'I‘Hi INFLUENCE OF A TRANQUILIZER FEE) IN
COMBINATION WI‘I‘H AN ESTROGENIC COMPOUND
ON CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE AND

COMPOSITION OF CHICKEN FRYERS

“Wait for the DW of M. S.
Mimmu STATE UNIVERSITY
Peggy Me CuIIIn Smith
1961

‘fl
" : V SJ).
' I l‘ ’O H» ,3
‘ Z 5L-" ~ ‘ ‘

 

  
 

LIBRA RY

Michigan State
University

 

 

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ptance

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anguilizar a

TP
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A

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outh Rack

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meal. 8 Isl

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3

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.- 1‘-

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ceks on treatments),

b.

O

«,9

«v

V:
.-

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were

rds

O
i
A.

male and L8 female b

A.”
\J

1

l

‘I“'_‘ 1 1‘".
Auk. “nun L ‘az’z

W‘“:-‘
.
u.

i

t and prote

fr0293 an“
fa

l was
crude

{

\

r

I

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L
If of each b

 

ha

 

the P

find
other

“4‘“

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44
r

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mm

J

j bit

«4"

\"’f_')

thfin anal

th

“tCullin Smi

'_ :‘Yr-

~ ,va‘ r

P'U 9.}

calculated 5“

J~-l

.LD

a ‘.“,.’-
.Au

,.. .7.
.1 s .l

. "F‘
#4.;u)

0.1

‘31,“, §_-yI-1,.u-+-
...1‘J.4.J LavL~.'—’.A'~‘ -'

Q\,p‘

....
‘—

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“.3: pnfi’c,‘

'.J..L

aptance, rcv;:

I

Amer 8C:

3n

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b

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el

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AIA‘J \v‘L L—A‘ LL

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lvrce) rtveal.

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d

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treatment or

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~40

‘Q ‘ ' I r x o -«‘wr " ~ 1_ o A I V .
Sis. quetrol ani Linaione com inefi in the low

protein nation did th differ from the control ration in elfecting

Significant differences, due to treatments, between the two

v . . L ‘ p ,“ 1", r .‘ ~‘A . ‘- -. . W,‘ . T4-
laxels of protein 1n,aAe More irejuzntij ohservzi in the Hi 3;. it

fat contents and 11er'”" j moisture cont ants in the biris maintained
on the high protein rations.

There wrs a hiohlv significant negative correlation of fat to
moisture ano protein to fat in the edible portion ofm la and female
'nificant corrolation for

moisture to protein.

THE INFL"ENCB OF K TR?” QUILIZER FEB 11 CVHDINK ISL

31TH AN FSTRgQENIC ”QT“‘LLD VH OESULCR QCCBUIQY“E
’“ COHPOSIH F CHICKS? FRYERS

Peggy McCullin Smith

A THESIS

Sm nitted to
I—iichm an State University
in paitia l fulfillment of the requirements
for the deglee of

M“STER OF SCIENCF

Department of Foods and Nutrition
1961

Approved by: 62ta&1,t.)u.#zi,wglz,
j fr

 

d- V\'-\v vv 1"" T‘cfi‘vm"
‘1V4LA‘UI'D'n—JuA—(QHCILJ

The author is grateful to Dr. ;vcl;n H. Jane f the Department
of Foods and for her guidance througMiott this study; to
Dr. Uilliam D. Eaten, statistician of the Agricultural BXperinenc
Station, for his valuable assistanse in interpreting the statistics;
to members of the research staff of the Department of Foods and
Nutrition for assistance and sunport; to the faithfuln m3mbers of
the taste panel for their patiente evaluation 3; and to Elizabeth.A.
Smith of the Foods and Nutrition Department for technical as Hi ance.
Appreciation is alsoe e"pres sed to Dr. L. E. Dawson, Dr. R. K.
Ringer and Kenneth Road of the Department of Poultry Science for

treating, rearing and processing the birds; and also, to research

assistants for their help in deboning chickens.

Ho
Ho

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~45

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.1 v. 11. n; 1... a; 3/ a) a) 1 .1 x10 On 3 no a) 14... 14 r0 xh 7| 7 71 GD
.1 l l l 1. «l 1.. 11. l l l 1..
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
O O O O O O O O C O O O O O O O O O I O O O O
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
O O O C O O O 0 O O O O O O O O O O O I O O O
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o a o o o
o o o o 0 "VJ o 0 VV 0 o o o o o o o o o a o o o
a "to
o o o o o hm. o o n o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
«1. .3...
O O O O O 01L O 0 01L 0 O O O O O O C O O O O
C C r .
o o o o o 2... o o .1 o o o o o 5 o o 0 Lu 3 a o o
.1 . ._. J a... e
o o o o o r a o o F + o o o o o .1 o o o C u l. o o o
C at. al.— "-1.
o o o o o o o o o o o o .1 o o o 11 o o o
a: d d «J n 4 .1
o o o o o .0 o o C o “I... o o o T; o o o 3 1. . o o o . .
ppv .29 ...J WI“ 1' u MW. 0‘.“
o o o o o f o o a. . o .1. o o a o m. 0 Q C n n o
t S .1 4 O a V O
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5 .. ”w C u H C C .1 an a... o a J a T a . 1. u; f T.
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_J D” i _ 7. u. r 9 a 1 O U. 3 1. S .... v1 :C
. o m. . S C 3.. 3 C C c C H o. :1. D J 1 P. S n r.
“.4 nu.“ a a .1. .l W. m L .r .., .5. O 4....“
m . . . n f n . o n n n n n E l o n... c .1
v “ CM m u .1. 3 Q Q 0 Q 3 Q S .u . _. .1 r .1 p 1. .L .3
«.1. U. ,i Z a. C 3 to D1 1.. .3 C 9... f
. .. T.“ w .. T; .l 1 o .C .1 t L a t 1D Lb u.“ .1. Hm n a 0.. r U
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r e F 1,. n a . Z r E E E B E R i . e s h a 1 1 P . ,.
. a AJ mJ .ru .u Lu n. T 3.. a C dd 3
no A J . . a . S O n.“ I O ._, . r J
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ALLA.) UL; i

"fifi‘lffl
KEY TO TR

(L /O /C 0. GD 7.. 7.. 71 00 C x .1; H.) QC a9

2 2 a; a J 32 .L. x“ a - .4 3H - .4 C l V) t 2 r0
0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o 0 0 o o O o O o o O
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o 0
Lb
a o o o o o o o o o o o o o
a.“
"rm 0 o o o o o o o o o o o 0
«Q o o o o o o o o o o
C n n S
11;. C o o o o o o o O o o 414 S
V 91... 01 r e
O t o o o o o o o t o o .1. r
n v w... r B u
.0 o o o o o o o O o o .4...“
f D . p. C 8
.,v o o o o o o o o o h n u
D... e t O
S l o o o o o S 1:. o o r
O .. _ o o o o o L v ‘U .l o o O
.1 «C n.“ .1 d 11.
L-“ F; o o o 0 HQ .1.” +v . U 4. n J o n a
a C m a n. n O A u
u w o o o 0 Ca (V u VJ. :\ o .1 o. *
1:. a S w . 1 3 ~ * t t
d _ .u . . . . O 1 a .. u S . C S
.. .L a v v. .vU u .1
F a. L. o o o o «A F; r; .L o d t
.1 g c O . V O 8
LL 0 o n .2“ fly "I u o «1 LL
.1 n C ,. .1 .l n O, D; Cu
.C 0 v * a: n o 11.. l L V O by c
m. .1. U .1 C a 0.. .1
.. t Lu. C Ob O C e L... U o o
l . l S 1U Lb "A.“ C .1.— l :L in a. D” B
O S .1 I. 3 C n O S 0L ?
H O D 3 r I l a n C C r x 7.x
a m; H“ n» n. :4 5H %“ a D. v1 ”H T“ .L
no L «J Lu “V a: an m“ rm mg mg
«L O ”U Q rnm r ... an. mn. .4 u Eu
nv pp fly w; qr nu n» r; a. w. cg
~..u & “A; D: DA
Tu ,- TU “nu D A fink
D c . m n. A pp

Eschnnlcal

Cooling Lo anr

JDIX C.

T" .
APP-2.1

S

”‘1" :‘rv T?
4L5“¢44~-.z

H
‘
‘44

T"‘""‘ A
4...).

L

.. HL
t.) db 9

.1

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1

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v.- 'va Vll‘

+«

O
‘ .‘ ."
I 1 cu _-

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DJ

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QL.

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«J

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{ing
rfifi

Q

.otal coo;

r +

3 J

'_\\l .

hi

(—01d

,‘7 -_ .v—n‘
LJ—i {-r—ann

1

ale

j 561

a!“

total C*

..-1
fly»;

,"3
d‘v‘u fi.‘

- i

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.- ‘r
1L5~L1‘

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in)

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Aale and female

|
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tion of
ous treatmunts at 9 anfl

Of

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of th

es of variance
n of mal-

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f b d
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edl

in the

ncc of m‘

18.

of var'

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D. .D «Q
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1

18 and
ments

1.

portion of m

1313

the 2d

1n

fat

n crude

'1‘ 77.,"
‘ A‘ISJ.

‘3

O

b

trga

{-old birds

1
J '. ‘jr‘5_
-hI‘V ...-

I

)
J

nd fcmnl¥

n
CL

on of male

portx

Table

aage values fer the crude fat in the

rtion of male and female 9 0*
n 1
L

“an" 7 We'li‘wr
C‘;o-‘/ yr‘;'~‘\V—’1 LVJ’ Lyd'v--I . . . . . .

g s of vari ace of crude fat in the edible
portion of male and female 13- 3 i

15. Sigrifirlrt range values for the c-4je fat ir tue
edible portion of rale anfi ‘ hale 13-week-old
...‘r‘, 1 -
b1-c; (, ‘cr cent pl obiJilitv level) . . . . . .

17. mean trottin in thee d-ible portion of inale anj for”
bifi: raintaincfi on various trea*.3nt 3 at 9 anc
VYl—sfi‘ R
13 b'v~$\.u.$ Of 63‘? o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

18. Analyses of variance of protein for male and
femle 9"W€€k"01d birds 0 o o o o o o o o o o 0

Cl. Significant range values of protLin for hale
lj-acoK-old hirds {5 per cent probability level)
22. Hi h ene av starter ration (basal from 1 through

23. Groxer ration (basal frJr S tho: ugh 9 weeks) . . .

2h. Finishe r ration (basal from 13 through 13 we eks .

a—l . g _ q +-‘ ‘ r ‘ o w (_-
29. R eplications of male ano lemale 9-weeL—old birds .
26. Re ilica tions of male and _3malc 13-week-old birds

DA

115:7

I
t} v'..‘

27. Procedure for calculating taste
aroma of the Pectoralis s “
9-Le3k 31d JPTC'Eiris . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. Proce Lure for C? lculati n3 analysis of varianc-
for tasee panel data . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l‘)
(I)

[\J
‘0

. Proce‘ure for calculating analysis of variance
for taste panel data . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

\7'1
(.13

UT
O

O\
\

0

Ch
*4

O\

[‘0

\C)

\o
-\1

V.

hl.

113.

P 30C C: r
1

f0 fa-
,. .3 1‘ ...-1 ,1 L: , 0
ProceCure Cor CaCoCC=LC1ng the m1

percentage prCss fluij in the Pzit

 

1 CH d.,,u, ,1 1‘1 . _‘.,1' .
TC'JSCLC -Jf ,""-"-s3:’£'. an.“ LJ-i-C'J.L"C'L~.l Kiri-fl

TCtal CCCVing 10:3 for male and female 9-Win-Old
birds Printainej on various treatments . . . .

a1 oC~ing loss for male and anale
1 maintained on various tr'C atm Cants . . . .

 

‘Tm ‘ ..,. . . -« - AK A“ . A
“Can anar valuC 1n psu is for the PC,tC-nlis rrofu 4
1“ P .-., IA v x 7 T .n(‘-: -
CJsCle of “alezuLlCCralC ;"~L-k-U1J CCCCC
m,inta1nei on var1ous treatments . . . . . . . .

Mean shear valu2 1; n*und3 far the P‘stCr'l s p ofundus

 

I"! - 7- h C"
mus- e of male and
O

‘

A

maintained on va

V
emale lB-EVYLr-ICJPLlLuQ
re

~_-‘ « 1 $ A“ P . H C.\ , h -~- .
Press fCuid fCr Che PevtoraIIC prafufifus muscle from

 

male and female 9-week-olfi birds maintained on
various treatments . . . .

 

Press fluid for the P.err:lis profunaus muscle in
male anC female 3-Ce3L—oli birC: maintained on
various trea ments . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mean scores for panels for the evaluation of the
aroma of tCe male and for ale 9~u€j{- old bi ds

mainta.i.ed on various trC atwnents . . . . . . .

Mean scores for panels for the w.aluatio n of the

flavor ofm ale and female 9-wee k-old birds main-

tained on various treatments . . . . . . . . .

Mean scores for panels for the evaluation of
tendem ass of male and female 9-week- old birds
mintam ed on various treatments . . . . . . .

luean scores for panels for the evaluation of the
juicine as of male and female 9-week-old birds

mainCain ed on various treatments . . . . . . .

Mean scores for panels for t.he evaluation of the

general acceptability of the male anj female 9-Cee

old bird Cs maintained on various treatments . .

O’\
*4

71

~q —q
\n I?

77

78

CD

.[X“

r\
,vo

\‘I
,4

\71
\1)

VI
I
0

mean scores for panels for the evaluation of the
aroma of the male and female l3-wo en-oli birds
maintained on various treatm ents . . . . . . . . .

Kean scores for pane1s for the e"7luation of the
flavor cf the male and ftmale lB-week-old birds

. .nJ-’ . . A ‘- ‘-
Yfllnoulfif; "1 )51 1411710112. eI‘Ga vmcnt-S o o o o o o o o o

Kean sa3ros for p7nel s for the ev7lu7tion of the
tenderness of the male and female l3-week-old
b'rds maintained on various treatments . . . . . .

Kean soores :or g7nels for the evalu7tion of the
juiciness o: the ma.le and female 13-week-old birds
77 4 on v1rio33 tr77t ants

.
inkling ooooooooo

Mean score 3 for {anels for the evaluation of the
general accepta abi lity of the male and femal
13-1 1-:e a: old 171rd maintained on terious trw 1t ants

oi
female 9-W€€}i-Old birds mainta

tfcatmlnfs o o o o o o o o o O o o o o o o o o o o

no1,;ure in the r7v edible portion of male and
f 7713 13-137 t-old birm maintained on various
tI~CrltIt at: O O O O I 0 O O O O O O I O O O O I 0 0

Crude fat in the raw edible po
ftzaale 9—week-o 1d birds nai

. + U
oI‘ELCl $131.13 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

L. o ‘ ’ r 0 fl 0" p F
Crude fat 1n the raw ellble portion 01 Kai. and
f;nale 13-week-ol1 birds vzintained on various
v! V‘ L \r- A
t; SOL u” .ult.) o o o o o o o o o o 0 o o o o o o o o o

n in the raw dibie portion of male and

«(5:1‘ 3 '5. O O O O O C O O C O 0 O . O O C O O O O .
Protein in the ram ciiblep1tion of male and

female lf-wee WZ-old birds maintained on various

treatments 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

i
female 9-week-old birds ma1nt7ined on various treat-
+.

(D

f».-

1 413

Q \

(1'

01

INTRODUCTION

Tranquilizing drugs reduce anxiety, nervous and muscular tension
and acuity of awareness. Under their influence psychotic patients are
calmed and become amenable to psychotherapy. Because of their success
in human therapy, producers sought similar responses in livestock and
poultry. Poultrymen anticipate the drug's depressant action should
curtail nervousness and fighting in certain strains of poultry and thus
promote more efficient use of feed. BXperimental work is in progress
to test this theory.

Estrogens have a quieting effect on poultry, but may or may not
affect gains in rate of growth or feed conversion. Estrogenic hormones
change the appearance and flavor and alter the rate of deposition of
fat and its distribution in the meat and skin of birds.

It is hoped that the combination of an estnogen and a tranquil-
izer in poultry feed may produce a bird of higher quality which can be
marketed earlier.

This study was designed to measure consumer acceptance of treated
birds and to compare the composition (moisture, crude fat and protein)

of treated and untreated birds.

REVIFY OF LITERATURE

Tranquilizing Agents

Effect on growth rate and feed efficiencv

 

Activity, growth, and feed efficiency, of White Leghorn Cockrels
fed meprobamate, were measured by BabcockԤt_3l. (1957). The drug
produced no consistent effect on the activity measurements. rowth
rates were depressed at dosages of l.h per cent and above. The
apparent growth acceleration of birds receiving 0.2 per cent mepro-
bamate for 7 weeks was not significant. "During the first three weeks,
the feed efficiency (grams of gain per gram of feed) was lower for the
highest level of meprobamate, where growth inhibition was severe."

No significant differences in weight gain and only slight in-
creases in feed efficiency were noted in White Rock female chicks fed
reserpine at levels of 0.1 and 1.0 p.p.m. in a 20 per cent protein
starter ration from the fourth through the seventh week (Rood gt al.,
1958).

Burger 33 al., (1959) reported a slight increase in growth of
Single Comb White Leghorn chicks fed chlorpromazine at levels of 10 to
100 mg./kg. diet from h to 2b days of age. At levels of 250 to 16,000
mg./kg. diet, growth was depressed; and at the latter concentration,
mortality was 100 per cent by the 2hth day. Growth of New Hampshire
chicks was not influenced by feeding S to 10 mg./kg. of diet. Reserpine
fed at 0.5 mg./kg. diet increased growth slightly in Single Comb White

Leghorn chicks by the 23rd day of age. At higher levels (5.0 to

k.)

500.0 mg./kg. diet) growth depression occurred; and a 96 per cent
mortality was obtained by the thh day on the 500.0 mg. concentration.

In a study on White Plymouth Rock fryer-type chickens, Hood (1959)
found that body weights of lB-week-old chickens were not increased by
the addition of Quietrol (t grams/ton of diet) to their diets for the
previous eignt'wedrs. During the finishing period (9-13 weeks Quietrol
improved feed efficiency in male birds sore than the high protein (16
per cent protein) contnal diet. The addition of Quietrol to a low

protein basal diet exerted a protein sparing effect.

Effect on carcass qgality

 

Rood (1959) found the addition of Quietrol to the diets of white
Plymouth Rock fryer-type chickens improved carcass quality and in-
creased body weight due to deposition of fat. Abdominal fat was not
increased by the addition of Quietrol but there was a more even distri-

bution of fat throughout the carcass.

Estrogenic Compounds

Effect on growth rate and feed efficiency

Camp 32 El. (195?) used injections of 15 mg. diethylstilbestrol
(DES) in a paste carrier and obtained growth resporsqx; at protein levels
of it per cent, 16 per cent, and 18 per cent in Cornish Cross chicks;
especially at the two lowest levels. No growth response was obtained
when the birds were maintained on a 21 per cent protein ration follow-
ing injection. Feed conversion and yield were improved on the lower
protein diets. "These data suggest that favorable responses from
treatment with JES may be dependent upon a high calorie to protein ratio

in the diet."

According to Ade .rs (195 7) who cons s1dered effect

to
O
:3
J
(‘3
p-n
H
H
N.
H:
H.
:3
9—00
(’1
tr
U

and feed efficiency of Broad BreastedD bronze turkeys, DES as a pellet
or paste was si ficantly more effective tha as a liquid or an oil
solution. Dienes trol Diacetate (DD) (1 pound per ton of feed) depressed a
feed e ficiency and produced no favorable effect on weight gain.
Hebert and Bronson (1957) found subcutaneous implantation of DES
pelletss Hgn 'ficantly reduced feed conversion in 9-week-old male birds.
Grc wth was not markedly changed by this trait Mont. Female birds in-
jected with testosterone preprionate did not differ significantly from
the control females in regard to growth or feed conversion.
warden _e_t_ §_1_. (1958) added D0 to the feed of broilers, in amounts

1 pound per ton of feed, and in amounts of 1/3 pound per ton of feed.
Pellet inelants of DES, one at the fifth and one at the ninth week of
age, weie a1Un stered to broilers maintained on untreated feed. In
addition, higher protein finisher and fattener rations (2h, 20 and l6
per cent) were used with the addition of 1/3 pound per ton of ED. The
da.ta showed that DD, LES or a high protein fin mler ration did not

significantly affect rate of growth or feeding efficiency.

Effect on carcass

(If)

Apality
For many years synthetic estrogens have been fed to enhance
carcass quality. These compounds cause an increased deposition of
fat beneath the skin, in the abdcminal cavity and in the flesh or
'muscles. Estrogens are more effective in fattening and finishing
males than females since hens supply their own.estrogens. Estrogen

treatment of broilers of both sexes is beneficial since they usually

grow too quiclily to accumulate e32ces sive fat.

\J'L

Diethylstilbestrol produced a paler and more tender flesh
(Heuser, 2nd edition, 1955). With this drug fat was deposited within
the flesh, predominantly in the abdominal cavity. Implantation, in
pellet form, back of the ear was recommended to prevent human con-
sumption of unabsorbed pellets.

Lorenz (l9h3) observed fattening in leg and breast muscles of
Single Comb White Leghorn Cockerels after DES pellet implantation. The
birds were given 3 implants each at 3 weeks of age. Those not sacri-
ficed at 7 weeks of age were given 3 more implants per bird. The
greatest difference in body weight occurred at 8 weeks of age (after 5
weeks of treatment) when the implanted birds weighed L3 grams more than
tie controls. At eleven weeks, however, the implanted birds weighed
less than the controls. Orally administered DES had no effect at
levels of 66 and 110 mg./kg. of diet over a h—week period (Lorenz,
l9h5). Oral administration of the dimethyl ether derivative of DES
was more effective in fattening Barred Rocks than the oral administra-
tion of DES (Jaap and Thayer, l9hb) but less so than subcutaneous in-
jections of DES.

Warden 3t 33, (1958) reported that DES pellet implants signifi-
cantly increased the amount of abdominal fat in male and female birds.
Oralby administered dienestrol diacetate increased the amount of
abdominal fat at the 1/3 pound per ton level on the 20 per cent protein
finisher ration. "In this case the amount of fat was significantly
reduced in the males, not as markedly in the females." The authors
suggested that this might be due to the decreased Calorie/Protein ratio

rather than to DD.

Effect on carcass composition

Hebert and Brunson (1957) analyzed the effects of DES, testos-
terone (in females) and two other hormones on the chemical compcsition
of White Plymouth Rock broiler carcasses. Treatments were initiated
at 5 weeks and birds were slaughtered at 9 weeks of age. Frozen halves
of the birds with the same treatment were thawed at room temperature in
preparation for analysis. Each.half, minus neck and heel bone, was
finely ground in.an electric meat grinder; which was cleaned after each
bird was ground. The ground material was thoroughly mixed and a portion
placed in a polyethylene bag and frozen for later use in protein
analysis. A lO-gram sample of the freshly ground material was used for
moisture, fat and ash. For moisture determinations each sample was
dried in a vacuum oven at 70 degrees C., 20-25 inches mercury for 18
hours. The dried material was extracted with ether for 15 hours. Ash
was determined by heating to 725 degrees C. until ash was gray. Aliquot
portions of each ground refrozen sample was analyzed for nitrogen by
the Kjeldahl method. The factor 6.25 was used to convert nitrogen'to
protein. Samples were analyzed in duplicate and repeated if not within
1 per cent of the mean.

Subcutaneous implantation of DES pellets in S-wcek-old male
birds produced an increase in carcass fat but a decrease in moisture
and protein. The DES-treated male birds contained 66, 13 and 19 per
cent of moisture, fat and protein, respectively. These results were
significantly different from the 70, 9 and 20 per cent, for moisture,
fat and protein, reSpectively, of the control birds. Female birds
injected with testosterone prOprionate did not differ significantly

from.the control females in regard to carcass composition, both

averaged 67 per cent, 11 p>r cent and 19 per cent for moisture, fat
and protein in that order.

harion et a1. ( 358 made observations on 75 Cornish cross chicks
slaughtered at 6, 19, and 1h weeks of age. The 6- and lO-week-old
chicks were implanted with 10 mg. DES paste 3 weeks before sleigh te
Eviscerated frozen carcasses were thawed at room temperature overnight

ch bird was wrapped in aluminum foil

8

ard split in half. One—half of
and cooked: 9? minutes for 6—week-old birds, 120 minutes for 10-week-
old birds and 150 minutes for the lL-weeR-old birds. Samples of dark
and light n1eat were taken firm each raw and ash coo {ed half. These

were separately ground three t1mes,s aled in polyethylene bags and

frozen. Sarplcs of white and of dark meat were trawed_and analyzed as

U)

convenient. arple s analyzed for moisture were dried in a vacuum -ven

at 29 inches mercury at 10 4 degrees C. to constant Leight,urua11y 16

hours. Dried samplesr hic h had been ether extracted for four hours
(Soldfisch -xt actor) were used in the macro-Kjeldahl analysis lor
nitrogen. Protein was calculated by multiplyi g nitrogen times the
factor 6.25. Protein and fat values were calculated as p
the net sample weight. Moisture contents of the raw dark meat samples
1h—weeh-old, DES—trea.ted bird ”(7 .18 per cent for males and 71.65
per cent for females) were significantly lower than for the untreated
birds, (75.20 per cent for males and 75.31 per cent for females).
Values for ether-extractable mate rial were 6.87 per cent for
the 10-weel: -old and 9.h7 per cent for the lh-weeh-old treated male
birds; h.h5 per cent and 5.85 per cent for the untreated 10- and 1h—wcek—
old male birds, res ectively. For female birds the values were 6.1h per

cent and 9.65 per cent for 10- and ll-week-old treated birds, reSpec-

tively. The untreated female birds contained h.Ch per cent fat at

CD

9 weehs cf age and 5.73 per cent fat at 1h w c6115 of a3e.

1

"Protein content of uncool zed chicxen neat not only varied as

1.

ccz1r .mnly observed, with age cf chicken tut appeared to ha Je a S?m“"cc

inverse relationstip with the fat content.“ Khan protein content of
all birds was corpaied, that of the female 3irds was slightly but

significantly greater than that of male birds; the difference amounted

to O.L6 per ce mt Protein content of unc asked dark Um for female

1‘)

OJ

birds, 10- nd lL-week—old, was 19.20 .nd 22.53 per cent, respectively,
for hormtnised birds; and 23.55 per cent and 19.L8 per cent, respec-
tivc13, for non—hormonized birds. Hale birds contain:: 5 ightly less
protein than female birds at the 10— and 15-week age levels, 18.62 per
cent and 19.55 pc r cent flor 13-kC€k~Old hormon 12 ed and .on-hormcnizec
birds, respectively; and 18.22 per cent and 18.68 per cent for 14-week-

old hormoni zed and non-harmonized birds, rGSpec t1vel3.

P-“I‘;;—+ chi-’nd 1 H11. ‘
...lle. 1 On u.. plug (“11.91.1ij

 

 

Flavor, appearance, tenderness and Ju01nness are desirable
attributes of poultry to the consumer. Stadelman SE 1. (1951) im-
planted 112 meat-type fryer swith 12-nr. pellets of uLQ at 6 weeks of
age. These were sacrificed at 10 wee s of age. The birds were 1irst
deep-fat fried for 23 minutes and then finishes in the even for 15- 2S
ndnntes at 325 degrees F. The Pectcralis rinor nuscie was tested for
tenderness on a tenderometer. The average pounds of force used to shear
a muscle was 10 .: pounds for control birds and 13. 3 poztads for treated
blrds. The "F” test indicated no significant differences between ti1; two
values. A taste panel, compo 038d of 12 members (student and faculty)

9'

ferencc s in acceptabilityo of the 3 ast muscl c.

H;

Dr]

ry fl _3. (1958) studied the effect of age, 6-, 10- and 1‘11-
weeks) sex, and harmonisation (DES paste injections) on the flavor of
birds of a Uantress-hhite Roch cross br ad. The birds were thawed
overnight in a refrigerator at to degrees F. and placed in individual
pyrex dishes s; 30 ml. of water were added. The birds were then covered
with aluminum foila nd balied at 350 degrees F. for periods of time based
on thawed weight. The foil was removed during the last 15 minutes of
cooking. The birds were not salted or seasoned. One group of 6- and
lO-week-old birds were baked immediately after freezing. The second
group of all three ages was baked following a period of 30 weeks in
frozen storage. The bakedMiC12n was scored by five experienced judges.
The scoring range was 1 (very weak) to 5 (full). "The scores of birds
judged immediately after Hree ing indicate that almost all of the
variation due to treatments is accounted for by the age of the bird."
The score for lO-week-old birds (b.h2) was significantly higher than
the score for 6-weekpold birds (3.91). The 10- and lL—Je234-old birds,
(b.32 and b.39, respectively) baked after 30 weeks in frozen storage,
were significantly more flavorful than.the 6-week-old birds (h.OO).
Neither sex nor hormone treatment appeared to affect the flavor of
baked chickens

"YOung males (New Hampshire White Leghorn crosse s), ten in each
group, were given implants of either 12 mg. stilbestrel or 25 mg.
testosterone at 8 weeks and L weelcs before slaughter at 13 weeks of
age." (Peterson et a1., 1959). The eviscerated birds were held in
chipped ice overnight beflare muscles were dis ected, packed in poly-
ethylene bags and held in frozen storage. Flavor evaluations by 6

to 8 judges were made on the broth from the breast muscles of each

13

bird (except the left deep Pectoral muscle) and the thigh and right

leg muscles. Some birds (male) were given exercise treatments which
consisted of walking a total of 17 minutes an hour, 10 hours a day in

a cylindrical cage. These were begun at either 8 weeks or 38 days before
slaughter. Diethylstilbestrol treatment tended to decrease flavor in-
tensity. Testosterone treatment produced no detectable flavor differ-
ences. The toughness of muscles increased with age. Exercise had

little effect on flavor.

Effect on cooking losses

 

Stadelmanwgt‘gl. (1951) reported significantly higher cooking
losses in implanted birds (deep—fat-fryed for approximately 20 minutes,
then cooked in the oven at 325 degrees F. for 15-25 minutes) than in
the unimplanted controls. "In the cooking of the fryers it was apparent
that the significantly greater weight loss for group 2 (the implanted
fryers) was due to the extra fat on the meat being rendered off."‘

In a study conducted by Fromm and Margolf (1956), New Hampshire
Cockrels were implanted with one 12 mg. DES pellet at 8 weeks of age,

5 weeks before slaughter. "The treated birds except for one pair,
had higher percentages of edible carcass than corresoonding untreated
birds." Cooking loss in implanted birds averaged 30.1 per cent; this
was significantly greater (5 per cent level of probability) than in

unimplanted controls (29.h per cent).

dues in edible tissues

Ho

fies

 

Bird t 1. (19h?) invest'gated Quantitative reooveries of

residues of estrogen from the tissues of treated birds. Barred Rock or

Leghorn accrerel of various ages were studied. Stilbestrcl compounds
and extracts of tissues and excreta were assayed with ovariectomised
rats. The estrog ns recovered after subcutaneous administration di-
minished in potency in the followin order: 335, CD, dime hyl ether
of LES, dimethyl ether of hexosterol, and dinethyl ether of DD. .After
oral administration the order was unchanged except that the dineth 5'1
ether of DES was slightly more pOtth than 23. Dinethyl others are
more potent oral y than subcutaneous ‘. It was impossible to measure
quantitatively the extremely small amounts of dienestrol diaoetate and
diethylstilhestrol present in the tissues. By far the greater portion
of exogenous es trogens that could be accounted for was excreted direct.

whi le ruscle tissues were low in potency, tissues heavily infiltrated

E3

with lipids possessed high potency H1166 exogeno1 fat soluble estrogens
were taken up chiefly by lipid-containing tissues.

Human female patients were fed livers ane rendered fat of birds

treated with the dimethyl ether of DES. The dosage of DES for women

was s follows: Liver i amoun to contain 2 mg. DES/day for 6 days
8 clicken livers per day), and oil to give the same dosage The

menOpausal picture of these pa atients was replased by one characteristic
of estrogenic activity. Under similar conditions no chance in cytology
was observed wheny mg wona.n consumed oil from chiclm ns treated with
dimethyl ether of“ L3. The dosage administerec to this woman V3 3 one-
tenth that of the previous cases.

..3 1 1") rfi

rrom a biological assay Gowe (1,4, found me fiigible amounts of
D5 remaining in tie liver, gizrard,-heart and abdominal adipose tissue

from.Single Comb White Leghorn Cockerels fed from_2 to 13 weeks 0.

on a commercial rash containing 0.00Lh per cent 33. Huscle and skin

‘ .1 ,1-» /,1 A r .1... . 1 ... ..
nee? 1.1.: avenue-1 \. 183;.) c1 L1J 131‘ 103 57:35. cute con-

tissue cont; , d

o a

i'f' ’ A. "P h 4. V. ‘ '1 " .: a ' I 1'" /" r ‘~' 9" .4 r"
elude: that cF 1nu1L13ucl 11u11 hlv to CJnSLne 1rum 12 to 123 isoun-ls

C»)

c '1.‘ ... 1 ° ...: r , ~ 4.1. ,a. ... - Ln' ~1: 1 ,1-
ol ch1cnens, 3K1: and 1lesh, every ocne1 dad to cr-11n a u1 n -“1 toss
a ° 1. r‘ -
01 csc1cdsr, 1.3., 1 to la my.
. Tl -- ,r 1)+- > 1 r' }< “ vs“, ,‘d m;,1~}\ (1r 4‘ :HF—t'Q-‘A F“?["1 ‘v-J- <f~*.nfi
‘DV‘ v'J Cs" / \J Sb‘-,(\.Il a-’./v ‘0 «Ls. Cl. no- ‘a-r/ ’r1u1-ALJ Cv-JrVJv-i.
— —

~1-

r40
H

reated. Dienestrol diacet°te (32 mg./lb. finisher rations) in an o

solution was added to the feed; DD in the some m23nt as added to the

L 9" ~. : . ‘ . Q 7
ce1edod1o1l or Mia drying.
T . ‘ --. .nw f. ',\ ,‘ 1 ,‘N; .—- v 1' fi1 ~" ‘1 1 ‘ ‘ A n.- .
lour exter1lents tare con3u1eed ty Lnoerdcz to al. (1;//) to
—
. P‘ f. ‘\ ' . F "V .L : -1v.‘1u; *‘r‘f‘u ('- ‘ .1“’._-"‘ _.1
measure the estrogen1c aco111oy 1n e11b1e tissues cf st11sestro1-

fattened anilalc. Different breed of chic dis were us ed in the experi-

ments to eliminate thezpossibility of responses being attribute xi to one
o a o o 1 . A ‘
part1cular breed. Biethylst1loestrol has fed 1n pellet form (1: “5.),

in paste form (15 mg.), as a liquic preparation (l5 m3.) and as a
liquid—rosin (15 m3.). The birds were treated at 8—weel s of are and

"c -‘ r '1 ‘71-. ‘ ’ 1" ~T' ”1*" : . .f‘ ,‘
slaughtered after L-, 5-, or 6—weens of treats ens. nes1uues 1n t1ssues

h

C.’
Q 1'
( \
'1
Ho
Law
rd
1'3
2‘.
(V)
I?
d-
H.
23
(‘1'

(U

mcuse as the criterion of response. For seven
days female mice were fed a diet which contained 109 Parts of tissue
to 10-23 parts of laboratory diet. tn the eiohtn day the mice were

.c‘
.L

V estrogenic residues were found in the lean meat of

(‘J
O...
O
L
O

is

H.

"CI‘

(/1

fith paste, liquid or liquid—rosin. Flesh f‘em pellet-

t1.
Ho
H
t ‘4
L‘)
(1-
H
1
3
r‘f'
(\
«1.
‘f

treated biris con Min d a sligit amount 2 ytlts,1111 on) in the leg
“d breast muscles. The li‘er in all cases (exceot when the liquid

are are ion was usci‘ contained nearl" all of the residual estroo3n.
. I J H

Croking did not destroy the activity of the estrogens.

Uib2rger et al. (19 S, ) con iuc ted a similar study on a ieet-Lre2j
-, -«( o" .-+ t c744 ’“l #4 / k \
01 ch ' s (Peteijun chob) with DJ 1n hc i24c \J .75 13.,lc.,.
Dinestrol siacstate was one—thiri as potent as 323; onlr the liver,

re pect ively. Ether extraction of fat in the tissues of control and
treated birds produced only small differences in uterine weight of

o O f‘ ’7’ —— < . ~N9‘rx fir, .
mice fed these d1ets. Cook.ng C311381 a 40 o 2, yd? cent d4cleasc 1n

act1Vity of dicnestrol fiiacetate.

Comoinction of Hormone and Trsnhxilizer
Jolt er r. : 52 2;. (1953) fed a combination of dienestrol dia cetate
and resserpine in a 12 per cent protein ration to Uhite Ro ck Cookereb
from one through.ten weeks. The treatei chickens showei inproved
weight gain and fat dqwosition. The literature includec no studies on

the effect of a hormone and a tran:p iliz“r combination on consume:

1-

acc- -ance or courosition of poulth.

O
A

"\rm-)+--~vmfiy ‘VT‘HVYODS

.445; JAB-XLAIJ. A... AWL.A\

1:. ..°.. Jun ,-,4. - ..- 1;). ,3-
an elimen Dcea1ls for ulruo

is

or th

PM

White P ymcuth RJCIL frJer-t J'pe chicns were raised 3 study
by the Poult-Jr Department. Details in regard to the raising of the
birds were recorded by Hood (1959). The chicks were separated by sex
and randomly Mi tiibifi ed in the pens. There were 16 pens of .ales and
16 pens of emales with 37 chic:s per pen. For the first five we3.s
the birds were fed a high energy starter ration

The birds were weighed at the end of the fifth week. Selection

ibution of

r"i

was made on a weight basis so that there was a uniform dis t
weight thnoug hout the ertperiment tel pens After the extrenely large

and extremely small birch were discarded, there were l5 pens of male
birds with 32 chic ks per pen and 16 pens of female birds with 32 chicks
per pen. Each of the following treatment rations were fed the birds in
two pens of each sex: (1) high protein basal ra ti on (contiol), (2)

) high protei 1n basal

b)

o I 1
h1gh.prote1n ba al ration plus Lipanone ,(
ration plus Lipamone plus Quietrolg, (L) high protein basal rat
p us Quict131,(,l low "rotein hasal ration (control), \o low protein

basal ration plus Lipamone, (7) low pro tein has al ration plus Lipamone

plus Quietrol, and (3) low protein basal ration plus 3d etrol.

 

lLipamone, lb per cent di anestrol diacet ate in corn di
dried grain, m mnufactured and distributed by .fhite Laboratorie
Kenilwor-h, L.J. (New American Ccientif ic Laboratories, Inc., Madison,
Niséonsin).

_.v'

2Quietrol, containing 50 grams p3 phenauir-, l - (2- -hydrorjeth l)
- h 43-(2-chloro- O-phenoshia7 zinyl)- -p ropJfi7 -‘p 'pera sine, per pound;
manuiaetured and distributed by Jhite Laboiatorit :, Inc., Ke.ilworth,

PI. J.

1h

At the end of the 9th week, 9) per cent of the birds in each pen were
selestsi for 311 1Jht3r on a random ba ”1 . The rearining birds were
housed in the sa e pens as previously described except that there were
then only 16 birds per pen. Two pens of oath se;< ere continued on
each of the above treatments. These birds were sacrificed at the end
of the 13th week. The high and the low protein basal rations contained
20 and 16 per cent protein, respectively, from the 6th through the 9th
fl), and 16 and 13 per cent protein, respectively, from
the 13 h thruugh the 13th we e:s (lopen11n A). Lipanone and Quietrol
were administered at concentrationiof one-third pound per ton and h
grams per ton of diet, respectively.

In the present study the sample of nine-week-old birds con-
sisted of six replications for both sexes on each of the eight dietary
treatments. These birds were slathtered, dressed, cooled in ice
shish and halved. The backbones were discarded. The lef half of
each bird was packaged in a plastic filml, frozen in moving air at
-40 degrees C. and held at 0 degrees F. for subsequent analysis of the
edible portion. The remaining broiler halves er eheld in ice slush
until they were cooked and evaluated. The birds for any given repli-
cation were randoml selected within a treatment. Qppw dix A includes
a listing of the 9-week—old birds within replications. All were cooized
within one week of slaughter.

The sample of 13-week-old birds had the same distrib uion as the
9-week-old birds and was reate d ilzont is “1 y except that both halves
of the birds were frozen flor subsequent roasting or analysis of raw

edible portion.

 

lCryovac.

All frozen birds were thawed for 2h hours at 5 degrees C. The order

within replications for the 13 week-old birds is included in Appen ndix l.

Roasting Procedure
Each broiler half was washed, made ready for the table and drained
for 15 minutes at room.temperature. The neck skin was trimmed and the

drumstick was pinned against the body with a metal clip.

The roasting was done in individual aluminum pans (13 x x 2")
fitted with racks and pieces of aluminum foil which were cut to fit
beneath the birds. Bach drained bird was weighed, positional in a pan
with the skin side up, and roasted for 90 minutes in a pre—heated oven

it 325 degrees F. Each bird was basted with corn oil1 initially and

after 30 and 60 minutes of roasting. beight were obtained so that

(I)

the total amount of basting oil and total cocking losses could be

calculated.

ooked Heat

()

Lctrcn1val Leas~rements on

The Pectoralis profundus muscle was removed within 30 minutes or

 

the end of the cooking period and was wrapped in a plastic film2 to
prevent evaporation loss. Deto rm Minati on of shear force and pres
fluid were made as rapidly as the equipment permitted. A vertical

Narner-Bratzler Shear Machine measured the shearing force in pounds.

U:

(.0

ix determinations were made along the length of the Pesto ora i

 

profundus and the mean was determined. The two end pieces of the
muscle were discarded, and samples (5 to 20 grams) were pressed for

10 minutes at 15,000 pounds pressure on the ram (3 l/2 in. diameter) of

 

li'iaZOlL-l.

2Saran wrap.

a Carver Laboratory Press. The weight of the residue was obtained and

the per cent press fluid was calculated.

Or anole tic Evaluations of Cooked Meat
P

After cooking, the Pectoralis svperficial1s muscle was removed

 

and five center slices were reoared. These were offered to the 'ud es
1

‘.

L

so that each individual received the corrosponring part of each chicken.

Four or six samples were submitted simultaneaisly. Hater was used to
rinse the mouth between samples. Aroma, flavor, tenderness, juiciness
and general acceptability were evaluated on a l to 7 scale. Flavor
was catayorized as standard, void, foreign or rancid. The judges also
were asked whether or not they would purchase a bird of similar quality.
A sample soore card is included in Appendix B.

Trained panels (5 members on each) were composed of faculty and
advanced students of the Foods and Nutrition Department. Three panels
evaluated the 9—week-old birds and four panels participated in the

study of the older birds. The total individual samples for each panel

numbered 32 and 2h, respectively.

Analysis of Raw Edible Portion

Preparation of Samples

 

The birds were thawed and prepared according to the method pre-
viously described. The chickens were then placed on cutting boards
and were deboned in the cold room at 2 to 5 degrees C., to prevent loss
of moisture. The entire edible portion (skin and flesh), with the
exception of that beyond the first wing joint, was removed. The leg

tendons were discarded. The edible portion was ground three times in

18

a motor driven grinderl fitted with a plate with one-eighth'inch
holes. The ground sample was collected in a plastic bag and mixed
thoroughly after each grinding. Triplicate, lO-gram samples were
removed from each bag for moisture, fat and nitrogen analyses. The
remainder was sealed in a plastic bag, frozen and stored at -10

degrees C.

Ibisture determinations

The triplicate samples were dried to constant weight (2 1/2 to
3 1/2 hours) in a semi-automatic Braebender Moisture Tester (Hedel F D h)
at 110 degrees C. Preliminary work had established that these condi-
tions were adequate. Readings were taken at half-hour intervals during
the drying period. The loss in weight was calculated as per cent

moisture.

Crude fat determ1nations

The ether extract or crude fat was determined by a modification
of the A.o.A.c. method (A.o.n.c., 1950, Seventh Edition) in the
Goldfisch extractor. The residues from the moisture determinations
were ground, quantitatively transferred to fat-free paper extration
thimbles and extracted for 3-hours with anhydrais diethyl ether. The
increase in weight of the Goldfisch beakers was calculated as the per
cent of crude fat and was CXpressed in terms of the original tissue.
In order to remove traces of ether, both the Goldfisch beakers and the

thimbles were dried in an oven at 100 degrees C. for 30 minutes and

subsequently cooled in desiccators.

 

1Hobart mixer, Model K SA, fitted with a grinder attachment.

 

The horic acid modification of the Kjeldahl-Gunning Fcthod
(Scales, F. H. and Harrison, A. P., 1???) was used f: r triplicate
1 1‘»

-. ° . , ,1, .1. r4. .-0, . w. m- -.»
tui 1n the a-y3 lJlWELICC res dues. : :tro tn was

"a r -, . re, .-3: e i . e or . - ., ,
ehpr SaCd 1h tLLmS of 011g nal tissue. the latter C._, Les use. to

(‘J-rl-Y. ' . ‘ ,
steels tic al Procedure

All late w re static tisallJ nal,"e by the analrsis of variance

\ A ~ I ‘7‘ ..
(Shed cor, l§hcj an ts (suntan,

r’a
r‘f‘
‘3‘
("i
”:1
if
r.
(-1-
) ...
t1 0
( J
*i
;'_l
(L
('2
g
3
I
1
r—
(-k
4.
‘U
’— J
( 1
W1
(m
(a

r.
\-

V‘Hr" - ._ ~‘ -,-1 Q --,-1 . h‘.~...1-—.L: -~ '~."1 v e ‘ ff
,,,). .he prLCelurcs used in Celeu-aeih- analysis cf veiiar c -or
f 1.. . . ' & °. L m .— ._ - n--- - 1:..1': run .4» 2.... r:

(13. or. used in C?" 1.2. S J! L cafe 1."; .419}. e n..- .--.-. 1.2- pc. lCL...c t1 33..) .LOI‘ 4. 1V8

.0 ° .. ‘ ° 1. - ,. ... H a .. ,.' ,. . P ..r .5:
mlSSIDg Valdcs 1n the press fluid c.t— are also gIVen 1n hype ndi- p.

Correlation coef H1 ient.s were cctermircd according to the method of

r~ ‘ QH’N\
“hi ' ,
Uni: Cit-:C‘Jr (ll/(Ill O

 

lmc Guthur 3:21;}: (J ..

Q P"

u p.)

L - - f .~..~ .
assistance in .hese analys es.

.. °L.,.1,L, .1°,~ ,. e 1“ '. 1‘
gratitude L...) Elisabeth A. smith poor her

Total Cook ing Los:es

O 4.

The incivi dual values and means for total cooking losses are
recorded in Appen dix C. The mean values for 9- and l3-weeh—old birds
are included in Table l. 1nalyses of variance indicated no signifi -

cant differences due to treatment or replications in the

Ca
OJ
PM
:3
(D
‘L d
O
t 1
U1
('0
U)

for 9-week-old male and female ti Md s. However, significant differ-
ences were found in the docking losses for l3-week-old1111e‘birds at
the 5 per cent level of probability (Table 2). The significant
range values in Table 3 reveal the mean cooking loss of birds main-
tained on Quiew ol at the low protein level (32.6 per cent) was
significantly higher than those for birds fed all treatmenx except
Lipamone plus low protein (w .7 per cent) and th3c .onbination of

Lipanon eand Quietrol plus low protein (29.7 per cent).

”echanisal Measurements on Cool ted Ileat

Shear force

 

Mean shear values for the Pectoralis profundus muscle are

 

located in Appen ndix C. Statisttxhlanalyses of shear force values
revealed no significant differences in tenderness due to treatment

or replication in the 9- and l3-week—old male and female birds.

H-

d

Press flu

 

The treatment means for press fluid for 9- and l3-week—old

birds are recorded in Table h. Appendix C contains the iniividual

Treatmen

R)

L...

U'l

CO

|.,
L;

"ft“ m 'r'ttrn ”rm." f
1km! L‘J LIL..“L&}:LIT§J

High Protein Control
High Protein plus Lipamone

High Protein plus Lipamone and Quietrol

1-‘0

High Prote n plus 3uietrol
Low Protein Control
Low Protein plus Lipamone

Low Protein plus Lipamone and Quietrol

Low Protein plus tuietrol

TABLE l.--Mean total cooking loss for male and female birds
maintained on various treatments at
9 and 13 weeks of age

 

 

Mean total cooking losses

 

 

 

9-week-old birds l3-week-old birds
Treatmentsl Males Females Males Females
% 73 %§ %
1 31.7 35.8 27.8 33.5
2 29.9 33.6 27.2 32.6
3 29.; 35.3 28.7 32.3
11 30.1. 33.0 27.1 31.7
5 31.8 36.6 27.6 3h.3
6 33.2 31.7.5 30.7 35.0
7 32.h 35.7 29.7 3S.h
8 33.9 36.2 32.6 311.5

 

lFor key to treatments see page 21.

TABLE 2.--Analyses of variance of total cooking loss for

23

male and female l3-week-old birds

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MALE
Source of Variation df Sum of Mean F
Squares Squares
Replications 5 23.07 b.6l 0.5h
Treatments 7 15 .8; 22.55 2.631
Rep. X Treat. 35 303.81 8.59
Total h? t81.72
FEEALB
Source of Variation df Sum of Mean
Squares Squares F
Replications 5 20.21 b.0h 0.52
Treatments 7 76.x9 10.96 l.Ll
Rep. X Treat. 3S 27l.h3 7.76
Total h7 368.33

1Significant at the 5% probability level.

P.)
t.—

TRBLB 3.—~Si3nificant range values for total cooking loss for
male 13-week-old birds

(3 per cent probability level)

 

 

qupl

 

P: (2) (3 (h) 5) (5) (7) (8)
RP: 30: 306 3o? 308 309 309 boo

b) Results

b)
-\l
0\
CD

Treatments: h 2 S 1

Means, %: 27.1 27.2 27.6 27.8 28.7 29.7 3 .7 32.6

 

 

 

1Explanation of Treatment Significance:

Any two means not underscored by the sane line are

significantly different.

Any two means underscored by the same line are not

significantly different.

 

 

TABLE ur-Mean press fluid for male and female
birds maintained on various treatments
at 9 and 13 weeks of age

 

 

Press fluid

 

9-week—old birds l3-week-old birds

 

 

Treatmentsl Males Females males Females

% % % %
1 h3.7 hS.5 h7.6 h3.6
2 hS.1 h3.9 h6.h hh.6
3 h5.6 hS.6 h5.2 h3.7
h h3.0 hh.3 h7.8 h5.8
S h3.0 hS.S h7.S h3.6
6 h3.5 no.6 h5.8 hh.o
7 h3.8 hh.h h5.1 hS.S
8 uh.7 u2.2 uh.2 h3.S

1For key to treatments see page 21.

values. The efiect of treatment upan press fluid was Significant for

UieQ , -week-old female birds at the: , per cent level of probability

<;
n)
rd
5
(I)
L")
H.
D
....i
p I
i 1“
) ..J
N
O\

\o

(Table 5). Accc ding to the significant range
birds maintained on Lipanene and the law protein ration did not differ
from birds receiving Quietrol at the same level of pr ot in intake, but

did yield significantly less press fluid (33.6 pe r cent) than did

birds on all other treatments (li3. 9 to L§.6 per cent).

9 ° , . J-f. "‘ .‘1 ,‘,- T'~. l-
rganolaw tic Evaluations of coaxed neat

Ho

Kean panel scor3s w th their treatment means for aroma, flavor,

Ho

tenderness, jJicines s and general acceptabilitv are included n appen-
dix D. Differences in sensory evaluations due to treatment were not

Significant for any of the birds.

Composition of Raw Edible Portion
Individual values for percentages of moisture, crude fat and

protein are listed 1n.Appendir E.

Moisture

 

The mean percentay moistures for the 9- and IB-YGCk-Old birds
are recorded in Table 7. .flnalyses of variance (Table 8) revealed

ignificant differences, in 015 ture, for the 9-week-old male and

U)

female birds due to treatment at the 5 per cent level of robability.
The significant range values for these birds are given in Table 9.
The moisture contents of 9-week—old male birds maintained on Quietrol
(69.2 per cent) and Lipamone (69.3 per cent) did not differ from
those of the other two groups fed the same low protein rations; but

they were signi.ficantly loxer than those obtained for birds on all

TABLE 57-Analyse5 of variance of press fluid
for male and female 9-weeK-old birds

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MALE
Source of Variation df Sum of Mean F
Squares Squares
Replications S h3.92 8.78 1.2h
Treatments 7 39.69 5.67 0.80
Rep. X Treat. 35 2L7.77 7.08
Total h? 331.38
FEMALE
Source of variation df Sum of Mean F
SQuares Squares
Replications 5 122.57 2h.§1 3.671
Treatments 7 133.70 19. 10 2. 862
Rep. X Treat. 35 233.7h 6.68
Total Li? 100.01

1Significant at the 1% probability level.

2Significant at tne 5% probability level.

,E.‘
0

TABLE 167-Significant range values for the crude fat in the

edible portion of male and female l3-weekyold birds

(5 per cent probability level)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

110.1131
a) Shortest Significant Ranges
P: (2) (3) (h) (S) (6) (7) (8)
RP: 3.8 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.11 Let
b) Results
Treatments: h 2 l 3 6 7 5 8
Means, 93: 8.8 9.2 10.0 10.7 13.3 111.9 15.8 16.3
metal
a) Shortest Significant Ranges
P: (2) (3) (11) (S) (6) (7) (8)
RP: 3.2 3.8 3.h 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.7
b) Results
Treatments: 3 l 2 7 h 5 8 6
Means, 93. 11.2 12.9 13.2 13.2 13.6 111.11 111.6 17.9

 

 

 

1For eXplanation of treatment significance see page 2h.

q

fer birds fed Lipamone and a high protein ciet, was significantly higher
than those for birds on all the low protein treatments except the one

with Quietrol (16.1 per cent).

protein content aneru; the lE-ueek-old male birds was due to treat-

(‘1

(Table 20). According to the mean signifi ant range values
(Table 21), the protein ccntents of birds on the high protein treat-
ments, except the one with Lipamone and Quietrol (17.3 per cent),
were significantlv hicher than those for the low protein control

(16.3 per cent) and the low protein ration plus Quietrol (16.3 per

cent).

30

TABLE 89-Analyses of variance of the moisture in the edible
portion of male and female 9-weeksold birds

 

 

 

 

 

 

, MALE
Source of Variation df Sums of Mean F
Squares Squares
Replications 5 19.97 3.99 0.72
Treatments 7 10h.99 15.00 2.701
Rep. X Treat. 35 19b..141 5.55
Total L7 319. 37
MALE
Source of variation df Sums of Mean F
Squares Squares
Replications 5 £0.70 8.1h 1.77
Treatments 7 91.88 13.12 2. 851
Rep. X Treat. 35 160.95 b.60
Total h? 293.53

 

1Significant at the 5% probability level.

31

TABLE 9:-Significant range values for the moisture in the
edible portion of male and female 9-week-old birds
(5 per cent probability level)

 

 

 

MALEl
a) Shortest Significant Ranges
P: (2) (3) (h) (5)
RP: 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.0
b) Results
Treatments: 8 6 7 5

Means, %: 69.2 69.3 70.6 71.5

(6) (7) (8)
3.1 3.1 3.2

72.3 72.5 72.7 73.3

 

 

 

Fsmmtsl

 

a) Shortest Significant Ranges

P: (2) (3) (h) (5)

RP: 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.8
b) Results

Treatments: 6 5 7 1

Means, %: 69.h 69.6 70.1 70.6

(6) (7) (8)
2.8 2.9 2.9

71.7 72.1 72.5 73.5

 

 

 

lFor explanation of treatment significance see page 2h,

“’7

high protein treatments (72.3 to 73.3 per cent). The mois mire contents
of 9-week-old female birds followed a similar pattern. The values for
the birds maintained on low protein treatments did not differ from.one
another, however, two of these (Lipamone and the con rols) were signif-
ican ntly lower (69.’ 4 and 69. 6 per cent, res tively) than those for
birds fed the high protein rations except the high protein control.

One group of1%:.ale birds (high protein rations-plus Lipamone) con-
tained significantly more moisture (73.5 per cent) than the high protein
controls (70.6 per cent).

The analyses of variance for the 13-week-old birds are presented
in Table 10. The significant range values are in Table 11. The mean
moisture eontm t(65. 0 per cent) of the male lB-weeksold birds fed
Quietrol and a low protein rat ion was sin nificantly lower than the
moisture content of birds fed the high protein rations. None of the
birds on the low protein treatments differed with respect to moisture
content. Thirteen-week-old female birds fed the low protein diet plus
Lipamene had a mean moisture of 63.h per cent which was significantly

lowe r than those of birds on tb e other treatments.

... J."
CI‘UJB at
m

The treatment means for crude fat of 9- and lB-weeh-old birds

*7)

are included in Table 12. The statistical ana yses of the flat a for
9-week-old birds are presented in Tables 13 and la. The crude fa t
contents of 9—week—o ld male birds maintained on the low protein treat—
ments did not differ. However, fat contents of birds on Lipamone
(13.1 per cent) or Quietrol (13.0 per cent) at the low protein level,

differed significantly from.those for birds on all high prote1n

TKBLE 157-Analyses of variance of crude fat in the edible
portion of male and female 13-week-old birds

7C
J/J

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NRLE
Source of Variation df Sums of Mean F
Squares Square
Replications 5 35.77 7.15 0.67
Treatments 7 393.59 56.2 5.291
Rep. X Treat. 35 371.98 10.63
Total h? 801.3h
FEMALE
Source of Variation df Sums of Mean F
Squares Squares
Replications 5 88.55 17.71 2.39
Treatments 7 155.96 22.23 3.012
Rep. X Treat. 35 259.09 7.h0
Total b? 503.60

 

1Significant at

2Significant at the 5% probability level.

the 1% probability level.

the

1D.

crude fat

.6

4
k.

1“
‘fl

3

t

f

1.163

L

in.

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ed

TAPLE l

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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(11.7 FIEL“ CL;an 1: 11n111v11: l\‘-'.I’~- -2? ‘C‘JnJer’. L..-3 ‘J‘J. 'gl—C;.UJ.'.A¢L1‘.:~J,“Q

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ti Tulcc.ol (1;.2 per cent, at the loo p.osc1.

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4 ‘. L ‘ ‘~" 7 . ' 1 ‘1“ 1 1 ' . .‘ ‘2 ‘ ' . "J '. L a \ ‘0‘ " L " : o" L " Low ‘
eolclt porticr u- male b11ds mainealned on the low plotetn t:11.1 nts
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old female birds fed Lipamone at the low protein level Ha“ si n;fi-
cantly higher (17.9 per cent) than this: :n all other treatments. The
n ration with the co iizntion
of Lisamsne end Quietlcl contained signifi c:.1nt1y less fat than those

on all low protein rations except the-one aith l'ramo 3 andifijietrol

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protetn content foi -ne3&—oll sale ani f malt hires 1r: 1n lat e t.

The significant range values for the

£6

TRBLE 21.--Significant range values of
protein for male lB—week-old birds
(5 per cent probabilitv level)

 

r‘iniLEl
a) Shortest Significant Ranges
P: (2) (3) (h) (5) (6) (7) (8)
RP: 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
b) esults
Treatments: 5 8 7 6

u)

....

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4‘:

Means, %: 16.3 16.3 16.? 16.8 17.3 17.5' 17.6 17.6

 

 

1

For explanation of treatment significance see page 2).

“To 7?”; «"Tl’N T
UA¥)CUn4 ~4$UL

Total c: [lira LCTSLC

Cooking losses were meawr”J for 9- and lB-wec h—ol; sale and

en Lipamone and/or the tranquili—

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zer Onietrol. Orallv administered Lipamone did not exerta any effect
on cooling loss 3 during roasting. This finding is in disagreement
with reports in the literature which demonstrate increased cooking
losses iri Torton’eed birds. Frorm andi olf (195C) found signifi-

IJ

ttly hioher cook’s; losses during broiling in lB-Heeh-old, D25-

ccnt) than in unimplanted Controls 29.;

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i. (1951) reported similar results in frying

1

lO-we k-old DL”- -"ellet4inplanted birds and their controls. “is imil-

1

arities in the findings of the current research and of these two

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reports may be attributed, at least 1n part, to diffeze “n es

Quietrol did r’t cause any significant alteration in cooking
losses of the 9-week-old birds; but sig nif iccntl" increased them in
the lB-week-old male birds fed the low protein ration over the losses

for the controls.

I-lcchan a]. .tlcu1‘nt,nt~
In the present study, tr Ltrcnt of the birds had no sigrzificant

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.arner- Brat: :ler Shea

'1

effect on shear force measurements mith the

machine. The mean values for the shear forces of the Pectoralis

h?

MB

-rofundus nusol e ran e1 from a low of 3.6 lb. for 9awedt-old birds

fed the combination of Lipamone and Quie 101a -t the low protein love
to a high of 6.3 lb., forlJ—week-old female birds given Liparone at

the same level of protein intake. Stadelman et al. (1951) reported

 

arr:-

sea-inplants. The recorded measurements on the Tenderoneter averaged
10.5 lb. for control birds and 13.3 lb. for birds impltlnted with DES.
The differer co in the magnitud> of the shm ar force values in the

current study and 1n

(0

ta delta an's wo rk may be ascribed to the inherent
preperties of these inst mments. Dissimilarities obtained in the effect
of hormones in these studies say'be attributed to the use of differ-
ent hormones.

The only significant differences in percentage press fluid,
due to treatment, occurred in the 9-weds-old fbmale birds. This
significance may be eXplained by mechanical difficulties (break-
down of the Carver Laboratory Press) which he.ppw ed during the part
of the study in wt ich female birds were eva.luated. Samples were then
wrapped in a plastic film and held in the refrigerator until repairs

were made. There were no ”1 nifi cant differences due to treatment,

in the press flu ds obtained for lZ-weel z-old birds.

Org anoleptic Evaluations
In the present study the evaluations for aroma, flavor, tender—
ness, juiciness and general acceptability were not significantly
altered by treatment. This is in agreement with Fry et a1. (1958)
who found D’w 9 ho mone treatment did not affect the flavor of baked
chicken 5. In contrast 0 this, Petelson et al. (1939) found D3

decreased flavor in the breast muscle. Peterson also noted DES did

not a ffe ct the toughness of mus cle. Stadelman et al. (1951)

1 n1. ,,.., rvfin .. 11 - ‘1‘ w 1.0 {.1 ... .- 3w. -..—3 _ .2 11-
-e hupkOen ;-o-pe11et-1mplanted birds and the un1nplantee conero1e.

1"

In the present study, the taste panel oc,as1onal1d remarked

lJ-weck-o1jlirds were usually more favorable. In some instances
commentsr made b3 the taste pa.nel inlicated that the controls were

least desirable. This occur recl pr1:aar1ly in e"al unt.ion* of the 9-

week—old female birds.

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fat c 1n the rate of its deposition JUL to its ,u1ecing 1n11uence.

Since the addition of horn.o .as be n asso ci :1t ed with an increase

I

in the production of fat in p ultry, 1t seemed: ee1sore ble to theorize

' ‘l
\

fu1tb er the combination of the two would prod: ce still fatter b1r u:;

w-

n
a shorter time. Observations during this study do not support these

hypotheses. The addition of uuietrol to the 101 protein ration of

9-week-old fem”les significantly TEQUCCi the fate ntent of these
0 , - V, _ _ o _ ‘ ’_ ‘ ‘ ’_ . _
birds (13.2 per cent) below their tontrols (13.? “e1 tent). The

protein of thee sane birds (16.1 per cent) 1e 5 increased above the

controls (1h.7 per cent). ther than the ca*e ju st cited, the

addition of ?uiet1 ol alone or the coilinetion of Lipamore and

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n. fist” «.J Vi“ rm .1 e ... 4 fl” Ave
3 a J J .. .3 C C O r r. J m.
.1. n . ..Q C 1%. .h.. 1 o J}. .1 n.
.4 . L... w ” arm n W... «J .r ... 3 OJ 2.. .TJ
Fa.“ If; .v 6Q J.» 1. nu n u an...“
R r J. S T r S S B .U T 3 1L .
..J .. J H J J a P ... .1 C 1-. VJ r
.1. I; WP! ..L. n. _ C v». _M L; .r 1n}. F. 0v
t , . F C r C a h . . r t
_... T ...; .1 T C 3 T T .1 «C U .C
« J mi . . 1 J C « U l a v Q C ad
...,J . ...... U .1 n R H 1..
J...“ FD a... m m L: W. .1. .1. pr“ . . t
01.. 01‘ D m). 7‘“ 7U )U no u Ali; 1“” m.“ .Vv
:J .. 3 fl... . J .i. .0. U «J L v S ...J m. h
.. , a. ....J .. . . . 3 t .1 n. O a C t
PJ .ln.. .1 v. .4 1| ... r J" n 91
C OJ an ..- L n L J W1 J. L. . .l r J r
U. .n. L . A .1 .1 a S C .1 O
1 J .- n r“ R.” r L. H. r ...L n a:
I 1? C ..J n . ., Q R . .J 6 a Q
J 3 ... .... e W” n. .. .1 a. .J
1.. n. 1!. a J ....J .r I DJ .91.. LU... -.. s IH
o1 . J . ,J t W... fl.“ n. O O
C L J r. O .J 3 J J C t Ta 0
an” . J . g L I r «J ...u C 1p. 1:. -
t ..J a. J ..J J a E t H h
D . M.— o. J flux any. an .1... xv u j
3 H‘ 4 01 1! A. A n. . .1 r4,“ n A; 07* H“
.1 ....J m... .U a 1 J a.-. ..U .T, L.“ a

the amfiunts

1n

W1

sigfificant.
..._ 4-,

7‘xufifi ““‘Ynfi ‘
.L. J. a .-.avg.)

n .7 1hr] .' vs a! 1 , - h, r" c. ... . 3"
attJamS, J. I O , L/J7. . CK'JAI up? ‘ 3.3;)“ u-J. 1‘ Lhaljv Iv‘f‘ ub‘b‘liJ-u ‘J6F1IJJ LotrJ-
.. ° ,-. J... —L .r‘ J- r - Cr.- ° .. -
gUnic .ormunes on 3 ouUb, 9U,Jn-J, vii tJi CLLLCiUn,y 1n bTqu
- 1 A 1»- fl [- -‘ ‘K 7"! l L ‘ fl 1 1 \‘
breasUUi tzth: tuthyJ. P 3U :7 Sci. ,C:¢.U..

H 5 ‘ . . r. r o r ‘ \-~ . f‘ h“ ' n
AJSJCiation of OfU1Jinl Pgriculturai VhCMlStJ, l;53. H;,hcé JUf
F: I" ,‘ K or) ., c CF.-.:.- ‘0) “ .L __ "1~')rr.::' ‘
Rn3133.s Ci the Aooacictien 0. CUJ1tiU1 fie’iUulturUL UUUdthU,
v_.' .‘ I H" y f' V“ 7“ If. 1‘ T‘ I |_ I A r7 1
acthlfd .../n, .4. be, ..JJum'TtuL 411:3! in: P0 35....
*‘> 1,—- «i- "' r '-’ aw“. I? "‘.~.~ . r..-. 1.... . J- r
’ “DVD bait, A". J O ’0 fipd? a. A. 'U . T“J' L‘ar , 19517 O —Jf~. Lk-‘t Of Fitz: I‘OUC1-zrk kid Ir)“
..' °..1—. . A ' 1’ 1.0“”! '9
ngwCh afld teed efficiency of chiUxenU. Poultry JC1., JC:JU3-J8g.

Bird, 3., L. I. Pug: cy and 3-1. C 3 7:11: n+i+nti"e rch‘vc-ry
of syrithet 1c estUUQLRS fram t b r 3 (Galina Donesticus), the
respo se of the bir dJ' testis, COL and eDidUr s estrogen and
of humans to ing3s tion of tiSSUUS from tr.Ua*ed birfis. Enducri.ulogy

1413202" 294'.

Burger, R. C., N. S. Van Hatre, and F. H. Lorenz, 1959. Growt. and
mortality of chicks and poults fej tranquilizing i'UJ.. Poultr‘
Sci. 38:503-5 2.

d J. H. Uaisemberry, 1957. ReSponse to
1 .one of growinc chicks fed various protein
levels. Paultry SC. 7 70

0 U.
v {-1 -‘ 1 '..-. fl "~_’_‘ 4 oflq 1: ‘H'L‘f‘ “.6 0"
Duncan, D. 8., 1935. LJLLlylb RUiJe Und KULtIHLC .. tUJUJ. LiUmetr1UU.

11:1“:420

(3
H.
H \i
‘1‘.
I
p...)
'1')
(J4
C)
8
o

1
Poultry Sci. 35:23L- 2E-

PCJ .1. in G. Bennett 'Mfl.“. J. St “alwm:
... ) )

1‘
v , J-
sex and horfiuniJUtqu on the flav Jr of chicken Jeat. Pou

.. 1H
)7 : 331-33/0

Gowe, R. 5., 19h? . Resi
with dienestrol diacet

Hebert, B. A., and C. C. BrunJ on, 1956. The effect of s>x hormone: on
the fat and moisture content of broila r carca333J. Pcultry Sci.
-\ F’ ‘
39:11L7-

ffe cUs cf diethyls ctilbt

Hebert, 8.1L, C. C. Brunson, 19577. 3 c ,
n on the chemical cowiosition

, e e
e tos erone, thiouracil, and thyroprote
of broiler carcasses. Poultry Sci 6 8

ing POUltFV, 1955. th. tilqy and Sons, Inc., New

1
O.

1

P1811381“, G. F. I? 68
York, pp. LLB-US

Japp, R. G. and R. H. Thay r, 19L3. Ora administration of estrocens
in poultry. Poultry Sci. 23:2L9-251.

H
9.)
{1.
i
H-
:3
m
U)
(...
"l
‘1
(—r
I“.
(‘1
:3
o

7 ‘Il “" ‘ ’ . . {-9.-
Lorenz, F. L., 1933. Patten n3 COLnUrCLS by stilbeJUro

Poultry Sci. 22:190-191.

Lorenz, F. H., l9L5. The fattening action of orally aiministsred syn-
thetic estro3ens as corparei with diethylstilbcstnil oellet implants.

Poultry Sci. 2‘:?l-92.

rion, H. U., K. T. 33y, R. L. He ,

Effect of hormones on composition of chicken me.t. Am. Die.
,4 /

Assoc. 3L:U l- lL

m ..U J. Sm. 1958
to.

PetBFSCD 3. U. H. Simmone, A. L. LilVblade and R. Kartin 1959

) ) J 3 )
Some factors affecting intensity of flavor and tmlghqcss CF chicien
muscle. Food Tech. 13:2OL- 207.

r"

r In 7? - a 0 r’
Rood, h. u., R. n. Ringer, E. a. Specxnenn, and L. F. Jo ter mi , 1938.
The e fect of feeding rese pine t . rirts. Hich..A3r. Exp.
Sta. Quart. Bul . Ll(l):lS7-l 2.

Hood, K. 6., 1939. The influe mic of a tran“UilieUr fei in cgnbihation
with estr genie camgo~nJ on physiological activitiUJ, growth a.fi
market QJQli ie of cric: Js fi liesis. Danrtnent of Poultry

ic i '

Science, H

Scales, F. H. and Q. P. Harriso., 1223. Boric acid modification of the
Kjeljahl method fUr crop and soil analysis. Ind. nng. Chem. 12:353- 352.

Snefiecor, G. C., 19' . Statistical Hethods. The “0113311 te Press, Inc.,
rs n
L- 1

Ames, Iowa, pp.

. r- .v --...~.. -.. o . J, .
wadalmar, L. J., C. n. MUULrtan, E. L. LQUH Uni B..-
1 ..h and proc*ssin3 shrinkage of die thylst1lbest.

- '1 1"
Poultry SJi. 30:312-SlL.

Tiger, H. L., H. I. Mitchell and S. Goff, 1,56. Hormcn ising Poultry
with dienestrol discotate. hy.ros ium on Medicated Feeds, Hashingtan,
D. C., pp.133-183. Edito.3 iienry Uelch and Felix Knrti-lbaneU,

Medical Encycloyedia, Inc., New Yor..

Unberger,r J. J., G. H. Sass, K. J. Davis, J. E. Curtis and C. C. Durbin,
1959. Estrogenic res idles in the edible tissues cf stilbes trol-
fattened chick n3. Poultry Sci. 33:118-128.

‘—Q

ulterink, L. 6., E Speckman, K. G. Rood

VI
*4

icerccr, E. J., and G. H. Eroun, 1959. Detection of residual estro-
genic activity in the edible tismies of chickens feu dienestrol
diarctate. Poultny Sci. 38:128-131.

Harden, U. K., R. K. Ringer,L. F. Holterink, and P. J. Schaible, 1958.

Bstrogenic compounds in chickens. Feedstuffs. 30(36):86-87.

effects of an or
through the digcs
phosphorus in bro

fi‘

ADDTNDIX A

- .d

Production of Birds

\I‘L
co

nr.‘ A !:° . L 4.- «3'
IDULH 2;.--n1jn energy s arccr ration
l—u- J. ,. n. -1 \
(-4121 f-¢fl l chrcuqh S uceZS)

 

Lb. or gn./
100 lb.

 

Corn, grd. no. 2 yellow
Alfalfa leaf meal, (20 per cent
Soybean oil meal, (50 per cent

Henhaden fish meal, (60 per cent
Lka and bone scrape, (50 per cc
Ground limestone

Eicalcium phOSphate

Salt, lodized

11... ~
"ncy, c

:0 per cent lactose)

('3
p...
C.)
n
(-f.
O
(l
(‘3
A

Brewers dried yeast
No. 2 yellow grease
Vitamin supplement no. 1

- - ~ , I
Vitamin D3 (j,JOQ I.C.U./gm.)
o \
Clol-nn Cthrld? (2 per cent sflgfilétent)
/ _ I
Litam.q 213 suoplenent (o fi3./l:.)

Calculated rnalysis:

Crude protein, per cent
Cruca fat, per Cent

Craze fiber, per cont
Productive energy al./lb.)

, gm.
a r\ __n
.Lu 9. A.
‘3 A...
J!) 311.

ow
5-3

10.5
2.5

1325

 

 

 

TKZLZ 23.--3rower ration (b asal fn) a S throush 9 NGCKS)
Hioh Protein Low Protei
Ingrclients lb. or gm. lb. or 9?
per 130 1 . par 100
g i (3 .4
corn, 3r}. no. 2 yellow Sc-C 72.73
F. | ./
soy h;an oil, solv 4L pgr :cnt 30.00 lo.00
Fat no. 2 }ell‘w "tease 5.99 1-93
Alfal’a leaf $231, 20 per cent protsin) 2.50 2.9}
Lkat ‘nd bone scraps, (53 per cent protein) 2.50 2.50
vac - - O \ f" ’ l'".
:;"h meal (Ho-hal; n, 60 p :r cent protein, 0.;0 0.;0
'~"1 ffifir ,Jr‘ 1*H“fir‘?f3 r 0" ,4 q,“"' 0 C," O E,“
.a.LvJ, uvLuvkuv»... Ha)... «LI O/J O/KJ
. --a\,--v—..—“ r, I
Yeast, dried, L;dh”-b 0.;0 0.50
a o o ,r\ Y"
salt, iodized 0.33 0.53
Dicalciun puOSplatB 2.00 2.00
Linestone, grl. (98 per cent Ca303) 1.00 1.00
Delanit 0.10 0.13
... . ‘
vitamin supplement 2l9c 0.05 0.05
.‘N'. , 0 , ‘ of r" ‘ 0_
cnoline c lorile (a; per cent dry m1.) ---~ 0.13
Nicarhazin (25 per cent .r" m'x) 0.05 0.05
Vit. 23 (3000 I.C.U. /gm.) 13 gm. 10 gm
Vit..q M13, so I. U. /gm.\ 3 an. 3 gm
W ? “
.00 lb. 10 lo
alculatcd anal"sis:
J— o H ’3 r) 1'4 {\
Crude protein, per Cent 20._ ,.J
I
Crude fat, per cent 7.? u.3
Crude fiber, per cent 3.5 4.2
O 1 \r‘. (‘0‘.
Druductixz ener"" (Sal./lb.) 79¢ 2V4

 

ThBLE 2h.--Finisher ration (basal from 10 through 13 weeks)

 

High Protein Low Protein
Ingredients lb. or gm. lb. or gm.
per 100 lb. per 100 lb.

 

Corn, no. 2 grd. yellow 63.59 78.63
Soybean oil meal, dchulled

(50 per cent protein) 13.50 6.00
No. 2 yellow grease 3.50 1.00
Wheat, middling flour “ 5.00 5.00
Meat and bone scraps 2.50 2.50
Alfalfa leaf meal (20 per cent protein) 2.50 2.50
Whey, delactosed product 0.50 0.50
Yeast, dried brewers 0.50 0.50
Fish mean (Henhaden) 0.50 0.50
Limestone, grd. 1.00 1.00
Dicalcium phOSphate 1.00 1.00
Salt, iodized 0.50 0.50
Delamix 0.10 0.10
Vitamin supplement 2h9c 0.05 0.05
Vitamin supplement (6mg./lb.) 0.05 0.05
Nicarbazin 25 per cent mix) 0.0, 0.05
Choline chloride (25 per cent dry mix) 10 gm. 10 gm.
Vit. A supplement (10,000 U.S.P./gm.) 10 gm. 10 gm.
Vit. D3 supplement (3,000 I.C.U./gm.) 10 gm. 10 gm.

Calculated analysis:

Crude protein, per cent 15.95 13.02
Crude fat, per cen 6.6L h.h7
Crude fiber, per cent 2.66 2.6~
Productive energy (ca1./1rg 1o;1.3o 1o38.3o

I’lBLE 25.--Replications of male and female 9-week-old birds1

61

 

 

9-week-o 1d Male Birds

 

 

 

 

 

 

Treatment52 Replications
1 2 3 h 5 6
1 6083 5625 5871 5907 5977 58h8
2 5807 5725 61h2 6120 5690 6180
3 6177 5877 5650 6097 6173 6028
h 5912 6056 5698 5936 6117 5665
5 6029 5919 5699 5718 6018 5980
6 5790 6056 5823 5603 5650 5636
7 5618 6166 5661 5795 5858 5785
8 6110 5688 5993 5760 6107 6016
9-week—old Female Birds
Treatmen ts2 Replicati ons
1 2 3 u 5 6
1 6251 2&6 6h33 th 311 6h76
2 213 325 6326 373 6&26 6360
3 6563 6252 300 62L8 627a 6&31
h 358 6030 2h? 092 6316 225
5 6285 6037 382 6375 6255 6380
6 216 6102 289 6383 6u09 6373
7 ~38h 269 h73 h15 6029 6237
8 637k 6350 352 3&1 ’303 029

 

1This is the order in which sensory evaluations were made.

same replications were used throughout the study.
2For key to treatments see page 21.

The

TABLE 26.--Replications of male and female l3-week old birds

1

 

13-week-old Male Birds

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Treatments2 Replications

1 2 3 h 5 6
1 5723 5727 6187 5992 6071 6066
2 5610 5988 5892 6158 5890 5953
3 5675 5862 5613 5783 5965 6067
h 5923 5989 5737 5866 5768 5780
5 6111 6011 6115 5616 5928 568
6 5920 5739 6037 5629 5629 6003
7 5783 6151 5908 6082 5721 6077
8 5885 6137 5700 6081 5789 5762

lB-week-old Female Birds
Treatments2 Replicatiors

1 2 3 h 5 6
1 32 6890 6307 6035 6363 26h
2 6212 390 6288 209 800 288
3 6209 880 302 6386 6203 255
h 825 6397 879 387 6288 6279
5 208 6358 6873 6388 220 203
6 6325 282 6368 6392 261 6801
7 331 6257 237 802 6396 6:97
8 L27 365 6878 6868 238 633h

 

1This is the order in which sensory evaluations were made.
same replications were used throughout the study.

2For key to treatments see page 21.

The

.APPENDIX B

Statistical Procedures

”82‘” 7” .-~Proc04ure fer calculating ta ste
;

panel scores for the
31“qu C‘f +1155. DCT’T."~"">_1:3 own 31¢ 7

" is muscle cf
_j-iw. -14... -.
9-‘.r.7€-,'.{-1 1.11 11311.: 13111151

 

 

Source of Variation df K thod

term ‘2““‘“ = 115.2 # 552.5?

(3
Cu

*1

H

('3

r

r f'
f1
(L.

 

D
l a-” w.-
L—.+ L—Lf
.rcat ‘n s
c "- (‘1‘ .73 , - T‘r‘ .f‘ ." ~— 5(09. ‘0 / [‘l\—-’\ A.)
#17 '~!f ~ -1,--Vc‘r«u 7 - L- - V. .01 lb . - VBOL’ -‘V’.|—:'1
W- ”nu-......
.' '3
J J
Pan---
A
c v ‘4‘ ~, ‘._‘ A L: {a ’T‘ — ‘r’1 '\ '7‘ /f‘ /A” r.
will; 0. _.~L-r'..v.,_, C :9“ - u. -0 " ", .'.‘/.oil_+' E’vL—OVJ 10,9
x U
’7‘ -3
LCLSIL
f)
rf‘ ,- c .. ., . 5", '.' (_ f“ '7‘ .. ft" {"0 (J’A / ... 1 Q
will”; ‘f .JKILLUI'VS L/ 2 ”a - U. L. 1 - Svjo/L‘ "' ’JL’._O\—‘Q J. U
L
-, ¥ 5 a. a-
Treatment x Panels
.r- V C I‘ ‘ . 4| / 4‘ I '_ 7 7‘ : .H ' “' r L ‘ ,
Sum cf qualfis 10 T3201-1ruatncnrs—Pan. s
7 10 r‘ '3') 7 r30 _. A. of.
JO-U "' voC.’ - ‘o,,-' -' 40,4
r 3" r" ‘ l
- 3 M .. «nu- «HH~:‘_11w-'r’
Curzechng tezmq \Eflzz ,,,.,. 1-13.34
L‘ \
44 HQ
"‘v‘ '7 l .g": " "" .. ‘1");5 f0 71" ”’1 .. 1
J, {1‘1 '7 A .. " VQLQZ " Li; Job», "" LLi‘o’q ' 1.1.;‘4
n a? 2 2 2
r‘
ac" c‘ \r \r x - ::
61.-.... 62 £4 c *iu a *if ”“2
‘1 . _m
L .L /

1r’Ar’ Ad h‘ "( 0" ‘0 1H r‘” .... ”WE-J
‘r—- Cu- + /‘~v..—:‘ 4+ 7 an», - 1.1-,‘C/‘h, -h ?.L'.
1.. J. J‘,
. ’3‘ '0. 1 3.--. r.
:rIO” L.L+ lav—)1 " CL‘ULQL‘Q‘J
“.1 1‘. '7 or.’ = 's 90
LL.-h—f-‘.-—/ J.»/
v) (‘4 .Qr, rf Err r‘ ’3 9'3 - O 16
1.6"!) u.:L'~-.pl u QLLVA _jox’ " oa.
, C‘
c." J;

H)

[A ror

» ,. -. "‘ / ' ~ ‘ ‘.-_7 - 'l'" ‘I' £~-"' 4“
ILLaX1 3,,1‘1“ In“; L: l/ _ / + “.4 .. .. r‘ f - .fi ,, n‘k

 

’4..-f I 4L.. .4 l - -Jle J» J. ‘4 v...’
L. ‘ .gy
lThess calculatien: ollowefi the "Unucighted Leur" mrthofl of
‘1 o
Snedcco r(l9L7). Cal: ulatisns for aw__J"ts of variant; of; Ho.a for
.-1:ee}:-old fcruale birds wc.re computed by this method also.

 

0‘.

TRBLB 2?L--Procedure for calculating analysis of
variance for taste panel data

 

 

9—week-old Birds

 

Source of Variation df Male Female

 

Correcting term h 'CEH32‘_ .*,CEF 2

" 1,

Treatments 7 2:798 - 0.7. 2 7% - ccr.
Sum of Squares 5 5

Panels 2 2: 22m - c.r. 222:? - c.1‘.
Sum of squares lb 10

- ~ 4Y2 + 1’2 +472

lreat.X Panel 11. ~=~ a 2 o a c - cur. Same for
Sum of SQuares Z I 3 females

Subtract above from Panels and

Treatments.
Total 117 211% - 0.7. 232% - c.1‘.
Sum of Squares
Error term 2h Total - Treatments - Panels -

Sum of Squares Treat.X Panels.

 

TABLE 2?.--Procedure for calculating analysis of
variance for taste panel data

 

13-week-old Birds

 

 

Source of Variation df Hale Female
Correcting term Same as for 9-week-old birds
Treatments 7 Same as for 9-week-old birds
Sum of Squares
Panels 3 ;?P2m - C.T. ‘23P2f - C.T.
Sum of Squares I? I?
Y2 + Y2 ~
Treat.X Panel 21 e a. 2 b - c.1‘. Same for
E I females
Subtract above from.Panels and
Treatments.
Total L7 Same as for 9-week-old birds
Sum of SQuares
Error term 16 Total - Treatments - Panels -

Sum of Squares

Treat.X Panels.

 

TRBLE 30.-4Procedure for calculating analysis of
variance for all other data

 

 

 

Source of Variation df Male Female
Correcting term Same as for Taste Panel Data
Replications 5 222m - C.T. 2221“ - c.T.
Sum of Squares 8 8
Treatments 7 2sz - c.T. 2721? - c.T.
b
Treat.X Rep. 35 Total - Treatments - Replications

Sum of Squares

:4
r0

Total LL? 1X2 " COT. 2 " COT.

Sum of Squares

 

67

TRBLE 31.--Pr0cedure for calculating the miss
percentage press fluid in the Pecto‘alis nrefundus
muscle for 9—week and l§:weer-old ‘

H

 

 

 

The following formula was used:

 

X = missing value

r number of replications = 6

Rj=Jfof rep. = total of 7 values for male or female birds
in the replications.

t = number of treatments = 8

T\=.£of treat. = total of S values for male or female
birds in the treatment.

G = Grand Tonal of all Male CR Female birds.

I. 9-week-old birds. Replication 53. Treatment [8.

X _56) 03.2 + (51 219.32 - 2071.L2

(SF (7)

>4
I:

82.93

7
II. 9-1<€ek-oldbirds. Replicationfl’g. Treatment/.715.

x (61. 311.82 + (8) 221.39 - 2069.22

(3) (77*

 

U\
'10

TABLE 31.-—Continued

 

J
III. 9-week-cld birds. Replication 55, Treatment £137

X

(6) 333.79 + (8) 27*.03 - 2073.36

(5‘) m 5’

X = Ll;.22

L

IV. 9-week—old birds. Replication #5. Treatment filh.

x = (6) 297.52 + (8) 228.72 - 2967.k9
(57 (7)

x = 39.L7

¢
v. l3-week-old birds. Replication f3. Treatment .12.

x = (e) 30. ‘6

.4 (8) 229.05 - 2080.15
(5)

4..
(7

\A

x = AS.80

APPENDIX C

Cooking Losses and Mechanical Measurements
on Cooked Meat

C‘x
‘ '7

11313 337-Total cooking loss for male and female
9-week—old birds maintained on various treatments

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MALE
Treatments1 Replications Means
1 2 3 h 5 6
% % % % % % %
1 32.0 31.3 33.5 31.6 32.7 29.2 31.7
2 26.7 25.9 29.8 32.8 37.3 27.8 29.9
3 28.0 31.3 33.7 27.3 30.7 30.1 29.5
h 23.9 29.6 27.5 35.1 38.8 31.6 30.8
5 32.5 32.3 33.7 31.8 31.3 29.7 31.8
6 31.9 38.8 35.8 36.3 29.5 31.2 33.2
7 28.11 33.1 311.5 33.6 311.6 30.11 32.11
8 36.9 33.6 31.8 33.6 33.2 3h.5 33.9
FEMALE
Treatments1 Replications Means
1 2 3 h 5 6 %
% % % % % %
1 88.7 39.5 32.9 38.0 35.1 28.7 35.8
2 27.5 35.2 31.8 35.0 36.2 35.9 33.6
3 311.3 311.5 33.1 311.9 37.2 37.8 35.3
h 27.3 38.7 29.2 36.6 38.3 32.2 33.0
5 35.6 35.1 33.8 35.2 38.3 82.1 36.6
6 36.3 31.9 31.5 29.5 37.6 80.8 38.5
7 38.8 35.6 35.7 33.2 311.11 36.6 35.7
8 36.7 311.1 32.7 38.6 311.5 110.3 36.2
1For key to treatments see page 21.

7O

IABLE 33:-Total cooking loss for male and female 13-week-old

birds maintained on various treatments

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MALE
Treatmentsl Replications Means
1 2 3 8 5 6

% % % % % % %
1 30.2 26.9 27.7 28.7 25.9 31.2 27.8
2 27.7 28.3 25.1 29.8 27.8 25.2 27.2
3 26.6 33.1 26.2 29.1 26.1 31.0 28.7
8 27.1 30.2 28.8 22.5 25.8 28.5 27.1
5 33.6 26.8 28.8 28.1 32.6 28.8 27.6
6 26.2 26.3 32.9 31.6 38.2 33.0 30.7
7 30.0 31.9 30.1 26.7 30.9 28.8 29.7
8 38.6 33.2 29.5 35.2 32.8 30.6 32.6

FEMALE
Treatmentsl Replications Means
1 2 3 8 5 6

% % % % % % %
1 38.3 38.7 35.9 38.8 33.8 28.2 33.5
2 32.0 35.5 31.6 33.8 33.1 30.3 32.6
3 32.6 33.9 33.7 29.8 30.7 33.8 32.3
)4 2908 2901 330? 320,4 3306 31.8 3107
5 25.7 39.2 32.8 36.3 30.0 81.7 38.3
6 36.6 38.9 38.0 38.7 33.3 36.7 35.0
7 37.8 38.8 33.9 36.0 35.7 38.8 35.8
8 32.9 36.2 38.7 33.5 35.2 38.5 38.5

 

1For key to treatments see page 21.

71

TABLE 31.--Mean shear value in pounds for the Pectoralis_profundus
muscle of male and female 9—weekpold'birds
maintained on various treatments

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MALE
Treatments 1 Repl icat ions Means
1 2 3 8 S 6

lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs.

1 3.8 8.8 3.6 5.0 8.5 3.8 8.2
2 8.5 5.9 5.9 6.8 3.9 8.1 5.1
3 3.8 3.5 7.3 8.6 8.1 8.2 8.6
8 5.1 6.8 3.9 3.8 8.5 8.7 8.7
5 7.1 6.5 3.2 6.0 5.7 3.0 5.2
6 5.8 6.0 8.8 8.2 3.5 3.9 8.6
7 3.8 3.5 7.6 3.7 5.5 5.8 8.9
8 8.1 5.8 8.2 8.1 3.0 8.7 8.2

FEMALE
Trea tments 1 Rep 1 icat ions Means
1 2 3 8 5 6

lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs.

1 3.2 5.3 3.5 8.9 6.! 5.8 8.8
2 8.2 8.1 3.5 5.9 2.6 3.6 8.0
3 3.0 3.8 8.1 8.0 8.0 3.0 3.6
8 3.0 3.6 3.6 6.8 8.6 8.7 8.8
5 3.2 3.7 3.3 8.5 3.5 5.0 3.9
6 8.2 5.0 6.2 8.1 3.9 8.1 8.6
7 3.3 2.9 5.0 3.5 3.5 8.5 3.8
8 8.2 3.9 8.0 5.7 3.2 8.8 8.3

 

lFor key to treatments see page 21.

TABLE 35.--Hean shear value in pounds for the Pectoralis profundus
muscle of male and female l3-week-old birds
maintained on various treatments

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

FRLE
Treatmentsl Replications Means
1 2 3 8 5 6
lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs.
1 7.1 8.7 5.0 8.5 5.7 5.2 5.8
2 8.1 6.6 8.8 5.6 5.5 6.7 6.2
3 6.2 5.1 5.9 6.5 3.1 8.6 5.2
8 5.8 8.8 8.5 5.6 7.2 5.2 5.8
5 3.5 5.3 5.9 6.5 5.3 5.1 5.3
6 5.8 8.3 6.5 7.5 5.5 5.8 5.8
7 3.6 6.2 6.1 10.5 8.2 5.0 5.9
8 5.2 8.2 5.6 5.5 8.8 5.6 5.1
FEMALE
Treatmentsl Replications Means
1 2 3 8 5 6
lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs.
1 503 603 6.2 1101-: 1108 6.9 506
2 6.3 8.6 5.5 6.8 5.3 9.7 6.3
3 6.0 6.0 8.1 7.0 5.2 .9 5.5
8 5.9 6.3 3.8 8.2 8.7 8.1 5.5
5 3.7 6.7 7.3 5.7 5.3 6.0 5.8
6 8.0 7.3 5.2 8.8 6.0 5.1 6.1
7 5.6 6.0 5.8 8.9 3.9 6.7 5.8
8 6.0 7.6 5.1 7.1 3.5 6.8 6.0

 

1For key to treatments see page2l.

TABLE '36.--Press fluid: for the Pectoralis profundus muscle from
male and female 9-week-old birds maintained
on various treatments

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MALE
'I‘rw tmentsl Replica tions Means
1 2 3 8 5 6
% % % % % % %
1 88.7 81.6 82.92 88.6 81.5 83.0 83.7
2 89.3 87.9 82.3 83.3 81.6 86.3 85.1
3 50.0 85.8 83.0 85.0 85.7 83.9 85.6
8 50.0 83.1 39.8 82.7 81.1 82.0 83.0
5 80.9 83.2 88.8 88.6 81.9 82.7 83.0
6 88.5 81.8 81.1 83.5 83.0 86.9 83.5
7 83.8 83.0 88.1 82.6 85.8 83.8 83.8
8 80.9 88.9 88.8 82.0 86.6 81.1 88.7
FEMALE
'I‘reatmentsl Repl icat ions Means
1 2 3 8 5 6
% % % % % % %
1 87.6 83.0 86.5 86.0 88.9 88.8 85.5
2 86.6 87.6 88.9 82.8 81.2 80.7 83.9
3 89.5 87.1 82.2 88.8 83.6 82.5 85.6
8 88.2 88.1 85.6 82.0 83.2 82.6 88.3
5 85.8 88.8 87.2 88.5 88.22 39.2 -5.5
6 88.0 85.8 82.0 31.8. 32;52 81.2 80.6
7 88.3 88.8 88.92 82.8 81.8 88.8 88.8
8 82.8 83.1 83.3 80.6 83.5 80.0 82.2

 

lFor key to treatments see page 21.

2Missing values; calculations in Appendix B.

TABLE 37.--Press fluid for the_Eectonalis profundus muscle in male
and female lB-week-oldibirds maintained
on various treatments

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

“MALE
Treatmentsl Replications Means

1 2 3 8 5 6w

% % % % % % %
1 52.8 83.6 87.6 88.6 50.7 82.0 87.6
2 85.9 87.1 89.8 88.7 88.8 87.1 86.8
3 85.8 ‘81.? 85.8 89.0 88.1 85.9 85.2
8 51.9 81.7 51.6 88.1 87.3 86.1 87.8
5 89.3 89.7 85.8 86.0 85.5 89.3 87.5
6 86.8 86.2 87.2 88.8 80.5 50.0 85.8
7 87.6 82.2 88.7 82.3 5.0 88.6 85.1
8 85.8 88.6 86.2 82.6 81.6 88.7 88.2

FEMALE
Treatmentsl Replications Means

1 2 3 8 5 6—

% % % % % % %
1 81.7 82.8 80.5 85.0 86.0 85.8 83.6
2 82.8 38.8 88.7 88.1 58.8 82.7 88.6
3 82.5 83.0 82.9 86.1 85.1 82.6 83.7
8 86.6 85.9 85.82 80.0 88.5 88.1 85.8
5 87.8 82.5 83.0 86.0 85.5 37.8 83.6
6 88.8 88.0 88.8 82.9 87.6 39.8 88.0
7 87.7 88.8 87.1 85.7 88.0 88.0 85.5
8 81.2 80.0 85.8 83.3 85.2 . 86.1 83.5

 

lFor key to treatments see page 21.

2

Missing values; calculations in.Appendix B.

119233110111 :1

Organoleptic Evaluations

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

pwucmm
ammouom
pwo>
pumpumpm
bmmmnm no>maa
02 no mo»
mflambmoood
4 .1. 4 A... n \J g). \1 w
10c1 @000 @000 :pmaw868. cud
hnm> poem maze Sawmou vooo hpo> hfiaamobxm HmooCmU
hug hogan hoHSfi
hum» Mom mama aawwom howsm ham> afloaonnxm mmpqwowum
a.) D
77 1309 meadow oppose
hao> :wdoa uflum fimumom mango“ hmob %Hoaompxm wouuopcwh flu
T»
a
B
To
888 686 668 1
bomb mama aswwmz huo> xfioamubxm mo>m~m
noom @000 @000
knob pmmm esmw.m, o m hump hwmaombmmo, macaw
II.HI, m a o N. I. chUdm

 

 

 

{‘J
.1 )

mm omUSh .mmd

mpowb mow ammo ou(om11.mm a mwu

76

TABLE.I9.—-Mean scores for panels for the evaluation of the aroma

of the male and female 9-week-old birds maintained

on various treatments

 

 

MALE

 

Treatmentsl

an€13

 

 

5.8 5.2 5.2 8.8 8.6 5.8

5.2

8.2

8.8

5.8 5.8 5.2 5.0 5.2 5.0
5.2

5.8

82
O
.45

I48
0
HDLu

L4AvL4
O O O
555

262
O o 0
51414

5.0

66
O O
1414

08/0
0 O
C/L4

8.6

222
.0 O
L4L4L4

0214
O O O
L4L4L4

QuL4
o 0
L414

20
O O
dJL4

8.7 8.7 8.8 5.1 8.8 8.9

8.7

8

Q

1613

 

FEMALE

 

Treatmentsl

Panels

 

 

88
O 0
SS

86
o o
SS

(06
C 0
SS

66
o 0
SS

1414
O O
55

214
O 0
SS

6117...
o 0
SS

66
O O
55

RVQ, 9.00

o o- o .-
KJC) L4L4

08 1414

o o. o o—
65 1414

4852

o o o o - —
#355114

142.10

0 o o o. -
56514

O 822

o. — o o o
5 141414
6 2000

o. _ o o o
5 141414
142 14/0

0 o. o 0—
...)6 414
I40 20

o o. o .—
...DHD 1414
2 3

5.2

8.9

a.)

5.0

MEAN

 

lFor key to treatments see page 21.

treatments
Treatmentsl

MALE

77

emale 9-weck—old birds maintained on
various

of male and

 

LE L3.--Hean scores for panels for the evaluation of the flavor

18

I?
Panels

 

 

 

 

1414
SS

014
SS

014
1414

014
O O
514

142
S...)

86
5.4

014
1414

66
.414

Lb

3.6

01.00
0
23

2 2
o o
332

11.2

66
O 0
1422

11.1

3.7
Treatmentsl

FEMALE

3.9

3.7

11.2

 

T
‘J

an
Panels

I

 

 

 

1.48
O O
1414

1&8
o o
5.111...

066
0 o o
#9143

A766
0 o O
552

28
143

26
1143

3.h

00/0
0 o 9
1.4.43

826
o o o
332

26
1.42

86
o
33

h.6

14

h.

11.2

3.7

11.2

11.3

KERN

1For key to treatments see page 21.

 

73

week-old birds

0-
maintained on various treatments

33 of male and female

IABLE bl.--Mean scores for panels for the evaluation of the tender-
ne

 

 

E

1

 

Treatmentsl

Panels

 

 

88
14.4

14.4
55

2/0
145

614
143

614
O O
.414

2 14
O 0
14 114

08
0
SS

80
35

2O
35

26
52

280V.
0 O 0
65/0

695/0.
0 o 0
5145

11.8

5.8

60
o o
3:/

06
514..

1400
314

20
SS

14

5.8

algal“...
O O O
2514

622
o o o
335

86
33

81114
o
35

1.1.1:. 11.9 5-2 11.8

11.1.1.

H.)

L1.

 

IfiflmLE

 

Treatmentsl

Panels

 

 

600
O
.143

00
5.4

08
142

9. 8
O O
514

6/0
C C
5114

20
145

Re/C
O 0
1414

22
14.4

6 2
O O
S f)

600
O o O
.4514

14014
O O O
1463

2.6

2.1:

.. o c
«4/5

3.6

3.6

660
O O 0
14214

882
o o o
355

Ler.

614
O 0
SO)

L1.6

11.5

 

1For key to treatments see page: 21.

of male and female 9-week-old birds maintained
on various treatments

TABLE }J1—-Hean scores for panels for the evaluation of the juiciness

 

 

FRLE

 

Treatments1

Panels

 

 

O 2
O O
514

21.1»
514

6x0
0 o
33

000
O O
14 DJ

1400
O O
1.43

1...

O O
13.4

141400
0 O O
322 3

608
O O 0
21432

88
o
«.../2

.4 2
14 14

v2

3.9 h.l h.1 h.l 3.9

3.9

 

FEMALE

 

Treatmentsl

Panels

 

 

6 O
O O
1414

00/0
0 0
202

6 A].—
o o
n/_ 3

h. 3.7 3.8

3:10.31

 

lForkey to treatments see page 21.

Treatmentsl

80
maintained on various treatments

acceptability of the male and female 9-week-old birds

 

IRELB L3.-—Hean scores for panels for the evaluation of the general

 

 

 

 

Pane ls

62
314

6 /O
0 o
114 32

014 O
O O 0
H3414

n1. 2 O
O O O
.-..1... 3 0..

CU Or.
0 O
2 14

2 2
1414

60
2.14

111... 6
0 0
a) «(J

022
O
3214

1400,.
o o 0
21414

.140
143

148
O O
43/

11.0

h.1

Treatmentsl

3.8

FENALE

3.9

L.o

l1.2

 

nels

 

 

 

WAN

41'

008
o o o
553

200
.00
553/

L1.2

3.h

0...

O 14 O
O o O
4 3214

8 1.14 7.
O O O

33?)

1..1_

11.

11.1

PEIJJ

r to treatments see page 21.

1
ii;

1For

 

4‘

TLRLE LL.--Hean scores for panels for the evaluation of the aroma
of the male and female lB-week-old birds maintained

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

on.various treatments
MALE
Panels Treatments1
1 2 3 h S 6 7 8
1 5.1.1 11.2 11.1.; 5.0 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.6
5‘8 508 :08 508 - - — —
2 5.0 5.5 5.5 5.0 S.h 5.8 5.2 h.8
.- .- - - 5.3 £1.08 L108 1108
3 11.8 L32 5.; 11.6 5.2 11.8 5.2 5.1.;
" " - "' 14.08 14.14 5.2 14.6
h 5.2 5.0 h.8 5.0 3.8 h.6 h.R 5.0
h.6 14.8 h.0 h.8 - - - _
TERRY S. l 5.1 5.0 5.0 4.9 4-9 501 5.0
FBHKLE
ane ls Treatments]-
1 2 3 l1 5 6 7 8
l L h 5.0 h.8 5-h S.h 5.0 5.8 5.2
- - - - L.8 14.2 5.2 11.0
2 5.3 5.6 5.0 5.6 5.0 5.2 S.h h.h
5.6 5.2 11.8 l1.8 _ .. _ _
3 5.0 5.2 5.0 l1.8 1.1.6 1.1.2 34.: L6
LL08 LOLI- Loo 14.8 " "' - -
11 11.8 5.1; has h.2 l1.6 MA, 2.1.9 5.2
_ -- - "' L00 L08 503 S"
:22; 4.9 5.1 11.7 1;.9 14.? L6 5.2 11.7

 

lFor key to treatments see page 21.

Inn r- F" cur -
ldBL; b9.--nean scores for panels for the evaluation of the flavor
of the male and female l3-week-old birds maintained
on various treatments

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

F1 E
Panels Treatments1

1 2 3 L1 5 6 7 8

1 LL08 soq Sch- 5’0-14 1408 ’08 boll 5.3
5.6 5.3 5.0 5.6 - - - -

2 t.2 L.6 L.8 3.8 h.o h.8 h.2 h.8

- "’ " ‘ 306 1408 306 I406

3 h.6 h.6 h.8 h.2 h.8 u.8 5.6 5.2

" " " " 14.6 L05 5014- 4,402

h 5.6 h.6 h.h h.6 h.o b.S h.0 h.6
11.6 l1.2 11.2 5.2 - - - -

mm 11.9 L.8 ).8 L.8 l1.3 11.7 M; 11.7

FEBRLE
Panels Treatments1

1 2 3 h S 6 7 8

1 11.8 5.2 11.21 5.0 11.6 11.0 5.6 5.0

- " " " 1408 LL02 1408 1400

2 11.2 11.8 11.0 L6 l1.6 5.11 l1.6 l1.O
11.6 3.8 11.8 4.11 - - - -

3 3.0 5.2 t.1 L.u 3.6 h.2 3.u h.o
h.6 h.6 b.2 h.2 - - - —

11 11.5 5.21 11.6 5.2 2.1.0 LO LL, 11.8

- - - - in”) 3.l1 l1.2 11.8

mm L.3 11.8 21.11 l1.6 11.3 L? 11.5 l1.l1

 

lFor key to treatments see page 21.

"a“ "x "

LiULB gC.-—Kean scores for pane s for the evaluation of the tenderness
of the male and female l3—week-old birds maintained
on various treatments

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

11111.1;
Panels ‘—f Treatments1

1 2 3 1. 5 6 7 8

1 5.h L.2 6.0 6.? L.8 h.2 5.h u.%
508 600 5024 Sch " " "' "'

2 Moo Moo h 8 Sch 5.8 50h 506 302

_ - - - 5.6 5.2 St 5.6

3 5.h 5.2 5.8 3.8 S.h S.h h.8 S.h

- - - - h.h L.h h.h 5.2

u 6.L 6.2 t.6 5.6 u.h h.8 5.6 5.2
5.0 h.2 h.2 5.6 - — - -

Itlzm 5.3 5.0 5.1 5.3 5.1 t.9 5.2 1.9

FEMS
Panels Treatments1

1 2 3 b. S 6 7 8

1 3.8 5.8 5.6 u.6 6.0 5.h h.o u.8

- - - - S.h 2.6 h.8 3.6

2 21.8 3.6 S.’1 594 11.8 11.9 5.6 5.2
6.0 h.8 3.2 5.11 - .. - _

3 3.L L.h h.8 t.6 2.0 5.0 5.u 5.6
3.2 in! 5.; 3.6 - .. .. _

t 5.2 5.0 u.6 5.8 3.2 t.h t.o 5.2

- — - - 3.0 14.2 5.2 3.2

“W11 11.11 11.7 11.8 l1.9 1;. 1 11.3 11.3 11.6

1For key t3 treatments see page 21.

3d

ain:

4.
k,

eek—old birds main

'J

A
)‘V

IRBLB 37.--Mean scores for panels for the evaluation of the juiciness
of the male and female 1

on various treatments

 

 

MALE

 

Treatments1

Panels

 

 

L.6

3.6

o o
145

2.14
33

200
o O
1432

8 9..
0 O
.14 12

00 14
O 0
.14 a)

In»
a.)

o O
\4 )4

O C
S 3)

b.h 5.0

3.8

9/

h.8

h.6

Lo

h.0

h.5

h.7

 

FEERLR

 

Treatments1

Panels

 

 

7.2

2/0
o .
IUOJ

..udO
32

89,.
O o
)4?)

9.
.JJ

{0
OJ

1.414
0 0
3J «_J

a.)

3.7 h.l

3.5

11.0

3.9 3.9 3.6

~71
au‘fi

 

TABLE L3.--Kean scores for panels for the evaluation of the general
acceptability of the male and female lB-weeK-old birds
maintained on various treatments

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

rats
Panels Treatmentsl ‘~—

1 2 3 11 S 6 7 8

1 11.6 11.11 5.6 5.6 11.3 ,.'_n, 5.3 11.8
502 508 50’) 5.3 - - — ...

2 1,.0 1..O 1..6 3.3 11.6 11.8 5.? 3.8

- " " " 3.8 hall 14.2 L.,-i»

3 11.6 11.8 5.2 1.2 5.2 11.8 5.0 5.2

- - - - h.b h.2 h.8 h.h

)4 5024 500 1402 lid-l 1103 L00 [ich 1406
hog—L 308 21,40 5.11 "" " "' "'

mm 11.7 11.6 11.8 11. 11.5 11.11 11.7 11.5

FEMALE
Panels Treatments1

1 2 3 11 5 6 w 7 8

1 3.8 11.6 11.- 11.6 5.0 1.? 11.6 5.0

- - - - 11.6 3.2 5.0 11.2

2 3.8 11.2 11.0 11.8 3.6 1.6 11.0 11.2
500 308 240k 2408 " "' - '-

3 3.0 11.6 11.0 11.2 2.1, 11.0 3.8 11.0
3.; h.h h.0 3.8 - — - -

11 11.6 5.0 14.0 5.0 3.6 3.8 3.8 11.8

.. - - - 30,4 q’o—L ‘Lloo 308

1an 11.1 11.11 11.1 ' 11.5 3.8 3.9 L. 1.3

1For key to treatments see page 21.

APPENDIX 3

Composition of Raw Edible Portion

TABLE h9.-~30isture in the raw edible portion of male and female

9-weeksold birds maintained on various treatments

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MALE
Treatments Replications Means
1 2 3 u 5 6
% % % % % z %
1 70.8 76.2 72.8 70.9 711.2 711.7 73.3
2 72.8 73. 2.5 78.8 72d? 69.h 72.5
3 71.11 66.6 72.9 75.6 73.1 711.3 72.3
h 73.2 73.1 72.0 70.1 78.9 73.0 72.7
5 72.8 73.8 69.0 69.7 69.7 78.6 71.5
6 73.6 71.1 65.7 66.9 68.6 69.7 69.3
7 70.1 69.6 72.1 69.5 67.5 78.9 70.6
8 67.7 67.7 70.9 69.2 68.1 71.3 69.2
MALE
Treatmentsl Replications Means
1 2 3 h 5 6
% % % % % % %
1 69.0 72.6 72.6 78.1 67.9 67.6 70.6
2 77.3 75.0 73.9 70.5 72.7 71.8 73.5
3 73.7 71.7 75.6 75.0 70.9 67.9 72.5
h 72.8 76.2 73.1 70.8 70.7 69.2 72.1
5 70.7 71.5 67.8 70.3 68.8 69.1 69.6
7 65.7 69.6 71.2 70.8 71.1 72.5 70.1
8 71.0 72.8 71.1 70.5 71.2 71.0 71.7

 

1F0r key to treatments see page 2l.

TABLE SO.--M0isture in the raw edible portion of male and female

lB-week—old birds maintained on various treatments

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MALE
Treatments Replications Means
1 2 3 h 5 6
% % % % % % %
1 68.8 69.1 70.3 68.9 69.8 72.8 69.9
2 72.9 68.2 73.8 69.1 68.9 70.0 70.5
3 73.7 67.2 65.8 68.9 69.5 71.6 69.8
h 73.8 69.8 67.8 72.3 72.6 70.7 71.0
5 67.8 61.5 66.2 67.3 66.3 68.9 65.6
6 67.6 68.9 68.1 69.5 65.6 65.2 67.5
7 63.9 63.7 65.9 61.6 70.1 70.2 65.9
8 62.6 65.7 66.3 68.0 68.5 63.0 65.0
resets
Treatment1 Replications Means
1 2 3 h 5 6
% % % 8 % % %
1 67.7 63.7 70.0 70.2 65.8 68.9 67.6
2 66.0 61.7 68.6 66.9 1.7 70.2 67.5
3 69.9 65.3 68.1 71.9 68.1 73.7 69.0
h 66.1 66.9 67.7 67.0 67.5 68.2 67.2
5 66.8 67.0 65.8 63.6 66.3 65.8 65.8
6 58.2 61.0 66.6 63.2 65.- 63.2 63.8
7 65.5 68.0 69.7 68.8 66.6 68.1 67.0
8 68.2 65.6 66.7 65.1 67.3 66.2 65.8

 

lFor key to treatments see page

PP.

IRBLE Sl.--Crude fat in the raw edible portion of male and female
9-week-old birds maintained on various treatments

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MALE
Treatmentsl Replications Means
1 2 3 8 6

% % % % m % 8

1 10.8 8.5 9.8 10.5 8.5 5.5 8.2
2 8.0 7.2 9.8 6.6 10.5 12.5 9.0
3 10.5 16.8 9.8 8.8 8.0 7.9 9.5
8 7.9 9.7 9.0 10.9 7.0 8.8 8.9
5 9.6 7.7 13.0 11.9 13.1 6.8 10.8
6 8.2 10.6 17.6 16.1 13.7 12.6 13.1
7 12.8 13.2 10.1 12.7 15.5 5.3 11.6
8 18.8 18.9 11.8 12.3 13.9 10.6 13.0

FEMALE
Treatmentsl Replications Means
1 2 3 8 6

% % 8 % % % 5

1 13.6 9.8 ,.2 7.0 15.3 15.7 11.7
2 3.8 6.3 7.9 11.3 9.9 10.3 8.2
3 8.9 .80.7 5.7 8.1 12.0 18.5 10.0
8 10.3 6.1 9.9 11.7 10.8 13.6 10.8
5 18.3 11.2 18.9 12.7 18.8 18.6 13.7
6 12.1 11.8 11.6 11.7 18.2 17.8 13.1
7 18.8 12.6 11.0 12.3 10.8 9.3 12.5
8 10.8 9.8 10.3 12.6 11.8 6.8 10.2

 

lFor key to treatments see page 21.

CO
\0

TABLE S2.--Crude fat in the raw edible portion of male and female
lB-veek-old birds maintained on various treatments

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MALE
Treatmentsl Replications Means
1 2 3 8 S 6
% m % % % % %
1 12.1 10.0 9.8 11.1 11.0 6.1 10.0
2 6.8 11.8 5.3 11.1 11.6 9.0 9.2
3 5.6 3.1 16.8 11.3 9.8 8.2 10.7
8 5.0 10.1 13.1 7.6 7.1 9.7 8.8
5 18.1 21.1 15.8 12.8 15.0 16.5 15.8
6 12.1 11.6 12.1 11.9 16.2 15.8 13.3
7 18.8 17.8 18.9 20.8 9.5 8.3 18.9
8 19.5 18.9 13.8 18.8 12.2 18.9 16.3
FEMALE
Treatments1 Replications Means —
1 2 3 8 S 6
z % % % % % %
1 12.9 18.8 10.3 9.5 15.8 10.5 12.9
2 18.2 21.0 12.5 13.6 7.7 10.0 13.2
3 10.7 15.1. 12.1. '7.3 12.7 8.9 11.2
8 18.8 18.6 12.8 18.5 12.7 12.8 13.6
5 13.5 13.2 15.5 16.8 13.7 13.7 18.8
6 25.0 17.2 13.8 17.6 15.7 18.1 17.9
7 15.1 12.2 9.8 16.6 18.7 11.1 13.2
8 16.8 15.3 12.8 15.6 12.6 18.6 18.6

 

1For key to treatments seepfifl€ 21-

 

TPBLB S3.--Protein in the raw edible portion of male and female

9-week-old birds maintained on various treatments

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MALE

'l‘reatments1 Replications Means
1 2 3 8 5 6

% % % % % % 8
1 16.3 16.7 15.7 16.5 15.2 17.5 16.3
2 17.0 17.2 16.8 17.0 15.8 16.1 16.6
3 16.1 15.0 15.9 17.8 17.1 15.6 16.2
8 16.9 15.8 16.7 16.9 16.1 16.2 16.8
5 16.2 16.7 15.8 16.6 15.1 16.8 16.1
6 16.0 16.3 18.6 15.1 15.6 15.6 15.5
7 15.0 15.2 15.6 16.0 15.2 17.8 15.8
8 15.6 15.2 15.8 16.2 15.5 16.0 15.6

838815
Treatmentsl Replicati ons Means
1 2 3 8 S 6

8 % % 8 8 % %
1 15.5 16.0 16.2 16.9 18.8 18.6 15.7
2 17.0 16.5 16.3 16.8 15.8. 15.6 16.3
3 15.5 15.8 16.8 15.0 15.8 15.7 15.6
8 15.1 15.7 15.1 15.6 16.7 15.3 15.6
5 13.1 15.3 15.6 15.0 18.7 11.3 18.7
6 15.6 15.1 15.7 15.9 15.8 18.2 15.3
7 13.7 15.8 15.7 15.2 16.0 16.0 15.3
8 16.8 16.2 16.2 15.0 15.8 17.2 16.1

 

1For key to treatments see page 21.

TfiBLB Sh.--Protein in the raw edible portion of male and female

l3~week-old birds maintained on various treatments

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MALE
Treatmentsl Replications Means

1 2 3 l; S 6

% % % % % % %
1 16.6 18.0 17.5 17.6 16.5 19.0 17.5
2 18.0 17.5 18.2 16.9 17.0 18.2 17.6
3 18.1 16.9 15.8 17.2 18.3 17.6 17.3-
h 19.0 17.? 16.9 17.2 17.5 17.2 17.6
5 16.11 15.0 16.2 17.6 16.1; 16.2 16.3
6 17.6 17.0 17.8 16.1 16.0 16.5 16.8
7 15.2 16.3 16.6 15.7 17.9 18.6 16.7
8 15.8 17.3 17.1 15.8 16.7 15.7 16.3

FEMALE
Treatmentsl Replications Means
2 h 5 6

% % % % % % %
1 17.2 15.6 17.h 17.7 16.h 18.2 17.1
2 17.5 15.3 16.5 17.1 18.5 17.2 17.0
3 17.0 17.0 17.1 18.1 17.0 17.8 17.3
h 16.8 16.0 17.5 15.9 17.2 16.6 16.7
5 18.0 17.5 16.8 17.0 17.3 17.9 17.1;
6 117.5 16.11 17.1; 17.2 16.9 16.1; 16.5
7 16.8 17.3 18.6 16.7 16.0 18.6 17.3
8 16.2 16.7 18.3 16.7 17.7 17.0 17.1

 

lFor key to treatments see page 21.

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