. 135159~ , W \I l ’ H \Hl‘hll EIHI \ NH IN! NH | 351%? W A COMPARISON OF THE STRENGTH 0F CONCRETE RELATIVE TO THE AMOUNT OF TAMFING 3T RECEIVES Thesis for the Degree of B. S. G. R. Smith I 9 2 7 lull. .....»u.~§ 393'. .. .. . 541L9LIEL «\I. ‘ . n r. V. 1:: . r .1. 3.1?Fst C . .1 .5 .0 u. .11... . . .. 0137.. {’O31ku . <‘ A COMPARISON OF THE STRENGTH 0F CONCRETE RELATIVE TO THE AMOUNT OF TAMPING IT RECEIVES A Thesis Submitted to The Fuculty of THE MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE of AGRICULTURE AND APPLIED SCIENCE 6". ' a;_'__s_91th Candidate for thn Degree of Bachelor of science June 1927- {fruit-.513 Introduction The present need for intense study of concrete mixtures becomes more and more evident as each day passes by. Concrete is being used in ever increasing quantities in fields in which its use is common and in addition many new uses are being found for it every day. In many cases concrete fails to tune up to the requirements which are expected of it. This is, I believe, as much due to faulty methods of handling concrete mixture as to the incapability of the concrete itself to do what is re- quired. Many construction firms pay little attention to the way in which they treat their concrete, especially after it is once in place. The strength of concrete, which is the determining factor of its usefulness, varies a great deal according to the amount of attention and care which it receives after it has left the mixer and been poured into the forms. Very frequently the job of tamping is turned over to unskilled labor with no interest in the job and is consequently slighted. Tamping, in cases like this, becomes a mere matter of form and does no actual good. Occasion- ly the other extreme is reached and the mixture is tamped too webs By tamping I mean the packing of a fairly dry mixture of concrete by means of some instrument in order that the various units of the mixture may gain closer proximity to each other and thus give the cement a better chance to hold them together. In this experiment I have endeavored to determine the exact effect of tamping on the strength of concrete and also to determine the amount of tsmping which will give the best results under the given conditions. Because of the wide ranges of uses to which concrete is put the results of the following experiment are not at all conclusive but are merely an indication of the relative value of various amounts of tamping and a suggestion of the method which might be used to determine the proper amount of tamping for any given concrete job. '11 0379: 3 -2... The Experiment This test consisted of breaking a number of concrete cylinders which I had previously made . The cylinders were equal in size, made of the same mixture of concrete, but were tamped a varying number of times and allowed to stand a varying number of days before breaking. By using the same mixture but varying the amount of tamping and the number of days the cylinders were allowed to stand before breaking I was able to determinethe facts which I wanted to know, that is , the relative effect of different amounts of tamping upon the strength of a constant mixture at different ages. First I made a canplete test of my aggregates which con- sisted of the sieve analysis, cleanness and quality, and the test for moisture content. From the sieve analysis test I found the fineness modulus of the sand to be 2.2), and of the coarse aggregate to be 6.65. The aggregates were fairly clean and of a good quality. I found that a cubic foot of the sand dry rodded weighed 108.95} and that a cubic foot of the coarse aggregate dry rodded weighed 111+.9lf. True the data thus obtained I designed 1w mix to give a slump sf 2 inches. lhen I came to make w mixture I found that it took 155.8 pounds of fine aggregate 208 pounds of coarse aggregate, 51.2) pounds of water and 41.71} pounds of cement to make a total of three cubic feet of mixed concrete. This was the amount which I figured would fill the requirements for the cylinders which I had in mind. Next I made the cylinders with the aid of another student. le used a round form that was 6 inches high and 5 inches in diameter. Is made a total of 96 cylinders which I divided into eight sets, each set consisting of twelve cylinders. Iy idea was to vary the amount of tamping among the different sets and to break four cylinders of each set at 7, 14, and 28 days. By using em. method I could determine the effects of the different amounts of tamping on the cylinders at different ages and thus gain data on which to base my conclusions. After making the forms for the cylinders and the mixture we poured them using the following method: we filled the first set of twelve forms approximately half run and then tam ed the mixture ten times using an ordinary round laboratory rod 5/8 in diameter. We then finished filling the forms for the first set. and after filling tamped each cylinder ten more times. lhen we came to pour the next set we ‘used the same method except that we tamped each cylinder 20 times when the form was half full and twenty times again when it was full. le repeated this process with all of the sets, giving each successive set ten more temps per cylinder when the form was half full and ten more when it was full. Thus we tamped the last set seventy timew when it was half full and seventy when the forms were full. One set was poured without any tamping sign. This used up all of the eight sets of twelve which had been «an After pouring and tamping the cylinders I let them all stand for 24 hours when I placed them in the moist chamber. I left each cylinder in the moist chamber after thcy were placed there until the time for breaking came. After the cylinders had been poured for seven days I took four fras each set out of the moist chamber and prepared them for breaking cy capping each one on each end with.plaster of Paris. After this had been done they were ready for the test which con- sisted of placing them in a large testing machine and applying gradually increasing pressure until the cylinder failed and broke. The scale readings at the points where the various cylinders broke were carefully noted and were used as a basis upon which I made graphs of the results. These graphs were made by taking the average breaking point of the four cylinders of each group which were broke at each time and using this average breaking point for each four as the breaking point for cylinders which had received the particular numn ber of’tamps which that particular set had received. By using four cylinders instead of one I tried to more nearly letermine the true value of the tamping process in its various degrees of thoroughness. The results of the breaking test showed that the effective- ness of the various mwmber of temps varied relatively with.the amount of time which the cylinders were allowed to stand before breaking, but that generally speaking the most effective number for the particular conditions under which I was working lay somewhere between 55 and 45. 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