EFFECT OF TESTOSTERONE AND

CASTRAHON ON THE GROWTH AND
CARCASS CHARACTERiSTICS OF SWINE

Thesis S’s»: flu Mm of M. S,
MQCHIGAN STATE COLLEGE
Ralph Peiiistsr Sou—la, Jr.
1950

 

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This is to certify that the

thesis entitled

"Effect of Castration and Testosterone
on the
Growth and Carcass Characteristics of Swine".

presented by
Ralph P. Souls, Jr.

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for

_Maste_r_ .' Bdegree mm
Animal Husbandry

 

Date MW V

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EFFECT OF TESTOSTERONE AND CASTRATION

ON THE GROWTH AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF SWINE

BY
Ralph PollisterԤgule, Jr.

A THESIS

Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan
State College of Agriculture and Applied Science
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Animal Husbandry
1950

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The writer wishes to express his sincere appreciation
to Professor L. J. Bratzler, Associate Professor of Animal
Husbandry for his helpful guidance and constructive criti-
cism in carrying out this project.

He is also grateful to Dr. P. E. Reineke, Professor
of Physiology and Pharmacology for his aid in the physio-
logical work and to Dr. P. C. Paul, Associate Professor in
Foods and Nutrition for her aid in the cooking determinations.

He is also indebted to Dr. G. W. Radimersky, Associate
Professor of Foreign Languages for his work in translating
the German articles.

To his wife, Dorothy, he is deeply indebted for her
encouragement and sacrifices which.made it possible to

carry out this advanced work.

2.37517

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Object of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Review of Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h
Methods of Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . e 60

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Appendix C O O O O 0 O O O O O C . . O C . . O O C 68

INDEX TO FIGURES, ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES

Page
Table I. CaStration Weight and Age 0 o o o o o 0 so 16

Table II. Formulae Used in Statistical Analysis . . 21

Table III. Feed Consumption and Daily Gain
By Lots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2h

Table IV. Analysis of Variance of Dressing

Per Cent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Table V. Analysis of Variance of Length

Of Carcass o o o o o e e o e o o e o e o 29
Table VI. Analysis of Variance of Leg Length . . . 30

Table VII. Analysis of Variance of Average

Back Fat Measurements . . . . . . . . . . 55

Table VIII. Analysis of Variance of Per Cent

Of Lean o o o o o e e o e o o e e o o o o 55

Table IX. Analysis of Variance of Per Cent

Live Weight Cut Out . . . . . . . . . . . hl

Table X. Analysis of Variance of Per Cent

Carcass Cut Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . A2

Table XI. Analysis of Variance of

Acceptability of Pork ChOps . . . . . . . 50

Table XII.

Table XIII.

Table XIV.

Figure I.

Figure II.

Illustration

Illustration

Illustration

III
Page
Analysis of Variance of

Kidney Weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Accessory Sex Glands and

Kidney Weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5h

Weight of Seminal Vesicles and COWper's
Glands of Figs Castrated at Different

Ageseoooooooeeoooooooe 56

Relationship Between the Per Cent of

Lean and Live Weight Cut Out . . . . . . LS

Relationship Between the Per Cent of

Lean and Carcass Cut Out . . . . . . . . h6

I. Eye Muscle and Back Fat of Chop
Cut At Last Rib From a Boar,
Barrow and 100 pound Castrate

Carcass . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

II. Eye Muscle and Back Fat of Chop
Cut At Last Rib from a Boar and

Two 180 pound Castrates . . . . . 57

III. Seminal Vesicles and Cowper's
Glands from a Boar and 180 pound

caStI‘ate . o o o e o e o O O O O O 55

INTRODUCTION -

Removal of testes and ovaries has been practiced by
man since ancient times. The Emperors and Empresses of
China in the Han's dynasty castrated men for punishment as
well as servants in the courts. In ancient times, men des-
tined for the priesthood were castrated, while others were
castrated to preserve high pitched sOprano voices for choral
purposes. Historians attribute one of the causes of the
fall of the Holy Roman Empire to the fact that castration of
man was practiced and the eunuchs were in power. Man early
realized that castration of animals improved their ability
to fatten and also the quality of meat. He also recognized
that castration of the male bovine produced a better beast
of burden; namely, the ox. Castration of animals is still
practiced. Man caponizes the male fowl, castrates male
calves, pigs, lambs and colts. Castration greatly enhances
the market value of steers, lambs and pigs as it reduces
restlessness and sexual activity, facilitating the fattening
and increasing the palatability of the meat as well as pro-
ducing a higher dressing percentage. Castration of the male
foal inhibits the sexual libido and thus improves the
gelding's performance under harness.

As science progresses, it is being recognized more and

more that greater coordination among the various fields of

both the pure and applied sciences will produce greater

results. The time has come when the animal husbandman can
no longer isolate himself from the chemist, nutritionist,
physiologist and the other scientists. The feed the animal
consumes, the functions of the exocrine and endocrine glands,
the metabolism.as well as the management practices, are all
interrelated in the growth and efficiency of the fanm animal.
Swine have gone through many evolutionary changes since
the time of the wild boar hunts of pro-historic and medieval
times. In the United States, from pre-revolutionary days to
the present, the type of hog has varied. At one time, the
short, chuffy lard type hog was popular and profitable for
the farmer to raise. The consumer accepted the fat as lard
and seemed to enjoy the fat cuts of pork, such as fresh
side and salt pork. Today the swine raiser finds that a
lower price is received for his 500 and hOO pound hogs. The
consumer buys vegetable oil shortening and other lard sub-
stitutes which are in strong competition with lard. Conse-
quently, lard is nothing more than another by-product of the
hog and is relatively cheap. The consumer wants leaner cuts
and refuses salt pork and fresh side pork. Therefore, the
producer must raise a lighter weight hog and one which will

yield a greater proportion of lean cuts.

OBJECT OF THE STUDY

The lack of consumer demand for lard and its resultant
low price has materially increased the price of the leaner
and.more desirable pork cuts. Both the producer and consumer
would benefit materially from hogs that yield a higher per-
centage of the lean or muscled cuts. The commercial practice
of discounting boars and stage on the livestock market is
based upon the assumption that a certain percentage of the
individuals will produce an objectionable or strong flavored
product which cannot be sold as fresh or cured pork. There_
is no clear cut explanation as to the cause of this odor
in pork. There is very little literature as to an explana-
tion of the results of castration and testosterone adminis~
tration as there are many fundamental problems concerning
the function, behavior and interrelationship of the various
endocrine glands. It was the purpose of this study to find
the,effect of testosterone administration and/or delayed
castration on the sex accessory organs, muscle develOpment,car-

case measurements and flavor of the pork.

REVIEW OF LITERAng

Although castration of male animals has been practiced
by man for centuries, it was not until the beginning of the
twentieth century that his curiosity was aroused to such a
degree that he asked himself, "what are the basic physio-
logical effects of castration?". Since that time, many
researchers have published their findings of the effects
of castration and the subsequent administration of the sex
hormone. One can find very little work that has been done
with swine. However, there is much literature on experi-
ments with the classical laboratory animals as well as
clinical work with human subjects.

Brown-Sequard, cited by Turner (57) in 1889, at the
age of 72, injected testicular extracts into himself and
claimed to have elicited striking rejuvenating effects in
himself. In 1911, Pezard (2) reported that he obtained
stimulation of the growth of the capon by injecting a rela-
tively small amount of cryptorchid pig testes. It is
general knowledge that the androgens have the capacity to
prevent atrOphy of the secondary sex structures - prostates,
seminal vesicles, Cowper's glands and also in the case of
the hog, the prepuce. The restoration of the sex accessory
glands of a castrated rat is used as an assay method for
testosterone. Moore, et a1 (39) rebuilt the seminal vesicles

to normal from castrated rats at different ages of castration

by testosterone injections from bull testes. They found
that the effectiveness of the potent factor in the injection
extract was merely temporary and that in order to overcome
castration effects for any length of time, injections have
to be made without intermission. J

Eidelsberg and Ornstein (10) support this view of con-
tinuous treatment. They observed the long time treatment of
testosterone propionate. Subcutaneous injections for two
years, in addition to 200 mg. pellets of testosterone pro-
pionate implanted under the skin gave no ill effects or
untoward symptoms in treating patients who failed to develop
male characteristics upon puberty. They found however, that
treatment must be continued. Certain workers claim that
high doses of testosterone prOpionate exert a growth de-
pressing effect.

Rubinstein, et a1 (h6) found that testosterone propionate
given in doses of one mg. intraperitoneally daily except
Sunday from 26 to 80 days significantly depresses body weight
and length of the male albino rat. They stated that the
growth curve approached that of castration. Dosages and time
were important factors in the production of the observed
effects. They believed that high dosage of testosterone
propionate exerted its growth depressing effect by inhibiting
the growth hormone production of the pituitary gland.

Ludwig (35) studied the effect of androgens on

spermatogenesis. His results showed that low doses of

testosterone propionate suppressed the secretion of gonado-
trOphin by the pituitary and thus indirectly injured the
testes, producing loss of weight and inhibition of sperm
production. High doses, which likewise inhibit the pituitary,
resulted in a level of androgen which stimulated the semini-
ferous tubules directly. Thus, testicular weight was main-
tained and spermatogenesis proceeded in a normal manner even
in the face of a diminished supply of gonadotrOphin.

Turner, et al (56) found in their experiment that pro-
longed injection of large amounts of testosterone prOpionate
did not significantly alter the skeletal maturation or body
growth in rats.

Several workers have studied the effects of animals
castrated before puberty. Richter (hh) noticed that rats
spayed or castrated before puberty showed a constant low level
of activity throughout life. Removal of sex glands produced
about a h/S decrease in daily running activity. Why there
was a decrease was not clearly understood by Richter. However,
he showed that adrenalectomy, hypophysectomy and thyroidectomy
can reduce the activity as much as gonadectomy.

Rubenstein, et a1 (hS) castrated immature white rats and
obtained a suppression of somatic growth as determined by
body weight and length, both of which were significantly in-
hibited. Sanberg (h8) found somewhat different results. He
found that the food intake and weight curves of male and female

rats which had been castrated before puberty were similar to

that of normal animals. The weight curves of male rats which
had been castrated after pubertywmre similar to those of
normal animals up to the age of 50 weeks. Then the curve of
castration flattened out and at to weeks of age controls
weighed 10 per cent more.

There seem to be conflicting views as to whether testos-
terone administration can cause an increase in body weight.
Overbeek and Tausk (hZ), working with female monkeys, injected
testosterone propionate daily and received regular increase in
body weight. Rubinstein and Solomon (h9) administered testos-
terone propionate to albino male rats which led to a signifi-
cant increase in body weight and length. Korenchevsky (25)
found that castration and cryptorchidism produced a decrease
in body weight but an increase in fat deposition. Kenyon (19)
treated h eunuchoids with daily testosterone prOpionate injec-
tions. Results revealed an increase in body weight. The
authors cited gave no definite explanation as to why there
was an increase or decrease in body weight in their experiments.

Papanicolaou and Falk (hfi) studied the general muscular
hypertrophy induced by the androgenic hormone. The temporal
muscles of adult male guinea pigs castrated before sexual
maturity remained small and flat as in adult females. The
muscles of such castrated males did not respond to treatment
with gonadotrophic hormone. This treatment was likewise
ineffective in spayed females. These observations indicated
that the presence of the gonads was necessary for the pro-

duction of muscular hypertrophy. Various experiments were

then performed in order to determine particularly the effect
of the androgenic hormone. Castrated immature males and
spayed females as well as normal females were treated with
testosterone propionate and a definite hypertrOphy of the
temporal and other muscles of the body resulted. Progesterone
and estrogen did not produce'this effect.

Gonadectomy and testosterone propionate administration
can cause a decrease or increase in the size of glands
and organs other than the sex accessory glands. Leathem (28)
observed an increase in the weight of kidney, spleen and
liver in the castrated rat with small doses of testosterone
prepionate. Kochakian (22) showed that androgen therapy re-
turned the castration - hypertrophied adrenals to normal.
Moore (38) found that gonadectomy of both male and female is
followed by a relative decrease in the size of the adrenals
but only slightly so in males. Korenchevsky (22) cited Bauer
and Bollinger as having found a slight increase in the heart
weight of bulls and stallions compared with those of oxen and
geldings.

Korenchevsky (22) studied the increase in size of the
pituitary after castration. He concluded from his results
that the greater activity of extracts from the pituitary
glands of castrated animals in gonad stimulating prOperties
constituted evidence that castration definitely influences
the gonadotrophic properties of the pituitary.

Lewis, et a1 (31), while studying the effect of steroids

on the incidence of diabetes in castrated and 95 per cent
pancreaectomized rats, found that 500 micrograms daily of
testosterone propionate increased the body weight, liver,
kidneys, seminal vesicles and prostate. These workers gave
three possibilities as to how the mechanism by which the
androgens and estrogens exert their influence:
1. Hormones act through the hypophysis,
adrenals or liver.
2. They act directly on the pancreas.
5. They act on the peripheral tissues e.g.
the muscle fiber.

Korenchevsky (25) found that castration produced an
atrophy of the thyroid while the adrenals and hypophysis were
hypertrophied. He explained that the sex hormone production
of the seminiferous (Sertoli) cells stimulate metabolism
and the thyroids, while the interstitial (Leydig's) cells
produce hormones necessary for the normal growth of and
development of the adrenals and hypophysis.

The review of literature of the effects of castration.
and androgenic administration with farm animals is limited.
Some work has been done with sheep. Hunt, at al (18)
studied the effect of castration of lambs on their develop-
ment and quality of meat. Their results showed that rams
carried a higher percentage of lean in rib cuts than did
wethers. The wethers produced a greater weight of fat and

a higher percentage of fat in rib and shoulder cuts than

did rams, especially at older ages.

10

Andrews, et a1 (3) administered sex hormones to ten lots
of blackface wether lambs. Five treatments were used in
duplicate. One of the treatments consisted of a 10 mg.
pellet of testosterone implanted subcutaneously. Another
treatment consisted of a 10 mg. pellet of testosterone
implanted at the start of the experiment and 10 mg. h5 days
later. The wethers gained Duh} and O.hl pounds respectively
against 0.35 pounds for the controls. The feed required per
pound of gain in treated lots was significantly less than
that required by the controls. Carcass quality appeared to
be improved by the administration of testosterone.

A few workers have made studies comparing boars and
‘barrows. Winters, et al (59) took live body measurements
of boars and barrows. Measurements were made on the length,
heart and flank girth, depth back of shoulders, width of
loin and height at shoulders. At 12 weeks, the boars were
significantly heavier. At 2h weeks, the barrows were
significantly heavier. No true sex differences in.measure-
ments were noticed at 8 and 12 weeks. At 20 weeks, one breed
of boars showed a significantly taller measurement than the
barrows of the same breed. In another breed, the boars were
significantly deeper. At 2h weeks, the length of the boars
was the only significant difference in the measurements over
the barrows. Winters (59) explained that the measurements
indicated that the differences in growth between boars and
barrows was due largely to differences in the skeleton and

deposition of fat, the former being in favor of the boars

11

and the latter in favor of the barrows. He further stated
that the testes first accelerate increased weight but that
at puberty some other factor entered in and had a depressing
effect.
Hammond and Murray (15) made a study of the body pro-
portions of different breeds of bacon pigs. Their results
will be reviewed in the discussion on back fat thickness.
Baker (h) studied the influence of age at castration on the
size of various organs of pigs. Six pigs were castrated at
approxmmately 50 days of age, 7 pigs castrated at approxi-
mately 100 days, 2 pigs castrated at approximately 200 days
and 2 left as boars. He weighed the seminal vesicles,
Cowper's glands, adrenals, thyroid, pineal and pituitary.
All of the pigs were slaughtered at 300 days from birth.
His summary was as follows:
1. Seminal vesicles, Cowper's glands and adrenals
are smaller when castration is performed at
100 days than when performed at 200 days.

2. There is much less difference, if any at all,
according to whether castration is performed
at 50 or 100 days.

5. Thyroid, pineal and pituitary are not

significantly affected.

Norby and Gildow (hO) studied the modifying effect of
cryptorchid testes on the swine accessory sex glands. They

found that accessory glands of cryptorchid pigs did not

12

make as rapid a growth as those that had normally developed
testes in the scrotum. Testes were twice as large in boars
as they were in cryptorchids. McMeekan (57),who has done ex-
tensive work with the growth and development of swine with
reference to carcass quality characteristics, made unis
statement, "while little definite evidence is available, it
is a matter of common observation that the entire male pig
has heavier bones and less fat than entire females.”

German investigators have been concerned with the sexual
odor of meat from boars and cryptorchid boars. Lerche (50),
at the institute of Food Hygiene of the University of Berlin,
made this comment, "As soon as the male hog is sexually mature
and the testes become capable of functioning, there seems to
be a Specific sexual odor, which is onion like or unpleasantly
perspirative, occuring in all boars with normally developed
testes. It is also present in the case of cryptorchids unless
the testes lying in the abdominal cavity are atrophied." He
stated that the views of butchers asserting that the odor of
the meat can be avoided if the animals had no opportunity to
become sexually excited before slaughtering are erroneous.
He also investigated the meat, fat, and parotid glands of
32 boars at different time intervals after castration. Boars
ranging between 3/h and 5% years of age were castrated and
went through a rest period of 8 to 75 days before slaughtering.
He described his cooking determination as follows: "The
cooking samples as well as the roasting samples were put into

an Erlenmeyer flask where small cubed pieces were boiled in

15

a little water." He claimed excellent results with this
method as the odors do not disperse into space as in the

case of rendering fat in an Open container or during the
rubbing of bacon in a hot pan. The results of his experi-
ments showed that in the case of castrated boars, the sexual
odor during the first weeks after castration is always per-
ceptible and is attached particularly to the fat. After 55
days, a considerable lessening of the odor took place so

that only a weak odor was present. After 57 days, the
situation was similar. The first completely negative results
on pieces of fat were obtained 68 days after castration.
However, extremely slight off odor in the fat was detected

in some animals 75 days after castration. Positive tests of
the lean were detectable only up to the tenth day after
castration. Results were different in the case of the parotid
gland. It produced a definite sexual odor even though the meat
and fat gave negative results.

Lerche (50) recommended that with all late castrated
boars, a cooking test be made using the salivary gland below
the external ear (parotid). If the parotid alone shows a
sexual odor, the carcass should be removed.

Dr. Kunze (2?), a local veterinarian at the Meizen
Packing Plant, mentioned the fact that in 20 cases of sexual
odor in cryptorchid boars, pickling for a period of 5 weeks
eliminates the odor. He further mentioned that the odor in
the pickling process is bound by the salt.

Dr. Heydt (l6), municipal veterinarian atSWuttgart,
commented on the dissertation of Gereke (l5). Gereke (l5)
furnished the surprising proof that the carrier of the
sexual odor of boars is to be found in the parotid gland.
He stated that there must exist a connection between the
testes and the salivary glands located below the external
ear. He substantiated this fact on the basis of "parotitis
epidemics” when a frequent swelling of the testes also
occurs. Hypertrophy of the parotid gland in man (mumps)
is accompanied by a hypertrOphy of the testes. Gereke (l5)
pointed toward the observation that the sex smell on the
living animal occurs particularly during excitement when
much saliva is produced. Heydt (16) further cited cases
where boar carcasses were hung for 2, 5 and 5 weeks without

a disappearance of the odor.

15

METHODS OF PROCEDURE

A total of 2h boar pigs of a Poland China-Hampshire-
Duroc cross averaging h0.h pounds were used in the experi-
ment. The pigs were farrowed between May 1st and 15th and
were put on experiment July 19. They were divided into
six lots of four pigs each. The pigs were ear notched
according to the Michigan State College system.

Lots 1 and.2 were castrated at approximately to pounds.
Lot 1 was left as normal barrow controls. Lot 2 was im-
planted with pellets of testosterone propionate. One pellet
weighing approximately 195 milligrams was implanted in
muscular tissue at the base of the ham. Lots 5, h and 5
were castrated as nearly as possible at weights of 100, lhO
and 180 pounds, respectively. Lot 6 was left as normal boar

controls. (See Table l).

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All lots were self fed on rape pasture and had access to
an automatic waterer. The ration fed was as follows:
Ground Corn......................60%
Ground Oats......................20%
Soybean OilMeal_(hl%)...........12%
Meat Scraps...................... 6%
Mineral.......................... 2%
Mineral mixture consisted of: ,_ _
-Iodized Salt...................30.5%
Ground Limestone...............5l.5%
Bonemeal.......................5l.5%
Magnesium Carbonate............ 5.0%
Trace mineral quantity sufficient for
100 pounds of mineral mixture.
After one month on experiment, Vitamin B was added to
the ration as followszj
N1acin..........................15mg per pound of feed

Galoium PantOthenatoseeosoonOoolomg " N n ”

Riboflavin...................... 2mg " " " "
Individual weights and feed consumption were recorded,
every two weeks. All boars and barrows were taken off feed
when they reached a weight of 210 to 220 pounds or as near
this as possible. They weretattooed and held for 2h hours
before slaughter. Immediately after bleeding and dehairing

the hogs, the sex accessory glands were removed. The seminal

vesicles (vesiculae seminales) were tied off at the excretory

18

ducts to lessen the loss of fluid. The body of the prostate
was weighed with the seminal vesicles plus the vesiculae
fluid as the prostate body, being concealed by the seminal
vesicles, was difficult to dissect without loss of fluid.
The Cowper's glands (bulbo-uretheral) and fluid contents
were weighed after removing the layer of striated.muscle

(M. bulbo-glandularis). The prepuce was removed to examine
the condition due to the various stages of castration. The
weights of the testicles were also recorded in the case of
the boar controls.

All hogs were dressed packer style and the cold weights
recorded (leaf fat out) after 2h hours in the chill room. At
this time, carcass measurements were taken from the hanging
carcass and recorded in millimeters. The length of the body
was measured from the junction of the last cervical and
first thoracic vertebrae to the anterior edge of the
symphysis pubis. The leg length was measured from the
anterior edge of the symphysis pubis to the coronary band.
Back fat measurements were taken over the 1st rib at the
junction of the last cervical and first thoracic vertebrae;
over the 7th rib at the junction of the 6th and 7th thor-
acic vertebrae, over the last rib at the junction of the
last thoracic and let lumbar vertebrae; and over the center
of the last lumbar vertebra. The back fat thickness for
each carcass was calculated by averaging the measurements

of the 1st and last rib and last lumbar.

19

Both sides of the carcass were cut and primal cut weights
recorded. A 2% rib shoulder was removed. The jowl, breast
flap, neck bones, clear plate and front foot just above the
knee were removed. The New York Style shoulder was weighed
as the first primal cut.

The ham was separated between the 2nd and 5rd sacral
vertebrae on a line perpendicular to the hind leg. The tail,
flank, surplus fat and shank at the hook were removed. A
skinned ham was made leaving about 5/8 of an inch of fat
on the skinned portion. The skinned ham was weighed as the
second primal cut. The pellets from two of the lot 2 care
casses were recovered.

The loin plus fat back and belly were separated along
a line about an inch from the tenderloin muscle at the
posterior surface to about an inch from the end of the
backbone on the blade and of the loin. At this time,
tracings were made of the eye muscle and.fat at the last
rib on the right side of each carcass. The total area of
lean and fat were measured using a planimeter. The fat
back was removed from the loin, leaving about 5/8 of an inch
covering of fat. The trimmed loin was weighed as the third
primal cut. The spare ribs were lifted from the belly which
was trimmed "barrow style" and weighed as the fourth primal
cut.

Eight chops from each of the 2h carcasses were sent to

the Foods and Nutrition Department where cooking and

20

palatability tests were made. Each lot of eight chOps was
divided to give duplicate tests. The chOps were browned in
a hot pan, then a small amount of water added, the pan _
covered and the cooking finished in a slow (250°F) oven.
All samples were tested and scored while warm as to appear-
ance, aroma, flavor of fat, flavor of lean, juiciness,
tenderness and texture. The scoring scale was based on 1
to 7 points with the latter being excellent and 1 very poor.
The cooking losses were determined. The panel tasting
committee consisted.of'members of the Animal Husbandry and
Foods and Nutrition Departments.

A statistical analysis of the data was made using the
formulae shown in Table 2. A correlation analysis was
made between the per cent live primal cut yield and per cent
area of lean of the chops and between the per cent cold
carcass cut yield and per cent area of lean of the chOps
for the six lots. An analysis of variance and t-test were
calculated between the lots for carcass measurements, live
and carcass primal cut yield, kidney weights, dressing per cent,
per cent of lean of the chops, acceptability and daily rate

of gain. Other data are presented in table form.

TABLE II

21

FORMULAE USED IN STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Analysis of Variance:

sx2- (sx)2

 

sxi {- 5:3-----sx§ - cur. =

n

 

t-test

 

 

m w. rror Variancg
67.1.. ‘VET

1Ffi‘

CflTl ‘ m2:: Cle V.% '.%

((1111 '- mg) (table for t) :

Correlation Analysis:

sxr - (sx) N(srj

Total sum of squares (5h)

Sum of squares between

Lots (5h)

Significant level between
means (5)

 

 

 

 

rxy : WE XZ- 2(3xj EYZ-

 

 

6} 1— 1 ‘ r2
1/n.- 2
SY2 - SY - bSXY
63 1: 'l— Na?
Y :: lr-I' g;; (x -‘i)

 

 

3*
H
4433'

(58)

we

(32)

(5)

Regression equation (58)

(58)

22

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Feed Consumption and Daily Gain

Comparisons of total feed consumed, feed consumed per
100 pounds of gain, pig days, initial and final weight and
average daily rate of gain by lots are presented in Table
III. Statistical treatment of the daily rate of gain be-
tween the lots did not show any significance. This is in
agreement with.Hunt, et a1, (18) who found no significant
difference in the average rates of gain.made between rams
and wethers. _

Bratzler, et a1, (6) in their study at the Michigan
station could find no significant difference in the daily
gain between boars and barrows. It was impossible to
test for significance between the lots as to total feed con-
(sumed and feed consumed per 100 pounds of gain as the data
were recorded by lots rather than by individuals within the
lots. The mean for feed consumed per 100 pounds gain for
all of the lots was 577.67 pounds. ‘It is evident from Table
III that none of the lots showed any appreciable increase or
decrease from this mean.

Holt, et a1 (17) substantiate' this somewhat while
studying the effects of gonadectomy on the body structure
and body weight in albino rats. They found no significant

difference in food intake between castrated and normal males.

23

The 180 pound castrates (Lot 5) and the normal boar controls
(Lot 6) were carried on the experiment for 155 and 159 days,
respectively. This is longer than the mean of l2h.67 for all
lots. However, as can be seen in Table III, the final weight
of Lots 5 and 6 were proportionately heavier than the other

lots. See Appendix A for individual data on feed consumption
and gain.

2h

 

awn mmsm Hm.H mMH mm.:mm m>.mm e
eon mmem m:.H mmH mm.e~m mm.mm m
mmm emmm em.H mHH mm.eHm om.o: e
emm meem e:.H omH mm.eHm om.H: m
can mmem mm.H mHH mm.omm mm.oe m
Hmm :Hem H:.H mmH me.mHm om.H: H
Idowsaobdv :Hdw possnnoo 7&amwao>¢v Aowwuo>¢u “cwwaobdv Idowdao><v eoz
ended 00H\eesee eeea Hence nHee aHHeo emeo an .es HeeHa .ea HeHeHeH eoH

usoo pooh nonwom

 

 

HHH mum<a

meoq Mm ZH<0 MHHdQ Q24 ZOHBmSszoo QEMm

25

DressinggPer Cent

Analysis of variance of dressing per cent between the
lots reveals that there is a highly significant difference
as shown in Table IV. The t-test shows that the barrows,
testosterone treated barrows and the 100 pound castrates
of lots 1, 2 and 5 respectively had a significantly higher
dressing per cent than the 1h0, 180 pound castrates and
boar controls. However, in the case of the 180 pound cas-
trates compared with.the lhO pound castrates, the opposite
is true. The general higher dressing per cent of the
barrows of lots 1 and.2 and the 100 pound castrates would
be expected since the boar controls and lhO and 180 pound
castrates averaged a thinner back fat and a higher per cent
of lean in the loin as will be discussed later. For a sum-
mary of the off feed weight, shrinkage, slaughter weight,

cold carcass weight and dressing per cent, see Appensix B.

26

TABLE IV

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF DRESSING PER CENT *wn

Source D F S S M 3 F
Total 25 57.25***%

Between Lots 5 20.80 h.16 h.65**
Within Lots 18 l6.h5 .916

t-test - Difference between means to be highly
significant .9756

'i Lot 1 7h.05 Lot 2 73.66 Lot 3 75.86

Lot A 71.61 Lot 5 72.92 Lot 6 72.12
Lot 1,2,5 dressing per cent significantl§*higher than Lot h,6
Lot 1 n w a n t! n Lot 5
Lot 5 ” " " " " " Lot h

** Highly significant
new Appendix J

**** Calculations coded by X-70

2?

Carcass Measurements

An analysis of variance shows that there is a highly
significant difference between the lots in body length.
Individual lot differences were evaluated by the t-test.

The boar controls had a longer length of body than any of

the other lots, being significant at the 1 per cent level

as shown in Table V. The same is true for the 1h0 and 180
pound castrates over the barrows and 100 pound castrates.
These results are again similar to those of Bratzler, et a1,
(6) who found a greater body length of boars as compared with
barrows. These results also agree with Moore (hO) who found
greater body length in normal male guinea pigs than in cas-
trated males. Also “ubinstein, et a1, (h?) previously cited,
castrated white immature male rats which led to a suppres-
sion of somatic growth as determined by body weight and

body length, both of which were significantly inhibited.

The question of bone length was discussed by Novak (hll
who cites Finkler, et al.(l9hh). They made a roentgenologi-
cal study of the effect of hormone therapy on bone growth
of children. They showed that testosterone administration
has a tendency to accelerate longitudinal bone growth without
hastening epiphmmal union. Dorf (9) obtained similar results
with an increase in length of children after chorionic gona-

dotropin administration.

28

Statistical analysis of the leg length gave similar
results es shown in Table VI. Both the boar controls and
180 pound castrated boars were significantly longer in
leg length. However, the leg length of the 100 pound cas-
trates was significantly longer than the two lots of barrows

and lhO pound castrates.

29

any

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE or LENGTH OF CARCA§§*fin mm.)

Source D F S S M 3 F
Total 25 115h0

Between Lots 5 9096' 1819.20 l5.h0*s
Within Lots 18 2hhh 155.78

t-test - Difference between means to be highly
significant 11.85

Lot 1 727.25 Lot 2 75h.50 Lot 5 727.00
Lot A 750.25 Lot 5 751.00 Lot 6 785.2

>fl
I

Lot 6 length of carcass significantlyTEreater than Lot 1,2,5,h,5
LOt (+95 I? I! u N I! I! LOt 1,2,5

** Highly Significant
see Appendix K

50

TABLE VI
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF LEG LENGTH can

Source D r s S _ M s F
Total 25 5858.62trss

Between Lots 5 5h59.87 687.97 5.16%*
Within Lots 18 2598.75 155.26

t—test - Difference between means to be highly
significant 11.7h
i I: Lot 1 5h1.5o Lot 2 555.75 Lot 5 550.00
_ Lot A 558.00 Lot 5 562.50 Lot 6 567.00
Lot 5,6 leg length significantl?* longer than Lots l,2,5,h
Lot 5 " " " " " Lots 2,h

as Highly significant
was Appendix V

%%%* Calculations coded by X-5OO

51

The longer body length and the leg length of the boar

controls and 180 pound castrates may have some relationship

to the male sex hormone through some inter-locking relation-
ship with the growth hormone of the anterior pituitary.

The growth hormone is still a controversial subject. £1owever,
Evans and Long, cited by Turner (57),prepared an extract of
bovine pituitaries which was capable of augmenting growth

in the rat. It was found that juvenile rats receiving daily

injections of this extract exceeded the controls in body

weight and in skeletal dimensions. Turner (57) also cited
work done by Evans, et a1, where they secured similar results
with dachshunds. Smith (55) successfully hypophysectomized
the immature rat which resulted in dwarfism. mcCullagh and
Rosmiller \35) had a case of dwarfism in which the boy grew

approximately one inch a year between the ages of 12 and 19.

Various forms of treatment had been tried. During nine and
one half months of continuous therapy with oral methyl
testosterone, (starting with 50 mg and building up to 500 mg
per day), he increased in height at the rate of 5.9 inches

in a year. Silberberg and Silberberg (50) found that estrogen
and testosterone inhibitathe proliferation of caflilage in rats
and guinea pigs while gonadectomy inhibit temporarily the

process of skeletal aging. The results of experiments on body

growth both by androgenic and growth hormones are presented

to show that there is a possible relationship between the

actions of the gonads and hypophysis in their effective prin-
ciples. The author has not been able to find any pertinent

explanation as to why the growth.hormone and the male sex

horm>ne both produce greater skeletal dimensions.

52

The individual differences as evaluated by the t-test
reveals that all lots had a significantly greater back fat
thickness than the boar controls. Also, the two lots of
barrows and the 100 pound castrates had a significantly
greater back fat thickness than the lhO and 180 pound
castrates as shown in Table VII. Bratzler, et a1, (6)
received similar results with barrows and boars. These re-
sults are also in accordance with those of nammond and
Murray (15) who studied the body proportions of different
breeds of bacon pigs. They found in their work that cas-
trated.males and females had thicker back fat measurements
than the corresponding entire animals while the entire
female had more fat than the entire males. Their work on
a number of experimental pigs produced these results as to
back fat thickness:

Males.....................28.5mmo

BarrOWS...................hl.7mm.

Females...................5h.5mm.

Castrated Females.........59.5mm.
Korenchevsky (25) did a very carefully controlled experiment
studying the influence of cryptorchidism and castration on
body weight, fat deposition and the sexual and endocrine
organs of rats. “is results showed a decrease in body weight
but an increase in fat deposition in the castrates. ne based
this increase in obesity on the weight of the peritoneal fat.

A summary of the data on carcass measurements will be found

in Appendix C.

TABLE VII

 

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE 0F AVERAGE BACK FAT MEASUREMENTS*?§m,)

Source ID F S S M S F
Total 25 15517.55

Between Lots 5 10397-55 2079.h6 7.6l**
Within Lots 18 u920.00 275.55

t-test - Difference between means to be highly significant
16.81
2:: Lot 1 155.2 Lot 2 128.2 Hot 5 152.2
Lot u 108.8 Lot 5 1e9.0 Lot 6 75.5

Lot l,2,5,h,5 back fat measurement significantly**

greater than Lot 6
Lot 1,2,3 back fat measurement significantly**
greater than Lot h,5

*% Highly significant

%** Appendix M

The results of the analysis of variance and t-test of
the per cent of lean at the last rib of the rough loin be-
tween the lots are shown in r1‘able VIII. The bear controls
'had a.significant1y higher percentage of lean than the
other lots. The 180 pound castrates had a higher per cent
of lean than the two lots of barrows and 100 pound castrates.
Bratzler, et a1, (6) found a significantly higher percentage
of lean in the bellies of the boars compared with those of
barrows. Illustration I shows a comparison of the eye
muscle of boar No. 61 with that of the 100 pound castrate
No. 51 and normal barrow control 1“'0. 15. It is evident
that No. 61 had a larger eye muscle and less fat than Nos. 15
or 51. Illustration 2 shows a chop from boar No. 65 come
pared with chops from 2 of the 180 pound castrates. No. 65
had 5.22 square inches of lean, while Nos. 52 and.5h.hrve
h.77 and b.85 square inches respectively. It is interesting
to note that two of the 180 pound castrates, 52 and.5h, were
castrated uh days prior to slaughter. The eye muscle of the
boars was of a poor quality due to a lack of marbling and
firmness as well as having a darker color of lean. The fat
was considerably 30ft. “0 doubt it takes somewhat more
finish than that produced by the boars to produce a quality

lean. A summary of data of the areas of fat and lean is

presented in Appendix D.

55

TABLE VIII

 

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF PER CENT OF LEAN %**

Source ' D F S S M‘3 F
Total 21 2587.20 _
Between Lots 5 1597.05 279.h1 5.76a
Within Iota 16 1190.15 7h.58

t-test a Difference between means to be highly
significant 8.85

MI
I

Lot 1 u0.91 Lot 2 59.80 Lot 5 h1.60

Lot A h5.75 Lot 5 51.20 Lot 6 61.7u

Lot 6 per cent of lean significantly**higher than Lot l,2,5,h,5
Lot 5. n n n n n . n n Lot 1,2’5

* Significant
** Highly significant
*** Appendix N

Hoaucoo heom am .02
ouehpmwo ccfiom OOH an .02
Homunoo Bonnwm ma .02

H ZOHB<mBmDQQH

 

-b. N-

Anon Heapoz mm .02
cpmppneo ceded omH :m .02
.opwppmwo venom omH mm .02

HH ZOHB¢mBmDQQH

 

The views by various experimentors explaining less fat
and more muscle are rather diversified. however, there
seems to be the general viewpoint that there is a definite
protein anabolic effect by the androgens. Kochakian and
Murlin (21) reported that male hormone extracts prepared
from medical student urine produced a marked reduction in
the urinary nitrogen excretion of thin and fat castrated
dogs fed a constant diet. They assumed that the retained
nitrogen had been incorporated into permanent tissue
structures while the nitrogen lost had not been incorporated
as yet into such tissue and probably was present in the body
as a riserve protein. Kochakian and Stettner (2h) adminis-
tered both the growth hhrmone of the anterior pituitary and
testosterone pellets to the mouse. Both hormones increased
the total amount of protein and water in the carcass and
organs but a decrease in fat. Each.hormone separately
produced the same results with the growth.hormone showing
slightly higher results.

The nitrogen and.water retention can further be sub-
stantiated by Kenyon, et a1, (20) who treated h eunuchoid
patients with testosterone prepionate and produced a decline
in urinary nitrogen, urinary sodium and a gain in weight due
largely to the water held in association with the sodium and
nitrogen. Kenyon, et a1, (20) called attention to the re-
semblances between the action of testosterone propionate on
electrolyte excretion and that of certain of its chemical

steroid relatives among the sex and adrenal hormones.

McKenzie, et a1, (56) did an extensive study of the
reproductive organs of the boar. They state "the large
volume of semen, the extremely great number of sperm per
ejaculate, the relatively long time required for ejacula-
tion and the chemical composition of the semen give some
indication of the heavy drain on the protein, mineral and
energy supply of the boar during excessive sexual activity."
Kochakian, et a1, (25) made the statement that the nitrogen
retained is much.more thanczan be accounted for by the in-
crease in size of the seminal vesicles and prostates who
studied the effect of testosterone prOpionate on the re-
covery of fasting rats. .

Viewing this fact, of less fat and more lean in the
boars and late castrates, from another aspect, Abels, et a1,
(1) administered testosterone propionate to man and at
first an absolute and relative hypoproteinemia resulted.
The decrease in serum protein took place despite the fact
that nitrogen was retained. They explain that nitrogen
was diverted entirely to tissue-protein fabrication at the
expense of serum protein.’ This is in line, more or less,
with Leathem (29) who found that castration for 20 to 25
days increased total plasma protein concentration in adult
rats due to an increase in plasma globulin. Testosterone

propionate prevented the plasma protein increase induced

by castration.

ho

Papanicolau and.Falk (A5), previously cited, found
that the androgenic hormone had a stimulating effect upon
the muscle producing enlargement in guinea pigs. Sanford,
et al and McCullagh, et a1, cited by Novak (hi), found an
increase in basal metabolic rate oneuwmchsids with testos-
terone pr0pionate and methyl testosterone treatments.
Bugbee and Simond (7) experimenting on dogs, failed to
show that castration in itself reduced the basal meta-
bolic rate. They believed that such factors as physio
stimulation, lack of muscular exercise, adaptation of the
nervous system and endocrine gland system call for less
metabolism than active life.

The per cent primal cut out based on carcass and live
weights was treated statistically for analysis of variance
and t-test. It is evident from Table IX and X that the
boars had a significantly higher live and carcass cut out
than the other lots. The 180 pound castrates had a signi-
ficantly higher live out out than Lots 1, 2, 5 and h while
the 180 and lhO pound castrates revealed a significantly
higher carcass cut out than Lots 1, 2,and 5. This may be
explained by the fact that the boars and 180 pound castrates
had considerably less fat, thus proportionately yielding a
higher per cent of primal cuts. A summary of the primal

cut yield of each cut for all hogs is presented in Appendix E.

TABLE X
ANAEYSIS OF VARIANCE OF PER CENT CARCASS CUT OUT *%*

 

Source D F S S M S F
Total 25 2h9.026

Between Lots 5 195.162 59.05 l5.0h**
Within Lots 18 55.86h 2.99

t-test - Difference between means to be highly

significant 1.76

>fl
I

Lot 1 6h.86 Lot 2 6h.65 Lot 5 65.80

Lot A 68.0h Lot 5 68.79 Lot 6 72.86

Lot 6 per cent carcass cut out is highly significantly
greater than Lots l,2,5,h and 5.

Lot 11,5 per cent carcass cut out is highly significantly
greater than Lots 1,2 and 5.

** Highly Significant
*** Appendix P

hi

It was previously mentioned that both the producer and
consumer would benefit materially from hogs that yield a 5
higher percentage of the lean or muscled cuts. Therefore,
an opportunity was given here to calculate the relation-
ship between the area of lean in the loin at the last rib 1
with the live and carcass primal cut yield, each being
calculated separately.

Figure l is a shatter diagram showing the relation-
ship between the per cent of lean and live weight cut out.
The correlation coefficient is + .8186 with a standard
error of‘i .0758. The equation« for establishing the
regression line is YB ~15h.87 + h.09 and the standard
error of estimate for Y is h.12 per cent.

Figure 2 is a scatter diagram showing the relation»
ship between the per cent of lean and carcass cut out.

The correlation coefficient is + .8550 with a standard
error of“: .0602. The equation for establishing the
regression line is'Z. “151ohh + 2.6h and the standard
error of estimate for Y'is 5.27 per cent.

Lindquist's (52) table of correlation coefficient
required for significance at l per cent level for a sample
size or 22 requires a + .555 correlation coefficient.

Therefore, it can be concluded that these values are

highly significant.

111+

Engleman, et a1, (12) conducted a study on hog carcasses
at the George A. Hormel and Company packing plant, Austin
Minnesota, whereby they used various statistical analyses,
combining percentage of the high value cutsand the fat

trimmings and termed it the "index of lean". '

Figure 1

7C
60

C.

m

c

A

“550

4.)

c

o

L)

8

cu ha
50 .

 

 

 

50 to 50

Per Cent Live Weight Cut Out *

rdrmz
I" H
m
oumu
nun
on»

ryx = + .8186

St. error of r =‘: .0758

% Appendix H

Figure 2
7O

60

“e an

.—

50

Per Cent of

ho

50

 

 

 

50 60 70 80
Per Cent Carcass C'ut Out *
N: 22
3 = 67.50
Y“: h6.25
ryx : + .855

St. error of r :.:_ .0602

* Appendix I

h?

Acceptability and Cooking Tests

The acceptability and cooking tests were conducted by
the Foods and Nutrition Department of Michigan-State College.
The methods used have been previously mentioned. Analysis
of variance on the acceptability by the panel tasting com-
mittee revealed that there was a significant difference be-
tween the lots at the 5 per cent level only. However, the
t-test using the table for t at 1 per cent level, Lindquist
(52) showed that all the lots have a significantly better
acceptability than the boar controls as shown by Table XI.
Boar number 61 scored a low of 2 and had a decided "off-
odor" throughout the cooking period and the odor carried
over into the finished product. The same was true for
boar 62. Members of the Animal Husbandry Department also
found an "off-odor" or characteristic "boar odor" while
cooking these chops at home. Pieces of fat from the boars
which were cooked in the meats laboratory also produced
this odor. See Appendix F for detailed results of accepta-
bility tests.

The work of German investigators on the odor of boar
meat has been reviewed. Gereke (15) reported that the
parotid gland is the carrier of the odor and is in relation-
ship with the sex hormone. Other workers have studied the
sex endocrine relationship with that of the submaxillary
gland on mice. The parotid gland covers the submaxillary

gland in the pig in front and below the external ear,

h8

Sisson and Grossman(52), and both function as a salivary gland.
It may be pertinent here to review the work done on rats.

Lacassagne,cited by Grad and LeBond,(lh) found that the
serous tubules (in addition with the mucous acini consti-
tute the secreting part of submaxillary gland) were far .
better developed in male than in female mice. Later he showed
that extirpation of the testes produced the atrophy of these
tubules while testosterone injections restored them to a
normal condition. Frantz and nirschbaum,also cited by
Grad and LeBond,(1h) went so far as to consider the serous
tubules as a more sensitive indicator than the seminal
vesicles as an assay method for testosterone. Grad and.
LeBond (1h) in their experiment on rats found that both
the thyroid and testes were involved in the control of the
submaxillary gland. Treatment of the atrophied submaxillary
gland with either testosterone propionate or thyroxine had
little or no effect on the gland. nowever, injection of
both hormones simultaneously restored the gland to normal.
Korenchevsky (25) found that the thyroids atr0phy due to
castration.

The results of the cooking losses are presented in
Appendix G. The National Live Stock and Meat Board (8)
did studies on cooking losses in bacon. They found that
lean bacon, 60 per cent lean and to per cent fat, lost 65

per cent of its weight in frying. Fat bacon, to per cent

’49

lean and 60 per cent fat, lost 79 per cent of its weight
in frying. There seemed to be no appreciable difference
between the greater lean chops of the boars and the fatter
chops of the barrows and various weight castrates in the

results of this study.

50

TABLE XI
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF ACCEPTABILITY OF PORK CHOBS ***

Source D F S S M S p
Total 25 10-h0

Between Lots 5 5.26 1.052 5.678%
Within Lots 18 5.1h .286

t-test - Difference between means to be highly
significant .SA
'i : Lot 1 h.68 Lot 2 h.50 Lot 5 h.52
lot A h.75 Lot 5 h.68 Lot 6 5.28
Lot 1,2,5,h,5 acceptability significantly.W better than Lot 6.
* Significant
** Highly Significant

**4 Appendix Q

51

Accessory Sex Glands and Kidney Weights

An analysis of the kidney weights revealed that the boar
controls had a significantly heavier kidney than any of the
other lots. it is interesting to note that the 180 pound
castrates had a significantly heavier kidney weight than
either the barrows or 100 pound castrates as shown in
Table XII. These results have not been explained in any
of the literature. Leathem (29) found that testosterone
propionate increased the kidney weight of rats in which the
food intake was restricted, and equally effective in
thiourea-fed and normal rats. Kochakian and Settner, (2h)
experimenting with castrated mice, showed an increase in
kidney weight with the growth hormone but a much greater

increase with androgen administration. Selye (h9) showed

similar results; however, Wrete (60) found no increase in

the kidney size of androgen-treated rabbits.

52

TABLE xgg
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE 0F KIDNEY WEIGHTS was

Source D F S S M S F
Total 25 5280A

Between Lots 5 18582 5676.u h.59**
Within Lots 18 1hh22 801.2

t-test - Difference between means to be highly
significant 28.82

>fl
l

Lot 1 257.0 Lot 2 268.2 Lot 5 27h.0
Lot A 282.7 Lot 5 508.5 Lot 6 559.0
Lot 6 kidney wt. significantly** heavier than Lots l,2,5,h,5.

Lot 5 " " " " " Lots 1,2,5.

as Highly Significant
*%% Appendix H

55

It is evident from Table XIII that there is a significant
difference between the lots of the weights of the seminal ve-
sicles and Cowper's glands. The boars were by far the
heaviest and the weight decreases as the weightrof castra-
tion decreases. Illustration III shows a comparison of
the seminal vesicles and Cowper's gland from a normal boar
control and a 180 pound castrate which was castrated uh
days prior to slaughter. Baker (h) studying the influence
of age on castration of pigs observed that the seminal
vesicles and Cowper's glands were much larger in pigs
castrated at 200 days than those at 100 days. There was
little or no difference in the size of these glands in pigs
castrated at 50 and 100 days. He reasoned that there was a
change at about 100 days of age, rendering the seminal
vesicles and Cowper's glands progressively more and more
sensitive to the male hormone. Boars slaughtered at the same

time had.much larger seminal vesicles and Cowper's glands. A

summary of his results, which are comparable to this study,

are presented in table form.

5L

.dafiah Ho muoq *

 

 

 

 

 

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aeom m mo mmN mum No
mam om - cam om an
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am mmm . em.e
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am e an. A. h a
m mom m.m m.e m
mm omm o.oa m.m Mm m
oem H.mH .m mm
Hm oem o.m e.m Hm
nae o m m.m i.m m
mad mmm e.m m.H mm m
was new m. m.H NN
pea mom m.m A.H am
and mmm H.m m.a Ma
mma m m m.m m.H H
SHH o m o.m m.H NH H
nae mam e.m m.o AH
hounwosam one moumoe Nonpam I.pnmac Itopsumoam mnam .oz .02
:oapwuumso coosuom when .02 n.noatoo eHono> HsGHEow mom pod

 

Nassmw,eav memone.wmone oze ammsoo awn emommmOo<

 

HHHx memes

Hegemoo amom mm .02
museumoo pence oma :m .02
HHH ZOHBmmbquH

 

TABLE XIV

WEIGHT OF SEMINAL VESICLES AND COWPER'S GLANDS

 

OF PIGS CASTRATED AT DIFFERENT AGES *

Age at
Castration
(damn

50
100
200

Not
Castrated

SlAge
aug

When
htered
days)

 

502
501
501
502

* Baker's Data (A)

Body
Weight

(pounds)
97.2
85.5
85.0
89.0

 

Wt. of Wt. of
Sem. Ves. Cowper's G1.
(gram) (gram)
1.1m 2.55
1.h6 2.95
9.00 12.60
517.00 117.00

57

‘Phillips and Andrews cited by McKenzie (56) found that
the first marked development of the germinal epithelium
occurred at about 8h days of age in the boar while sper-
matozoa were found at 17h days. At this age, the male
sex hormone is secreted in sufficient quantity to render
a marked growth of the accessory glands, or they are
sensitized to the androgenic substance simultaneously with
the initiation of spermatogenesis. in this study the boars
were observed to be rutting and practising pederasty at
about four months of age.

At the time of slaughter, the prepuce was examined.
In the case of the barrows of “0t 1, the preputial sac.
had atrOphied with very little necrotic tissue present.
Two barrows of Lot 2 showed a little bloody fluid indicating
involution was almost complete. The 100 and lhO pound cas-
trates had some bloody fluid and necrotic tissue indicating
partial involution. Upon examining two of the 180 pound
castrates slaughtered 5 and.h weeks after castration, much
bloody fluid and free epithelial tissue were observed and
was in the process of involution. The preputial sac of
the boar controls showed healthy epithelial tissue lining
the sac and the lumen contained a milky fluid. The 180
pound castrates and the boar controls produced a "strong
pig pen odor" while the other lots had a "strong urine odor".
McKenzie (56) stated that fresh.semen has no odor except

when contaminated with urine or contents of the preputial

58

pouch. He further mentioned that the preputial pouch con-
tained decomposing urine and cellular debris which have a
disagreeable odor and constitute the characteristic sexual
odor of the boar.

Lot 2 barrows were implanted with one testosterone pro-
pionate pellet each at the time of castration. See Table I.
Recovery was successful in the case of barrows 21 and 22,
and had a total absorption of 60.1 and 57.h mg. respectively.
The results of this study do not reveal any significant
difference between these testosterone propionate implanted
barrows compared with the barrow controls. Apparently,
the absorption was not great enough. 0ther workers have
been successful with this method. “ochakian (22) studied
the rate of absorption and effect of testosterone propionate
pellets implanted in.mice. In his results, he stated that
the testosterone propionate pellet is an effective means of
providing a continuous excess supply of the androgen to the
mouse which produces a substantial increase in size of
seminal vesicle, prostate and kidney weight. Mark and
Biskind (5h) in working with implanted testosterone pro-
pionate pellets reported that about 59 micrograms of testos-
terone propionate were absorbed per day and the rate was not
effected by the site of introduction or the physiological
need of the animal. Eidelsberg, et a1, (11) in studying the
metabolic effects of implants stated that the "life" of

59

testosterone pr0pionate pellets may be demonstrated by the
urinary excretion of nitrogen, chlorides and phosphates.
Bratzler, et a1, (6) administered testosterone propionate
dissolved in corn oil by intramuscular injections to three
barrows averaging 257 pounds.- They used the jowl as the
site of injection in two of the barrows and the fore leg
in the case of the other. Fifty mgs. were administered
twice weekly to each pig. After a total dose of 550
mgs., the pigs were slaughtered and the accessory organs
removed and weighed. The results produced a significant
increase in these atr0phied glands. Probably this would
have been a more effective method in this study. If it
were not so expensive, methyl testosterone could have

been administered orally and possibly would have produced

more accurate results.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

60

CONCLUSIONS

1. Carcass comparisons of the boars and barrows of different
castration weights showed that the boars had a higher per
cent of lean in the loin, had a thinner back fat, longer body
and leg length and a higher live and carcass primal cut

yield. There was no significant difference in the daily gain.

2. Acceptability tests showed that the boars had a definite
"off flavor". Cooking loss showed no conclusive difference

between the boars and different castration weights.

5. A correlation coefficient of + .818 1.-0602 and + .855
1 .0758 was obtained between the per cent area of lean and

live and carcass primal cut yield respectively.

h. The accessory sex glands and kidney weight of the boars
were heavier and the weights decreased as the different

weights of castration decreased.

5. There was no significant difference in sex accessory
gland and kidney weights between normal and testosterone

pr0pionate pellet implanted barrows due to poor absorption.

6. Results of this experiment were compared with other
investigators showing evidence of the anabolic actions of
androgenic substances andthe interrelationships among the

various endocrine glands.

2.

5.

h.

5.

9.

10.

61

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1950 The Influence of Cryptorchidism.and Castration
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1955 Modifying Effect of Cryptorchid Testes on the
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1950 The Effect of Simultaneous Administration
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60.

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6?

APPENDIX

68

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mm.wo mm.m N.HOH o.mN N.mN N. N ~.eN m
No.mm mw.o :.mOH m.:N .mN o. N N.Nm Nm m
mo.mm 0H.om N.moH1 .NN .mN, H.NN e.mN Hm
.M mm.mw ow.mm m N o m. m omoaoaH
N. o . .m .ON H. N . N . N
Wm m m.HN H.NN m.mN H.NN MM
A N.0N N.~N N.HN m.wN N: :
o.mN Hamml H.NN. N.HN: H:.&
o N.Hobm
amH o.mN m.~N wawm. m
.HN m. N m. N m.mN m
.HN N.HN H. N m.MN Nm m
.mN H.oN lm.:N N» N Hm w
o amokfl
11mN.No mm.mm, e. m ¢.HN o.mN H.4N .mN N
mm.mm om.wm N.mm N.HN m.mN N.HN M.mN MN
mN.ec mH.o m.mm m.mN w.mN o.NN m.eN NN N
mm.mo Hmneq, .mn. m.HN, N.mN. m.mN o.pN HNI
mm.dm wmwww mooH N N H owmno>¢
H . . .ooH H. N .. ..aN o.mN H
we.wW m .s: o.OOH .ON H.NN m.eN :.mN mH
NN. m N .0: N.wm .ON m.mN o.WN m.mN NH H
Nm.:o mN.m: m.OOH H.HN N.mN o. N w.~N HH
poo poo poo use .us cHoH aooHsonm HHHoN gem .oz .oz
mmmoaso m 53 25A “0 Hence UofiEHHa define—"An. uoESHHB poscaxm wow you

 

Haensom ch aHmHH.epo HmsHmN u He<o so Hm<zzpm

 

”m unHQZMm m4

2 ‘rlv.

Flavor-Lean

1

Av.

Flavor-Fat

Av.

 

APPENDIX F
Aroma

 

ACCEPTABILITY TESTS ON PORK CHOPS

Av.

Appearance

 

Hog
No.

 

No.

Lot

NO

.1
.9

Doom
coco

:OMO
coco

mmmm

Ln
HHJO
O O C O
mmmm

01me
0.00

mmmm
Oxo ma:
0

MM

min
HO\\DH

und:td'

00mm
0.0.

NCIDOCD
O C .

Minn

mum
coo.

munuxd'

NNCDQ

.0.
mmm

.d'NCDCD
o .-

mmHO
. O O O

Ndmm

(D030
0 O
rad-m.

LINN—#0
O O O O

N mmm

mm

0 N 0.1
C . . O
N mmm

\ON‘.N‘\
ooo

..:h.r\tr\

OQDQDQ

maxim

in
cor-axon
0.0.

rawxdzi

\OMO
‘32: co.

Ai£Ld'

CD\OOO

H mmm

Lr\ mm
O_:§\ON

U\..:‘“.d' m

\OON‘ND
Q.

2:12:41”

mom

.0.
mt:U\m\

Ln mm
O\O\O M

o O O 0
Hid-3.:
.3000

o o o o
:::J

unoccu-
o o o

mxdzi;i

OJHb—
coo.

U\mufu$

OCDCCW
o o o o

00

O O
(“43:iU\

33m

0...-
Mghn

O\_:."U\\O
coco

O\O\\O\O

Hfl;tdui

O\O.\.:c"\0
Hifixdxi

CDHNm
O O I 0
mid:
\DN\O\O
o o o o
.de'Hd':
OOCDJ

Ming-

axrt~si
01mm:

\OCIDON
0 o

«\deui

. O
(UN\WL3

i

6E
6
* Only one cooking.

61
62

Av.

Gen'l. Conc.

AV.

Texture

APPENDIX F u Continued
Av.

 

Tenderness

 

ACCEPTABILITY TESTS ON PORK CHOPS

Av.

Juiciness

 

Hog
No.

 

Lot
No.

aabdhw\

0000
Hi;hd:i
\oaoalxx
Hi;td:i

O\OON\
0.00

mi N

Lf\
moor-.3
O 0 O .
“Li—:12:
’ NOWN‘.

O O O
LPLf‘t—‘TJ
400m
C O 0 O
0.3m

mm
OOH\O
o o o o

mmm

Q'JOCCrO
. O O O
;iU\WWO
NOWO

6633

N;\N‘\_:j'_:'
‘JL34Ld

NNK\U'.\

Hit—3m!“

gidtnux
Hi;tdzi

ll
12
i3

mun
ONN‘O\

4i:h3:i

:N‘N'K
. O

—d:iU\
00.3%)

ggmnj;$

(prawns
;jU\3:j

$499

Tudlf\

cmncun:
Hi:Ldzi

Ln
Lr\N\N\[\

U'\ L{\U\
(IJO\\OI,\-

HiNngi
HfiGDUNM

Hixxd:i

N\OCD N:
Lf‘._:f,:f Ln

0 U‘CIDCO

intrx

mmmm

m

Hb-ONN
O O O 0
Mil.“
(san0Hi
O O O O
MJW

N‘\\0N O

uxdmnux

m
NCO b-r—i
0 o
dram:-

\DCD\O N

OCNGDO

mmm

UN UN
meox

MJJ
010.10
0 o O 0
maxim

OU\00\

Lflghdli

m m
\OO\OQO\

O...

IPuiNLd
Hibdaca
U¥duiu\

C\H\O O\

.23?“ [‘5-

U‘\
H HQ) N

Humi-

CDQHDOD
o 0 O O
.1234L:
Kwaqno
(H.315:

snow
Hi:LdU\
U\:fingj

0.00

mtg-m:

Hb—b-LI'R
a o o o
NuiNXj

N OCDCID

«\mWOui
(Edwin:
muij:

* Only one cooking.

6
7..

 

RJN.mm mo.:m mmomm w
mhwo m couopm “NV mhwo m Gouopm AHV RHw.mm ANdeowm Ava:.wN m
uhwo NN Couchm AHV Ramoom AHVNOomN 0NuNm Ne w
when w couogm “NV ahmc w cmuonm AHV NMH.:m ANvmmiNm Avam.om Hm
h A V b A e mam mum aim m
a mo Cononm N m mu nonopm H N. N . NH1H
m m mqm.mm “NVNN.mm AHVON.Hm mm m
wom.mm mm.am mH.mm Hm
mmae :H nouogm AHV wmm.mm mN.mm m.Hm ,
Roa.mm “vam.am mm.mw mm
mNm.mm mm.Hm om.:m m: 4
”mac :H coNopm AHV we .Hm AHVNw.om mm.~m H:
mam.mm mm.mm mo.mm :m
”hue NH ceuopm Adv Rm».mm H mm.:m :H.Nm mm
nhwv N couonm AHV RNmomm MwaN.mN mm.om Nm m
uhwo :H monogm AHV wwm.Nm AHvNo.om :N.mm Hm
uhmo NH nouonm AHV fimH.Nm Avao.:m mN.om +N
ammo NH couonm AHV RmN.Hm AHVHm.om mm.Nm N
mhwo NH couoph AHV RJH.:m Avawozm mqomm NN N
wconoo one tho* Rmm.Nm * mm.Nm HN
”Nov N couonm AHV mmomN mm.wN NH. N H
uhwo N scuopm AHV WNN.NN Mwwmo.mN NJMN mH
mhwo NH aouonm AHV N .Nm AHvaon m.mm NH H
mhmo NH couonm AHV mzm.Nm Avam.om mm.mm HH
mGOHumpoz oNNflo>¢ meMooo czN waonoo pmH .02 .oz
mom can

 

mmomo Mmom

Bzmc mMN 2H memoH oZHMQOo

 

o NHszmm<

APPENDIX H

 

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PER CENT AREA OF LEAN Ly)
AND PER CENT LIVE WEIGHT PRIMAL CUT OUT (5)

Lot Hog Per Cent Area Live Weight

 

No. No. Lean (y) Cut Out (x)
11 R1.95 L8.28
1 12 1.77 ué.g2
1* 1.25 h7. %
15. LL8- 0 ‘ 1490’4
2 $2 3h.1% hg.§%
23 EB:%0 - 26:90
2h 55.0u 15.90
351 116.18 LL . '-
3 52 h5.06 fig. 1 E a h9‘25
5P h0.91 h8o79 Y = h6.25
5L 3h.25 h7.27 N = 22
ul hoéo O.h9 SX : 1,085.09
h kg 32.2% £7.73 SY = 1,017.00
M 5 .: 7:3 SXY ' 50914-73020
8X2 = 53.u16.5h
5 a: 2.63 53.1% s12 - 19,369.87
33 551 3 E9285 (SX>2 = 1.173.085.95

' (SY)2 - 1,050,289.00

61 0.92 53.1h
6 55.2 52.55
6 51.50 51.17

78

APPENDIX H - Continued

 

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PER CENT AREA OF LEAN (Y)

 

AND PER CENT LIVE WEIGHT PRIMAL CUT OUT (x)

Method of Correlation Analysis:

fit = 55. 1 .sm LIE—W 5.21 o
22 1 22 = + 2.122

0’1 =\/fi9,569.8702 1,0§g,2824.00

22 - 1

 

 

 

 

 

+ 10.59

rxy = 50,h73,1977 - lllgl43§ggifi

(2.122) (10.591 (22)

t .8186 (58)

62 of r = .14; (8186)2 = 1 .0738

 

(52)
'V 20
Y = 1.6.2; + .8186 13—3; (x .. 1.9.23) (58)

- - 15u.87 + b.09x

 

(g, =V 1+9,569.87-(-1511.8'£)é101%)411.05) (59.71—21.20)

(5)
; h.12 per cent.

Lot Hog Per Cent Area
No,

APPENDIX I

 

RELATIONSHIP BETWEPN PER CPNT AREA OF LEAN_L1)

AND PER CENT CARCASS PRIMAL CUT OUT (x)

Per Cent Carcass

 

 

E2; Lean (y) Cut Out (x)
11 11.95 6u.92
1.77 6 .2
1 .. 5 6;...
1 L8.Eo 6 .51
21 5u.11 6h.
22 a. 26 67.3%
2 a 65.89
2 55. on 62.79
51 06.18 66. 8 ‘2
52 us. 06 67.33
3 1.0.91 66.112 Y
5 50.25 65.16 N
sx
A1 u.60 70.8 SY
L2 5.9u 66.7; 311
ti 56:65 65:3h SX2
3Y2
' e 6 (8)02
51 2. S .0
22 5. 2 2%.03 (SY)2
3 55. 5 .99
5h - -
61 0. 2 . 2
62 692 9 7fi.gg
6 55 2 70.9
6 51.50 71.12

67.50

06.25
22

1,u80.56
1,017.00
69,125.68
99.885.hh
h9.369.87
2,192,057.91
1,05u,289.00

79

80

APPENDIX E - Continued

 

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PER CENT AREA OF LEAN (1)

AND PER CENT CARCASS PRIMAL CUT OUT(x)

Method of Correlation Analysis:

 

 

 

 

 

6k = 99.885.h360 . 2,122,031.2156
\J = f 5-h3
22’— l
6&-. u9.369.87h2 - 1.032.289.00
22 1 22— 2 * 10059

rxy a 69,125.68h5 n l229§2£§22§§
(3.h37—(10o595 {227

+ .8550 (58)

 

 

0% or r = 1 - (855°)2 . .0602 (52)
«1'20 "
Y : 116.25 + .8550 £§f3§ ( x - 67.50) (58)

= - 151.14.“. + 2.6“

 

0’. - 23.569.87-(-151.M1.017)-(2.6111(69.125.683
22 - 2 (5)

8 5.27 per cent.

APPENDIX J

 

5NALYSIS 0§_VARIANCE OF DRESSING PER CENT

 

 

81

 

‘Egg Lot 1 Lot 2 Lot 5 Lot 0 Lot 5 Lot 6
1 7h- 35 %E% 75.02 71. 29 72.5% 71.29
2 7 3:27 72.25 71. 55 73.3 71.h9
3 %.52 7 . 0 72. £1. 7 .,1 75.76

1. 75.12 7 . o 71. 20 71.50 71.90
E 70.07 75.66 75.86 71.61 72.92 72.12

Lot 1,2,3 dressing per cent significantl§*higher than Lots h,6.

Lot 1 n n n ' n n n Lot 5.

LOt 5 fl " fl 3' fl " LOt ’4.

COT. ' ( 2.96)2 221.80 ****

Total ss = 259.05 - C.T. a 37.25

ss Between Lots .ERELEl - C.T. I 20.08

t-test

O’ml = DIES: : .14734
51 - m2 -- Maw—1‘2 - . = .5585

~3583 X 2.878 *** =

.9736 difference between means
to be highly significant.

5* Highly significant.
*** Table for t 18 d.f. at 1% level.(52)

#*** Calculations coded by X - 70.

81

22222221,§

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF LENGTH or CARCASS_Lin mm.)

 

 

 

‘Egg Lot 1 Lot 2 Lot 5 Lot Lot 5 Lot 6
1 1 729 72 7A9 7h0 769
2 312 76% 3%. $22 $2? :23
5 7 5 71
n 7.5 751 756 7&2 755 788
1 727.25 750.50 727.00 750.25 751.00 785.2

Lot 6 length of carcass significantl§*greater than Lot 1,2,5,h,5.

Lot h55 " " " " " " J«ot 1,2,5.
0.1. = (1025)2 =' A9777.o 555*
Total as = 61517.0 - C.T. = 11500.0 ,
88 Between Lots 222%2549 - ©.T. : 9096.0
lcisél _
631 ”W - 5.85
1f'E7

6111-312 =5.8§V—;-§= [+012

h.12 x 2.878 *** : 11.85 difference between means
to be highly significant.

** Highly Significant.
*** Table for t 18 d.f. at 1% level. (52)
**** Calculations coded by X - 700.

85

APPENDIX L
ANAEYSIS OF VARIANCE OF LENGTH OF LEG (in mm.)

 

 

 

E25 Lot 1 Lot 2 Lot 5 Lot H Lot 5 Lot 6
1 550 528 55h 538 S78 578
2 53 532 555 550 569 562
E 55 - 5 g 531 551+ 5%5 567
559_ 51 f 5 0_ 550 5 0 561

‘x 5u1.50 555.75 550.00 558.00 562.50 567.00

Lot 5,6 leg length significantly** longer than Lot 1,2,31h.

Let; n n 'f n " Lot 2,1.
C.T. = flégglé = 57918.58 «me-2H:-

Total ss = 65757 - C.T. = 5858.62

ss Between Lots 2 00 - C.T. = 5h39.87

t-test
0111 3 121:2— : 5.77

(lama: 5.777%-% = 1.1.08

h.08 x 2.878 55* = 11.71 difference between means
to be highly significant.

*4 Highly significant.
*** Table for t 18 d.f. at 1% level. (32)
**%%Calculations coded by X - 500.

8h

APPENDIX N

 

ANAEYSIS OF VARIANCE OF PACK FAT MEASUREMENT (in.mn.)

 

Hog Lot 1 Lot 2 Lot 5 Lot g __£_§ Lot 6
1 Ike 159 131 105 117 77
2 129 11 109 10 100 5h
156 ll 15 ll 12 92
E 128 1&5 131 105 9 91
1 155.2 128.2 152.2 108.8 109.0 75.5
Lot l,2,5,h,5 back fat measurement significantl§*greater than6
Lot .
Lot 1,2,5 " " " " " than
Lot h,5.
2
Total ss = 528l5h.00 - C.T. = 15317.35
ss Between Lots 12 28 6 - C,T, : 10597.53
t-test
0’m1 =, #21533 : 8.26
(ml - m2 = 8.26 V I " :01; : 50814-
5.8h X 2.878 *** : 16.81 difference between means

to be highly significant.

** Highly significant
55* Table for t 18 d.f. at 1% level (52)

85

APPENDIX N

 

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF PER CENT AREA OF LEAN

 

IN PORK CHOP (ROUGH LOIN)

 

E25 Lot 1 Lot 2 Lot 5 Lot a Lot 5 Lot 6
l L1.95 L6.l8 5A. 60 70.92
2 1.77 ER? .%6 h5.06 L5.9L £2 .65 69.2
5 1.25 £0.91 56.65 582 55.2
6 L8. 0 55. 0L 5L.25 — 55 51.50
i L0.91 59.80 L1.60 L5.75 51.20 61.7L

Lot 6 per cent of lean significantly** higher than Lots 1,2,5,h,5.

 

th 5 n n n N N n N LOtS 1,2,3.
2
C.T. : (1027-00) = L 2.2
, 22 79L 7
Total ss = 50529.L7 - C.T. = 2587.20

33 Between Lots :

(165.65)2 + (159.21)2 + (166.A0)2
L I. h—

 

 

 

 

 

 

+<157-19’2 + (155.60)2 + (21.16.95)2 -c.T.= 1597.1
5 5 *1
t-test‘
(m1 " ill—=35 : 11.31
fl?
(m1 '-- mg 2 1.1.51 VIA - I4 = 5.05

5.05 X 2.898*** = 8.85 difference between means
to be highly significant.

*5 Highly Significant

*** Table for t 16 d.f. at 1% level (52)

t D O
O l O O
4 I a I
I — . .
D o O I
o _.
' "" Q A O
. '_ ‘ fl . , ‘
'I
an \ ' ‘ '~
I I t I ~Hv
-- l
I —
_. __ ~1-
' I
I
.—
0 _ ‘

86

APPENDIX 0

 

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OP PER CENT OF LIVE WEIGHT CUT OUT

 

 

 

 

 

Egg Lot 1 .Ect 2 Lot 3 Lot h Lot 5 Lot 6

1 L8.5 L7.5 0. 0 0. 50% 55.1

2 L6.5 50. 2 38. .% B7. 2% 53.

a h708 héo 9 A80 h7og 908 520

L9.5 L59 L7 5 L9. 50 0 51.2

i L7.98 L7.62 L8. 62 L8.75 50.12 52.55

Lot 6 per cent cut out significantly** higher than Lot 1,2,5,L,5.
LOt 5 N N N N n I! '1 L013 1’2,§,1+.

V b = (1,182.6)2 _
”.T. 2L _ 58272.6

Total 33 = 58,567.88 - C.T. = 95.28

as Between Lots = gfifigiaik - CoT. : 66.2
l

tutest

01:11 NE? - .6565
VI:

 

ififl.‘ m2 = .6565 V 4 ‘ 4 : .hSO

.hSO x 2.878 *** a 1.295 difference between means
to be highly significant.

** Highly significant

aaa Table for t 18 d.f. at 1% level (52)

APPENDIX P

 

87

ANAEYSIS OF VARIANCE OF PER CENT_OF CARCASS CUT OUT

 

 

‘ggg Lot 1 Lot 2 Lot 5 Lot
1 6L. 92 6L. 59 66.58 70. 85

2 6 27 67 25 67.05 66.7
6%; 76 65. 89 66 L2 65 5g

3 6 51 62.79 65.16 69. 2
i 6L.86 6L.65 65.80 68.0L

Lot 5

69.05
69.02
66.99
70.12

68.79

Lot 6

31:33
70-9
71.12

72.86

Lot 6 per cent cut out significantly** higher than Lot 1,2,3,h,5.

Lot h.5 u u N n u "

(179.9L)2 .
2L

Total $3 = 1,598.15 - C. T. = 2L9.05

33 Between Lots 8 61 '0 2 - C.T. = 195.16

C,T_ - 15u9.10 **%*

£:E£E£ , .
(ml 2 m : .865
VFEI
o’ml -m2 = .865 {m t: .6116

.6116 x 2.878 *** :

Lot 1,2,5.

1.76 difference between means

to be highly significant.

** Highly significant
*** Table for t for 18 d.f. at 1% level (52)

**** Calculations coded by X-6O

88

APPENDIX Q
-**
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF ACCEPTABILITY TESTS OF PORK CHOPg

 

 

flog Lot 1 Lot 2 Lot Q Lot Lot Lot 6
.8 .6 . .. .8 .
1% :0; E032 Eeg E0? fi.g EC;
3 1.15 1128 1128 521 317 528
X h.68 8.50 8.52 8.75 8.68 5.28

Lot_1,2,§,h,5 acceptability significantl§fibetter than Lot 6.
Curr. ‘ 29—31361-2— : 146140614-

Total 33 = A75.0h - C.T. : 10.u0
ss Between Lots : 188E.60 - C.T. = 5.26

0’31]. = |’.286 . .267
(m1 - m2 - .267 V I. - I. = .1888

.1888 x 2.878 *** = .5h difference between means
to be highly significant.

** Highly significant
*%* _Tablefbr t for 18 d.f. at 1% level (52)

**** Score range 1 very poor to 7 excellent

89

APPENDIX B

 

 

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF KIDNEY WEIGHTS IN (gms.)

 

 

‘ggg Lot 1 Lot 2 Lot 5 Lot 8 gpt 5 Lot 6

1 278 505 270 275 287 20

2 280 265 270 503 298 05

2 2 265 590 26 502 585

a 258 260 266‘ 285 58 290
X 257.0 268.2 278.0 282.7 508.5 559.0

Lot 6 kidney wt. significantly**heav1er than Lot 1,2,5,h,5.
Lot 5 " " " " " Lot 1,2,5.

C.T. = (6 18>2 : 1996113.5

Total $83 2026918.0 “ COT. = 5280h¢0
ss Between Lots 3 8042982-0 - C.T. = 18582.0

t-test

6.1111 2 V801.2 £- 114.15

 

U’ml - m2 -.- 18.15 V 2; - i : 10.00

10.00 x 2.878 *** . 28.80 difference between means
to be highly significant.

** Highly significant
%** Table for t for 18 d.f. at 1% level (52)

8088 use man

As H '53

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sung“ M881.
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