johny Grant tells us is thing is in the Best Grier...(for Yo ,1.37.: (1502) 18. Jean, Jean Grant) ‘evistre Loisel) Re*is Loisel (or T Vol.?:,p.l77n(17:§) to ’1 ooods (1799) 19. Fe is, Registre ...the has (nitrusttxizi few Lodwick,... "ol.2,p.l$7 some now mith Ludwig. Ludnig, LodwicA "ol.2,p.35b(lBOl) It is the le~gy Acrgaret(£eg5y) Telch. (Noted by Wuaife) Vol.2,p OLn(lSOL) fie NETS told by (for Bryce Joods) VrOlOZ’P Kargaret, Ar Brice floods... 75(1813) Bryce, Brice -122— CHAPTER IV Inflection and Syntax This division of the study of the Askin Papers has a very simple reason for existence, namely, to show how grammar was treated at the time the let- ters were written. Anyone interested in the devel- opment of our language would also be interested in the answers to such questions as: Were the same rules violated then as now? What laws were in effect at that time which have no place in our English books today? Does the manner of expression in.the Papers show a greater or a less reapect for grammar? While our material is not extensive enough to permit us to make any proper generali- zations, we may say that the most common errors of today were current in Askin(s time. The greatest difficulty, then.as now, seemed to be with verb and pronoun. gear; for saw, was for were, then for thalwere fully as prevalent in the written expression of the late eighteenth and early nine- teenth centuries as they are familiar to the long— suffering school teachers of the twentieth. There did seem to exist, however, a greater reSpect for -125- grammar at that time than at this. John Askin him- self was not a highly educated man, bot even a well- educated one, nor were many of his correSpondents, yet they appeared to make a conscious effort to follow the best models they knew. Their communications had little of the terse, slangy style affected by contemporary business men, of which the follow- ing authentic letter is an excellent example: MmeS, Pittsburg Company, City. Dear Sir: Yrs. of 2nd re cement rcd. Racket not to good. No chance at Springer Job. Got 50 on hand & no dump in sight. Why not give Hardy a try? Advise me. M. K. Moore, Rep. .Askin's letters, if less direct, at least main- tained a higher level of business dignity and of :respect for the recipients of his correSpondence. To be more definite, the Askin Papers may be said to show great care in the treatment of the subjunctive and in using the possessive with gerunds. Most of the writers represented made an attempt to give their prOper places to —124- flmll and will and to compare adjectives and adverbs correctly. 1 i 'Hmy did confuse adjectives and adverse as well as the singular amiplural of nouns. The double negative was almost non— existent, only one example being recorded. Custons which they 5.4 Ibilowed, and which exist no more today, included the employ- ment of t be as an auxiliary with most verbs of motion, is Epne for has gone; peculiar use of the preyosition of with certain verbs, accept of; care in the treatment of the sub- junctive, "If what he says be true,..."; and the frequent omission of the preposition,"...£harge him (for) his". all this will become more apfarent with an examination of the material below. 1 1T} ADJECTIYES USED FOR ADanBS The tendency of the common sreech to employ adjectives '7 r, for adverbs is traced back as far as the early Riddle inglish period by “encken (OP-Cit-alst.ed.,?.226) when the Anglo- Saxon -e ending for adverbs was sloughed off and the -lice ending alone was permitted to continue its develogment into the present form, :11. "The result of this movement toward identity in fern", states Lencken, "was a confusion between the two classes of words, and from the time of Chaucer down to the eirhteenth century one finds innumerable instances of the use of the simple adjective as an adverb...Lveu after the purists of the eighteenth cenJury began their corrective ~125- woflcthis confusion continued." In the American hinterland, wenflght add after a glance at our nunerous examples, the readies continued even while the purists were most vigorous in their attacks. l.rmar ...a scarcity of money and near douole the sun owing us flan aoove... 2.<flear ...but I be:in to see clear t one will suifer by me... ".ol.?,p.2€“(lBC8) 5. easy 'Thc matter is easy done... Vol.2,p.427(1504) 4. fait hfull ...he obli es hinself...to work faithfull thither .n a voyage or otherwise employed. Vol.1,p.si(1774) 5. heavy ...the Island being to heavy timbers}... voi.1,;.. 9(17ee) 6. impartial we are fully persuaded to believe, that he will act iripsrtial and do Us justice. Vol.1, P. 2PF( 786 7. imperfect But I trust you will excuse me and Understand what I mean tho it may be imperfect wrote. Vol.1,p.2e0(l7.36} ’7 v . 1 - o 9' rare ...sucn accumulation of disapp01nt- ments cannot happen but ver“ rare. Vol.9,f.;s;(l7“9 9' safe I hope this will find you safe arrived... "ol..,1.e.o(lsoC) lo. Seri "Va 0 3' . . V ' . Ous when you thlnn serious you 1 ioin me. Vol.P,I>.& U3(1 ll, tolerable ...8 peeple are now builiing tolerable F_.()Od ontsz. ‘JrOlol ’II'QUC(1773) iranh God I enjoy toler able 1077 V‘ 1' ,1 p, f it: 1 I‘f' I1951tf1... Urb‘ioL:,1'o’ .3’U(_L'.JVU) ...the nuuber f tolerable good on” COKIAR SCH OF ADJICTIYBS U Preparest was the 0317 violation of the rules of forming ‘ superlatives which was discovered, altkcu:n some leeway is 381- rutte d by grarrsrians in tlo co yarison of words of tno syllables V tn respect to eurh time this gets d(:".::1.oo V0101, ‘0155(177S) ENT 1nKSE USED FOR FAST The gresent tense seers to be gradually displacing all other tense forms in popular Lnglish. Ilis is apterent most of all, of course, in our spoken lan;uege. Trere are many Ff . ‘ . 1, o ["1 ,— . ‘A' ..J v ,, ‘1 3' ',- instances of this tnenri, theL or 01 Lil tiigraun3 bquICant to establish our fir Ist generalization is a rette: .“1 rrgunont. n,ncr~n tins evidimmr3 to innsu tlnvt tho .zxoyicsrlj r feicrz. present form to en? of the perfect forms (o;.oit.,if He mentions also the habit of Livia; whole narratives in 8 sort of debesed historical iresxnt" (ibii,4.SCC}. Ine citationc from the nskin iejors serve to shot hot this break— ‘ J ing down of 1 ”fl ons is not a matter of recent date, but has been continuing throughout the history of the lnnL3ege. l. cone ...not havigr§YVZerd fixxztfluere sirce I come doun... Yol.P,5.ZLP(1CCl) P run ...tke iver...increesed in later 1 run in lsr e 'Iurnin; s... Yol.l,p.32C(lV€p} '1' 4' r '1 -‘- ' -.,, T . -- U. see “.11 e 1 was st toe L rlnpb i 31*1 r r\ ‘1 s33 James... ‘ol.P,:.2to(lECG) flickerinf r-emerks that the use of see for sex wrzs current 1rectice in 101 in land out was unknown e.mong En lisi. authors (0 3.cit.,p. 171). PAST PARTICIPLE FOh SILPLE PAST I. seen ...Mr Pettinson tells me...he seen a man... Vol.2,p.499(1805) Bartlett has this for another Americanism(o;.cit.,p.393) but Tucker gives evidence that it was a Sussex vulgarism CrzfiV (0p.cit.,p.181). (Also see Krapp, op.cit.,vol.2,p. u:,. 2. sowrn (sworn) ...took umbrage at Gross Point... and cursed and soxrn... r r‘n VOl.2,l_ .9»U(1~JC:)) VARIOUS FOLLIS 95-; THE SILLPLE PAST l.blemt 'm sure i nevei' :le t yes 2. come ...not having he ‘ 6 v- , _.- 1"”. ‘L CL...L L'LNI’l. o o ‘a' 5.5fiven ...a lettsr frog cept lelkentc; 1 Cart Ce“ 2 gsVLQ a h‘iltny acctsnt of Ca;¢;.-eredii~1... Vol.;,r.2;f{lcCZ) 4. run ...t‘: ivrr...]“c13u3s in Hater m run in l; I Turn nvs... 5. sleep'd the ”inl...deteined us all flay... sleep' d there. VOl.l,p.312kl79C} VAhIOUS FOth OF The PAST PAHTICIPLE H- The first this; icticei u a survey of the examgles under his heading is the overwhelxing nugber of preterite for; 1"... used for the Lerticigle. “here are e i~w fresents and a few 3.1 instances of variant spelligw, but fully two-thir s are preterites. Hencken has much to say on this point. ”whatever tre true cause of the substitution of the preterit? for the A-‘J perfect participle", he declares, "it seems to be a terde ncv n,— \ inherent in Lnglish,..." (o;.cit.,f.2:u u). l. builded ...ves sell s}:mll be builded of white oak... Vsl.2,p.lb€(l?2”) 2. choose Wh thin frog -.n leni are really 0 Ls Hell Chfiose & please me mu,7 . Vol.1,p.142(l77i) ‘3! will never be so ' GIOVE... VOl.3,g.bE6(leZ) ()7 O H C < (‘D H II C ( L1 0 o 0 cf- ,6 C A as 10. ll. Although Rencken participle of to self believes . nit—— Lardner's 1dee seems shown above. meet began shewed shewn spoke t e‘dpt U" H' ('3 ,5 r1') (D be more in accord with older r1 V A. U- U ..°., . 1, .. -..“.-‘1 1..-: .1.,. 00.0%,].de 20 2-1;“) \ICJSooll Uijlzl‘u (111)11531 '1 ‘. ‘- ‘ .1 . 1 r1 . x ‘. V r I 1'. ‘t'l '1.- , (A 'J UuLCIIr. LI“ '3". ‘J ”1.1.0. : '-A 1‘) o o . ...that he will rmyt be drove to any- ? A ,.—. A \ t :ir;... JDl.3,f.%E7(lLb41 ...but the; uust all b3. 111:1.0 o o T\(TCJJ. . 2 ...& be :1ch better rlea yei 539 tth gave for bed drbts VCHl l, I'o‘iu:{ ‘l ‘ , J _ r _ ' -Y,"__. '1 (V (3 '- Qoyt':..e AJUV'V‘ AL) CA [1.1 LAG Lorry of a lower of Attorrey gave me by my LDCLtherooo 1501.1,Elocu'rj(l7ni) ...Lrs Grant evi tve her cloak to Hotter, 1 will :et tl:z;t. S Lari: QT U891 “3V9 fOI" th° 1&3 ‘" ~ ~~ . *—t- + w r dlS "ell ~1xerlcue' s cries ,8 the Oldinery usage. (ibiq 1.2:; {...}. = s— t l :\ J). HLO‘ ...I'm told no better Lend can be meet with. Vol.2,p.17{1790) I have even began to make a to good house... Vol.l,:.73(1773 l have shened rim your letter... . . _ riffs letters... YVTOl.R,PQ4.~g(leO-ii I have spoke to my Various times I have spoke to Ar R on the business... Vol.2,p.263(l?99) ’1' 1's tenyt now to write from the ~137- {ood orgortunity... Vol.2,p.483(1805) 12.Went I did not know before tod canoes was to heve went 5 1701.35,;- olZCJ( l 13. wrote I have wrote L..r Brush . . . Vol.2,p.filb(lECo) cadman... I have wrote Ir at) l.l,p.120(1775) ('V Yo ...the it ray be imperfect wrote. Vol.1,1.246(l7sd) ...in answer to one that you intended to have trote we... . I'm. in great trepes from the 1-21,er Le Peyster has wrote Lt Governor Hamilton... Vol.1,p.llC(1773) Krepp cites writnd for written for lC79(og.cit.,vol.2, p.259}. 14. heared ...after you have neared what i have to say. Vol.2,p.144(l79€) According to Lencken, this is a matter of convenience—- to eliminate a vowel chenge--supported by analogy to feared, steered, and cheered. (op.cit.,p3.277-276). 15. Sitwate ...a Lot of Ground Sitwate in the fort... ‘VrOlol,1061‘;(1795) This use of the verb is not irregular in lean documents. It is an old participial form. 16. drank ...and part of the Syrup of lunch is drank... Vol.2,p.217(1799) l7. learnt ...not having learnt that anything has been concluded... ‘erl .2,L)0439(1'304) 1? set It was indeed lucky for us that we were sot ashore... Vol. 1 ,p.2a7(173o) Bartlett gives this ( .cit. ,;.429). Thornton Hes sot for set, set, and states that it are ori‘ihel 13 ;r wlist, often quotei for a (hiokneVisuL iiis flITfiJ c-iteticn1 is 1776 (cu .cit., Vol.2,p. 831-852). 19. Suosl ...I was efeei-u‘ he was Steel... VUloL,po :4 - 6(1/3 U) 20. taked I on quite at a loss to believe that Such regulations have texed place in Council... Vol.2,p.246(1799) 21. throwen ...treire friendship & civilities is not throwen auev on an urgrateful Terson. Vol. l,p.ZE (17:9) The analagous case of the en is new fairly cosmon in the 10:1(1dle v4';e£5t 0 "OF" AFTL R A GERUND 1. doing of ...a very eitreordihery way of doing of business... Vol.1,p.133(1775) Bartlett says the use of of after a gerund or pertic nrle is an.Americ Lenism citihg this same expression, doing oi it (op.cit.,p.500). But ‘ucke r Iefiites the allegation withfi a quotation from Donne's Seihons (1651). oy.cit.,p.lb9). USE g§,POSSE% 91V? TIT} THE ERUND ‘Tith very few exceltions the yossessive res used tiiou;h- out the Askin Pagers with the gerund. 1. his gmflxmj ...resyecting his going into the North... Vol.1,p.127(1778) 2. knxs having come ...owing to his not hevin: come up here. "Ol.~,f.-u(l790) ...owiug to their not beihv located. 3. theiI'being VOl.‘2,L .50C'(l::‘CC) -139- 4.their coweing ...frevents their comein; by several days... Vol.1,p.136(l 778) 5.3our having paid ...did not mention your having paid him... Vol.2,?.391(1805) IPLOYL“ KT OF AN.ARTICLE WITI THE G‘JUTED This construction was common in Early Hodern English. 1. the getting I am much obliged to you for your information reefecting the getting a tenant for the Salt Srring. "ol..,t.£28(l79 (f) v 7 the having ...that please me rost is the 11 avin: it in my 101% to furnish tim gentlenen... Vol.1,:.12o(l778) “3 THE DOUBLE NEGATIVE Mencken has a strong defense of the douole negative (Op.cit.,p.310). The Detroit treasury nor no other... haVing any money. Vol.2,p.500(1808) 1. nor no PLURAL NOUN FOR THE SINGULAR I have inquird of some peOples tho well know the situation... 1’Ur(31.02,g" . 025':(l799 1. peoples For confusions in number of nouns see Lencken,0p.cit., p.308. SINGULAR NOL1J FOR TTT “PLURAL This is much more frequent in the Common speech than the reverse situation. It is so frequent, indeed, hat it tends to make some plurals the same as the singular, as in the case “ stone, the measure of weight, which is universally where —140- twed the sane in both numoers. lo fOOt . o cit Ilka/SQ; 3:; fC’O t I‘e'I‘jY‘K I‘l'i.icj.l]..§'51 o o o VC)1.1, .LE(1774) 2. load ...send me the three crroe load of run. Vol.1,y.lOl(l77i) 3. plank I t Jouht paincms you :rgigght set then Sawing some glsnE: or boards. lol. l,}.2£:(l736) 4. stand ...there were SETS of cannon in all and about BSCO stan nd of arms. 5. Storry I have even began to neE e a tclereble L od house two Storry 11_} VOI.1,I. 75(1778) 6. pound ...for and in consideration of the Sum f Iliirty- -twO pound, ten shillings... Vol.1,y.-o4\l7‘r) USE OF PLURAL ADJECTIVE WITH THE SINGLh R ITO‘N 1. these you will no doubt receive...an Invoice of these Sail Cloath Cordage... VOlo./.,P .4U(l796} USE OF SING"LAR ADJLCFIVE FOR TH; PLURAL 1. this heve been laid up this five weeks Tvr0102,p0394(1:303) OMISSION OF "TO BE" 1. (to be} ...and the seizing officer dismisd the service... V.ol.2,p.SlC(l& OS) Pickerinc remarks about this in his Vocabulary giving the example, "this is ordred ( ------ ) delivrei”. he says Either- spoon.cfl3jected to the omission. (op.cit.,p.47). OKISSION L‘ THE PREPOSITION l. delivered him ...his packs are to be sent down... but not delivered him... dismisd the him his advice what's delivered you it you acquainted how -141- ...and the seizing officer dismisd the service... Vol.2,p.515(18C6) ...already desired me to charge him his. "vr01ol,pol?'3(l77;3) ...and take your adviCe that's best to be done. Vol.2,p.301(1800) This will be delivered you by Capt Lobertson... Vol.1,p.SC(177B) I sent it you by this opgortunity. Vol.l,§.30(1778) ...you will be acquainted how badly they are founded. Vol.2,p.l79(179%) USL' S OF PREPOSITIONS--END OF SEXTBNCE, SUFLFFLUOUS, LiC. Contracted for deliberate on disposed off for to hire meet with thank you for with ...I could not bring down the Timoe I had Contracted for. Vol.2,3.2?4(l799) They seem to have T’tt? -rs of more COiuplu nce to tlem to deliberete o Vol.2w1 513(1306) ...I was oblidged to take in things I have not yet disposed off. J. but left perfectly Open and scierate for to hire enyone... Vol.2,p.40§(l€Od) o o .Tfly bCSt C()L1£"ts to S acquaintances as you r J Vfol.2,£‘.825(1 ( gig) ...in return to your's , rhich I thank you for. Vol.1 ,p.134(l 7E) 11.. J ‘3. ,-\ ‘ . 5" -. 4- \ \ "3- 7 Le had nutllgL e. LTCSLflt to pay ..-‘ if r‘ ... Orr". 1F!“ \Nltl o vu or.,;.‘.UU:a(.L\J\/O) n .-_L ‘..,' .3- leg; i i.iun o.. Vol.2,p.biu(1806) USE Q: REFLEXIVE FOR THE PERSONAL PRONOUN The Americ car manner of regarding -self not us an adjective 1 r" ‘ ' 1' J— ‘ r“. - r ' l . ’3 .1“: - 4- - out as a noun goes bee. LO Anglo—Suioa luvs, otending to 7 —_J 4L . ‘4 . 41.0 '| ‘ 1 'v" ‘J‘ 1‘ J_' ' _ . L D . .‘ . . ‘ ..- .. _. .—‘ _' J ”I r_‘ W Ii: ' 7 .- mencken ,» "' 11's! '. l; .t.‘ “Hf-:21 uOtll 82. “1C LlVeo .13“; no L..lS hula, .‘Ldoll.V their Old irflections (oi‘.cit.,;.oCL). QB our iji-escnt treat- .L. a 4.1 n -a 97".. , ‘1 "... £1,110 OJ. .218 lOTl “.1120. L .- F: J 3, ".L1 53:1. -44. t“: Annoy ican -, ‘ r \ ‘ - “ -\ -.-J - , - u '\ '\ n ‘ I ’ fl ' VI - f V" . P\ :. ‘ ' Vulgate menus CubULSl"U uub oi tne rdllvhl‘e. it lo con;tantld 1 _ _J O , J " ‘J _‘ J ‘ . ‘ _: "" ’ . f) _' J . ~ _’J_ J W 'A o tJPOHH in for ,oou neesurc, as in 'l oVoieat ”a :li', hi it — 1 N I W W #1 ... ‘ is as constantly used {b a Jeieonai oiou“, to 17 'zol_ nu o _ v , C‘“r7‘ vi: 0‘“ ~ 1'. —.. ‘- V -‘n _ Wlfe'". (0}.Cit.,r.c\o;. uO find an olengle 01 eucn or these 7 I. ' —. -,—.* a, l. myseli “acclain a Lubul- J 2. self Tb ank God my fa 1ily and self e good health... Vol.2,1w.495(1305 CON ’SION OF CASES IN RELATIVE PEONOUNS Llenc‘r' en say 8 of whom, "...in the Kain the American lentuage tends to dispense with it, at least in the less graceful situa- tions". He adds that Noah Tebster denounced it in 1783. (op.cit.,pp.179-lEO) The distinction between who and whom was certainly ignored gracefully in the Askin ferers. 1. who hr Hands of Sandwich one you have known... Vol.2,p.309(lBGl} ...as to take the lead and put in who they please... Vol.2,p.500(lEGG} ~143- “ to 11‘Zirush tdnJ I heime seen today... Vol.2,p.4C4(lSO4) 2' Whoever ...when authorized by ‘.\lt_oever no.3" be eppointel. Vol.e,;.u.l(l””" ...5ive every s5551istence in lis pener to whoever mev $0... 01. .SIC(IQCC) ...will be dis 11% ed b;,7 whoever you may charge it to... Vol.3,p.247(1799) GJREUSION OB CASE S IN PERSOI JAL PRONOUNS l. the: ...the nunber of new houses and them tolerable good ones... Vol.,,fi.é37(lLQL) tht,n, & l, are on very ood footi n3 Vo1.2,p.Zss(1505) If they Keep their promise, them & us will get a cons idereble s 1... Vol.2,i.170(1803) For the use of them as a personal pronoun in the nomine- tive and as e demonstrative pronoun, see Lencnen, o;.c1t., 2. us If they keey their yronise, tnem & us will get a consizlereble sum... .Llo«,fo-70(1:CL) ...have made rather better choices than us. Vol.2,1.502(l£0£) For the pres nt use of us in the nominative see L.Vrl('»~ ’1‘, -lé4- CHAPTER V PRONUNCIATION Language is primarily a matter of sound, not symbol. ihe (EwelOpment of Lnglish has taken place through changes in swoken expression, and only superficially may its history as studied in the written medium. Hog, uinitteuls, just such a superficial stuuy is being attemgtei here, but the necessity f‘. a ' ' ~ "~ .r‘( «I ‘~*‘3 ‘.-~, 1' 1.1 . w LOF it is obvious. we have no phonetic recurx of an. s, of the eerly horthuest; no eiplteenth A.) ,*.~,. ,‘, a, henreu sewn to us frou the p in speech history to nourish, we authority of variant spellinfis for our sustenance. In these we find two degrees of value, as Lrapp points out(0p.cit.,vol.e, pp.7-9). The higher is that used and recognized by individuals of standing and position in the district; the lower is recordefi or strata of H in the written efforts of those 1: the infer society who are less auare of the nuances of language. Xhen a spelling which indicates pronunciation is found in a document on the higher level, its authority as being standard at that time and place may be nore readily accepted than if it mere found on the lewer level. Anny spellings of the second degree are important, however; they often indicate tie direction in 1 I V’ which the language will change, aha they are invaluable to sflKHV‘the nature of the influences at work. For that reason, -l45- mmnples of both kinds are included in this section; but they ---\ , 1 ’ ' IV .. ' .’\ ‘, . ‘\ .4 ' 5' ‘L - ‘r‘v '3 . A 7‘ D ,' harm; 'b , IflofifllIQ, Matanusitfl', ior me distinguished by the Hm higher level, and the mark "V", meaning "Vulgar", for the kmer level. One other identifying mark has been added, that firicitations from the writing of individuals of birth and J. ahmation other than English. these are labeled "F", meaning "Foreign". iv A great deal might be said of the nature of these foreign influences. The most outstanding, perhaps, is that of the ETench, Whose civilization was firmly established around the c at s 1? -i e h‘ br' '31 a is 'he' J v. T’uh~1- Great L ke‘ long befor t c ‘ iti 1 1a t 1r cntr, it Cit question the pronunciation and manner of engression of the new- comers must have been affected by the necessity for cemnunicatin; tith the French settlers whom they found there. John Askin himself was married to a French tenan, you will remember, and several of his children made like attachments. In addition the business negotiations between Askin and his combatriots on the one hand and the French traders, v03ageurs and engages on the other were carried on in FTSHCA or in a mixed jargon. There was a large influx, also of Germans into this frontie Country, most of than coming from Pennsylvania. They established Koravian and Dunkard colonies in several places. The lrish ."r - . . .. . . , .1 . . were “111 nixed With the anglish in ne military and conmerc1al +' _' , . .. . . activity of tne region, and prooeoly had their part to play in 'ing the lanjuege. as :as Irish in early environment and education. The influence of the Indian tonjues could not have been of great moment exce;t in the matter of VQCeb- Lflary. Their manner of syeech was too a ien t3 be easily 4 r. .1. 4 .. ' 1 ., rte.. A fee soaniarus here in hula?) A an. ‘ . ,w- 3 (1.. V! e " ‘3' ". . pp 1 ‘ w “. 1.- nuubers to name any oilr010n e. Fr,“ 4‘ -\ ‘- ‘- " V .' r. ' ... ': 9“ ,-. N ", IV 0 .‘ ': 1_ 1 ‘3 ~ , i - .-| , ilau n, nay acce t tnubu s1ellin s no laiily acoulatc ,— n \- '1 m C) * ‘3 . r (7) (J H :3. (a H H C+ :1- (T) . x :5 .¢. 7: (f 0 L: H r) (r [.1 (J n i (1‘. :J C+ to Ho representat ¢. ...J 1 —+ ..4 O L): c; ( '3 < +- H .5 o is assured by the editor's statsi fit in tyh ”In general", be s<“s "the ”llLt83 jecnnent eiis to present 1 ‘ Q ' ‘ 1|. ,fi'n J" r.‘ V! I" J“- ‘- f“ . .V‘V'~-‘ 2'"‘~“ I" '-.. a SCIlJPth‘ISl: ECClJLFlL'T) CK: ‘. UJJ‘”; \Jrl:11.ii’ J. 1.1;‘L1L4'SL11Lt0', w‘ .° ‘ . _ ‘ 4 , s '1 by ‘ (Quaife, Ly..it.,vol.;,:.l/). _ ~~v ‘1‘ ‘- ' r " IA ' -‘ . C‘ L 7 ‘ 1 .s 1! . l I¢.nctic sqluoli e..lo ed. a;, s .bLlLPb (riled It‘liri “ “j w- F J- . v'. ‘ ‘ I ,- x j N ’ F1 ‘ I . - D,‘ ‘ 'V I 5 fi “ ‘ ’ "" ‘ “V K 1 ‘ a$lLL 80-11:: Ul-¢le‘\) OI\}61K.L 8., “DQxL 1:4 .LQAtLJ. .L , a {-44.5 I Axlidi‘AL .P-kl k L used in hot; 1 and 1:: vet-1: broad a, used in >r‘..tr*-'::ofic anl - A 4.x, , ...-. -n n .. 1 ' ",,.-§.. .. -..- 1, often iVen 9 1e or -l=t f._~__, tscn in ;_ a , .;, Noemi A '0: :3 who.-. , . : -L . n--. . +~ , i ontiilel rs it“; i, used -n s o, 3., no.3 on t“- If“ 23 L1 ’ ' ' ’ . " "I ‘ s “1 ' ‘ t ': . ‘ " +’ v .’ fl. '5 L456?) 18; L ’ CAI—Si) LIV - A U- I - .1 k- _ 1 ._ , n b- 1 "K-‘i “ ‘ _L‘7g k’)‘\/ :1 fl - — —— \ \ A ‘I . v t‘s. ‘ F - : ‘3 1 . 1L , or :31! rt u, L‘.£)‘\Jl 111 Skit-L (J r. IJ‘IL.) ‘ , t. F: 0‘4 \LL-1L \..J. \ a 1 ,k?’ - _ — — _ ‘ . " " ", . n‘ - -. - " -‘~ . p—V fl 1"- . ‘ ‘ -~, " 3‘ 'P‘ I" I ‘ 7‘ , oefore r nnen that consoisnt is pronounced, used 1“ Lrllo, (5 ink/-1; SC L. 1'1 Of 131*; a lit ’ . f! _, , fl, Lbk, 1 1:1 .."J' '3, ... V . , ~ 4 ‘ . - : r ,- , , f n; : i , ..Q L! 1.2).:1Ct' l; a LL1£E¢ L L.' , ..\fl 3 kAtl .L L .1 ...~.. J. “t \L .g * A. . -.. b ~1- - « ' '. . him... 1 -‘:_.~ a-t ., ~ - imed in finale and l -, 11, .“u ixn Jul“ louzi ‘ '\ PH .' \ L | s V‘r' . v '3 J" . ‘ “ .“_:: . :I If"- . n \ t‘AlC CLAIIES\_A‘Y1_—s: J (1.1 0 AU 1-11) I-/ lUIl CLLL.~-1 1‘1 1-..’ \ 5: ’ L a E) M — ' . 1 ‘ . . . an- . 4‘. ..'.....'1 . as Ill go, :c as 331 cert: (I; he;? , s, sud :gin ix: s used iJi see; 511943 in SV“&“19; 5 thr>1n1veicx)l so _ . f" -. n , . . . r‘ 4: .—- ' \_ j . r" .-- shame; z, the V01Ced s or rise 1 as in 3wuh: r i, ,1 ' r. .. "I -. _ , ,.-. ,.: , . ‘ , ‘ ._ 'r, ‘ : fli» tne CCPol-“flOQ 01 t Lnl LUV-lLsL s_, is-u l -,. ' _‘ ,— . -. ., ‘fi - ‘P . - . - + r . V.'V'. " v ' ~ ‘ the urvwicei th or !“1., Tdui a , wi— CQLLCQ{Uajl \‘ '. n ‘ . ‘ ... ._ ‘ 4“ 1' _ 0" " a . sound oi t NH), 1 , tn; nasal or t;m37r L use in — i W, tne veiced consonant of use an: more; ewi c1, sound or VJI in acmni, l the lJJ;uii s.Luyl of ‘r.in 1 ~1 -.-. - ‘V 1" ‘u.r\ '. -1 ~.' “ .- . w the unstresset JOuml in sjllxdles not Chg: x., :. ".«' . ° !-~- —3'..« nanel an“ aroitreticl. \Ai er niopf and ran 0 . L ' 7“ ' . V . v '7 . r J' ‘. 7‘ In general the s,elliuvs 1-,ititl., '\ 1 ' ~ ' r ‘ W f‘ ‘ , " ' f.“ r \( ' I' . J ‘- UNStiebsek 5:,‘11..1IJJ."S 1.2,! r.) u 94-1 elJbell L .4 r'. 'w. -.e . .. . . ., +--. ' ' 14,3 wt stressed sgllables, filtlbuvl it is 01‘1 1‘7 r 1‘ t' n" 110 ' 1"1’1 cw no -~. 1 ° W "“3- '3- L ~ J'! ‘ J {—13 ‘Agve JJ‘P‘J 0:1L 5V ~1’v-0 l - ' . .LLLZ. _‘ ' . , n ‘ . ‘ i (V p - v r‘, tnis chagter TCLIGoaHt ueiartures lIOJ StCu ‘ sciation exzd lie ,; .Ji: “1 iii: 5.3;) k4};1'_1 , .-, {an . 41 ‘ x “u I I ii fer° ; ibilant as 4,3, a .1- ' .. I} ‘ .L \A L“ f 52‘ . 1 ‘1. ' ...: “I T f' r- (:1! ‘I C.) o ...L A... -- I. J .‘ h ‘. . ’ U _. .1- - ,_,:I “v VulCCd s ere‘ n, eiwsn n ’) r. V k ‘1 1 - I w . v ~ ‘- fl ‘ h ,—. - ..~ ‘- ‘ . - V x \ :1; J 1N" . 7 31 5.‘ ~14:— 'VOfifiLS l.Cle1ks (5) ...he delivered I; Latch to one of ycrr slaiks... Vol.l,;.3~¥(17%i) ...uitLM01ses full of Secretaries Clark's Ltc... Yol.2,p.47¢(lsbi) Kenyon says tifi s chs Ilge of clerk to c1 ' s an historical nmtter. This, to,et her with serhe~nt, rt :nd steive, was Spelled -er in middle an lisL, and first as *roncunceu (£:) graduall3 lo ered from (t: ) to U!) and then retracted to (a:). (American I—ronunciation,;p.9:- ~99). Also see Krapp,(op.cit., vol.2,pp.37-38). Other examples will be found below, some by analogy no doubt. 2. Desarters (S) I hOpe both governnents may put a stop to forcing over Deserters from Either Side. VOl.~,p.U17(150 ) 3. Grand Travarse(S) mrs Ain sse went in a boat for the Grind rlIdV ar300"v01. l ,E.uu(177&) 4. merchantdise (S) If the people Sh uld want to be firnished Uith anything hear merchantdise or whatever... Vol.1,p.245(1755) 5. marchent (V) ...what would my marchent say if I was to put my packs in the hands of a man I was indebted to... "'01. Po§du(104) Mencken says mercy was given as mercy in Colonial times (op.cit.,p.7l). 6. perhaps (V) perhaps we ray rake another Eargin. Lol.l,p.24;(17:c) 7. Sarvt (V) Dear Sir Your Lost Obedient a Verry ‘Humble Sarvt Vol.1,p.591(l795) 8. Subarbs (8) There is near one hundred houses in the Subarbs... Vol.1,p.69(177E) 9. Innsuartent (V) ...it is heard for me to tell as yeat the time is So unsuartent... Velol’p0589(l795) :3 r' I, \’ kl. 'C‘J l. Cucogbers (s) .. .5130 Leans Ssunsh seed aIC Cucu: .Ll(1774) 2. Cundocter (V) ...a mi yin; the Cuniscter a triffel.;m3 nould EE’CQTH3 oundocted ffxxa u‘P'o \Cl.~,£. :7}‘1(17:7 ) h 1“ '“7’ "‘2""-'--‘ 4' ‘ 4-4w. ,. '+ -," O 'L" 1Lr2.rr -LS 343.33 Idlnl..‘»'li Cltt.-~JJlS (q 0C1L.,"I'C4_o..,;olbulo 3. Lodwick, Ludn1;(F) ...he has er tius ted a fed goods to LCPC1V€iC":OOO ‘3’3102,I- 01 7(1791) 1 - v .~._ (“‘1 ,. .: 1.. .1..- ., (p) it is tLt ssue now with Luaal l. tosels (b) a yarcel old hosa and bllv' For remfIRS on this fronunciation there we have (x) toda; see Lencken (0p.cit.,p.ili) and Irapc (op.cit.,vo1.2,p;:l.FC—3; 5:) i l. least (s) i mention this least you...n.b aggly for it...Vol.2,p.F4C(l;O7) ‘ I o (S) I need not tall you the catlse, least it have tflu: apyea1+xun3<31 retroacha.. Vc1.1,p.2ss(17sc) " ' “ ' h ‘. r "or f“), 9“ J ‘ ~. v , ‘ffii ‘. . arepp sa3s earlier usabfi ‘Clllo e1 bet as (8) and (1.) in sucn words as lest, nest, jest and noaf. fie cites sgellinps f ,2" — . V ‘ {3 r ’- .‘ IVY/W 'r I': —_-x-—,—--‘_ N "1' \ Cf least Pnai least- is: lest. (glucih,..'a-_..":‘,}..l£.3; 2. Least (V) Latlier seas The Go bLflL.i thixnz'to betas :He Luv 11: YT h N (N u "I (a, 3": U 01 . N , L . u—a V i \ l I :1; J e > 1. .7, 1 Us , \ l I.€ 0 L. i l. 4 1.:Cxfiiff’ 1\:Cl\leiff C: U. I‘D Raison, PTTDWLK-Cl€’ul T .L Q Ly by? jalJ;Lr m I th to m (b) ...sou out that L I C) L: H LD ._ in C 9 v 1 y‘; {iIiLl 4 L~ - 1 LIJA'. Ell-AG . J»- ‘J 4 1!}: f 'V (1.. Dyna—LL D $9531.13; (5) Subscrirtion George 1 A Det P. L o Tract roit. luCi‘I-ieff (5) ...prevented my ILOLL St}... (S) ...tpke Care Iwij L (17) ...vfliicil I 41 [1 thanks (V) ...and ()L11? (5) In VI. {1 Lit it" ALI. for... put a if"... . ..-}- ,.L L H 83 ¢-CT¢U LL!" T"1."fi p L (T71 Reta <1ver an VYHW 7 l' ", )\ v .... |_. tch. o .L , . Ux, . \ L»; . C51..L. , \l' s plvishness s Yul.::,73. LI“: ‘— r—‘r‘r, YVVClOl,A f1 OL/UL. Vol.1,gp. grwnted to tor-01 1,1.:1\1f EYOlOl’l-I‘OSC your mee :inL Vol.?, .4-3 45L he Goes JCGKS. . . VC’log’pobkf'i‘J support of “itchell by In WJCStTH. (1737) C) f l have (L 03 not ncL ( xv) Rev. ., \_ a; ‘ , V .L o z-_ , . o .. ... - . LIfiGiff‘ V Hicks at lect 1.11 hereunto Sett my IZand a Sale... Vol.1,p. iE(l77S) I) 1 l. deminish (S) ...to prevent our getting our rights and deminish the value... Vo1.2,p.4ac(1e05) 2. rediculous (5) ...your old flame rendered herself rediculous... Vol.2,p. 5L Q(1307) 1. her (V) ...I am sorry to her that Peiter Richards is absent... Vol.2,g.222(l791) 2. Del (V) ...But there was a Good Del nor with ' them. Vol.1,p.211(l755) 3. leasure (8) ...he has leasure time to settle all his affairs. Vol.2,p.410(1804) (a) I will thank you at your leasure to dI.C)1x File 8 111163 OTJOlOLa,rOUL:Cflf—107) Kenyon says ea did nct become (iz) until the late eighteenth century (op.cit.,p.88). Krapp states that the pronunciation of this word with either (1:) or (5) is now standard usage. "On the side of authm 1tv", he adds—,- "ani of the analog-W of spelling, the pronunciation with (1:) holds the stronger liosition, but the pronunciation of worms like measure, pleasure, treasure has always afforded a powerful support to the pronunciation with (8)." (op.cit.,vol.2,pp.129-lZO). '— .JLLQL. l. atherized (S) ...but I will not wait to be atherized by you. ol.s,p.4ol(li b) Mencken mentions the substitution of the flat a for the broad a as in sass for sauce (op.cit.,p.316). Kenyon mentions 'the pronunciation of a: 1:1 lzmr: e and hart as 3;, stating that thesma veIe the cultivated American pronunciatiztns oi the eigflrteenth century (0p.cit.,p.97). - 14 Cat (V) When he Cons in I will try & Gat 1aVn nt... Vol. 1,1.LCZ(17CV) 2. Lat (V) ...I hOpe you will Not Let one Minet pass... Vol.2,p.267(1799) 8. together (S) Your letters generall come alt ost toaather. Vol.2,p.257(l799) 4n sand (V) pml se Sand out the goods as Soon n’\l_\ as 1ossiole... Vol.1,p.58§(lz.u1l Krapp has a number of similar examples from the early town records. (op.cit.,vol.2,pp.95-96). £>e: l. brake est (8) They spent the evening with me & tock an early brakefast. Vol.2,p.629(1309) For this the remarks of ira'1 (01.cit.,vol. 2,11 -C2) are pertinent. He has re cords of a number of cases wheiein 3g was rhymed with (e: ) as breast: taste and snread:trade. _0€._>__a= l. Crainberry (3) ...thank Madelain for the Crainberry Confiture... Vol.2,p.627(1509) 0 > ou l. afourd (S) ...admitting that the adventure could afourd it. .ol.2,p.435(1804) Kenyon has some remarks on the 1resence of t}7;e (u) element In certain EVOTdS (op.cit.,po.118,llen). also see hr app (0p.cit., Vol.2,p0135) o 9 r - ~ ~ . ~- tOuld (V) he was sent...to build a chimney... as the man tould me... Vol.2,p.222(l799) For (ou) before l_see Lenyon, supra,p.lls. W 0. houp (V) Sir I houp you will have the goodness ~153- to answar this... Vol.2,p.222(1799) u) o 1. close (5) ...the other two did not Cl ose to decide... ‘Jol. 2 wlw M7( 509) 2. rottin (S) ...to get through the rottin and (routine) Tlain business... ”01. 2,p.ul7(1800) OZU. l. shew (S) This example will shew Phyllis that she's not too young. ‘UTOl .1,P077(l775) The returns...will shew plainly the wuantity... Vol.1,T.lEG(l775) A U) Iencken classifies this as sirr:le a difference between English and American spelling (op.cit.,p.224). hrapp says show has become standari and .3hew exists only as a sTelling or an archaic pronunciation (0T.cit.,vol.?,y.154). KraTT adds that the side-by-side existence of shew and show is due to a double phonetic develoTnent, but shes in the Tie erite se ms to hr by analogy to thre a and grey. he has a ment ion of a sTelling shue (ibid,vol.2,p.2béj. ill. 1. Squorrels (V) ...we have plenty of birds, and Squorrels hear... Vol.1,T.262(l786) .2}: i l. Seposed (Y) ...if I had se Tfiosed the Coffin had been so longa alheking... TVrOlog-,l. 0576(1802) 4'94. 1. Trambell, (8) hr Kontague Tranbell in account ”iremblay current... Vol.1,T.lQ'(1781) (3) ,,,pays the claim of the said Tremblay heirs uTon the land... Vol.1,p.317(l785) 2.Traxellar, (3) ...all which Tou W1 ll deliver 1‘1 Trexeler Traxellar Vol.2,T.262(l799} (3) ...send up a canoe or two from Ir Treielers... Vol.?,p.3¢7 (1301) 5.hes (V) hither hes he an‘ trubl... Vol.1 ,T.210(l785) KrapT remarks that "...it is not probably that (6) was very general in cultivated sTeech in have, has, th after the Close of 11MB eighteernfii centUJW*." .he has Ifflnf instances of its use for (2;) in Len 1niland at 1? early Teri ioi (op.cit., vol.2,T.9?-93}. 12.2.. 1. Iauravian (3} ...who OWBS you 26 dollars at the “auraVian tOWH.Vol.2.p.214{17ge) 0>J\ 1. Loniorton, (s) I lave Tu ut her at hr humforton's at numforton present Vol.1,T.107(1775) (3) Received of hr. Tilliam.honforton '5 the Lotts s Vents... "ol. l,T.ldC‘ (17‘0) For (or) to (QJ see lrapp, oT.cit.,vol.2,Tp.lCE-135. 11 o l. TeconTsé, (3) The block house here recompse HHQ “Tecunseh set fire to... Vol.2,p.72o(1312) (s) I wish we had Tecumseh here to help us... YWJOlQR’Jr\.75CJ(lEI:-j) ai 5 l. Lekwis (V) ...But tkere was a Good Del XML? with them Lekwis all the men is Tail here By me... Vol. l,T .Bll(1735) Krapp has similar s ellings (o;.cit.,vol.2,T.lli). £JL£._ l. ketchen (5) I 9” glfid she has reserved the house and ketchen... Vol.P,T.5 7( 800) O :\ a. sence (u) I wrote you...louT Sence relative to him... Vol. P, T.642(1509) Bartlett hes sence for Circe listed (0T.cit.,T.294), es also has LreTT (op.cit.,vol.E,T.ll4). 3. Clench, Clinchfib} Ditto for Lr Clinch... Vol.2,p.sa(17sc; if" ? '5 (I- ~ VI f‘ . :_ - ..- (Q; ..-I. ulQILCA a)- In]? slur". 1 I 1 - t- .1», OGEMI Ic;ta1:h:d. .. T'- ‘7 » '7'"? fjf‘"‘1‘\ «Ulog,poUL-(lgUUI 5:2 1 l. cleaverly (S) ...metturs seent not as yet not t cleaveIlV at IiWFts in 11eln:iin Country... Vol.l,..2QO(l7 2o) 2. freind (s) Deer cll freind... Voi.?,;.”. 25(1503; o. Leiufler (S) a blank book Leidier... .ol. 1, . 609(1 .\ 3 CD '12 ‘u‘ 4 Xheither (3 ”heither thev have actually said ell 1:111180001 do n01} EtnC’V‘rlooo Vol.1,T.?Zl(l786) 5. Treassent (V) ...he res got a grate dale of Teltries at T3reassent. Vol.1,p.5€§(17§b) C. Kcleth, (b) 'm serr' to he r by ' ssrs LcBeth & I .cheath he nkin... lOl.l T..u(177w) (b) ...since thich...fies"rs gcaeath & lenhin are siiived... VU10131083(1778) v ‘ fl A J '1 “ I n .... r ._ l. dislwnrr (s) ...a \UJGS nel,<;1s,eal Ch. Lettlzg .1 -e b " 17' ‘p'n n - '7.: ‘ T‘£\Y] .ltooo 4101.1’£.o£-b!( Im‘U) :or all these morls in —eer see Bragg, of.Cit.,vol.2, 2. rearly (S) ...such Erinds ere rearly to be met with. Vol.2,p.£lb(l€06) 3. Shear (S) ...and it is a Sheer I wanted and not a plough. Vol.2,p.644(1509) 4. thear (V) ...thear is always boats 8 Com sing up in the “pring... 1701.2,1). 34:( 79:) 5. Sinclair, (S) ...Messrs Sibley, Sinclair & Burnett... Sinclear Vol;2,p.2$4(l799) (V) Capt Fleming hr Burns & Mr Sinclear... Vo1.2,p.s7c(1eoa) 6. frinds (S) ...I am certain he is Vvith his best frindSooo VOl.2,PoCU6(l:JOl) Krapp discounts the idea that the use of the short 1 for g in such words as cinerallg, sihd and frind is e fistter_of direct Irish influence on ALericen ejeech, although he admits the pronunciations to be characteristic of Irish— —Lnglish. he explains the similarities found by the fact that the two had a common source in 5ritish dialect (op.cit.,vol.2,pp.98-97). The words in this class, he states, fall into two cats ories: (1) those in xhich the vowel is preceded by a palatal consonant, and (2) those in which it stands before a nasal (ibid,p.102). 7° Einnoral (V) I hope the You will be able to hike a ginnorel Renooval... Vol.1,p.2$9(1785) e. sit (V) ...1 shall be able to git all the hole field... Vol.1,g.?ll(l755) Mencken SE\S ti for yet was encouraged by Franklin (Op. Cit. p.71). ind of the next week4.. 9. ind (- Vol.2,p.461(1305) (p O O 0 rt :2: (D F4 90 ct rt *1 lO.Sind ll. whitli 81" 2. Incuragment 3. Frechet, Fritchet E l. 11 V 1:43 AAV~ "U. x l. dO'S LeTrench, la trenche "(:11 notes (V) A (.4 ‘l 27 "x r 4 ‘J ~157- Shall tglwe it as a gre You ”ouli Sihd f 1 1736} L ---t0 work 5 ftii whither on 8 Voyage or Otheriise, (31.1.,‘1. .Cl( 771;) . '1: 1 . ,. . _- ... ' O O 0563:1111. 1k; Y-Fe ILl-iJ. H 11 v ,1 1- r, IILJtooo J01. ,l'ol .. -~ ,‘A ,«.+ v .'{< “a. O O 0:; C) 3.4. Me‘s/O liky L: 11.8.1 1 U til” 1:1(4 I \ ‘7. n ‘3'... :_ I“ ." 3'01 0:1,;0&UL'(l_-~U‘i) IKEKFi 171€3Ciietl.. .I*?8flV ill tiga L 111 of this geek. Vol.1, .317:(17El) 'D . ‘ 'n‘t‘ ' 'o \ i ' 3‘ "\ . 3 'I" ‘. ' 1‘ _ lltL._’:t ItiUSBJ to 9:1...11: {MB 1 :.- ,' LA“ - Q S .Li 1318 LJLJLASU. Tol.l,;.594(l791) 1‘ ‘ . ".1__ ‘1 ‘ .--‘. ...heceived the freight account flu . you by Jay of the Liver LCTrench... Vol.2,p.l4s(1795) from Ioint aux fins to the liver la trenche... Vol. l,;.4lo(l7$2) ...that the said hacheel shell have s'fLic ient clothi: ... Vol.2,p.277(l€OC) #44 (f1 l'h sure if he can sell his lar near Cincinatm... Yol.2,;.64G(lCCC) p4 ...i1 the ALTezztzs...u;io's not co;;_e fc Yrfllotg’l..‘1£kr{l—>KJEJ) t favour if 1 rrohsuc1at13n of the uoru (op.cit.,p.l ‘ ‘r‘ z: ‘1'. J5. 1&Ik.t(,'b... - VO- 'f._' . .,-, ' 1 ° ,1 1’7. .1 .3 1.1,:‘4. -. ~ 1. '1' '2, ,3 “[7,, 1,... ' fl ' - , I\Ib.i‘9 118.8 CV1\1(,.J( ‘1’ u. .....L' 11. -~.‘- ob u-.\h_. -. .4 _~ 1: .a K) 1‘4. - 1K)11 dccze was current. (og.cit.,vol.‘,f.lfio). Len;ou s=‘s this is en eisnple of rest: easing, the unstressefl €013 oei“ d: .- ‘\ ———- and res tressed d z (oy.cit.,;.lus). 1. Cotton, Cutten (S) ...a ceitai: te;roe nen...csllei Josiah Cutte Ii... 1. Persley For these 596 9r) our l. retourn C k; I—eih a; s thi nunciation. HI Hither T‘ a . . .- . " 3.... T - (s) ...to s 1~;ro Len Leuel uosegh .._ V T' .‘ A r‘ ‘\ thto I... JCIl.1,:~.‘llL(l/(\J‘u’ ,L‘ I""' '3 V-‘ w‘ ' :‘r~ ~ ‘7‘ ‘ ‘-,fl (5 DUKQu 1ers1e3, Leets, on ens... '7. p'l l!" [— ol.l,p.o;(l /7-) ,O (S) ...which is perticulerly described... Vol.1,1.207(l754) (V) ...which I retourn a grate Dale of tlrnfis for... Tol.l,y.LSC(179?) tiss,:llirg loss not indicate ton"Y -1 yrs- D IPMTHOH GS (7) Either has he any trubl of making an; of then... Vol.1,p.£l&(l73£) (V) TAear is en Id say struc: RC... 'Ho .2,p. 12% (1793) (5) Mrs hihsse arrived with The Cttsua*s. Vol.1,3.L2(l774) (T) The loan sf 8 vocszulsr ' 0° Clifpeway "JOINIS . o o y.cit.,vol.2,;p.looff. Vo1.1,p.uu4(1’"c) ) 1;: l. Lathes haticel (5) a harleu Matical Legister... Vol.1,p.50;(l79L) Obviously 8 case of Folk-etygology. OLISSION OF é SYLLABLE 1° VOiCB (5) ...exheusted with (L; iisacreegbje vo1433 fimr: o: 1111:: ... .—. - f" ’3 ‘ ‘vv-r l1 1, . *‘Tx‘r o U11b01n-11v10 l c'urficiant (V) ...as much Corn as 39 t1 8 Surficisnt... Vol.l,;.2t3(178 «7 ' ‘ . .1r- . . s T . ~r 1 . -.. 1-- 2. Asiin, Lishine (s) 1 observe you slell Jour nane Lrsni ’ "i- ’ 0 ~ r 1 1, r~ ';‘ .-~. I ‘ , x - 7" ., ."‘ \ufleliflss Lg, fatuie .1 15:5eli‘ILovr: Lie 1: ours Askin... Yol.l,p.47£(l79$) L . 7' J . 0-? . 1'" v-‘. — * tF‘tCIS ( .) ...SELI] 113.111 (If “lixlt j u protaters... Yol.l,p.9€l' C .1 0 ’d 5.3 O 4. Clearuarters (V) if you Can Sini a h 8 L eerters I Shall be Yerry glad. Vol.1,p.343(l7&o) In 'he flatter of the suyerfluous r see Iraf;,og.cit.,vol.1, U V4 CD 1. futer (Y) I hope for u futer... Vol.2,p.é$b(le04) d Dropped after r l. hunder (S) ...he is north one hunder thousaz‘id dollars. Yol.?,n.bll(l£0e) -b Inhistorical d efter n l. SOLsmmnds ...only when soummonds to the Council. Vol.2,p.493(l£CS) ~130- t dz 1. 813171333 (.5) SOHCQ (311103 and Lijillii‘LTE’ 509d. Vol.1,p.Sl(l774) Omission of t Pfte? k l. strictly (3) ...sfifiere strickly to the Shawney Pioohcts advice. Vol.2,p.5¢6(l?07) For the rosvectebil_ity (f the silent t in t: 9 e1; 3te(anth century see Irapg3, o;.cit.,vol. 2,3h.25-2Q. ju)>I or.9 l. argement (V) ...for the sake of aigeuent... t drogpeo after s 1. pas (:3) The nI‘C'thgEJ sai ed from hence at half pas 2 oClock... V0101 ,pou:/(177‘.I) Unhistoricel t after n l. unsuartont (V) ...it is heard for me to 3est izhe time is so u: SLer T"Ol .1, LOSEJE‘ (1 D drorped before th 1. lrunderetll Q) ‘iue hundeItfifll «egt t:a .s CO'e... "01.2,3. 4::(1205) 2.2;4L. l. throubled oubled you about my A (3) 5'4 :2: U) O H W .— U C+ C)" ‘1 voi.2,3.52C(1scc) d 2 i; l. (flirten (5) ...in tLC corner of the Suite cu... 270101,}.305 7(177EJ) he Iissionsries cannot nettle with m r] 2. mettle ( Superfluous‘t l. merchantlis e (V) 1f the people shoalt - . firm :flue \iifi- anytLqu; Lear male chntdise 01 mhetever... Vc .l,;.24£(l7é£) This is crotsbly {opuler etvmc‘O‘V—-merc‘ont pluse Lise. 3.3 d 1' a bOdTiHS (V) ...he is slnays 8 Vol 1. affidavids (o) I forgot to aention that there was inclcsei in it...affidevids about the Lertins... Vol.1,p.lOC(l775) send a Locock of Creuberrie Q Voi.2,p.57e(L 07) A ‘\ v F4 1. Cranberries 42—13 1. given (5) ...honored themselves....1ik Liv m: a 33.11... TUTOloL,FO:J&:O(lS 33" 2. Kerrin (S) bett e fierrin Lett yesterday Voi.i,3.55(1775} Unhistoricel g_befer7 s l. Honenst (S) ...I was never acquainted with a more industrious, Sober, Lonenst man,... Vol.1,p.d$(l77&) £3. refinstablishing(8) ...with tzle reEnstsblis ing of Lrs Grallts lie/8;].ti'lo o o Vol.2,p.é93(lEOS) we )7 ow l. smjwrn (swore) (o) ...and cursed end sowrn... Vol.2,p.590(1503) ~162- Final :1) Q5: l. throwen (b) ...tLeire friendship & civilities is rgt biotgq 3.53 an an u:;rateful IBISOA. Vol.l,;.Z"l(l75€) N drogfed before 3 l. Gilkison, (5) I hear Cagteie (b) I have however Cilkison... n l. Hutchins, (s) hutchins is dean Ititcfli lfN s iii...iiu . (V) I am Sr Yr Very EutCLings 2. brackins (s) ILro brecKir“ £12;w Cillfii iii-SC.) i". is UOlOI- ’1? 01.367) t?.e LaEe, ioney Vol.2,p.£l7(l7st) Cbt Servt LT Vol.2,p.iss(i792) m or r Vfimxlasreeut..£ni lani... 'ol.1,t.57(1775) A l. Wither (s) ...and carry us the Lord Lucas hither. val.:,x-Wl.z I“ -‘ll( :61) 2. .Jhitanzsse , (E3) is thief .fitem—ssu of L’szil' place... Litanesse “ol.~,,.Leo(l7 S) (b) oooélfiL‘UCiallv Lanai E!) I? l. Peoyle,§eebles(s) Assignee (5) Trustee n a), J'li 3.1- SUI'V.eI‘f]uQLiS 1 before 038:1". CC>r'.:‘;L‘i:‘1-F:ni-S A. l. Countery (EU 4. Lv LBS V! e two great cLief s C )8... Voi.2,p.5e (1502) to peso V to iPOple 1’ es & Jells ~1.1,3.4L(1771) L Hells fol.l,;.4o(177 l) ...as the deien in this Countery... 01.1,} 00-11(1793) 2. hunder 5. hundereth (a For tLe 4. vagsrents ( 5. Elem -165- ~ I ..o 3 ‘\ ~- \.-~‘~.~ I “ ~g‘ ...}ma'is “0112. one Fuhbidr t2.cisssnd I“ ‘ 1“ ’7 1 n T‘. 'r- f“ ‘ r‘n‘ ‘.,..,,‘_. , 7 “ .-J. , 1.1-8 :1LA;;\1€18L.1 ‘\O{_‘u 11".8 C(J -lC. o o 1" w k .L. I,k«.‘1‘—la(l CIL) L2) 0 .3 "‘ . fl (— - . v ‘r v‘ ~ ‘ t . k F' .‘ L“ .. :L‘jtat.ieSlS Svc ;.-‘3L1C!-‘(1‘L., O: .Llug,popl- 0 ..‘fl.._...-. .0‘ ...s i icio:xwtlcn O: a agarents hovexisg bout ere... Vol.-,p.ZL.(IGOS) Ls 300d 3. nd...ebound'j (30". V31 1.. ... Lie Button r7 . °1ti°‘-"‘ ThOITHmyl says ellu ‘Ier 91¢ .tS (muixxi in Sen Inklsi”. (01.cit.,vol. 1,1.235). uperfluous i l. Villie e 2. desirious tremendious . ‘ ('1‘ ‘v z ‘ “ . -‘ J. ltrlgxb Afive DU]. . u C') Ini Tilliage... "01.1 ,p.3? ” 4‘." I 00.1.: “]_B}L 0L1? small 0(17 0) 'V‘ '- ~ ( . A . r x . ...wno eygears :eSiziaus to serve ~- '7".— r~ ,' " 7"! f ‘: ).Looo (U191,b‘o-'~J‘1U(l/C.U) ...for& a tre"e udiors appearance st 1118 Cnataau... Vol.?,1.147(l7%£} 4. facilietste (S) ...in order wore ciieciuwl ; to first: ili :lt'pte t.id CC)...A £11.] CQILIiC‘fio o. Vol.1,1.»§‘f(1732) l_ixi'wsu]d, could.ziu1 sinuIV l. Lnyuled, Couled (Q) ...to Uhom I Aeetioncd 1.at I LuUlDd IUJt think? (Ti .oule: lJQfififi? in any Bussiress... Ycl.l,y.2e3(l730) Infencken notes fixat the I in mull 1.433 pronounces by "i . T‘ —‘. L ' .. Franklin (op.cit.,; .71). lulner s: 3 bus 1 is net rt oriaiic gstrt of could as it is of (wlri ant s'\u13, 1L1 that it skwuli De pronoun Cc} coud (OP.(‘12.,1‘.'9} . ‘3 ~ , . '- .7 ' _ ° . . r‘. ~. sflnuulea (o) ...sverg msu sf Uiizit in a; epinien sheilei. Yul.1,p.4L4(1792) ' I’fi 0— LI on.) ’ .L “a J- { (I r‘ .0 \J L - .. fl 5: 331138 0:. in tL used V begginf a: l. o o 0 Lb 4L \ul LIU ‘1’ 1;. O Q a: .h n A h/ 1 no, WI. .In\ mu. (\ -. , . Q 4. .r \ ..v J \ DI . O .l -..; PM __.!, 3 . M. 1 LI; «U O (H b 1 my ab - r ‘ .54 Tu. . L ‘7 S ...I. (C ..Hu ‘4“ O l .‘u 1. OJ ..D L. .1 n+l\. 8 PL Lu .1 o o o o O 0 ‘II’ ‘1 ”MI . .xv bOdTifi7 1 L a 8 V ’\l g \- vn . """F -;€1 ILL ECO 4. e (I am ‘44 a " .I\ O a ‘x (h D been UN“ 5U «st. aid. no 1 , . I. l r p a! 1-. l 4 A. II\ “II. nu .1 v70: .UL’U 4". L ,L‘ O u T\ vVv b” e o ...H Fl. «i .L 6. O .T,» w. .d T e a; S .T; C PD rid. . e ... . . S V a ch Au hHC r; P 4 .0; \ .115 T... 8 T; 7w d O O a; v y r. v H. \70 .11. ) \ I 3 _.< (\ ’1‘ n CC fl». n .1 i 1 A O ..U . kl ... . n. 8 on. 7. A c '1‘. :’-' I. x) g, 41. Th 0; O .U ..L. .1.” “HI; 3... T: s. . Y . .J . L .1 .Tv .. x 3 ab o R“ . O O . «I o O ‘1’ ‘_ F .q .- 3 L; .7 EI'l Iint a 10. A u I! .- +- 3.1-, LU) CO 14.; .. y—'.—‘ ”LXJ JVJ‘u b Q L""‘ L. ISC Lb. 11. Q 7 ‘l C: . . . 1C) 1" i {W ' L4 - E (T: 'i 5 UOi‘ ‘ n ‘) .Is.v :1 S ~cco a“; 3. lots (3) ...as I know you had 5 good lots of lend Letters to errerie... Vol.2,;-.210(l7 E9) 4. Leskelonge (S) ...& skin the Lesnelon u:8 for t21e sage puryose... .ol.2,p.3“ (19 CC I 5. Askin, Lrskine(5) I observe you efell 3onr new Lrskine whereas m Esther & myself h: vs wrete ours Askin... '701.1,y.47:(l793} ...and on th'e Iortnwest Side to Jean Baitiste Lorins land... Vol.1,p.57l(l791) 6. Koran, Korin (S) f-x U) v Jn Baptiste Koren, 'lr rsder. Vol.1 ,1. 674(1791) 7. Kentev, Nonety(8) Sold by me afterverds to Frudhomme or Nantey. Vol.1,p.370(l790) (S) J. Konety Vol.1,p.399(l79l) 8. Fraro, Frerot (3) Fransois frerot Vol.1,p.398(l791) (5) Mr Fraro...lrentise 30y gelIOPing thrxnnfii streets. Vol.1,p.336(l791) 9. afeard (V) I was sfesred that he wts Steel... Vol.1,1‘.245‘ (1730} (5} I hear Lsria is quite sfeared of him, Vol.2,f.378(l$02) 10' heared (3} ...after You have heared what I have to say. Vol.2,P.léé(l793) . hencken says the pronunciation with t1 e lon» 8- sound was In good standing in Aznelica u:1til the Revolution. Le cites heOste r(op.cit.,; 71). 11. 3313, Daily, (5) hr. Zely...is I beleive very little Deallr ‘Detter... ’4r01.2,p.14e(179:) (3) One Kr fin Daily has been here. Vol.2,p. 199 (1795) John Askin to Killian Dealy Vol.2.,p.loo(l793) h C) V 12. pOpulers (S) ...as thev are pOpulars they could not have gro1n to that size since you left. Vol.2,p.509(l€07) 13. comfiture (5) ...thank Ladelain for the Crainberry comfiture... Vol.2,p.627(1509) 14. whole (5} Planted in a (hole about a foot deep... Vol.1,p.i7(l775) This is probably analogv from tilw uh of who. This is frequently found in Larly 1odern Lr"lish. lb. pumkin (5) Sowed squashes or {auxin see farm. Vol.1,y.52( 7 Kenyon exclair s the poyular modern pronunciation by saying that the lip nasal (h 3) beCOTleS the ton5ue—bac‘< nasal ( ) in (1 Agkin) by groximitT of to1guc-back stop (K) (or. cit.33.7€). The example given here se ems to indicate a full (m) pronunciation for the eighteenth cen ury. 16. Swisserlend (5) France, Holland, Swisserlend... Yol.2,p.3é0(lfi©l) l7. Wescoat (V) ...to Lake a Jescoat and trowser... Vol.1,p.264(176o) This is the traditional LQ lisx pron nciation. 15. IMCCICS :e3 (5) I wrote Doctor INC rosk e3 lOQ since. IcCoskrey Vol. 2, .34 2(1601) LcCostrie (8) Doctor EcCoskrey in? Cam on the borders of the Ohio... Vol.13.mlu(1301) (5) ...answer Doctor EcCostrie letter as soon as possible. VOloL ,1) 0337(1501) ARCHAISLLS 1. l3urthen (3) ...without which she will sink under her Burthen. Vol.1,p.81(1778) 9 3 old Lenthorns...Vol.l,p.609(1795) (f: 5.; . Larmhorns ( ~167- CHAPTER VI SPELLIKG A discussion of the orthography of the Askin Papers is, perhaps, the least important part of the whole investigation.’ The mere mechanical representation of a word, unless it carry with it some peculiar value to the study of pronunciation, has little bearing upon the general history of the language. In addition, the differences between ordinary British and American spellings are so slight even today that it seems scarcely worth While to go beyond the standard studies of the subject. For the most part the Askin Tapers show few variations in spelling from the accepted practice in London and hen York at the same period. That we place these two centers of population together in this respect is entirely proper, for, despite the contemporary attacks of Franklin and Jebster on the older foims of Spelling, the mother Country and colonial America remained very much the same. In this connection Irapp says that "... English spelling was pretty well fixed by the year 1600, and consequently the spelling which all emigrants to America brough with them was the one which custom had established in most instances for English spelling everywhere." (op.cit.,vol.l,p. 548). That social custom is exceedingly slow to cha 50 was (discovered by Uehster when he attenpted to foist on his country- NEH] his so-called simplified mode of spelling. Despite the ~168 fact that the influence of his American Snelling Book was undoubtedly the greatest single factor in establishing what few changes have taken place, the revered lexic05rap her found a decided unuillin5r ess tc adOpt his m re rariical suggestions, so decided, in fact, that he was forced to retract most of them. To repeat, then, we may say that A scin and his associates employed pretty much tre traditional forms of spelling. That we do find an occasional honor for h0hour and indorse for endorse may be as si ned to the not unusual variations of spell- ing found in Lnjland itself. It is true,u undoubted ly, as Mencken remarks, that "American, in general, moves toward simplified forms of Spelling more rapidly than En;lisl...”; (oy.cit.,p.225) but this tendency could not have affected the ear y Northwest to any great extent. However, for whatever value the material may have, there has been included here a brief, general treatment of the ortho 5raph3 of the Ashin gapers insofar as it relates to the differences most commonly renorted between British practice and American. The chief changes in A1riican sgelling are the omission of the penultim ate u'in Lords ending in -our, the substitution -a 1 of f'hal —c for final -Ck as in puolic, tne chah5e of terminal -re to -or as in theater, and the reduction of duplicate I‘flo I onsonants to sin5 le consonaints as NVFOH for we ,on. Additional ——-‘-—— ——i—'———— 0 ~17 1"!) differences which are, perhafs, of less iviortu ce may at l sted Ho as follows . ‘ . ...Lt -.. co {'3 7" - oL .‘ 1;, i a“: 3“. k 'V g l/ .«L N" 44 1 1 ,1 * ‘11,, w: 1 \41 D .A V‘- 1': 'l. n1". 1.- a C‘ ~- ‘ I ‘AI(. “be c' LL 10. T . a. .1 ...; l? .l' A 1.1111071 -L ' J ‘N (‘ ' >J Q I; l x. V ' SD 5-7.- ..:L‘ 13. ‘nt for 7"'( £3 1.; (2.. C :1 ’1 1. ‘10" 'It i‘t L1L I \ :10 - .- \l wr‘ L U D C. foreb r‘ L.) xv ,1V‘r 3 11“: L Q. ,\ \- :1. for V ..J l (“Trvx (y ‘77 u b O eous d1 D 51. l q a n (.2 1 . ,1.-. 3.1-1...) '1 A _ .. .v.‘ 1.10 .‘_ x.;1-..ii_._ G ‘ L3. (Ki 8 V \ ha »./ .\(‘ Tar ..L A. \JJ V—' I w i AAA I", £35.7L- If) ‘1 V . '1‘ 4. L .11 9 . .|‘~ ......u ..1. v . i i t ...L. _ .,. a .n J 1 . ”1.9 1 ’ a- e I. “.J ‘ . C -1. u..‘.. ll 3 .e r... MW» 3 U .1. n: .i M ...J. 14 . . ( . .1 .l :1“. a. . V; v P.» ‘ . .1 V A [h ...L .1 r .-1 _‘.IIU k. TJ .....1. u, u 1.». .. p . 3 w. ca , a o \ I n.\ v\“ I. u ..l ,_ .11 ... - a... _. ... . S. n . , ’ L l .1 m; W. F. xv. 9% c. n9 C .-.1 C .1 :1. .1 ml I “h. E S E .-1 . . L , ... . . A A A 1‘ "\ ILLIVC /\ n 4 ‘J H , .108 .‘l u" ,. , ,4 11; \J AIL ( 6' t ‘:1 ‘. 5:11' v For - a... b S any multiplication seemi favours favor favorable favored honors endeavour endeavoured vapours humours Dublick publi c Thysi CK -l70- n4 unnecessary. k.) EKDINGS £5 -OUR '“D -OR ...to are very sensible C fest favours of t;e Anjor Vol. 1,..22 ...:ll 11 my favor shall be done oet.eon this A Sept... TVYOl.2,I:.293 (1,800) ...I mentioned the favorable pros acts I had... Vol.2 ,p.604( lEOE) I 1as favored with yours a fox days Eli-.0... TV"C)l.2,]:0K..JIK:].(J.£iL\J;3) They did not march with the honors Of .18 .00 VOloP’lo7l:(ll—512) I will endeavour to purchase what you want... Vol.l,;.3 (1775) LI have ”3:5;43 crceaxotn‘ i to bLg"that... Virolo~,po0 2.;(lb0ga’) e to the States to...5et vapours. 01.1,}.c15(lCO7) Todd is n rid 0: tie ...in consequence of his leg selling; ohich th ey thou5ht 1ould biea a, and carry off all the bad humours... Vol.2,p.699(lbll) ENDINGS If -CK AND -C as for rublidclntelli5ence there is scarcely an;....ol. 1,1.5o4(l790) ...the rublic rejort...ni5ht make you uneasy. Vol.1,y.7£(l773) I beg you will not kill him with d—m-d Physick. Vol.1,p.86(l775 Yusick livre Livers entred rendred rendered furrs nett travelled hurtfull 21X -l7l- I shall be obliged to you to get off 1'1 ’ 1‘ 1' 1" .‘ij ‘7 O ' bk" 1-6“ u-uSlLlLooo TV -14... 1,205."..11 1 ‘4‘: ,. ENDINGS IN -RE AED -ER ...the sum of Six hundred livres... Vol.1,p.l?C(l7£O) I receive] the hundred Livers... VrOlol,polE'Ll(l77:) ...had there been anything; entred into on his account... Vol.l,;.125(l773) ...l have...at all times rendred Lessrs Holmes... Vol.1,p.l44(l?7$) ...in recollection of the service rendered 5overnment.... Vol.2,p.470(1805) DOUBLE COKSONANTS Ilease send Alex to Lr Audrain for a fair COppy of an Obligation from Gabriel Hunot to me... Vol.2,p.475(1805) ...some of Our Traders best furrs... Yol.l,p.245(l756) Sett a Herrin Hett yesterday.. Vol.1,p.5€(1773) ...and I beleive travelled thro your r" (‘- netive town... Vol.?,p.o:3(1803) ...it is hurtfrll to their character as Lissionaries. Vol.2,p.556(1501) USE 111's omssron 953113111. _-_§_ He took from the goods 8n AX... Vol.2,p.330(1801) 10. ll. Buffaloe Buffalo negroe negro Mualtoe (1.1ulatto) potatoe Bowle er5oe therefor THE TREATIN'”.EN T batt eaux battoe -172- I would be Willing to trke a Pack or two of 500d Buffaloe hobes... Vol.2,p.315(l€00) And that the Tguffelo robes contributed in keepin5 you harm... Vol.2 1,1W. W(lEOO) She C‘J nd.5111e5roe 11u1 are bcdfl1 in Goal... V001 n’LJOUk-n(lgcq) ...the loss of my negro men... Vol.2,f.3b3(1801) The xualtoe Homan shall be disposed Sowed some fease at the farm. Vol. 1,5..bO(1774) Ilanted...6 potatoe aples... Vol.1,p.57(l775) To 1 Bonle moddey... Vol. 1 ,p.CC2 (1794) ...in ladin5 end L11ledin L Stcr1n5 her car5oe... V3I.2,p.259(l€00) Kr Clench & hr Swayze have therefor been returned... ‘v701.2,p.302(1600) OF FO1EIGN TERMII IATION’ ...erd I shall senl a batteeu x to DetrOit... ‘JrOlol,F. 75(17 77):; ...in hepe of seein5 hr Bennett in a 133131300... ‘V'Ol.l,p.67(l77,3) VARIOUS COI'JPOUND CONSONANTS Plough plou5‘ hin5 s ...and it is a Shear I wanted and not a pleu5h. ol.-,b.cee(loOC) it will require three more plough- ings in the Spring... Vol.2,p.365(lé01) 01 O {‘3 —173- Flow ...with the use of e iorse A Cow 0 P107»? II‘OnSoo. ".901 l ,p.2&:4( 7:1; Lsnthorns 3 old Lenthorns... Vol.1,p.609(1795) :derstand thst tho lsccuets of ers for us... pacquets 1e u lett risque ...and 50 up at the char5e and risque of the coryeny..ol.l,5.lo.(l77e) drsu5ht ... lease sdvzir- ce the 'uinuent and none; and I will send you a died ht for both... Vol.2,g .37l(13Ll) THE USE OF” “" AKD IN enquired I enquired if there were any persons of your Home there... ' Vol.2,p.393(1563) inquir'd I have inquir'd of some peoyles who H4611 know the situation... Vol.2,p.256(l799) enquiry ’ I have to entreet you will sk some friends...to make InquirV... ETC-31.2, 1:1. “3::‘(1798) inclosing 5 You forgot inclosing the Centleme of the Garrison's Accounts... Vol.1,r.126(1778) intitled ...such lrisoner shall be intitled to the benefit of this Act... Vol.e,l.u.0 1800) Hi; USE OF Y AIM.) I syrup ...and gert of the syrup of lunch 1 S dI'Pl-Il‘l"; o o 0 :TOJJ :, t. o ’(i 7‘17 (U) pennyless It was never my intention to commence trede pennyless. Vol.2,; b7d£lb07) shiness dayly hallierds Licence expence expensive authorize realise surprised .. SUFFI‘IZ C1 ‘Jeazell enterprize -174~ If you should find a shiness in getting any Cne to Execute my Order let me know... Vol.9,p.67(1796 ) The Cider you shell have.. Yol.2,p.$lb(lBGC) Ahile I was at th tapri rgs l dnyly see JCL.:eSOO o Ts'r0102,?02%é(1900) ...those I mean are runing Riging such as Eellierds ac... Vol.1,p.lOl(l778) TEE USE Q—E: "g" ADD "2" Since which I have from time to time given him a Letter of Licence... Vol.2,p.501(l$0$) ...from which to deduct ny expence for packing... Jol.2,;.283(lS'C) ...which woul'd be too eg; HO ’I'OU71(1 ll) TTE 'SE OF "§f AND "Z? ...I hereby ruthorize you to take that sum for tliem... V.ol.2,p.280(1500) ...or realise a part of the value tllose lands... 1;Ol.2,po$59(1801) ...wl1ich ezizling surprised me.. You would be surfrized to see how this place grows. Vol.1,p.09(1778) "11932811 0 o 0'; Gift I send you by the L.590W(l7 5) guills... Vol.1, 13ersive... ‘hould you be willing to jo in in any this kind... enterprize of Vol.3,y.285(1300) 10. ll. 12. HRHGUVTSS goal shew grsy' toddey ‘1' an}: e3" 3 Ynnky Whi sky storry -175- MISCE ' ‘IEOUS ...Who Lent TGYUYKH 1y well through the diifeient maneuvre s. Yol.?,r.d99(l§ll) his Blothez if he is put in Goal will I deiesey’iey the debt. ’,TOl.E,p..~\-1’l’wC‘) ...the poor fellow has extricated hiuself from the horrors of e Joel... Vol.2,p.6de(lEll) This ezsmrle will she ' lh3llis that Vie s ruht too 3Lm1ng. V01. 1,}3.7/(l77,j I have skewed hih your letter... Yol.2,p.402(l$04) hr Askin has she“n us the different letters... Vol.2,p.489(lSOo) 1-01988. V:fl,l,1 .28 To 1 bowie Toddey... Vol.1,g.602(l794) the Yenkeys will trade rum for heccoons. VOlO?V,I‘O?-75 (lCJOC) ...the manner he esca} ed the la collectors... Vol.2,r.696(lall) To: :‘hisky, none is to be Lot at ‘LEEJC o. lOl.E,1‘.luO(l7€-Z) ...a tolerable {ood house tfiO Storrj high. Vol.l,;.76(1775) QLIOuAAIdY SOURCE KATCFIALS l ...: TWP)": T‘..’.L~, .LULIJuJQ ‘0“ ' ' ' ~ 4 \ =1" .- ‘ .. ' -.‘r' .. " .- .n n 1. Lt, “1.110 15.. (an.‘ ’ ‘L-;L_)- U‘O-..‘_1 I'LSJLLL fl. $1.3!J’ :1, \lUlS. , ’ AEERICAN ENGLISH Bartlett , John mussell, Dictiwwvru Lf Ahericeuisms, 1“! ‘3 L05 T011 _._'_..49. ‘ v- ,_ ‘ r. .. F. _.' | : - ‘. ... r, ,‘, r‘no be ere, n. sc:ele, A {11(si_s 0, .e- loin, "x“. - - .IK T I," I. ""I : r.."'- i ’ 5 '1' ' V, ... r‘ . T ~_'-.v‘-'A'. .1 _ I ' L1 &I.IL:-T 3 d C)L“L D . ’ 11- ‘31 '1‘\‘ V‘"‘ 1““ 3-.V '4 I‘" LAN-“l 1.1: ' 3 LC'.!.\~.'\_.J'-- , _LL.«“.. U o w. ‘ k v n " f‘ _'_ O 3“ O .,... ‘_f\ - ._ . ' _.- y-v- __‘ r '_ v ‘1‘ ~'_ -.- . F F ,- 9': J— eenhett, henr3, oil 1 21 lleCe hates 1“ the thtea b.£ *_ V‘ I; P! ‘1 qr »:x .‘ C » A -— _‘- DQU.[-10 ..bej, .v.‘l~).io,-§'UD o lfioru;cn, Y/A‘n , l‘ ' v-- I - . , r T... I r "". . . ' 'K'V‘ ' “' -' ’13‘ 1 ‘7 l 00.".-. 0., 1‘...QT.1(:L‘1 LTOAKLLCIQtlLIJ.’ A L11 :1) U01 ’ 1gw‘; .71; -‘-.. ‘ - N. v\ 7, w - 1. 7‘ ova ---, ~ . ~‘v ' aw": . . r '1 ~ h1e3,, Coor e 1—1u1113, h iliss he1:le-e 11 “HWIICQ, 1 vols., J~~ 4L. — ;.()r 1cm: 101A, UNL. . ,--. Krag}, Ceor e Ihilig, Eroruac1etion of ‘.sndxri Wh‘lish in America, Lew 101d, 1913. V'r "-"P ; v , , , V r —. ... ... 'l‘ ., r- ._‘.. " ., hencmen, henrg L., 11s AIeIicen s.: cage, “eh 101A, 192 Palmer, A. Sflythe, Folk-Et3molofir, few York, lBQJ. Plckering, 10:2, Vocabulary, fiostor, 1316. '1 , I'. (1 7- ‘ . V.‘ 'n . -\ .fl vr' '\ -‘ :ElrwrlltO:L’ ;-|iLLAu Kl .L.’ 113 1‘..C]1CaJL \1 C’ssari’ ? Vb'lbo, rhila 1:17:113, 19 2. (\ Tucker, Gilbert 3., American L: lien, how 501:, l$al. LICHIG ‘I HISTOn Y ’ 'r, -, . n - r - 1.. 1 10130? UL QWVEII- 1“} F, ‘ - mt - * w:.~ 3.“ ~ 001811101488 1... , 11.1021: 51,-.1, A sto 1, 1:02;. rw C do L .. ‘ ,- -0 ..- m: .- . '- -— (‘11-: alele, Claude L., btoz. L1 hichl en, punSlflb, l.;-. ._ b. Gross H m H U) I-3 o :1 .4 . T\‘ “\‘r -‘\ + ' r' 1" vet .s (- \ ‘-. ‘ ’24" ’ "‘ C :- ton, -JJJCIU, -.f21u?” lu1c11s3:.,..1inct.1h., l- o. aw . Y— 1 " I. -.. o a v .3. O J. 4 | '7 ' DlSne, J AL, A histOI; (1 the hited Vt; BIBLIOGRAPH ' . ' .' . ~' ’Y“.—~ ~»- m“1‘$1 mcflenud, -“o-es L., :OJ' T’9Ql1 d7. '3‘,- .' i .) "I’r- ‘- a. v- v ‘ v lid Db; , A'-TL.AILJI ._ 0 , ,,‘I‘_l~( . ‘. .- ., - —r so man+~unw .muHC‘PP J .1- 4-. I I..L.t_ .L - _....x..L\}.1 y _— A ’ Cleveland, 1903. I I I Q'f‘l... .- . ‘ . » ' _.J‘- A r k- f _ fl". -- s,_ ' I - ‘ 4.6%; ‘ _ \C‘I . 1, I ll“ - . I'.- '\ .. f‘ i. "I ‘. V " *3“ .' ‘rf‘. '.'.1I‘ . rt 1‘ -, 0‘ .fi'. 5 b! ‘3. .', ‘ ‘V _.L_ 1:. '7 ' ' ,n"9:q~'l.’s."‘ gt 3,.» "'3 0,", . ' ’- . hi '1’. 43' A . 1‘ “.n - ', x3 g- 16.3”. g ‘ ”A. “$43 139% m“..— - A», . ... “1")" 13““; ‘. was» c3;- , . . )Nfi. . " max» 149“ , ' I I ‘ .VI' ‘ - - .fll. . .3“ _ ‘k "I”! '," ,NHJ . k $19,575?! , . t .4 .3.‘ . V "t . Ir . §¢‘~'-‘z: fa. _‘ p’ iii-n" .. . ‘Ttv%~‘ - '. YL-w‘ _: f" ‘ ' 5.. I 1x . _, 3K" ' twigs . I \‘f I‘ Q- M o Wavy-'5 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARI ‘ Sit N I! I HIMHH 12 3 93 I l 'fl"l'|/'J.LU H" H *~ 5 3174