‘ mmmmw A SlMPLlFlgg METHOD OF“; ; ' MEASURING THE- SURFACE I "TENSION ' ' OF ASPHALTICT'OILS AND , COMPARATIVE TESTS OF THEIR,:" . ’ BONDINGPROPERTIES _ - Thesis forth: Degree of B. S... ’ .I William H. smith ' ~ Val! 9 flu. \ 11x14! LWWCW m SURFACE mo: 0! WHO OILS AND mmummsmamm mmmomms Anus-mutt ”hunter HIM STAT! coma or W JED APPLIED some: W m w 2!. Gallant. M to Dun. at man-tam 1.1M we! cm w 1 W1. 11 MI at m in Burke. mun ot ugh-1h: : u -_ Aw:— 1 ”but”. A“ - 4 ~- 1 w: “,2: A - 3 an. it may alum = _ :# "-u-x— :- .- m M. It mu 5 ”I“ M m. :w “~__ :—~_~-_ ;_:— y; g: M‘ MW— “ “‘ :...* ‘_:* -—~ A —-+ “:w‘.“ “5“: 1 MO t m1 muons ot to on. “.11, 13, 13 m I‘ M.“ $_:::‘_;::; __..‘______:__ l4 mum n m m. float. to “that nah. h mummm—umm.nn flu}! mm LA. M at to 01m Mum W at was an“ Dolby. m ‘1'. lama. in 11mm mum at mam: Bhu mm M. In. to “hum blow io to can nut-cu. mu m to lions-I auto min-7 naps-hen :0: tho In or to 3mm and Interim. um mt. Ml Ion com um haw m WM“. 108323 n momma: mm roam yum u ”man. or mm on. u up wuammummm-mmmu ot.fiom§mlotMIm. “tunic“. MthhnmhumnfihWMMdu at to .10 man of Mar-tunic mun-nun“ 1111‘ holy Mou- ”mm mm.» In“: Inn-nu: magnum-whomtutuuuum-nomm mmmnthwmrm-mhmh mmmmm-Mdmmllmn . 'aiummofinammhmwflWWWQW mummuunuMQMm Haw-httwm Mhfiomu’WQMIflflnlm‘hm‘h‘m um.mmmuuummumutmmmu mummummm mung-roman! Mmlafltulwmm nmmm.un.mmu6.mm mummmmuummuuwm mmhutmuumm.~m¢aummm ”.mmuuMdu era-u- nimbo. no.” utmmmgnmmbmntmmauoru "Mi-I‘m. mutt-«mummm. StummfltuMIhi-vlununlouafldm ammuumuuumtomuumu Mmfimmwtomrmfimwmmm mtuuuxtmmunupoumm‘»ommud u a I1: with to his“ mun. ”him-ml. taunt-ninth otll. mu. donatinhoudmmblyumibmtm. 81:” ton-rho- ‘Indon otnqudl 1-1017 Mutant!) this in“. 1 hum n dlflnifion at Sun-taco Ten-m :- "11 u «rd-r. % us- new Mot Hatter. can Incl-ml. cum a um nth-uh u u nth-Loud by surrounding maul-a. an meal. I! than to plow .- Wad by: am at «mun. Form “mummhmhmmuummunmmmu «nu-noun. nthnhodyotcnqudflumlmt or in. than him. “no. an! anionic 1- which «mu-mm solution hm maul-cor m: (GIMMJA. at. ”luau nummaummumuummuunm. mm.ummaoranwcm.uuumu nun-arm. Mummutonm‘utmh “not ”an at about: «mm. and mum: mu mt “other“. xramtu-xmumnm-um mumnqmummyucmam.mm ”mm-Mntnotmotuumuumm manna-mu... MmM-mufiuhmrrmt m-tmwmum-uun.wm3 1 Up to to poooot duo to tot: urinal dogrooo d touoott no utuol color. tboroboonotbooooovuodo mplouonod’ Mont-1n; tho ”to“ tondoo of ooxholtio cm. 01’ tho tortooo ono ohub tho who. tunic! boo boon data-nth“ tin or loot oppluoblo to gourd. motto. 1o am by 0. Hook. (2) nooupondootlnoodotoopholthovmgomminoonaloogtb undo: oond itionl ohm only to tau-coo of gouty om ourrooo tulle! wanton 1t. “tumourtolnlonsthd thotboootlooof gouty on unfoco tendon on ntod III throng: oapnotton or coo-toil iota on ma]. otrnzo or oopbolt. ho to oblo b noun-Moo tbo oortuo toootoo at tho on. hot-o to only no oorlouo objootioo to into notion. ~11. Stonbo oppnod mytooopholto I‘MQ Monau- to whom of gravitational torooo. Ono d t!- nooobot looo Indol- objootmno to to nooooory tho com Operation of mtoly loo-um tho roam of tho throw. no m1. nothod 1 pm“ to bo nood bonoftoo' to bond on m Rim nothoo of obtolntnc oortooo tuner of uqnldo. ”.th to on. ”to! boo boon potion]: nood to “toast. tho orfooo tonne. of on- ot hm tupmturoo by Nomnoton on Mom. thin no“ to bum urn-nu by th nooootty of tho on. nonoo. it n: at. “loom“ tomato. Shoo on oopbolto oro oolublo tn Boom. on! to III-ton tonotoo of boo-om to oouly nooourol no: Do W'o m. 1t to o ohplo .ttor b on ammo Intent pupal-um ct Dunno ond on. tbuo atom tbo octooo tuotoo or tbooo mtmo ntb t1! all. Silo on to oolottono orl. poroutopo rowing m m Ben-on oro «1:me 11cm“. ono boo no trottlo moan-m tho owfooo ton-ion. -3. nomtomd-phmdmtuo. Anon Imploofmo 011(8-3 go) to nimuooxrbyornooka- otborbottloobtob ho boon ”taboo nth o out to m. to tho nook to added on oppron-to wt of Boooono ohldl ‘11 mnoo from m of III 001mm. till nook 1o oorkod and own-oh]: my“ ogan fl «tom. «tool perooot um. Moon-around. oroulahdoot on find: Donor poo-outwit tooprood o'vonlyoopoootblo bottoooobooltfifi. (unto. For pox-cooks" looo ion 45$ Dunno Ito ooluttolo oro ooldou oofl'totntly liquid. on! ought difficulty no: bo now out ole-am .o mun— anc. oloo on muons-any non mama“: duo to to on «mm mm». to on. rm. to uuufifipmm obovo 05$ moon. In nrtooo ton-zoo tonoo vorr mu. fru tot or Dunno.) Wit tho ooom-oto poroontoeoo of homo to ooob untie- dotu'uooo. tho nun oro ooromuy rototod to who o monolith”. no: o-onootob glooo. utooorroly mamuuoommou mid ”max-moment! fiuomplo 1o mononmmy outbox-Ito! m humour. Smoo thno or no m1“ oro tom m- not names. on nun oro kept mm botwoon trlolo. m openttoo of tho mm to wither tattoo“ nor couplox. it noon oo pox- hots-notion gno with t1. outrun. to flu 1o olooooo oftoroocbtriolbyhootmroobot tooyouoon-o. nit-on Swfooo toooiooot tbo thoootuolo to tab: on tb ootuolvolu or mtooo tuna 1b: ooob outta. non Voluoo oro than oo adiooto volu- ooo plottod with th no-ono Poroutoao oo obooxoooo,to m an ootuny bo o otrotgxt 1.1:. no: 5o hoot onu- poodblo tbo out! om poo W t1. pototo of to ounce tuoioo a Mono ot o mm mm of 100$ Boom. By atom!“ .o .3. mwupntuommm, mammoth ooolooombohvoluot tho octoootondaodtboopbolt. no am» to: on'ifl‘m «5 m1. . S m 100.0 8.? ”.I ”J 50.! 0 . ”too. Toan 88.87 ”.01 ”.07 ”.31 80.1! '1.” W mom tun-mutant ooobtndor for oaaosotoo boo too-o Ito u-ootoot run of opplioI‘Iu to mod ooootroottoo on Wot. to on ooflult-oaroaoto mu. tn octooo coo-nu ployoo ”toot mt. mu .m oro (hon m “tho-oath“ ‘. ou- obou mm to cum. Iotortooiol. hora. hora o: moron. horn at Ma. horn of Gobootoo ofl aproouo‘ “futon. Dortmun- 6 no. tor- on tho an look (i) on mm (4). Wm fiooocgotthoutcfoooott. ooolooooot oobotooooo. w Wm. u u o» uncoooo m m cm toootono at tho unto-1m. a. non (a) on 1.2. mm to) am tbot luo mo bouo boot to: to uni-11M mutton. W Mood“ tomorooouonqofl tooth” otooppooro oil to 1b plooo to in! tho ouo oroo fl loud-11cm“ “tort-no. no om d tum-o1. to oqnal to tho mooo ton-loo of tbo bolero“ nortiolo numo tho now of to Iota-room. sz 8 W moo of mu :1 3 Iota-room noon loo-a oft-nonmsz . £1 moot) 4 . _ , _ n . r 5.. III.1\:E .0! III >ll'n1. .II‘Om! nl‘ il‘a‘ a “h. I l . 'v, ili I'. o I- t o - It“ Ll .4- W Motor o n1“ mun-noon tho onrfoooo of o liquid tho owfooo morgtoo duappoor an! to oral-g of h tutu-mo appear. 'nxo margin molt“ to filo roootloo to o“ to tho on: of tho oufiooo tot-1m. mm tho interracial any. mmummus 821-80 .21 no uorgot Adhooioo to tho motor wrap. . dudmt bo oppned ot tho uterus to odor to ooporoto Ito oubotonooo. Oblong Exam to tho iota-no). corn botoooh ooloooloo at tb ouno ohbotonoo. nu- ottrootioo are: to ooouod h bo totoo tho mnoo touiol. so = Burton tum d 011 m o: Coho-19o = I So. no and” Goofrgotg. Whoo o 11un ops-ooh on: o «no. ottroottoo botoooothohophoooooooooo.thobroootoh1ohtourootooooomt tho flootoo of tb 11cm“. ‘1‘! 1| h o youth: of option“. m tho oootfloioht of opmodmg to equal to to mg of olhootu I1. tho may 1' ooh-ton. OoeffloiontofSpnodmasz-w-n I: ooldha hero oqutio. for odhoom mum. tbo Irfooo tenuo- or unnotooo to round b to uproot-ton 91 Into. Shoo tbto Important to oololy b ammo-o to adheolto again of to an. out on: named one! to oonohnt M on ooooo, tho onmor boltovoo thoto ooootvaluo comma/cu o outtoblo vol. to:- tho Mao. tun-too «1’ mutant. in folio-inc toblo own to want!" ooloohtod :ooolto. .50 M7. surface {Engigykot Energy 0?} mortar or“. EnergyzthCOeYfloient 0?. .9911 '1'?!“ 91.913311293392—,W9321031fl’335123192135334fialw B 31.8 o38.2 108.2 140 63.6 76.6 C 31.9 4%.]. 108.1 140 63.8 76.2 D 31.9 .38.]. 108.1 140 63.8 76.2 F 31.6 458.6 108.4 140 63.2 76.8 0 35.3 .34.? 104.7 140 70.6 69.4 H 33.8 a36.2 106.8 140 67.6 72.4 I 32.1 ~37.9 107.9 140 64.8 75.8 J 32.9 .37.1 107.1 140 63.8 74.2 I. 32.8 $7.8 107.2 140 65.6 74.4 M 32.6 437.5 107.5 140 65.0 75.0 N 52.3 .37.? 107.7 140 64.6 75" 0 33.6 436.4 106.4 140 67.2 72.8 P 31.8 -3802 108.8 . 140 63.6 769‘ Huerta: Since it in practically impossible for all the oilo to have the me adhesion energy, it is obvious that at least one or both or previouo assumptions; mly. the first assumption. Ant- thaws Rule must hold for asphaltio oilo and aggregates; second, that the ourfaoo tension for limestone can he assumed to have a constant value or '70 dymoe: age false. No general conclusiono can be made from the data or the pre- ceding paragraphs for the reasons previously stated. The author remote that he cannot find any appreciable error in his compute- tiono: and, until further research in carried out along this line. he will be unable to state definitely which of his aemmptiona is incorrect. Binding gropegtieo of Aophalto 1h X‘afttributo at on adhesive is hot it should not the solid on which it ie placed. It ohould’kc‘h‘ange into o more or lose tena- oiouo oolid. In road oonatructicm the asphalt-aggregate joint in ~6- uoually attached by water before setting of the adhesive occurs. The first stages in the study of binders should be in the wetting properties. Since asphalts spread easily over most aggregates, wetting is comparatively simple and complete. But. nevertheless, the degree of wetting depends on (a) the nature of the liquid which will determine the specific wetting preperties, (b) the viscosity of the liquid which will determine its rate of spreading, (o) the soture of the solid which will determine its tendency to be spread. The second stage of study of binding preperties is their con- dition after being water-soaked for some definite length of time. A Glass Plate test is used to investigate the binding proper- ties of asphalte after soaking. This test is accomplished by coat- 1113 two pieces of glass plate (in this instance. three inches square) with oil films of uniform thickness. Granite and limestone. ”£3” size. which had been previously soaked for 24 hours and wiped dry with a clean coth, was placed on the two plates. Ono plate for each specific aggregate. Samples of sixteen different oils were spread on similar plates. After allowing the glass plates to re- main in the open for fifteen minutes, they were placed in a contain- or which had enough water to cover them to the depth of about three inches. This water was kept at roan temperature (20°C) throughout the test. These plates were allowed to soak for ten days, after which the glass plates were quickly inverted and held in this posi- tion to allow the stones whose bonds had been broken by the water to fall off. 'Ihrough this test a comparative binding efficiency of the oils for granite and limestone is made. Also, under normal .9. conditions. this was also a test on the displacement of the oil from the plate glass surface. With each granite plate having al- :Iost the some film.thicknese as the corresponding limestone plate. the results were, as expected. very much alike. Taken as a shale. the majority of the oils showed exception- ally good head for the limestone, Iith a no showing likewise for granite. The exceptionally poor oils were: 1. approximately 8% effic int as a bond agent or,it was almst totally displaced fran the stones by the water; oil M was an exception in the way it acted as suitable binder ft:- the grainite plate, but not fer the limstono. This case was apposite to that of oil 8, which showed good Bond for the limestone. Another characteristic of almost all of tin plates was the condition of the oil film.on the glass plate: with a few exceptions. the films wore all‘brckcn and formed into weathered, disentegrated oil masses. The exceptions spoken of in the previous paragraph were oils 6. B. I. X, L, l. and 0. They showed the least film weathering and practically no displacanent of oils frun either the stones or the glass plates. Taken as a comparative test. the plates showed the best oils for cold. dry stone patching. 10 1.! 1-; H II .3 no preceding snapshot shows. although none too clearly, the black plates—the ones whose oil bond was insufficient to hold the stones. Reading left to right, the top row beings with the lime- stone plate of oil A and so on to 011 H. The plates in the second row are the corresponding granite plates of the oils. The third row begins with oil I on the left and ends with 011 P on the right, with the corresponding granite plates below them. 'Ihe following table cmpares the binding properties of each oil. PLATE TEST 0 TEE-DAY SOJ‘iKII‘J'G pile '1 Limestone Bond { Granite Bond ! Film Weathered! A Good Good Slightly B Poor Very poor Highly c Good Good Slightly D Very good Good Slightly E Fair Fair Highly I Exceptionally poor Except. poor Highly 6 Very good Very good Very slightly H Perfect Perfect Not weathered I Very good Very good No weathering 3 Good Very good No weathering K Poor Very g) od Slightly 1. Very good Perfect Slightly M Very poor Very good Slightly N Very good Perfect No weathering 0 Perfect Perfect No weathering P Very good Fair 1-1le * Rmrksi the various grades of bond for each oil is obtained by comparing the number of stones that remain on the plate after soak- ing, with the number originally placed on it before cooking. The soothered condition of the film denotes the derree of destruction of the film by the water. In order to study more clearly the effects of displacing and weathering of the oils by water, a Beaker Test was devised to com- e9- plete the experimmt. It consisted of samples of 150 one of "3;" limestone being coated with 1-1.5 gas of oil. In order to increase, uniformity of films. these samples were warmed to 100°C. allowed to cool for thirty minutes, then placed in numbered hackers and cover- ed with distilled water. ‘Ihese bonkers were set in a place well out of the sunlight and allowed to soak. They were inspected dten enough to be sure that the stones were completely covered with water at all times. After fifteen days of seeking, the bankers were inspected. With few exceptions, the oils had famed spherical drops on the stones. Oils 3, G, and M, in addition, showed a slight change in color from black to slightly brown. Although the results were easily noted on sight, it was quite impossible to show distinct effects by snapshots. 0n close scrutiw, the stones in beaker 1' appear much lighter the: the others. This was caused by the almost canplete displacement of the oil from the stones by the water. The following table shows the comparative results after a thirty-day period of seeking. BRAKE]? TBS! - THIRTY-DAY SOAKING Oils ‘. colic};w J Condition of Film ': Luster A Dark brown Pair Glossy B Light brcnn Pair mu 0 Brown Poor Slight gloss D Black Good High gloss I Dark beown Pair Glossy P Dark brown Very poor Slight gloss 0 Light brown Good Dull ~10- BEAKER TEST - mIm-DAY SOAICII'TG (can't) 11 Black Very good Glossy I Brown Good Dull 1‘ Brown Very good Dull K mack lair fiish gloss 1. Black Good High gloss ll Very light brain Pair Dull ll Light brown Very good Dull 0 Black and brown Very good Partly glossy P Light broen rsir Dull l Rmrks: Only those oils whose color remained black were considered to be scan-weathered. Also the films of these oils were in either very seed, or at least fair. condition. The film conditions were graded as to the canpleteness of the present oil film on the stones. The oils having very poor or only fair conditions show oil displacement by water. Mid Test In order to complete the analysis of the oils and to test the in- fluence of acid on their preperties. they were tested for their acid contents“ A null sample (6 as) of the asphalt was boiled with e retort in 88 c.e. of benzene. Than 100 c.c. of slightly neutral alcohol was added to the retort and boiled for twenty minutes longer. Ithe clear solution was decanted and 50 0.0. sore alcohol was added to the resi- (u. then boiled twenty minutes more under retort. This solution was decanted and the residue tested to males sure it was no longer acid. Then the total clear solution was mined and lo mm. of barium chloride was added. After allowing it to cool. sir drops of phenolphthalein were added to the solution as indicator, and it was titrated with .64 seal mos. .11- !he Acid Equivalent was found to be equal to the Ice mm nec- essary to neutralise 100 one of oil. Sample: Oil B Suple b.0938 ms. - used .1 cc. .008593 mos/cc r 100 x 1000 - 5.099 Ins/100 an oil 6.9052 mm: Characteristics of Oils Steam Refined Blend of Steam Re-. PROCESS Residue M98E‘10Jineaoapaugracksd . “in; I if F I CO L- B 3 E 1 Specific va1 2500/25 0 .972 .983 .979 1.025 .992 .995 ‘ter a Sediment i 0.0 flash Point-Cleveland Open Cup 00 156 Viscosity-Benoit Rural 60° c Sec. 588 heterogeneity. “nest negative Distillation ‘0 0° 0 W 0/9 0.0 0° 0 315° 0,. 0.0 0° 0 360’ °/° 1e“ rest on Distillation Residu Bit-ass Soluble in 09.“ tests 100 Penetratiu Residue Actual Penetration of Besides 00 Best The hr Residm m. - , run Besidns 9/9 79.7 Dutility 55°. eel/en. no. 95 e e°0 '1 9 9 ismltmes 5 10. Sun-face fen-ice Dyes 88.88 Plate ”I. 0 tons Good ““10. 'em Beebr Test-Linn“ 7.0M Acid Equivalent - 15.83 Lac/100 0.0 O.‘ 0.0 0.3 0.0 150 140 154 130 140 568 465 412 «a «9 Negative has. Positive Sli. Poe 311. Pos 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.: Trace 1.8 0.0 5.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 09.08 99.00 00.80 00.03 ”.07 10' 03 100 I.“ ’8 9i 9 5 11 11% 03.5 90.9 30.1 99.1 00.1 190 m 140 100 110 9.5 9.5 9 5.5 9.5 8.01 18.00 10.00 8.06 B.” 31.00 31.3. ".07 31.31 33.” 7.?“ BM “Poor POO! M h 11‘ M! 43.“ '5.“ 0.87 5.10 “3.0! Good Laced be fair Oood Perfect V.Pocr Pair W W 7 W m 1. “'1’ "‘ .2 0 419937.": Ietes e aedinest f .0 0'.“ 0.“ flash Point Cleveland D). on ’0 51. MO 149 Hostility-Bench Fuel 0 Sec. «0 I” as Wes-mt: rut Ins. Its. los- Distillatim 0o 00 - w s 0.0 0.0 0.0 O. G '1’ ‘ 0.0 0.0 m 0' C 800' ’ 0e. ”.0 .e' rest as Distillation Residu lit-a Seltle is ‘ ”e“ ”.01 ”e” em. on 100 Pastretiu Residue Actual Penetration ef Residue ' IO. 10' 99 Best 1'1. fa Besides he II . . Mel ”dd. ‘ ”a. ”.8 "e. Destility 9500 I. " 4'0 5- i sin. ”a 1.0 .e. .e. Asphalt.“ I 0.49 N.“ 18.14 at... manm/cnhsi.” 53.59 55.11 Plate rest . masts. nous v.69“ nasal - Granite flood v.0ooe Nicol Dealer rest .. Ids-nae deed deed Coed Acid lqeivelest 81.8! 4.09 14." '3 4 £355 ‘5‘? m 9.0 14.07 ".40 7.000! Pair 0.“ 0.0 0.0 0.0 I.“ 01." '7.“ hi! 1’." -13- 1mm ; wormisr Ice 01' 0113 Process m T Straight 77 i Orechd Reed” - cked - -' 0119 T 7 a 1g! 1. 0 3 spam. 0mm ll°e/el°0 .999 1.099 1.099 1.951 Weta' em Sedinent x 0.00 0.0: 0.00 0.40 flash Point Cleveland Open cup °O 170 199 ll! :10 Viscosity Saybolt M01 90%. See. 959 491 490 as heterogeneity rest Positive Positive Positive Positive Distillation 0° to 925°c s 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0' to 515% '- frees mu frees Trees 00 to 500% - 0.9 5.9 1.9 0.9 bet on distillatiu Beeid. Mm @101. ll ”e“ ”e. ”a” 00.0. i‘ests on 100 Penetration Residue Actml Penetrati a 1 Residue 91. M 59 107 “0 T1. fa 116.10. be 4.6 'e’ 1e” 7 Dutility 9900 Gas 1 mm. 150 155 105 90 ' 4°C ' l " 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.0 MM“ ‘- P3,,“ 13s“ 10.“ “.M 13.00 m. Tmia '- Emcee/011;. 38.80 83." 57.10 80.00 Plate fest Lineet me 7. Good Per-feet Good Perfect Granite Perfect Perfect Good Pei-feet Bearer 'i‘est - Lil-stone 7. Good Y. Good fair 7. Good Acid Equivalent 1°e" ‘e’l 0.41 IO.” 1. I. t. 5. 6. 7. mm AND COIICLUSION 'nie DuNouys Ring and Percent Benzene mthod. if accepted. is the not practical yet proposed for determining surface ten- alone. Antwan 3.1.. although we far pure liquids. does not hold for asphalts and aggregates. me Plate that is e ample. but effective. test for the bond- ing propertbs of asphalts. Ii'he Beaker Test is by for the most efficient d the tests on oil displecusnt by nter. me oils having the higiest surface tension were either cracks or blade of cracks. The only exception to this con- clusion is oil 0. finish is a steam refiud crude. Oils having low surface tensions were found to have fairly poor bonding qualities. However. this is not true for'oil D. Oilrisaneraeptimlenmple. havinathelowestsurfaee tension. It is also outstanding as the poorest binder of the oils. Games-ed according to their asphaltens content. the oils with the highest surface tension also have the avatar esplnltene content s 1. 3. 4. 7. 10. 31mm “Adhesion in Relation to Bitminous Road Materials" A. R. Lee: ice. of Chen. and Ind. I. 65 - EST-9T, February, 1936. Physioo-Chanioal Aspects of Asphalt Pavements: energy re- lations between asphalt and mineral aggregate and their measuremmts. c. Mack: ind. and Eng: Chan. 27:1500-6, December, 1935. Surface Tension by to ring method: eppli nobility of the DuNouys apparatus. R. they: L: Chm. Edge; 1235734, December. 1955. Surface Tension Monuments of Viscous liquids A. H. Pfund and E. W. Greenfield: Rayon a: Melliand 1733834, June. 1936. "The Validity of Antonoss Rule" R. Luna and H. P. Zwikksr: melee, Vol. 1. 1933-34. p.118]. he Colloidal Nature d Asphslt ss Sheen by its not Proper- ties. Re No “0: 3M 0. E. W: I. Egg-E: 011.: '01. 4O - B0. 9. mm. 1936. The Physieel ministry of Asphaltio Bitumen Re No me: Me Mm v01. 19 - N0. .. octobel‘. 1956. “Colloid Chemistry" ’. mnndflr - Vol. I. Chmiesl Catalog Canpsny. 'Physiee-Ohemiosl methods“ 3. Reilly. D. Mosh-end Co. “Asphslts and Allied Substances" n. ibrshm - ad Edition D. Vsnllostrend Co. ‘ ..‘: 2M «3- - )3- :4 it 4. 108323 8664 108323 cop.1 Smith A simplified method of meas 4g ing the surface tension of ; asphaltic oils & comparati: properties. ,-wm£§eyoono} ‘5 4§* ‘3 . .o - u, :2 fl .. , y ‘ r,. ‘J 't Y 'A , ‘ ‘ r . 1 F r3 1295‘ 3 itL‘TV L18" “.mFx FF 1‘; I‘M "‘Iw N .‘ H “H l 0445 75 J V"/ 1 AI