THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CORN PLANTS
AT FOUR SYAGES OF DEVELOPMENT AS AFFECTED
BY CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS

Thesis for the boar» of M. S.
MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Hari Mahan Singh
1959

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THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CORN PLANTS AT FOUR
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT AS AFFECTED

BY CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS

BY

HARI MOHAN SIN GH

_ AN ABSTRACT

Submitted to the School for Advanced Graduate Studies
of Michigan State University of Agriculture and
Applied Science in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Soil Science

1959

Approved

ABSTRACT

Corn was grown on two soils, a Wisner loam and a Kala-
mazoo sandy loam which were treated with several combinations of
nitrogen, phosphate and potash. Leaves and the aerial portion of
whole plants were collected at monthly intervals for chemical analysis.
The relationships between the chemical composition of leaves and
whole plants were investigated. The nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium,
calcium, magnesium and sodium contents of the various samples
were determined.

Amounts of fertilizer in excess of 80, 160, and 80 pounds
per acre of nitrogen, phosphate and potash respectively when applied
to Wisner loam did not appreciably increase the yield of grain. The
same figures for the yields from the Kalamazoo sandy loam were 20,

0 and 20 pounds. With few exceptions the use of a fertilizer element
resulted in an increase in concentration of that element in both the
leaves and the plants. The levels in both leaves and plants were
somewhat proportioned to the quantity of the nutrient used.

On both soils the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
contents of both leaves and plants were highest early in the growing
season. . The calcium levels in the leaves increased as the season

progressed. The calcium levels in the plants reached a maximum

2. Hari Mohan Singh

in August and then rapidly decreased. On the Wisner loam, there was
a tendency for the magnesium levels in the leaves to increase as the
season progressed. Magnesium levels in corn leaves from the
Kalamazoo sandy loam remained relatively constant. On each soil

the magnesium levels in the plants decreased as the corn plants
approached maturity. The percent sodium in the leaves from each
soil had a tendency to increase with each sampling date. The tendency
was not as evident when whole plants were used as a sample although
the highest level in corn grown on the Kalamazoo sandy loam was
obtained from samples collected on the last sampling date.

The percent nitrogen in the leaves was higher than in the
plants on all four sampling dates. The percent phosphorus in the
leaves was higher than in the plants on the first three sampling dates.
The reverse was the case on the last sampling date. The whole
plant contained a higher level of potassium on the first sampling
date. The reverse was the case on subsequent dates. The percentages
calcium in corn leaves and plants were approximately equal early
in the growing season. By the time of the last sampling, the
concentration in the leaves was in excess of 4. 5 times that in the
plants. The magnesium relationships were not as evident, although
the magnesium levels in the leaves from corn on both soils on the

last sampling date were approximately 1. 7 times greater than in

the plants. The percent sodium in the leaves and plants was approxi-

mately the same on both soils.

3 Hari Mohan Singh

On the Wisner loam a highly significant relationship was
obtained between the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of
leaves and whole plants (aerial portion) in August and September.
However, on the Kalamazoo sandy loam there was no one sampling
time when statistically significant correlation coefficients were ob-
tained between these elements in the leaves and whole plants.

On the basis of these results, the composition of the
leaves does not necessarily reflect the composition. of the whole plants.
The interaction of date of sampling and chemical composition precludes
the use of leaf samples as a measure of the calcium, magnesium and
sodium composition of the plant.

Grain yields and the percent of a given element in the
aerial portion of the plants were not correlated except in the case of
nitrogen and this only on the Wisner loam. The coefficients derived
from the data obtained from the Wisner loam were statistically signi-
ficant for the August, September and October samplings.

In these studies, the chemical analyses of leaves were more
closely related to grain yield than were the chemical analyses of plants.
. From the Wisner loam site statistically significant correlation coefficients
(with grain yield), involving phosphorus and potassium in July, nitrogen
and phosphorus in August, nitrogen in September and nitrogen and
phosphorus in October were found. From the Kalamazoo sandy loam

site, nitrogen and grain yields were significantly correlated only» on

4 Hari Mohan Singh

the July sampling date. The phosphorus content of the leaves and grain
yields were significantly correlated only in October.

The data suggest that time of sampling is an important con-
sideration in evaluating the nutritional status of corn. For nitrogen
and phosphorus, the most significant correlation coefficients involved
leaves collected in October. For potassium the most significant
correlation coefficients involved leaves collected early in the growing

season.

THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CORN PLANTS AT. FOUR
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT AS AFFECTED

BY CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS

BY

HARI MOHAN SIN GH

. A THESIS

Submitted to the School for. Advanced Graduate Studies
of MichiganState University. of Agriculture and
.Applied Science in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Soil Science

1959

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author-wishes to express his sincere-thanks .to

1 Dr. 1.... S..-Robertson, under-whose—guidance this investigation

.was completed.

He is also greatly'indebted to Dr- R. L.. Cook and

. .Dr.. J. F. Davis for-their assistancein obtaining financial aidand

for the facilities made available for. conducting. this. investigation.
Sincere thanksis also extended-to the graduate students

and. other staff members of the Department of Soil Science for

their assistance and help in the completionof this. study.

Chapter
I.
II.

III.

IV.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . .
METHODS AND MATERIALS, . . . . . . . . . . .
A. Location of Fields andDescription of Soil Types

B. Fertilizer Materials and Application . . . . .

- C. Management of Field Plots

D. Sampling

E. Methods of.- Chemical Analysis

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -

A. The Effect of Applied Nutrients upon Corn Yields
a. Wisner loam -
b. Kalamazoo sandy loam

B. Nitrogen.Content of Corn at Four Stages of

Plant Development - . - . . . . .
1. Leaf Analysis . . . . . . . . . .
a. Wisner loam . - . . . . . . .
b. .Kalamazoo sandy loam - . - - .
2. Whole Plant Analysis . . . . - . . - .
a. Wisner loam - . . . . - . .

b. Kalamazoo sandy loam . - .. . . -

ii

Page

10
10
11
11
ll
12
13
13
.13

15

l7
17
17
.19
19
19

23

Chapte r

The Phosphorus Content of Corn at Four Stages
of Plant Development . . . . . . . . . .

l. LeafAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . .
a. Wisner loam
b. Kalamazoo sandy loam .

2. Whole Plant Analysis
a. Wisner loam
b. . Kalamazoo sandy loam -

Potassium Content of Corn at Four‘Stages of
Plant Development

1. Leaf Analysis
a.! Wisner loam
b. Kalamazoo sandy loam -

2. Whole Plant Analysis
a. Wisner'loam
b. Kalamazoo sandy loam -

CalciumContent of Corn at Four Stages of
Plant Development - - - - . . . -

1. Leaf Analysis

a. Wisner loam

b. Kalamazoo sandy loam °
2. Whole. Plant Analysis

a. Wisner-loam ° ° ° ° ' - °

/
l

b. . Kalamazoo sandy loam -

iii

Page

2.3
23
27
27
27
.27

31

31
31
31
.35
35
.35

35

41
41
41
41
41
41

42

Chapter Page

F. Magnesium Content of Corn at Four Stages of
Plant Developmento . . ° - . - . . - - - - 42
1. Leaf Analysis .. . - - - - - - - - - - ° 42
a. Wisner loam . . . - - - - - - . . 42
b. Kalamazoo sandy loam - - - - - - 43
2. Whole Plant Analysis - . . - . . - . - . 43
a. Wisner loam - - - . . . . . . . . 43
b. Kalamazoo sandy loam° . . - . - - 43

G. .Sodium Content of Corn at Four Stages of

Plant Development - - - . - - - - - - - . - 44
1. Leaf Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
a. Wisner loam . . . . . . . . . . . 44
b. Kalamazoo sandy loam. . . . . . . 44
2. Whole Plant Analysis . . . . . . . . . . 44
a. Wisner loam . . . . . . . . . . . 44
b. . Kalamazoo sandy loam . . . . . . . 44

V. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE CHEMICAL COM-
VPOSITION OF CORN LEAVES AND THE WHOLE '
PLANT 45

VI. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN YIELD AND CHEMICAL
.COMPOSITION OF CORN LEAVES . . . . . . . . 50

VII. RELATIONSHIPS‘BETWEEN YIELD AND CHEMICAL

COMPOSITION OF THE WHOLE PLANT . . . . . . 52

VIII. SUMMARY . . . . . . . °. . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
IX. BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
X. APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

iv

Table

LIST OF TABLES (APPENDIX)

. The calcium, , magnesium and sodium contents of

corn leaves and of whole plants at four stages of
development on Wisner loam . . . . . . . . . .

The calcium, magnesium and sodium contents of
corn leaves and of whole plants at four stages of
development on Kalamazoo sandy loam ' - - - ° ° °

Simple correlation coefficients showing relation-
ships between the elemental composition of the
leaves and of whole plants, July 3, on Wisner-loam .

Simple correlation coefficients showing relation-
ships between the elemental composition of the
leaves and of whole plants, August 8 on Wisner‘loam

Simple correlation coefficients showing relationships
between the elemental composition of the leaves and
of whole plants, September 3, on Wisner loam - . .

Simple correlation coefficients showing relationships
between the elemental composition of the leaves and
of whole plants, October 3, on Wisner loam . . . .

Simple correlation coefficients showing relationships
between the elemental composition of the leaves and
of whole plants, July 2, on Kalamazoo sandy loam. .

Simple correlation coefficients showing relationships
between the elemental composition of the leaves and

of the-whole plants, August 7, on» Kalamazoo sandy .
10am 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0

Simple correlation coefficients showing relationships
between the elemental composition of the leaves and

of the gwhole plant, September 2, oniKalamazoo sandy
10am 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

Page

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

Table Page

10. Simple correlation coefficients showing relationships
between the elemental composition of the leaves and
of the‘whole plants, October'2, on-Kalamazoo sandy
loam 70

11. The effect of combinations of nitrogen, phosphoric
acid, and potash fertilizers on the yield. of grain, the
weight and chemical composition of corn leaves, July

3,Wisnerloam.................. 71
12. The effect of combinations of nitrogen, phosphoric acid,

and potash fertilizers on the weight and chemical

composition of corn leaves, August 8, Wisnerloam . . 72
13. The effect of combinations of nitrogen, phosphoric acid,

and potash fertilizers on the-weight and chemical

composition of corn leaves, September 3, Wisner loam. 73
14. a The effect of combinations of nitrogen, phosphoric acid,

and potash fertilizers on the weight and chemical

composition of corn leaves, October 3, Wisner loam. . 74

15. The effect of combinations of nitrogen, phosphoric acid,
and potash fertilizers on the weight and chemical
composition of corn whole plants, July 3, Wisner loam. 75

16. The effect of combinations of nitrogen, phosphoric acid,
and potash fertilizers on theweight and chemical com-

position of corn whole plants, August 8, Wisnerloam . 76
17. . The effect of combinations of nitrogen, phosphoric acid,

and potash fertilizers on the‘weight and chemical com-

position of corn whole plants, September 3, Wisner loam 77

18. The effect of combinations of nitrogen, phosphoric acid,
and potash fertilizers on the weight and chemical com-
position of corn whole plants, October 3-, Wisner loam . 78

19. The effect of combinations of nitrogen, phosphoric acid,
and potash fertilizers on the yield of grain, the weight
and chemical composition of corn leaves, July 2,
Kalamazoosandyloam. .. . .. . 79

20. . The effect of combinations of nitrogen, phosphoric acid,
and potash fertilizers on the weight and chemical
composition of corn leaves, August 7, Kalamazoo sandy
loam 80

vi

Table

21.

22.

23.

24.

25

26

Page

The effect of combinations of nitrogen, phosphoric acid,

and potash fertilizers on the weight and chemical com-
position of corn leaves, September 2, Kalamazoo sandy
loam....................... 81

The effect of combinations of nitrogen, phosphoric acid,

and potash fertilizers on the weight and chemical com-
position of corn leaves, October 2, Kalamazoo sandy
loam 82

The effect of combinations of nitrogen, phosphoric acid,

and potash fertilizers on the weight and chemical com-
position of corn whole plants, July 2, Kalamazoo sandy
loam....................... 83

The effect of combinations of nitrogen, phosphoric acid,

and potash fertilizers on the weight and chemical com-
position of corn whole plants, August 7, Kalamazoo
sandyloam.................... 84

The effect of combinations of nitrogen, phosphoric acid,

and potash fertilizers on the weight and chemical com-
position of corn whole plants, September 2, Kalamazoo
sandyloam.................... 85

The effect of combinations of nitrogen, phosphoric acid,

and potash fertilizers on the weight and chemical com-
position of corn whole plants, October 2, Kalamazoo
sandyloam.................... 86

vii

10.

11.

12.

LIST OF FIGURES

. Corn yields as affected by various rates of nitrogen,

phosphate and potash fertilizers. Wisner loam . . .

Corn yields as affected by various rates of nitrogen
phosphate and potash fertilizers. . Kalamazoo sandy

loam O O O O O O O O ' O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

. The nitrogen content of corn leaves at four stages of
. plant development. Wisner-loam . . . . . . . . .

The nitrogen content of corn leaves at four stages of
plant development. Kalamazoo sandy loam .

. The nitrogen content of corn plants at four stages of

plant development. .Wisner loam. . . . . . .

The nitrogen content of corn plants at four stages of
plant development. .Kalamazoo sandy loam . . . .

The phosphorus content of corn leaves at four stages
of plant development. Wisner loam. . . . . . . .

The phosphorus content of corn leaves at four stages
of plant development. . Kalamazoo sandy loam . .

The phosphorus content of corn plants at four stages
of plant development. Wisner loam. . . . . . . .

The phosphorus content of corn plants at four stages
of plant development. Kalamazoo sandy loam . . .

. The potassium content of corn leaves at four stages

of plant development. Wisner loam. . . . . . . .

The potassium content of corn leaves at four stages
of plant development. . Kalamazoo sandy loam . . .

viii

Page

l4

16

18

20-21

22

24-25

.26

28-29

30

32-33

34

36-37

- Figure Page

13. The'potassium content of corn-plants‘at four stages
.. of plant development. Wisnerloam . . . . . . . 38

14. . The‘potassium. content of corn plants at four stages
. of plant development. . Kalamazoo sandy loam. . . 39-40

ix

~ CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Total plant and foliar analyses have been used extensively
as methods of studying the practical problems of utilization of fertilizer
materials by plants. The effects of various placements, carriers,
and rates have been studied in an effort to maximize response to
fertilization. Such studies have shown, among other things, the im-
portance of nutrient balance. Because of this, current concepts on
plant nutrition tend to deviate somewhat from the old Liebig Law.

Soil and plant relationships are highly complex. Inter-
actions between various nutrients, between growth rates and soil
conditions, and between crop varieties and management practices
have been observed and reported.

Fertilizer recommendations made by the extension service
are based primarily on the results obtained from field experimental
plots. Theseinvestigations are tedious and costly. Soil tests, green
plant tissue tests and plant nutrient deficiency symptoms are currently
used as diagnostic procedures to supplement field investigations.

. These investigations were-initiated in an effort to better
understand some of the problems related to the efficient utilizationof

commercial fertilizer by corn. Because mature corn plants are

physically so large, a significant sampling problem has historically
been side-stepped.

The purposes of these investigations were (1) to compare
the chemical composition of corn leaves with the chemical composition
of corn plants at four stages of development, and (2) to investigate
possible interactions and balances between nutrient elements that

might occur within the corn tissue.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

The relationships between plant development and nutrient
requirements are complex. .Most physiologists and agriculturalists
agree that every plant has its specific requirements. . The amount of
any one element that is found-in the plant is influenced by the abundance,
the solubility and the location, with respect to roots, of that element
in the soil.

_ After the basal nutrient requirements of a-plant are provided
by a. soil,, it is generally recognized that the balance between nutrient
elements within a crop can be shifted in one directionor another. This
is accomplished through the use of a particular fertilizer applied at an
appropriate stage of crop development (18).

. Research on the time and rate of nutrient uptake has been
reported by many workers. . Maximov (18) concluded that a major
portion of the elements, in annual. plants, is absorbed before the
flowering stage.

Ohlrogge $.11. (20) found that the nitrogen content of corn
grain varied between 0. 83 and 1. 84 percent and that of corn stover
between 0. 36 and 1. 32 percent. . According to this research 40 to 50

percent of the applied nitrogen was recovered in the grain and stover.

Tyner (28) proposed that the critical nutrient concentrations
for the sixth leaf from the base of the plant selected at silking time was
2. 9 percent nitrogen, 0. 295 percent phosphorus and l. 3 percent
potash. Bennett 31:31. (1) showed a significant correlation between
grain yield and phosphorus content of leaves. A similar relationship
existed between grain yield and nitrogen content of leaves. The
nitrogen percentage inthe leaf on reaching a level of approximately
2.. 8 or above, further‘increases did not appear to affect corn yields.

Krantz and Chandler (12) showed that nitrogenfertilization
increased corn yields as well as the nitrogen, phosphorus and-potassium
contents of the leaves. On a high phosphorus soil there'was a direct
correlationbetween the nitrogen and phosphorus Content. of cornleaves
on three sampling dates.

The research of Viets 3131. (30) illustrated certain
relationships in nutrient utilization and specific organ development.

. The second leaf below the ear collected at silking time was studied
most intensively. In this research only nitrogen increased yields
significantly. Yields were positively correlatedswith both nitrogen
and total phosphorus contents of leaves which were sampled at silking
time. The total. phosphorus and nitrogen contents of the leaves were
also highly. correlated. Partial regression analysis indicated that the
nitrogen in the leaves was probably the dominant factor-in the deter-
mination of yield, although the leaf phosphorus content was sometimes

important.

Lowry 333.1. (17) obtained different effects on corn where
nitrogen fertilizers were used in combination with phosphate and
potash. The combination of nitrogen and phosphorus resulted in an
increased concentration of calcium. Nitrogen and potassium depressed
the concentration of calcium in the plant sap.

Jacob and Gottwick (10) found that neither the nitrogen
nor the phosphorus in corn grain was appreciably affected by the use
of nitrogen or phosphorus fertilizers.

Tyner and Webb (29) studied limits within which nitrogen
and potash exert mutual influences. The application of nitrogen as
ammonium sulfate had a marked depressive effect on the percent of
potassium in the corn leaf. A reduction in the efficiency of nitrogen
utilization appeared to be related to high potassium levels. This,
however, was not directly related to grain produced.

McLean (19) observed that plants grown in cultures with
variable nitrogen levels took up relatively more calcium and magnesium
from cultures with high nitrogen levels. The'percentages of phosphorus,
potassium and sodium were generally decreased where plants were
grown with high levels of nitrogen. Phosphorus did not have any apparent
effect on the nitrogen or potassium contents. This-was also the case for
nitrogen and potassium as related to the phosphorus content of corn.

. Foresee 32.1: (8) found yield of field corn responses to

the applications of superphosphate on muck up to levels of 8 pounds per

acre of water soluble phosphorus. Plants showing no phosphate
deficiencies gave stem tissue test values in excess of O. 1 percent of
the element. The uptake of phosphorus was apparently reduced by
high levels of potassium in the soil.

Krantz gt_a_l_. (13) observed that corn absorbed the bulk
of phosphorus late in the season after the root system was almost
fully developed.

Weeks 3331. (31) found that the phosphorus content of corn
varied directly with the amount of fertilizerphosphorus supplied to
the soil. Where limestone was used with phosphate fertilizer, the
percent of phosphorus in the grain and stover decreased and the
calcium generally increased. The magnesium content of corn‘was
also higher where grown on limed soil.

According to Stubblefield and DeTurk (27), the percent of
phosphorus in stover-is usually very low but varies more than that in
the grain.

Wittels and Seatz (33) found that the use of nitrogen in-
creased the need for potassium in order to facilitate carbohydrate
metabolism. The critical level of potassium in leaves was found .to
be 1. 5 percent 60 days after planting and 1. 7 percent in later stages
of growth. . In this study thepotassium content of the entire‘plant
varied considerably. Two months after planting, the potassium content

. of both leaves and stalks dropped considerably except in corn grown

on the check plots. . This corn did not. accumulate potassium in large
quantities during early stages of growth. At all stages of growth

the potassium content of the plants reflected the amount of potash

that had been applied. The leaves invariably contained more potassium
than did the stalks. During the early srages of growth the calcium
content of the plants showed little variation. Corn grown on the check
plots contained more calcium than corn produced on soil fertilized
with potassium. The calcium content of the stalks in mid—season was
approximately the same regardless of potassium nitrogen fertilizer
treatments. The calcium content of leaves was higher than in the
stalk and varied inversely with the potassium content.

Krantz and Chandler (12) related the potassium content
of corn plants to stalk breakage and observed a decrease instalk
breakage at fertilization rates up to 80 pounds of potash per acre. No
further reduction occurred with application up to 320 pounds potassium
per acre.

Lawton and Browning {15) related nitrogen uptake to
tillage'practices. In this study the percentage of nitrogenwas lowest
in the larger plants. The basal absorption by corn plants was usually
highest on the treatments that produced the largest amount of plant
growth. The application of fertilizer usually decreased the percent of
nitrogen in the plant but increased the total nitrogen absorbed by-the

plants .

Lawton (14) studied soil aeration and reported the following.
With increases in moisture levels the percent composition
of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and mag-
nesium decreased.

The effect of soil compaction on a Clarion soil decreased
the percent composition of. potassium and phosphorus and
increased the. percent of calcium, magnesium and nitrogen
content in the plants. Packing treatments on a Clyde soil
lowered the percent composition of potassium, magnesium
and calcium. Nitrogen and phosphorus content was raised
in this study.

When air was forced through soils held at high moisture
levels, the potassium content of corn was markedly
increased, while nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and mag-
nesium were lowered.

The order of reduction of total absorption of elements

by corn due to high soil moisture or compaction was
K<P<N<Ca<Mg on the Clarion soil and K<Ca<Mg<N<P on
the Clyde soil.

The order of the increase of total absorption of elements
by corn due to forced aeration of the Clarion soil was

K<N<P<Ca<Mg. For the Clyde soil this order was K<N<Ca<Mg<P.

Lawton and Cook (16) suggested that the potassium content
of crops increased as the levels of exchangeable potassium in the
soil increased. This was particularly noticeable'in plants grown

on soils with low levels of exchangeable potassium.

CHAPTER III
METHODS AND MATERIALS

A. Location of Fields and Description
of Soil Types

One experiment, initiated in 1956, was located on the
Charles Wells Farm, four miles north of Vassar in Sec. 26 of Denmark
Township in Tuscola County. The soil was mapped as a Wisner-loam.
Corn was grown in 1957.

The Wisner loam soil is a Podzol developed under very
poor natural drainage conditions from loam, clay loam. or silty clay
loam parent material. It is relatively highin organic-matter, nitrogen
and calcium andvis characterized by good moisture retention, high
levels of productivity and is durable under cultivation.

The other experiment was conducted on a Kalamazoo sandy
loam, in Sec. 34 of Emmet Township, Calhoun. County, on the Ewald
-Fick‘ Farm. The corn in this project was grown as-part of a corn,
oats, wheat, alfalfa rotation. This project was started in 1955.

Kalamazoo sandy loam is located-in several counties of
southern. Michigan. This soil is a Gray Brown Podzolic developedoon
course textured, outwash material. The subsoil is an acid sand and

gravel which occurs below a depth of approximately twenty four inches.

10

ll

. The surface soil was recently limed but was slightly acid. This soil is
naturally low in organic matter and is one of the more droughty

agricultural soils of the southern part of the State.

B. Fertilizer Materials and Application
Ammonium nitrate (33. 5 percent nitrogen), superphosphate
(45 percent phosphoric acid) and potassium chloride (60. 0 percent
potassium oxide) were the carriers used. All of the fertilizerwas
broadcasted and immediately plowed down except for 40 pounds of
phosphate at planting time which-was placed. in a band 2 inches below

the seed level and 2 inches to the side of the seed.

C. Management of Field Plots
Each plot measured 14 feet wide and 50 feet long and
consisted of 4'rows spaced 42 inches apart. The hybrid, M-250, was
grown on the'Kalamazoo sandy loam location and-M-480 at the Wisner
loam location.
The minimum tillage principlelwas used‘at each-location.
- The method usedincluded-pulling a rotary blade tiller behind the‘plow

and then planting‘immediately.

D. , Sampling
Seventeen plots out of 216 plots on the Wisnerloam and 22
plots out of 140'plots on the-Kalamazoo sandy loam- were selected for

study. From each plot, leaves from ten different plants and four whole

12

plants were collected separately. Samples were collected on July 2,

August 7, September 2 and October 2 from Kalamazoo sandy loam

and July 3, August 8, September 3 and October'3 from Wisner loam.
Samples were dried in the oven, weighed, ground, and

stored in cardboard containers for analysis.

E. Methods of Chemical Analysis

Total nitrogen determinations. --Total nitrogen was

 

determined by the ‘Kjeldahl method with certain modification as
described by Pierce and Haenisch (21).

Wet ashing. --Plant samples were ashed by perchloric

 

acid method of Piper (22).

Phosphorus determination. --Phosphorus was determined

 

colon'rnetrically by the molybdenum blue method of Fiske (7) using a.
Coleman Spectrophotometer.

Potash determination. --Potash was determined by using

 

Perkin Elmer flame photometer.

Calcium and sodium determination. --Calcium and sodium

 

contents of the plant samples were determined by a Beckman Spectro-
photometer Model D. V.

Magnesium determination. --Magnesium was determined

 

by the method described by Drosdoff and Nearpass (6).

CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. The Effect of AppliedNutrients
upon Corn Yields

To facilitate discussion, the fertilizer treatments have
been coded. The numbers in the code represent relative levels of
nitrogen, phosphate, and potash in this order. Thus for nitrogen,
the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 represent 0, 20, 40, 80, 160,
240, and 320 pounds per acre of nitrogen respectively. For phosphate
the numbers represent 0, 40, 80, 160, 320, 480, and 64) pounds of
P205 per acre. For potash, the numbers represent 0, 20, 40, 80,
160, 240, and 320 pounds per acre of K20. The code values 0, 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, and 6 represent the same rates for nitrogen and potash but
double these rates for phosphate. For example 2-2-2 represents
40-80-40 pounds of plant nutrients per acre.

a. Wisner loam. --In order to interpret the'significance of

 

corn yields that were obtained on these plots, it was necessary to

make certain assumptions. On the average with replicated field- plots

a difference of at least 10 percent is required for significance. Because
the treatments were not replicated and in order to be conservative in
interpretation a 15 percent differencein yield was used to establish

significance. The average yield for all treatments was 70 bushels per

13

15

acre. Therefore a difference of at least 10. 5 bushels per acre was

necessary to evaluate differences in yields shown in Figure land Table 11.“
On this soil, the plots which were not fertilized yielded

46 bushels per acre. Yields were depressed where no nitrogen was'

used. Yields'where the 1-1—1 treatment was applied were increased

slightly but probably not significantly if the assumption that has been

made'is valid. Where the 2—2-2 combinationwas used, the-yields

were increased above the check to 62. 9 bushels per acre. The

difference in yield that was obtained between plots‘where the 1-1-1

and 2-2-2 treatments-were used was small. The yield from the'plot

receiving the 3-3-3 combination was 19. 4 bushels per acre higher

than that obtained from the'plot.where the 2-2-2 treatment was used.

The use of extra quantities of fertilizer above this‘rate did not signi-

ficantly increase yields although the use of more nitrogen had a tendency

to increase yield slightly. The use of phosphate and potash were

essential for high yields as is demonstrated by the fact that yields

decreased where only nitrogen was used (3-0-0).

b. . . Kalamazoo sandy loam. --If the same assumptionsare

 

made for. interpreting the‘yields in this experiment, a difference of
9. l bushels per acre would be required before the difference might
be attributed to the fertilizer treatment. The yield data are shown

in Figure 2. and Table 19.

 

17

The response to fertilizer in this project was small and
could not be associated directly with any one nutrient or combination
of nutrients. Plots where treatments 1-0-1, 3-3-0, 3-3-5 and 5-3-5
were applied yielded 9. 1 bushels more than the check plot. The
failure to obtain a definite trend in yield might be explained on the
basis of the dry conditions during the growing season. The corn
plants wilted several times during the growing season, a condition
which was present at pollination time. This might account for the
erratic response to fertilizer. In this experiment alfalfa proceeded
the corn crop which should theoretically reduce the need for nitrogen
fertilizer.

B. Nitrogen Content of Corn at Four Stages

of Plant Development
1. Leaf Analysis

a. Wisner loam. --The nitrogen content of the cornleaves is

 

shownin Figure 3 and Tables 11-14. The nitrogen levels were highest
at the first sampling date, July 3. There is no definite trend noted
between the amount of nitrogen applied and the percent found in the leaf.
Where no nitrogen fertilizer was used, the nitrogen level in the leaves
was apparently not affected by the use of high rates of phosphate and
potash. Nitrogen fertilizers had the greatest effect by increasing the
nitrogen content of leaves where high rates of nitrogen and no phosphate

and potash had been used.

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19

The nitrogen contents of the leaves decreased at a
decreasing rate on each of the sampling dates, August 8, September
3, and October 3. The leaves collected on the last date had the‘lowest
nitrogen content of all the treatments excepting 5-0-0 and l-l-l.

The greatest effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the nitrogen
contents of corn leaves occurred during the August 8 and September
3 sampling period. There was no definite trend, however, above the
20 pound per acre application. This effect was slightly less at the
time of the last sampling and almost not noticable at the time of the
first sampling.

b. Kalamazoo sandy loam. --The nitrogen content of corn

 

leaves from the Kalamazoo sandy loam is shown in Figure 4 and
Tables 19-22.

The general conclusions which can be drawn are similar
to those described for the Wisner loam--but are somewhat more

consistent.

2. Whole Plant Analysis

3.. Wisner loam. --The nitrogen contents of the'whole-plant

 

are shown in Figure 5 and Tables 15-18. The effect of applied nitrogen
on the nitrogen content was small and not consistant. Nitrogen alone
appeared to increase concentration of this element to a small degree

in the plant at the time of the first sampling.

 

 

 

 

23

By the 1time of the second sampling (August 8) the nitrogen
levels in the plant had dropped approximately 50 percent and remained
relatively constant after that date. There was a slight increase in
percent nitrogen in the plant as the amount of nitrogen applied was
increased.

b. Kalamazoo sandy loam. wThe nitrogen content of the

 

corn plants grown on the 'Kalamazoo sandy loam are shown in Figure

6 and Tables 23-—26. These data are variable but do show a significant
decrease in nitrogen levels between the first andsecond sampling

8 dates. In addition they show a downward trend for the last two samplings.
In general, the nitrogen content of the last sampling date was higher
where nitrogen had been applied. Very little increase occurred

where quantities in excess of 40 pounds per acre-were used.

As a whole the average nitrogen content of corn plants
grown on the Wisner loam was higher‘in July than that of cornplants
on the‘Kalamazoo sandy‘loam. This ‘might reflect the difference in
planting time as well as the hybrid that was used. The cornon
aKalamazoo sandy loam was an ”early hybrid" (M-ZSO) and was planted

a week earlier than the "late hybrid" (M-480) grownon the Wisner

'loam.
C. The Phosphorus Content of Corn at Four
Stages of Plant Development
1. Leaf Analysis
a. Wisner loam. --The phosphorus contents of corn leaves

 

obtained from the Wisner loam are shown inFigure 7 and Tables 11-14.

 

 

27

The data show that the phosphorus levels in the leaf tissue
were highest at the time of the first sampling, July 3. After'this
date, the phosphorus levels decreased rapidly. At the time of the
last sampling, the levels varied between one fourth and one half
of those values originally obtained.

The use of fertilizer containing phosphate generally
increased the concentration of phosphorus in the'leaves.

b. Kalamazoo sandy loam. —-The phosphorus contents of corn

 

leaves obtained from the Kalamazoo sandy loam are showninFigure
8 andaTables 19-22. . These data are similar to those described for
corn grown on the Wisner loam. They are different in that the levels
of phosphorus are generally lower, and the decrease in concentration
of phosphorus associated with time or stage of maturity was not as
evident. 1

2. Whole Plant Analysis

a. Wisner loam. --The phosphorus contents of corn plants on

 

the Wisner-loam at four stages of development are shown in Figure 9
and Tables 15-18. The effect of applied phosphates upon the-“phosphorus
' composition of the plant varied with the treatments'with no definite
trend in treatment effect observed. Therewasa general decrease-in
the'phosphorus content of corn plants up to the-September sampling
date. . After-this periodwtherewas-a. slight increase-in the-concentration

of the‘phosphorus within the plant in many of the treatments.

 

 

 

 

31

b. Kalamazoo sandLloam. --- The phosphorus contents of corn

 

plants on the Kalamazoo sandy loam are shown in. Figure 10 and Tables
23-26. The values show similar trends as have been described for
those plants grown on the Wisner loam.

The average phosphorus levels of corn plants grownon
the two soils were similar. There was a tendency for the'phosphorus
content of corn plants grown on the Wisner loam to decrease more
rapidly in the early part of the growing season. This may reflect
the differencein planting time as well as the hybrid that was used as
has been mentioned previously.

Cornsplants from both experiments contained a lower
concentration of phosphorus early in the season than did the leaves.
This situation reversed itself at the last sampling date. Such a situation
may be explained by the fact that during the last sampling date, in
October, translocation of leaf phosphorus to grains of the‘matured
corn plant takes place. This is in accord with the findingsof DeTurk
(4), who observed that three-fourths of the phosphorus in the-mature
corn plant is located in the seeds.

D. Potassium Content of Corn at Four
Stages of Plant Development
1. Leaf Analysis

a. Wisner loam. --The potassium contents of corn leaves

 

from the Wisner site are shownin Figure 11 and Tables 11-14.

 

 

 

 

 

 

35

With five exceptions, the highest levels were present in the leaves

at the time of the first sampling. Generally, there was-a lowering
at a decreasing rate in the concentration of potassium as theplants
grew and matured. An increase in the content of potassium in the

tissue was not always associated with the amount of potash applied
to the soil although there was a slight trend in this direction.

b. Kalamazoo sandy loam. —-The potassium contents of corn

 

leaves from the‘Kalamazoo sandy loam are given inFigure 12 and
Tables 19-22. Similar results‘were obtained on this soil. The effect
of the use of high rates of potassium was more evident in thisproject
in that higher concentrations were present in the leaves from those

plots that had received the higher amounts of- potassium fertilizer.

2. . Whole Plant Analysis

a. Wisner loam. --The potassium content of whole corn plants

 

from the Wisner loam project are shown inFigure l3 and Tables 15-18.
As in the leaves, the potassium levels decreased with time. The
greatest reduction in concentration of potassium occurred between the
first two samplings. The use of increasing amounts of potassium
containing fertilizers increased the concentration in theplants providing
the nitrogen and phosphate levels were constant.

b. Kalamazoo sandy loam. --The potassium content of whole

 

corn plants from the Kalamazoo sandy loam are shown inFigure l4
and Tables 23-26. These datgare very similar to those obtained on

the Wisner loam. They differ slightly in that only where the highest

 

1

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41

rates of nitrogen and phosphate had been used, did the use of increasing

rates of potassium increase the levels of potassium in the plant.

. E. Calcium Content of Corn at Four‘Stages
of Plant Development

1. Leaf Analysis

a. Wisner loam. --Table 1 shows that the calcium content

 

of corn leaves from Wisner loam was lowest at the first sampling
date. With an advance-in age of the-plants, the calcium content
increased. The calcium content on July 3 was 0. 12 percent and» on
October 3, 0.981percent.

b. Kalamazoo sandy loam. --Table 2 shows that the calcium

 

content of corn leaves from Kalamazoo sandy loam. showed a similar
trend as on the Wisner site. The calcium content on July 2 was 0. 09
percent and'on October 2, 0. 95 percent.

. The calcium content of leaves from the Wisner sitewas
higher than that in leaves from the'Kalamazoo site. This might be
expected because the Wisneris a calcareous soil while-the'Kalamazoo

is slightly acid.

2. Whole Plant Analysis

a. Wisner loam. --Table 1 shows that the calcium content

 

of corn plants from Wisnerloam was lowest on July 3. On August 8,
theplant calcium content increased and then decreased on September

3 and October 3. The calcium content of whole plants was 0. 14 percent

42

on July 3, O. 41 percent onAugust 8, O. 25 percent on September 3
and finally, 0. 21 percent on October 3.

b. . Kalamazoo sandy loam. --—The calcium content of corn

 

plants from Kalamazoo sandy loam showed a similar trend as was
noticed on the Wisnerloam (Table 1). The‘percent of calcium was
0.13 on July 2, 0.30 percent on August 7, and 0. 20 percent on

September 2. On October 2, the calcium content was O. 10 percent.

The calcium content of the wholeplants grown on a
Wisner loam was higher than that of plants grown on the Kalamazoo
sandy loam. This might be accounted for by the calcareous nature
of the Wisner loam.

Calcium content: in the corn leaves increased consistently
with the stage of development. On the other hand, calcium content of
whole plants was the highest on the second sampling date, that is, in
September and it decreased on subsequent sampling dates. This was
true for both the soil types}.

F. Magnesium Content of Corn at Four
Stages of Plant Development -
1. Leaf Analysis

a. Wisner loam. “Table 1 shows that magnesium content of

 

corn leaves from Wisner loam was lowest on August 8 and increased
with the increase in age of the plants in subsequent samplings. The
magnesium content in leaves on August 8 was 0. 39 percent andton

October 3 it was 0. 45 percent.

43

b. Kalamazoo sandy loam. wTable 2 shows that the magnesium

 

contents of corn leaves from Kalamazoo sandy loam did not change
with date of sampling. . The magnesium percentage on August 7 was
0. 31 percent, on September 2, 0. 32 percent, and-on October 2, 0. 32
percent.

The magnesium content of the leaves on a Wisner loam

was higher than the magnesium content of Kalamazoo sandy loam.

2. Whole Plant Analysis

a. Wisner loam. ”Table 1 shows that the magnesium content

 

of wholeplants from Wisner loam was highest onAugust 8 and decreased
swith anincrease in the age of theplants. On August 8, the magnesium
content of the whole plant was 0. 42 percent and on October 3'it was

0. 26 percent.

b. Kalamazoo sandy loam. ~~The magnesium content of whole

 

plants from-Kalamazoo sandy loam followed a similarpattern as des-
cribed for-plants from the Wisner loam. In this case, the magnesium
content of the whole-plant on August 7 was 0. 30 percent andonOctober
2, 0.18 percent.

Themagnesium content of the whole plants grown on a
Wisner loam. was higher than that of plants from the Kalamazoo sandy

loam.

44

G. SodiumContent of Corn at Four-Stages
of Plant Development

1. Leaf Analysis

a. Wisner loam. --The sodium contents of corn leaves from

 

Wisner loam were lowest on July 3 and August 8, but increased in
samples obtained on the two subsequent sampling dates (Table 1).
The sodium content of leaves from the Wisner loam was 0. 01. percent
on July 3 and was 0. 04 percent on October 2.

b. Kalamazoo sandy loam. --The sodium content of corn

 

leaves from Kalamazoo sandy loam (Table 2) followed a similar
pattern as those from the Wisner loam. The sodium content of
leaves at the Kalamazoo site was 0. 01 percent on July 2 and 0. 03

percent on October 2.

2. Whole Plant Analysis

a. Wisner loam. --Table 1 shows that sodium content of

 

wholeplants from this soil was lowest on July 3 and August 8. It
increased to 0. 03 percent on September 3 and October 3.

b. Kalamazoo sandy loam. --Similar results to those from the

 

Wisner loam,were obtained for this soil. See Table 2.

CHAPTER V

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION OF CORN LEAVES AND

THE WHOLE PLANT

Correlation analysis was used to study the relationships
that might exist between the chemical composition. of the leaf and-of
the entire plant at four stages of development. The results-of these
analyses are shown in Tables 3 through 10.

. On the Wiener loam there-was a direct relationship as
indicated by thepositive correlation coefficients between the nitrogen
content of the corn leaf and the nitrogen content of the-entire‘plant at
all four stages of plant growth. The coefficients were statistically
significant at the 5'percent level of probability for‘the first sampling
date and at the 1 percent level for subsequent samplings.

On the Kalamazoo sandy loam, the direct relationship
between the nitrogen content of the corn leaves and the plant was not
evident until September. While the correlation coefficient at this time
was relatively low, it was, however, statistically significant (S‘per-
cent). The'degree of relationship became more pronounced. in October.
This might be due, in part, to the low yields obtained and to preceding
alfalfa crops which supplied considerable nitrogen and possibly upset

the balance that is usually expected.

45

46

The relationship of the phosphorus content of the corn
leaves and of the entire plants was similar in each experiment in that
a high degree of correlation was obtained for the first three sampling
dates. At the last sampling date the correlation coefficients-were
low and more statistically significant. This might be explained because
phosphorus tends to accumulate in the seed as the plants mature.

On the Wisner loam at the first sampling date there was
no significant correlation found between potassium in theplant with
that in the leaf. However a positive correlation significant at the 1
percent level was observed for August 8 and September 3 sampling
dates and at the _5 percent level of probability for October 3. On the
other hand, on the Kalamazoo sandy loam, there was apositive
correlation between the plant potassium and the leaf potassium only
at the time of the last sampling, October 2.

On the Wisner loam, the calcium contents of the whole
plants and leaveswere significantly correlated at the time of the
first sampling date. This relationship was observed for the second
sampling taken from the Kalamazoo sandy loam site.

On the Wisner loam, the plant magnesium. was positively
correlated (1 percent) with the leaf magnesium. during the second and
fourth sampling dates. Onthe Kalamazoo sandy loam, , the-plant
magnesium was positively correlated with leaf magnesium during the
second, third and fourth sampling dates. Only on the third sampling
date (September 2) was the relationship significant at the 1 percent level

of probability.

47

Plant sodium was significantly correlated (1 percent) with
leaf sodium on the second and fourth sampling dates on the Wisner loam.
On the Kalamazoo sandy loam this relationship was not apparent.

Plant nitrogen was significantly correlated (5 percent) with
leaf phosphorus on August 8 on Wisner loam. On Kalamazoo sandy
loam, no significant correlationswere found regardless of date of
sampling.

On Wisner loam plant phosphorus had a direct relationship
(1- percent) with leaf potassium on the second and third dates of
sampling. No such relationship was evident in the corn grown on the
Kalamazoo sandy loam.

On the Wisner loam on July 3, plant phosphorus had an
inverse relationship with leaf calcium. The coefficient was significant
at the 1 percent level of probability. No such relationship was ob-
served between leaves and plants grown on the Kalamazoo sandy loam.

A negative correlation (1 percent) between magnesium
and phosphorus in leaves and whole plant was obtained on the Wisner
loam. No such relationship was found in plants from the Kalamazoo
sandy loam.

Plant phosphorus was negatively correlated with sodium
in the leaves for the second and third samplings. The degree of
significance was at levels of 5 percent and 1 percent respectively.
However, a positive correlation between phosphorus and sodium con-
tents of the plants and leaves (1 percent level) was found at last

sampling date for plants from the Kalamazoo sandy loam.

48

Plant potassium and magnesium in the leaves were
negatively correlated in plants from Wisner loam at the second and
third sampling dates. This relationship was evident in plants grown
on the Kalamazoo sandy loam for the last three sampling dates. On
the Kalamazoo soil during second and third sampling dates the
percent of plant potassium decreased as the percent of calcium in
the leaf increased.

On the Wisner loam as the percent of calcium in the
plant increased the percent of magnesium in the leaf increased.

This occurred only at the second date of sampling. No such
relationship was found in Kalamazoo sandy loam.

Plant calcium on the Wisner loam on October 3 and on
the Kalamazoo sandy loam on August 7 was negatively correlated
(5 percent) with the leaf phosphorus. The reverse of this occurred
on October 2 at the Kalamazoo site.

No relationship between plant calcium and leaf sodium
occurred at sampling date on the Wisner loam. However, on the
Kalamazoo sandy loam a positive correlation was noted during the
first two sampling dates. The coefficients were significant at the
1 percent level of probability.

Plant magnesium from corn grown on the Wisner loam was
positively correlated with the leaf calciumon the October 3 samplings.

This was also the case with plants sampled from the Kalamazoo sandy

49

loam on August 7 and September 2. These were significant at 5 per-
cent and 1 percent levels of probability. OnKalamazoo sandy loam,
plant magnesium was negatively correlated with the'leaf potassiumon
August 7, and with leaf sodium on September 2. The correlation
coefficient with leaf sodium changed from negative to positive on
October 2.

On Wisner loam plant sodium had a direct relationship
, with leaf calcium on the July 3 and October 3 sampling dates. The
coefficientswere-significant at l and Spercent levels respectively. On
October 3 plant sodium was negatively correlated with leaf potassium
and positively correlated with leaf magnesium. Each coefficient was
significant at the 5 percent level of probability. On Kalamazoo sandy
loam, plant sodium was negatively correlated (1 percent) with leaf

phosphorus on September 2.

CHAPTER VI

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN YIELD OF GRAIN AND

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CORN LEAVES

Tables 3-10 show considerable-variation between yield-
elemental composition relationships irrespective of soil or sampling
period.

The following field-elemental composition relationships
were obtained on the Wisner .loam. The'phosphorus and-potassium
contents of the leaves on July 3 were correlatedwith yield, phosphorus
negatively (1 percent) and potassium positively (5 percent). One
month later, the potassium relationship with yield was not apparent.
The relationship between the phosphorus content of the leaf and yield
had changed from negative to positive. At this time, the nitrogen
content of the leaf could be correlated with the final yield. OnSeptember
3, the relationship between the phosphorus content of the leaf and yield
had decreased below the 5 percent level of significance. The relation-
ships between nitrogen levels and yield remained relatively constant
as indicated by the nitrogen values for the remainder of the sampling
dates.

The phosphorus-yield relationship was again evident.

50

51

Yield-elemental composition relationships of corn grown
on Kalamazoo sandy loam showed leaf nitrogen to be negatively
correlated with yield on July 2. On October 2, the yield-was positively
correlated with- leaf phosphorus and leaf sodium at the 5 percent and
1 percent levels of probability respectively.

On the basis of these data it would be difficult to predict
corn yields on the basis of theelemental composition of the ear
leaf. Wide variationin relationships occurred not only between soils

but also between sampling dates.

CHAPTER VII

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN YIELD OF GRAIN

AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF

T HE WHOLE PLANT

Tables 3--10 show that on the Wisner soil the nitrogen
content of the above gro...nd portion of the corn plant was the only
element that could be correlated with grain yield.

There were no Statistically significant correlation
coefficients found between the percent of any of the elements in the

plant and yield of plants grown on the Kalamazoo sandy loam.

52

CHAPTER VIII
SUMMARY

Corn was grown on two soils, a Wisner loam and a Kala-
mazoo sandy loam. which were treated with several combinations of
nitrogen, phosphate and potash. Leaves andthe aerial portion-of
whole plants'were colleCted at monthly intervals for chemical analysis.
The relationships between the chemical composition of leaves and
-whole'plants were investigated. The nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium,
calcium, magnesium and sodium contents of the various samples
were determined.

Amounts of fertilizer-in excess of 80,. 160 and 80 pounds
per acre of nitrogen, phosphate and'potash respectively-when applied
to Wisner-loam did not appreciably. increase'the yieldof grain. The
same «figures for theyields from the‘Kalamazoo sandy loam were 20,
O, and. 20’ pounds. With few exceptions the use of a fertilizer-element
resulted-in anincrease' in concentration of that element in both the
leaves and theplants. The levels in both leaves and'plants were
somewhat proportioned to the'quantity of the nutrient used.

On both soils thenitrogen, phosphorus andspotassium
contents of bothleaves and-plants were highest early in the growing
season. The calcium levelsin the-leaves increased as thecseason

53

54

progressed. The calcium levels in the plants reached a maximum

in August and then rapidly decreased. On the Wisner loam, there was
a tendency for the magnesium levels in the leaves to increase as the
season progressed. Magnesium levels in corn leaves from the
-Kalamazoo sandy loam remained relatively constant. On each soil
the magnesium levels in the plants decreased as the cornplants
approached maturity. The percent sodium in the leaves from each
soil had a tendency to increase with each sampling date. The tendency
was not as evident when whole plants were used as a sample although
the highest level in corn grownon the‘Kalamazoo sandy loamwas
obtained from samples collected on the last sampling. date.

The percent nitrogenin the leaves‘was. higher‘than in the
plants on all four sampling dates. The‘percent phosphorusin the
leaves was higher than in the plants on the first three sampling dates.
The reverse was thecase on thelast sampling date. The‘whole
plant contained a higher level of potassium-on the first sampling
date. The reverse was-the case on subsequent dates. The‘percentages
calcium in corn leaves and plants‘were approximately equal early
in the growing season. By the time of the last sampling, the
concentration in the leaves was in excess of 4. 5 times that in the
plants. The-magnesium relationships-were not as evident, although
the-magnesium levels in the leaves from corn on both soils on the

last sampling date were-approximately 1.”? times greater‘than in

55

the plants. The percent sodium in the-leaves and plants was approxi-
mately. the same on both soils.

On the Wisnerloam a highly significant relationship was
obtained between the nitrogen, phosphorus and-potassium contents of
leaves and whole plants (aerial portion) inAugust and September.
However, on the Kalamazoo sandy loam there-was no one sampling
time when statistically significant correlation coefficients-were ob-
tained between these elements in the leaves andwhole plants.

On the basis of these results, the compositionof the
leaves does not necessarily reflect the compositionof the-wholeplants.
The‘interaction of date of sampling and chemical composition precludes
the use of leaf samples as a measure of the calcium, magnesium and
sodium composition . of the plant.

Grain yields and the percent of a given element in the
aerial portion. of the'plants'were not correlated except in the case of
nitrogen and this only on the Wisnerloam. The coefficientsderived
from the data obtained from the Wisner loam were statistically. signi-
ficant for the August, September and October samplings.

Inthese studies, the chemical analyses of leaves were more
closely related to grain yield than were» the chemical analyses of plants.
From the Wisner loam site statistically. significant correlation
coefficients (with grain yield), involvingwphosphorus and’potassium in
July, nitrogen and phosphorus in August, nitrogenin September and

nitrogen and phosphorus in October were found. From the Kalamazoo

56

sandy loam site, nitrogen and grain yields were significantly cor—-
related only. on the July sampling date. The phorphorus content of
the leaves and grain yields were significantly correlatedonly in
October.

The data suggest that time of sampling is an important con-
siderationin evaluating the nutritional status of corn. For nitrogen
and phosphorus, the most significant correlationcoefficients involved
leaves collectedin October. For potassium the-most significant
correlation coefficients involved leaves collected early in the growing

8638011.

9.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bennett, W. F., Stanford, G. and Durnenil, L. Nitrogen, Phos-
phorus and Potassium Content of the Corn Leaf and. Grain
as Related toNitrogen Fertilization and Yield. Soil Sci.
Soc. Amer. Proc. 17:252-258, 1953.

Boswell,. F. C. and Parks, W. L. TheEffect of Soil Potassium
Levels on Yield, Lodging, and Mineral Compositionsof
Corn. Soil Sci- Soc- Amer. Proc. 21:301-305, 1957.

Cook,. R. L. and Millar,. C. E. Plant Nutrient Deficiencies.
Rev..Ed.,. Mich.. Agr. Expt. Sta. Spec. Bull. 353,
July, 1953.

.DeTurk, E. E. , Holbert,. J. R. and Howk, B. W. Chemical

Transformations of Phosphorus in the Growing Plant,
.with Results on Two First-Generation.Crosses. Jour.
Agr. Res. 46:121-142., 1933.

Dowdy, E. R. The'Effect of Fertilizer. Rate and Ratio on the
. Composition of the‘Leaves and Grain. of Corn-Grown on
aKalamazoo Sandy'Loam Soil. Thesis for degree of
M. S. ,7 Mich.. State Univ. ,. East Lansing (unpublished),
1957.

Drosdoff,. M. andNearpass, D. C. Quantitative~Micro-Determination
of Magnesium in. Plant Tissues and Soil Extracts. . Analytical
Chemistry 20:673-674, 1948.

 

 

- Fiske, C. H. and Subbarow, Y. The Colorimetric Determination

of Phosphorus. Jour. of Biol. Chem. 66:375-400, 1925.

Foresee, W. T. Jr., Green, V. E. Jr. and Webster, R. H.
. Fertilizer Experiments with FieldCornonEverglades
Peaty Muck Soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc..18:76-79, 1954.

Fujimotto, T. The Effect of Fertilizer. Applications on Yield and
(Nutrient Composition of Leaf andGrainof CornCrownon
Wisner Loam Soil. Thesis for degree of M. S. ,. Mich.

. State. Univ. , East Lansing (unpublished), 1958.

57

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36:1-8, 1940. Cited from Vandecaveye. Soil Sci.. Soc.
Amer. Proc. 5:107-119, 1940.

Krantz, B. A. Higher. Corn Yields for-NorthCarolina. Better
Crops withPlant Food,. XXXIX (3):19—22, 48-49, 1945.

Krantz, B. A. and Chandler, W. V. Lodging, Leaf Composition,
and. Yield of Corn as Influenced by Heavy. Applicationof
‘Nitrogen and Potash. Agri. Jour. 43:547-555. 1951.

Krantz, B. A., Nelson, W. L., Welch,. C. D. and Hall,.N. S.
A Comparison of Phosphorus Utilization by Crops. . Soil
Sci. 68:171-177. 1949.

Lawton, K. The influence-of Soil Aeration on the Growth and
.Absorption. of Nutrients by Corn Plants. . Soil Sci. Soc.
. Amer. Proc. 10:263-268, 1943.

Lawton, K. and Browning, G. M. . TheEffect of Tillage Practices
on the‘Nutrient Content and Yield. of Corn. Soil Sci.. Soc.

Lawton, K. and-Cook, R. L. Potassium in Plant Nutrition.
Adv. in Agron. Vol. VI:253-303, 1954.

Lowry, M. W., Huggins, W. C. and Forrest, L. A. The
Effect of Soil Treatment on the Mineral Compositionvof
. Exuded Maize Sap at Different Stages of Development.
Ga. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 193, 1936.

Maximov,, N. A. The Plant in Relation to Water. George Allen
l: Unwin. Ltd.: Museum Street, London. 1-451, 1929.

McLean, E. 0. Plant Growth and Uptake of Nutrients as
Influenced by Levels of Nitrogen. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer.
Proc. 21:219-222. 1957.

Ohlrogge, A. J.., Krantz, B. A. and Scarseth, G. D. The
Recovery of Plowed-Under Ammonium Sulphate by Corn.
Soil Sci. Soc.. Amer. Proc. 8:196-200,‘ 1943.

Pierce, W. C. andHaenisch, E. L. Quantitative Analysis.
John Wiley and Sons, Inc.: N. Y., 1948.

Piper, C. 8. Methods for Ashing of Plant Materials. Soil and
Plant Analysis. Inter—Science Publishers, Inc.: N. Y.
258-275. 1944.

 

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

59

Prince, A. L. Methods in Soil Analysis. Chemistry of the Soil.
Edited by Bear, F. E. A. C. S. Mon. No. 126:328-362, 1955.

 

Robertson, L. S., Sundquist, W. B. and Davis, J. F. Nutrient
Level and Economic Optima Investigations on Michigan
Soils. Field Design, 1-16. Mich. Agr. Expt.,Sta.
(unpublished. )

Sayre, J. D. Mineral Accumulation in Corn. Plant Phys.
23:267-281, 1948.

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Nutritional Status of Growing Plants. Soil Sci. 55:
113-120, 1943.

Stubblefield, F. M. and DeTurk, E. E. The Composition of
- Corn, Oats, and Wheat as Influenced by Soil, Soil Treat-
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Amer. Proc. 5:120-124, 1940.

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. Phosphorus, and Potassium Content. Soil Sci. Soc.
. Amer. Proc. 11:317-323, 1946.

Tyner, E. H. and Webb, J. R. TheRelationof Corn Yield to
Nutrient Balance as Revealed by Leaf Analysis. Jour.
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Relationships among Corn Yields, Leaf Composition
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Composition, of the Corn Plant Grown under'Field Conditions

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APPENDIX

60

TABLE 1

THE CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM AND SODIUM CONTENTS
OF CORN LEAVES AND OF WHOLE PLANTS AT
. FOUR STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT ON
WISNER LOAM

 

 

 

 

July 3 August 8 September 3 October 3
Percent

Calcium
Content
a. Leaves .12 . 57 . 96 . 98
b. , Plants .14 .41 .25 .21
Magnesium
Content
a. Leaves - . 39 . 42 . 45
b. Plants - . 42 . 27 . 26
Sodium
Content
a. Leaves .01 .01 .03 .04
b. Plants .01 .01 .03 .03

 

61

TABLE 2

THE. CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM AND SODIUM CONTENTS
OF CORN LEAVES AND OF WHOLE PLANTS AT
FOUR STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT ON
KALAMAZOO SANDY LOAM

 

 

 

 

July 2 August 7 September 2 October 2
Percent

Calcium

Content

a. Leaves . 09 . 64 . 86 . 95
b. Plants .13 . 3O . 20 .10
Magnesium

Content

a. Leaves - . 31 . 32 . 32
b. Plants ~ . 3O . 25 .18

4 Sodium

Content

a. Leaves .01 .02 .03 .03
b. Plants . 01 . 02 . 02 . 04

 

62

TABLE 3

SIMPLE CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS SHOWING
- RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE ELEMENTAL
COMPOSITION OF THE LEAVES AND OF
WHOLE PLANTS,. JULY 3,. ON
WISNER LOAM

 

 

Whole
Plant

Ca

'Na

Yield

 

 

Leaf
N P K Ca . Mg aNa . Yield
0.szs* -0.oss 0.054 -0.186 -0.197 -0.001
I“:
-0.416 0.688** 0.123 -0.615 -0.017 -O.156
-0.465 0.038 0.011 -0.311 -0.113 -o.027
-0.234 -0.415 -0.449 0.739** -0.357 -O.164
*III
-0.240 -O.467 -0.402 0.687 0.230 0.233
IIIII! ~ III
10.351 -0.674 0.545 .0.418 -0.370 1.000

 

*Significant at 5% level.

*f'sunmcsnt at 17. level.

63

TABLE 4

SIMPLE CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS SHOWING
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE ELEMENTAL
COMPOSITION OF THE LEAVES AND OF
WHOLE PLANTS, AUGUST 8, ON
WISNER LOAM

 

 

 

 

Whole Leaf
Plant

N P K Ca \Mg .Na Yield
N .833’°‘* . 582* . 371 . 217 .164 . 075 . 582*
P .118 . 727M .769“ -. 192 .056 ’-. 541* -. 084
K .179 .412 .626** .093 -. 559* .140 .003
Ca .717“ .124 -. 149 .352 .585* .114 .435
Mg . 436 -.10.0 . .432 -. 017 .739”. 277 . 247
Na . 037 -. 234 —. 254 .248 .260 .577* .021
Yield .592* .489* .319 .231 .340 -.019 1.000

 

*Significant at 5% level.

**Significant at 1% level.

64

TABLE 5

SIMPLE CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS SHOWING
. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN. THE ELEMENTAL
COMPOSITION OF THE LEAVES AND OF
WHOLE PLANTS, SEPTEMBER 3, ON
WISNER LOAM

 

 

 

 

Whole 'Leaf
Plant

N .P K Ca Mg Na Yield
N .763” -.031 .303 .104 .118 .067 .622“
P .465 .762“ .609M -.304 —.694** -.960** .192
K .257 .331 .926“ -.254 -.729** -.061 .063
Ca -.235 -.569* -.232 .440 .224 .429 - .217
'Mg .353 -.117 -.127 .427 .210 .042 .087
”Na -.373 -.350 -.240 .096 .140 .134 - .276
Yield .583* . 276 .199 .211 .060 .109 1. 000

 

*Significant at 5% level.

**Significant at 1% level.

65

. TABLE 6

SIMPLE CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS SHOWING
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN. THE ELEMENTAL
.COMPOSITION OF THE LEAVES AND OF
WHOLE PLANTS, OCTOBER 3, ON
WISNER LOAM

 

 

Whole
' Plant

Yield

 

 

Leaf

N P K Ca Mg Na Yield
.829** .464 .333 .179 .093 -.232 .645**

.423 .366 .074 .165 .135 -.083 .227

.444 .312 .510* -.186 -.Z48 -.287 .042

.066 -.004 -.075 .424 .462 .356 .318

-.263 -.129 .398 .572* .670** .357 .328

:1: . 6
,-.012 .138 -.503 .596* .592* .564* - .078
.770** .642** .248 --.358 .300 .347 1.000

 

a"Significant at 5% level.

31"?
Significant at 1% level.

66

TABLE?

SIMPLE CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS SHOWING
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE ELEMENTAL
COMPOSITION OF THE LEAVES AND OF
WHOLE PLANTS, JULY 2,. ON
KALAMAZOO SANDY LOAM

 

 

Whole
. Plant

Ca

L48

Yield

 

 

Leaf
N P K Ca Mg Na Yield
.313 -.037 .089 -.177 -.027 - .279
*3?
0282 e699 -0086 “.236 0180 " .325
.082 .267 .177 -.353 .126 .155
.077 -.711** -.248 .360 .626** - .012
.339 .112 .132 .133 .001 .104
-.422* -.346 —.138 .147 -.099 1.000

 

*Significant at 5% level.

“Significant at 1% level.

67

TABLE 8

SIMPLE CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS SHOWING
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE ELEMENTAL
COMPOSITION OF THE LEAVES AND OF
WHOLE PLANTS, AUGUST 7, ON
. KALAMAZOO SANDY LOAM

 

 

Whole
Plant

Ca
Na

Yield

 

 

Leaf
N P K Ca 1 Mg vNa Yield
.260 .176 “.127 -.153 -.005 .090 .344
.033 .576*I ..323 .002 -.180 .118 - .045
**
.017 .560** .165 -.557 -.511* .214 .113
:3:
.394 -.058 -.409 .497 .403 .566** - .162
:1: a1: '
.286 -.198 -.656** .505 .459 -.029 .082
-.327 -.026 -.335 .039 .020 .132 - .040
.133 -.244 .118 -.015 .330 -.044 1.000

 

*Significant at 5% level.

“‘Significant at 1% level.

68

. TABLE 9

SIMPLE CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS SHOWING
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN. THE ELEMENTAL
,COMPOSITION OF THE LEAVES AND OF
WHOLE PLANTS, SEPTEMBER 2, ON
KALAMAZOO SANDY LOAM

 

 

 

 

Whole 'Leaf
, Plant

N P K . Ca «Mg -Na Yield
N .463* -.104 _ .376 .018 -.024 .099 .184
P .175 .539“ .178 .417 -. 059 -. 159 - —. 078
K .417 -.823** -. 152 -.585** -.530** .093 .029
. Ca .018 -.395 .046 .210 .100 -.024 - .378
Mg .025 .164 -. 190 .592** .700** -.430* .220
Na -.358 -.736** -.018 -.138 -.160 -.060 - .364
Yield . 003 -. 368 . 033 . 138 . 210 ~. 059 . 1. 000

 

*Significant at 5% level.

“Significant at 1% level.

69

TABLE 10

SIMPLE CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS SHOWING
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE ELEMENTAL

..COMPOSITION OF THE LEAVES ANDeOF
WHOLE PLANTS, OCTOBER 2,. ON
'KALAMAZOO SANDY LOAM

 

 

Whole
Plant

Na

Yield

 

 

- Leaf
N P K Ca Mg Na Yield
43*
.706 .434 .392 -.005 -.136 .422 1.145
.236 .279 -.011 -.l48 .220 .750** - .078
‘* 31‘
.145 .555 .550 -.396 -.456* -.040 - .132
3101‘
.335 .592 .213 .123 -.121 .378 - .105
3|! 311*
.113 -.086 .294 .191 .464 .895 - .150
.348 .105 .126 .029 .293 -.154 - .116
.421 .548* -.028 .003 -.025 .893** 1.000

 

*Significant at 5% level.

*31‘
Significant at 1% level.

70

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*0. HN. *N.. *0 . *N. 0*.H 000H 0 0 0 *0
00. NN. 0N. 00. 0H p 00.H 000H 0 0 0 00
*0 . 0N . 0N . 00 . 0H . 00 .H 000H 0 0 0 0*
*0. 0N. 0N.. *0. 0N9 00.H. 000H N N N H
*0. 0N. 0N. 00. 0H. H0.H 00NH H H . H . HOH
00. *H. 0H.. 00. 0N. 0H.H 0*0 0 0 0 00
00. 0H. *N. N0. NH. NN.H, 000 0 0 0 >0
42 do. w: M a z. 03* moma z
madam
HavoueH mudem * H0>oH Henge
mo .u30nQ unoHNHaZ uoHH

 

 

E4010 NNZmHB .0 NNNOHOO .09241QH NAOE? ZNOO HO
2OQHHmOHHZOO jUENEO Q24 HEOHNB NEH. .20. mNNNHEHNNH Em4H.OH
Q24 . .QHU4 UEOEHWOEH . .ZNUONHHZ HO mZOHH.42HNZOO HOHUNHHN NEH.

0H NAN4H.

79

 

 

o5. oHo. mo. 2..” 3. 30 Nm m m m 3H
m .8 H8 . oo . me .~ Hm . 3 .m 3 m m m H02
H12. ooo. oH . ooH 5. 22m. 3 o m, m EN
e .8 Awoo . oo . 2. .N. on . HH. .m ,_ e... m. m m 30
«HH. ooo . oH . Ed on . oo .N 3 m m m H8
o .mm moo . so . o... .H on . mo .0 o... m o m 03
~.~o NHo. oo. mmd He. 35 mm. H. H. H. m:
H .3 ooo . so . 3 .m 2. . mm .m, w... m m m mom
o .3 ooo . oo . me .~ 2. . NH. .m mm m m m o:
0.3 Awoo. HH . oH.~ HH.. $0 om m m m mom
o4...» moo. oH. .oH.~ on. Hoa om m m m mom
.0 .me. moo . NH . SH NH. . me .m 3 o m m 2;
o .3. poo . oH . S .N pm . mm .m‘ om m o m Ne...
w .me poo .. oH . 34 HH.. HH .m E... o o m Hmm
~ .8 eoo . oH . S .N on . H» .m mm M N N SN
o .3 ooo . oo . mm .~ on . 3 .m om H H H HS
mam oHo. HH. 2.6 Ne. mo.m 3 o H H «S
e .2. ooo . oo . 2 .H mm . 3 ..e. mm H o H He:
m .oo Acoo . oH . me .o S. . em .m H: m m o mom
Tom oHo. HH. oH.~ on. we.” 2 m m o SH
mam Ho. Ho. oH.~ HH.. HEM 2 H H o HmH
odm moo. HH. omH ow- mo.m 2. o o o. mom
02 do. a m - z 03H momnH z
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2404 MQ240 8N4E41H4N .N HAP... .mN>4N.H ZNOU HO ZOHHHmOHEOO-
iUEEU Q24 H.EUHN3 NEH. .2H4NO HO QNNHH. NEH. .20 mNNNHAHHNNH .
Em4H.OH Q24 .QHU4 UHNOEHMOEH. .2NUONHH2 HO mZOHB42HNEOU HO.H.UNHHN NEH.

0H NAN4H.

80

 

 

 

H0. 00. HN. 0N.N H0. 00 .0 H* 0 0 0 00H
N0 . *N.. 00. 0N.N 0*. 00.N 0* 0 0 0 0N.H
N0. 2.. 00. >0.H 00. 00.N 0* 0 0 0 th
N0. H0. NM. 00 .N N*. 00.N 0* 0 0 0 00N
N0. 00. H*. 0H.N 00. H0.0 H* 0 0 0 HON
N0 . H0 . H0 . 00 .N >0 . 00 .N 0* 0 0 0 *0N
N0 . 0* . 0N . 00 .N 00 . 00 .N ** * * * 0>H
N0 . 00 . 0N . 0* .N 0* . 00 .N 00 0 0 0 00N
Ho . oo . em . oo 1.. om. . so .N NH. m m m 8:
N0 . 00 . NN . 00 .N 00 . 00. .N 0* 0 0 0 00N
H0. 00. 00. 00.N N0. 00 .N 0* 0 0 0 00N
N0. 00. **. 00.N H0. 00.N 0* 0 0 0 00H
N0 . 00 . 00 . 00 .N 00 . 00 .N 00 0 0 0 N*N
N0 . 00 . 0* . *N. .H 00 . E. .N 0* 0 0 0 HON
N0 . 00 . 00 . 00 .N .00 . 00 .N H* N N N ~1*N
00. 00. *N. 0H.N 00. 00 .N 0* H H H HHN
00. H0. N*. 00.H 00. 00.N 0* 0 H H *0H
H0. 00. 00. 00.H 00. 00.N 0* H 0 H *HH
N0. H0 . 0N. 00 .N 0*. H*.N 0* 0 0 0 00N
N0. 00. 0H. 00.N 00. NH.N 00 0 0 0 H.0H
*0. 00. 0N. 00.H 00. 0N..N 00 H H 0 HOH
N0. 2.. 00. HN..H 00. N>.N 00 0 0 0 NON
82 40. W2 M a z ONVH moNnH z
madam
unmouenw woe/mm: 0H Hm>oH Hung:
mo .EHNQ «£2302 uoHnH

 

 

2404 HQ240 OON4SH41H4E ..H. H.0DOD4 .mN>4N.H 2NOU HO
ZOHHHmOnEZOU 440:)HNEO Q24 .HEOHNB NEH. 20 mNNNHwEHbHNH Em4H.OnH
Q24. .QHU4 UEOEHmOEnH .2NOONHH2 HO mZOHH42HNEOO HO BUNHHN NEH.

0N NAN4H.

 

81.

 

 

00. N0.0 *N. 0N.H 0N. 0*.N. 00 0 0 0 00H
00. 00.0 H0. 0H.N *N. 0H.N 5* 0 0 0 05H
00. 00.0 00. 0*.H hN._ **.N 50 0 0 0 NNN
*0. 00.0 0N. 00.H *N. 00.H 00 0 0 0 00N
00. h0.0 00. 0N.H hNo 00.N 00 0 0 0 HON
00. 0h.0 HN. 00.H NH. 0H.N 0* 0 0 0 *0N
00. 00.0 00. 00.H *N. 0N.N 0* _* * * 0nH
00. 00.0 0N. 0*.N 0N. 0H.N 0* 0 0 0 00N
00. 00.0 00. 00.H 0N. 0H.N. N0 0 0 0 05H
N0. 0>.0 0H. 00.H 0N. 0*.N N* 0 0 0 00N
00. 00.0 0N. N0.H NN. 00.N ** 0 0 0 00N
00. 0H.H 0*. 0*.H *N. *0.N 0* 0 0 0 00H
00. >0.H 00. 00.H‘ *N. 00.N. H* 0 0 0 N*N
00. 00.H H*. H0.H NH. ~0.H 0* 0 0 0 HON
00. 00.0 >0. >0.H 0N. 0*.N 0* N N N N*N
00. 00.0 00. H0.H 0N. >0.H H*. H. H H H>N
00. 00.0 0*. 00.H 0N. 0N.H *0 0 H H *0H
00. 00.0 0*. 0*.H 0N. 0H.N H* H 0 H *NH
00. 0>.0 0N. 0N.H H0. 00.H N* 0 0 0 00N
00. N0-0 0N. 00.H 0N. H0.H 00 0 0 0 h0H
00. 00.0 00. 0*.H 0N. H0.N N0 H H 0 HOH
00. 0H.H 0*. 0*.H 0N. N0.H ** 0 0 0 NON
m2 m0 m2 M m z. ONM. mo~m z
mflfldnm
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Ho .ukfffl Hugh—dz uoHnH

 

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ZOHHHmOnHzOU iUgmmU g FHA—OHM? Hm? ZO mMmHNHJHHuHNH HHQBOH
Q24 .0304 UEOHHHMOHHH .ZHUOMHHZ HO mZOHBAwZHszO HO HUHHHH MHHH.

HN @1028

 

-- '82.

 

 

00. 00 .0 NN. 00.H *N. 00.H. 00 0 0 0 00H
N0. N0 .0 0N. 00.H NN. 00.H 5* 0 0 0 05H
N0. 00.H 00. 00.H 0H. 00.H 50 0 0 0 55N
*0. 00.0 00. 0H .H 5H. 05.H 00 0 0 0 00N
N0. 0H.H 00. 05 .0 *N. 00.H 00 0 0 0 HON
N0. NN.H 5N. 00.H HH. 00.H 0* 0 0 0. *0N
N0. 00.0 00. 00.H 5H. *0.H 0*, *0 * * 05H
00. 05 .0 0H. H0.H -0N. *0.H. 0* 0 0 0 00N.
*0 . 00 .0 00 . 00 .0 *N. N0 .H, N0 0 0 0 05H
N0. N0 .0 HH. 00 .H. 0H. 00.H. N* 0 0 0 00N
*0. 05.0 *0. 0H.H NN. 05.H ** 0 0 0 00N
N0. 00.H 00. N0 .0 0H. 05.H 0* 0 0 0 00H
*0 . 00 .0 00 . 00 .0 00 . 00 .H . H* 0 0 0 N*N
00. 0H.H 00. N0 .0 0H» 00.H 0* 0 0 0 HON
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*0. 00.0 00. 0H.H. 0H. 00.H H*. H H H H5N
00. 00.H 0*. 05.0. ..5H. 00.H. *0 0 H H *0H
*0 . 00 .0 00 . 00 .0 NN . 00 .H H* H 0 H *5H
N0. 00 .0 0N. 00.H 5N. 0*.H_ N* 0 0 0 00N
00. 00 .0 0N. 00.0 0H. 50 .0 00 0 0 0 50H
N0. 50.0 H0. 00 .0 0H. 0N.H N0 H H 0 HOH
00. 00.0 00. 0,0 .0 0H. 0N.H ** 0 0 0 NON
«z mo 32 M m z 09 momm 2
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240A WQZAww OONgg .N ENNOBUO .mN>¢N1H.Z.yHOU HO
ZOHHHmOnHSHOU iOENEU £24 H.EUHN3 NEH. ZO .mNNNHuEHUHNH Em<H.OH
N24 .804 UHNOEHmOEH .ZNOONHHZ HO mZOHH<7HHNSHOU HO H.0NHHN NEH.

NN N438

 

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83

 

 

000. HH. 0N .* 00. 50.0 00 0 0 0 00H
000. 0H .. 0N .0 0*. 00 .0 00 0 0 0 05H
NHO. 0H . 00 .N 0*. 00 .0 NOH 0 0 0 55N
500 . 0H . 00 .N 00 . 00 .0 N0 0 0 0 00N
000 . *H . 05 .0 N0 . 00 .0 00 0 0 0 HON
000 . .0H . 00 .N 5* . 00 .0 N0 0 0 0 *0N
500. 0H. 0H.0 5*. 00 .0 00 * * * 05H
500 . NH . 0* .* 00 . 00 .0 00H 0 0 0 00N
000. HH. 00.H *0. 0* .0 00. 0 0 0 05H
000. HH. 00.N 00. NN.0A . N0 0 0 0 00N
000 . 0H . 00 .0 H* . 00 .N 05 0 0 0 00N.
000 . *H . 00 .N 0* u 00 .N 00 0 0 0 «RH
000 . 0H . 00 .H 00 o 00 .0 *0 0 0 0 N*N
H00. 0H. 00.H 0*. 00 .0 N0 0 0 0 HON
H00 . *H . 0* .N 0* . 5H .* 05 N N N 5*N
000. 0H . 05 .0 00. 00 .0 *0 H H H H5N
N00. 0H. 0H.N 0*. 00 .0 00H 0 H H *0H
000. HH . 00.0 **. 0N .0 00 H 0 H *5H
000 . 0H . 0N .* 00 . 00 .0. 00 0 0 0 00N
000. NH. 05.H 0*. HH.0 *0 0 0 0 50H
000. 0H. 00.N - H*. 50.N 00 H . H 0 HOH
000. 5H. 0H.0 0*. 00.0 00 0 0 0 NON
«z «0 m2 M m . z ONM momm z
A maduw
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mo JBHHQ uGoHuudZ uoHH

 

 

2404 Vflfim OONES ..N .0450 ..mHEJH NAOE? ZNOU HQ
ZOHHHmOnHSHOO .JJVOHSHNEO Q7H< HEUHNKS NEH. ZO mNNNHJHHDHNH Em<H.OH
Q24 830*. OEOEHmOEnH . .ZNUONHHZ HO mZOHB<ZH§OU HO HUNHHN NEH.

0..N N4N<H.

 

 

 

0H0. 5N. 0N.. 55.H, N0. 00.H 000 0, 0, 0 00H
0H0. 0N.. 00. 55.H 00. H0.H N55 0 0 0 05H
0H0. 00. 00.. NH.H 00. 5N.H 000 0 0 0 55N
*H0. 00. 0N. 0N.H 0N. 5*.H 000H 0 0 0 00N
3o. 3. mm. m~.H 3.. 3;. mg m m m 2...
0H0. 0N. 0N. 00.H *N. **.H 005 0 0 0. *0N
0H0. 0N. 0N. 05.H . N0. H0.H 005 _* * * 05H
0H0. N0. 5N. 0N.N 0N. 05.H. N00 0. 0 0 00N
0H0. *N. H0. 00.H 00. 00.H *05 0 0 0 05H
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*H0. N0. 00. 0N.H 0N. 00.H *05 0 0 0 00N
2o. um. mm. 2; mm. $4; 3% o m m 2:
*H0. 00. 00. 00.H 0N. 05.H 0H5 0 0 0 N*N
0H0. 00. 00. N0.0 0N. 00.H. *00 0 0 0 HON
*H0. 00. 00. 00.H 0N.. 00.H. 005 N. N N 5*N
0H0. 00. 0N. 0H.H 0N. H0.H 0N0 H. H H H5N
0H0. 00. 00. 00.H 00. *5.H 005 0 H H *0H
0N0. 0N. 00. 0N.H *N. 50.H 005. H 0 H *5H
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m2 m0 34 M . m... 2 CM. mom: . z
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ZNOO HO ZOHHHmOnHZOO iOHENEO NZ< HHHOHNHS NEH. ZO mNNNHwEHuHNH
Emé‘HHOH Q24 . .804 UHJHOEHwOEnH .ZNUONHHZ HO mH/HOHH.<ZHNSHOO HO H.0NHHN NEH.

*N NAN<H.

 

85

 

 

0N0. . 0N.. *N. 0H.H *N. - *0.H 005 0 0 0 00H
HNO. NN. 00. 00.H NN. 0H.N 00HH 0 0 0 05H
HNO.. 0H. *N. 05.0. *N. 00.H 000H 0 0 0 55N
500. NN. 0H. 00.0 5H. H5.H 550. 0, 0 0 00N
0H0. 0N. . *N. 05.0 0N. 00.H NONH 0 0 0 HON
0N0. 0H. 0H. 00.H HN. H0.N H*HH 0 0 0 *0N
HNO. 0H. 0N. 0N.H 0N- 00.H *0HH * * * 05H
0H0. HN. NN. 0N.H 0N. 00.H 00HH 0 0 0 00N
0H0. 0H. 0N. 00.0 0N. *0.H 000 0 0 0 05H
HNO. 0H. *N. 0N.H *N.. *0.H 000H 0 0 0 00N
*N0. 0H. HN. 00.0 *N. 00.H NNNH 0 0 0 00N
HNO. 0N. H0. 00.0 0N. N0.H 000 0 0 0 00H
HNO. 0N. 0N. 00.0 0H. H0.N N*0H 0 0 0 N*N
0H0. HN. 0N. H5.0 *N. 00.H *0HH 0 0 0 HON
HNO. 0N. 00. 00.0 0N. 00.N NO0H N N N 5*N
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N00. NN. 0N. 00.0 0N. 05.H *00 0 0 0 50H
0N0. *N. *N. 50.0 0H. 05.H 0NHH H H 0 HOH
0N0. 0N. 5N. 00.0 ON. 00.H 05NH 0 0 0 NON
«z m0 3: M m z ONM mom: 2
m::d:0
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EW<H.OH 924 . .QHU< UEOEHmOEH ..ZNUOMHHHZ HO mZOHkaH/HHNSHOU HO H.0NHHN NEH.

0NNJN<H

86

 

 

 

**0. 00. *Hw 05. 5N. 00.H 005 0 0 0 00H
000. 0H. 0N. 50. 0N. 00.H 00HH. 0 0 0 05H
500. 0H.. *N. 00. 0N. 0*.H 000H 0 0 0 55N
000. 00. NH. 00. *N. 0*.H. 050 0 0 0 00N
000. 0H. 5H. 00. 0N. 0*.H NONH 0 0, 0, HON
000. 0H. 0H. 05. *N. 00.H. H*HH 0 0, 0. *0N
000. 0H. NH. 05. 0N. H*.H *0HH *t * * 05H
u n n a u u a 0 0 0 00N
**0. 00. 0N.. 50. 00. 00.H. 000 0 0 0 05H
500. 00. 0H. 05. 0N. 00.H 000H 0 0 0 00N
500. 0H. 5H. N5. 00. 0*.H NNNH 0 0 0 00N
000. 0H. HN. 00. 0N. 5N.H 000 0 0 0 00H
**0. H0. NN. 00. 00. 0*.H N*0H. 0 0 0 N*N
000. 0H. *N. 00. 5NI 00.H *0HH 0 0 0 HON
:5 . 8 . o~ . S . mm .. S. .H .33 m N N Sm
000. 0H. 5H. 00. 0N. 00.H NONH H_ H H H5N
H*0. 00. 0H. 50. 0N. 5N.H *0NH 0 H H *0H
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u u u n u n a 0 0 0 00N
500. 5H. HN. 05. 0H. 00.0 *00 0 0 0 -50H
000. *N. 0H. 00. 5H. 00.0 0NHH H H 0. HOH
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m2 mu. m: M m z ONM mom: ‘ z
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Em<H.OnH Q24 REGAN OHNOEHmOEnH .ZNUONHHZ HO mZOHB<ZHNZOO HO H.0NHHN NEH.

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