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.1 I‘ll-III ill!" It‘ll-ll

STUDIES OF OSTEOLOGY, MYOLOGY, AND
RMIONAL ANATOMY OF m

BEAVER
(Castor oanedensis)

THESIS

Submitted to the faculty of the Michigan
State College in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the
degree of Master of

Science.

Major - Comparative Anatany
Minor - Zoology

by
Floyd Willardjgung
1933

CONTENTS

Introduction

Osteology
Plates and descriptive sketches

Regional study
Plates and legend

Myology
Photographed sketches and legend
Description of musculature
Acknowledgment a

Bibliography

.4 {3. <" J" "7“ z- )
.jd ’7 K; a) it} s

INTRODUCTION

During the last decade there has developed in this state
a great interest in.matters concerning wild life and conser-
vation. One of the most interesting animals of North America,
and one around which an abundance of romantic tales has been
woven, is the bearer (Castor canadensis). In spite of this
interest and the economic importance of it as a fur-bearer,
this animal is probably the least understood of any member of
our wild host. Recently a great deal of field study has been
done by Mr. G.‘W. Bradt, of the Department of Zoology at
Michigan State College, and through his Observations he has
added.mmoh to our knowledge of the beaver's habits and
incidentally exploded many of the fables which it has
acquired.

Thetmmwer, in addition.to being of general interest, is
a typical rodent and large enough to be conveniently handled
for dissection. It is upon.the basis of a study of the
anatomy of the Class Rodentia that I place the value of the
following work. My observation of the literature on anatomy
has led me to believe that the rodents have never'been care-
fully studied anatcmically. Domesticated animals have been
exhaustively studied by Sisson, McFadyeen, and others, but
inasmuch as no rodent is in this group no member of this
class was included. There are a.number of'rather superficial
though commendable laboratory guides on the rat, but all are
brief in their content and survey of the field.

In this work I have hoped to start, rather than complete,
a more comprehensive study of a purely anatomical nature on

the body of the beaver.

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3. Radial carpal
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7. Second carpal Third
8. Third carpal phalanx

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4. Radial accossary

 

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2:5. 44
5 mm; 9
Metacarpal -- IW‘ ‘ . Sesamoids
First phalanx -. ’ ' , - First phalanx
. -r

9. First carpal
8. Second carpal
7. Third carpal
6. Fourth carpal

is - Third phalanx
Second phalanx - j” ’1

Third phalanx 4' "

9

”I: "'

 

 

I.

.. ...... o r c 1““
’3 Tu e oxae K
/ /’ .
i I

   

 

.‘ p
I 1/,

\(l

x:;} -- Auricular facet

/'(
Ilia-pectiucall . I! \1__ Iar-hi~tic

Accta'bular
fossa -

Aceta‘bular , I- g \
nOtCh “fiw‘. " h . . l/J . \‘.

3 wine

eminence ”uh-aw. .-
‘ ’. , I

f--' '1‘
in \

Tuber
ischil 1

Lateral surface- right limb. Medial surface - left limb

SSA IlilfOlIIIIATA
Trvchantericp , Fovca capitis fix 6:" :3“ 'Broclanter

.\
fossa x r Ca put major
K? 1/: i—C-“G- f”"’ 213‘: 0411051.].

 

 

  

Troohanteric
neck
ridge
Trochantcr minor -- :3
"a.
z - nrochantcr
;} tertiul
\
M ,
‘ w
‘ I
{/KL~QO, , Medial - Lateral
Med. condyle a * epicondylc -. cpicondyle
Intorccndylar :.;t’w/ i\'- Lat. condyle ‘, - Trachlea
1.0380. ”- y-‘E ”w" p
Posterior surface - right liMb Anterior surface - left limb

FEMUR.

 

 

\I

   
    
 

 

 

 

Lateral ouwiglp ------ Hedial condyle
Anterior Tibial
crest ..-—--.... k: --Jr--—- mtero.modial surface
fr

 

Fibular articulation ~~ 33+!

 

V” \f---- Medial Malleolus

Lateral view: left lim . Medial view; right limb.

TEI
.-a. A ,,4f::y-~--- Articular facet
Head to...“ ' ‘ ' ‘°

.1 .\

. _ I\!

k .‘I'j (ulterior view
I left limb

1

sz'laft uncut-n-

{

 

}
PATELLA

 

 

A
‘~. ‘W. w

i ' f" Posterior view
\' right limb
\j’a / ‘u'Irt. surface

‘o-o

 

 

   

Lateral Malleolus ...!
Anterior view:

 

cft limb. Posterior View: right 11*“ .
FIBULA

 

 

OI

 

[d

Fibula --.... I"!

’I
I

 

\\"' 3 _ - 'l‘ti’er calcis

 

WA I",
.1?

i“\ U - Talus
-.fi 4

/- T7“ I. -- Tibialc cxternum

,-' «A . 1 08 centrale

Cuboid -..... Ix ‘ ‘ h - Accessory cuneiform

} "K 1\

      

i “i -

Metat al 1 ,I “
are 8/ . \‘\

First phal

Second phal

I,
.
Third phalanx i/

Right Limb

. 1. First cuneiform; - 2, Second cuneiform: 3. Third cuneiform.

 

r"-

I I.
.. . 4 .
.
i
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d 1 . l
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i .
t u b
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a u
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v .
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a u o .
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s . V o
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T 0
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.
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v

   

Tuber calcis -

Talus

Sustentnculmn tnli

Tibiale externum
Accessory cuneifo” u“
Secondary cuboid .

First cuneiform - m0;

    
  

--- Hetetarsals

LT.“ Proximal sesame ids

‘ --- First phalanx

'"f‘u Second phalanx
\-- Distal sesamoids
x.- Third phalanx

a.‘

Right Limb .

 

Visceral Skeleton

Great cornuu

--- Lingual process Osseous
moid Bone Stylohyoid ligament
01'
Epihyal ---
C,’ u» Stylohyeid ligamen
’ (membranous
’-- geid bone
Base
-- Apex

Os penis

 

FROZEN SECTIONS OF‘THE BEAVER

Sex .. male

Sections 1 - 5 inclusive -

nstural sine

Sections 6 - 80 inclusive «-
three fourths natural size

 

 

 

~§sux4a.¢.ox bxet.r¢ \Onoxi... eh nsxu ask k~.1en*.rx 0* \moxofaesu» s.)

*«h %\\o€.nam hflhkxwxh

Plate I

SECTION THROUGH DIASTEMA OF UPPER J“:

l. Nasal bone

2. Nasal septum

3. Nasal conchae

4. Premaxills

5. Upper incisor

6. Fang or upper incisor
7. Tactile hair follicle
8. Quadratus labii superioris anterior
9. Lsteralis nasi
10. Lower incisor
ll. Tongue

 

Plate II

SECTION 'IEROUGH POSTERIOR PART CF DIASTEMA

l.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
'7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

Nasal bone

Maxilla

Nasal conchae

Nasal septum

Herd palate

Mandible

Root of the loser incisor teeth
Masseter muscle

Buccinater ’

Depressor labii inferioris
Tongue

Oral cavity

External axillary artery and vein
Sublingual gland

 

Plate III

SECTION THROUGH FIRST MOLLR TEETH

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
1'7.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.

Eyeball

Optic nerve

Eyelid

Levator palpebrae superior-is
Rectus dorsalis

Rectus ventralis

Retractor oculi

Nasal septum

Zygomatic arch

Marilla

Mandible

Fang or interior incisor tooth
First upper molar tooth
First lover molar tooth
Nasal conch ae

Deep part or Temporalis
Masseter

Musculus cutaneus raciei
Anterior belly of the Digestricus
Genie-glossus

Tongue

Buccinator

Mucosa or cheek

 

Plate IV

SECTION THROUGH ARTICULAR CONDYLE OF MANDIBLE

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.

27.

Parietal bone
Temporal‘bene

Zygomatic process or tuporsl bone
Sphsnoid‘bone

Articular condyle of Mandible
Angle of Mandible
Temporalie

Masseter

Pterygoideus medislis
Pterygeideus lateralis
Mhsculus cutaneus raciei
Genie—hyoideus
Digastricus
Mylo-hyoideus
Styloglossus

Hyeglossus

Oral cavity

Tongue

Nasal portion or pharynx
Internal maxillary artery
Circulus arteriosus
Cerebral hemisphere
Longitudinal fissure
Hippocampus

Thalmns

Cerebral peduncle

Corpus cello sum

 

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
1'7.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.

Plate V

SECTION THROUGH MIDDLE EAR

Parietal bone

Temporal bone

Beams 0: mandible

Temporalis

IMassetar

Musculus cutaneus faciei
Musculus cutaneus laborum
Pterygoideus medialis
Sterne-hyoideus

Posterior belly of Digestricus

Tendo Stylomandibularis
Pharynr

Isthmus of Fences
External Jugular vein
External carotid artery
Internal carotid artery
Cervical gland
Cerebral hemisphere
Pens varoli

Central vermis
Auditory nerve

Cochlea

Tympanic cavity
External tympanic membrane
Malleus

Incus

External auditory canal

 

Plate VI

SECTION THROUGH CRANIAL END OF ATLAS

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.

Interior arch of Atlas
Spinal cord

Arytenoid cartilage or larynx
Thyroid.cartilage of larynx
Laryngeal muscles

Longus colli
Sterne-hyoideus
Sterne-occipitalis
Cleido-occipitalis
Omotransversarius

Trapezius

Splenius

Lengissimus capitis
Obliquus capitis anterior

Mhsculi rectus et spinalis
et semispinalis capitis

Deltoideus

Parotid gland

Lymph nodes

External Jugular vein
Internal Jugular'vein
Common carotid artery

NOTE - Forefoot having five
veil-developed digits, unvebbed

 

l.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.

Plate VII

SECTION THROUGH LAST CERVICAL VERTEBRA

Last cervical vertebra
Head of first rib
Clavicle
Manubrium.sternl
Scapula

Humerus

Radius

Ulna

Spinal cord

Braohial plexus
Trachea

Common carotid artery

Inferior cervical artery
and vein

Subclavian artery
Subclavian vein
Innominate vein

Longus colli
Sterne—hyoideus
Sterne-occipital“
Pectoralis superficialis
Pectcralis prorundus
Suhclavius

Anterior extranity or
Rectus abdominis

24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.

Latissimua dorsi
Biceps‘brachii
Ooraeo-brachialis
Musculus cutaneus trunci
Trapesius

Rhommoideus

Serratus ventralis
Subscepularis
Supraspinatus
Intraspinatus
Deltoideus

Teres major

Triceps

Braohialis

Extenser carpi radialis
Exteasor dig itcrun cmmunie
Extensor digiti quinti
Tendcns or flexor group
Scaleni

Longissimus dor-si
Splenius

Spinalis capitis
Ssaispinalis cervicis
Longiesimns capitis
Semispinalis capitis

 

1.
2.
a.
4.
5.
e.
7.
s.
9.
10.
11.
12.
15.
14.
15.
16.
17.
1s.
19.
so.
21.
22.

Plate VIII

SECTION mom FOUR'IH 'IHORLCIC’ VERTEBRA

Fourth thoracic vertebra
Firth rib

Costal cartilage
Sternum

Olecrancn

Scapula

Spinal cord

Oesophagus

Trachea at bifurcation
Lung

Pulmonary ctery
Right atrium

Right ventricle

Left anricle

Left atrium

Left ventricle
Ascending aorta
Descending aorta
Pericardium

musculus cutaneus trunci
Trapezius

Rhomboideus

23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36 .
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.

Intraspinatus

Teres major
Serratue'ventralis

Lati ssimus dorsi

Triceps

Brachialis

Palmaris lcngus

Flaxor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitcrum.pronundus
Serratus cbrselis uterier
Iliocosteles cervicis
Longissimus dorsi
Sanispinalis capitis
Spinalis capitis
Samispinalis dorsi
Multitidns

Intercostales
Sterno.occipitalis
Pectorslis superficialis
Pecteralis prefundus
Rectus abdominis

Scaleni

 

Plate IX

SECTION THROUGH SEVENTH THORACIC YERTEBRA

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

Seventh thoracic vertebra

Bibs

Sternnm

Musculus cutaneus trunci
Saerospinales muscle

Latissimus dorsi
Serratus dorselis
Intercostales externis
Intereostales internis

Rectue abdominis

Right lung

Left lung

Bight ventricle

Left ventricle

Posterior vena cava

Aorta

Decephagus

 

SECTION

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

Plate X

THROUGH NINTH THORACIC VERTEBRA

Ninth thoracic vertebra
Head of rib

Sacrospinales muscle

Psoas minor

Latissimus dorsi

Obliquus abdominis externus
Rectus abdominis

Musculus cutaneus trunci
External intercostal
Internal intercostal
Diaphragm

Aorta

Poster ion: vena cava

Portal veins

Right lateral lobe of liver
Right medial lobe of liver
Left medial lobe of liver
Left lateral lobe of liver
Oesophagus

Cardia of eternal

 

Plate XI

SECTION THROUGH THE LAST THORACIC VERTEBRA

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.

Last thoracic vertebra
sacrospinales

Psoas muscles

Ribs

Intercostel muscles
Abdominis transversus
Abdominis obliquus externus
Rectus abdominis

Musculus cutaneus trunci
Right kidney

Pelvis of left kidney
Aorta

Posterior vena cave.

Right lateral lobe of liver
Right medial lobe of liver
Left redial lobe of liver
Left lateral lobe of liver
Quadrate lobe of liver
Colon

Fundus of stomach

Pyloris of stomach

Small intestine

Small colon

Renal vein

 

Plate XII

SECTION THROUGH FOURTH LUMBAR VERTEBRA

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

8.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

Fourth luster vertebra
Spinal cord

Sacre-coccygeus dorselis
Multi fidus

Sacrospinalis

Musculus cutaneus trunci
Obliquus abdominis externus
Obliquus abdcminis internus
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominie

Abdominal aorta

Posterior vena cava

Ureter

Stomach

Large colon

Small colon

Small intestine

Left mdial lobe of liver
Mesenteric lymph nodes

Psoas major at minor

 

Plate XIII.

SECTION THROUGH FIRST SACRAI. 8mm

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.

30.

First sacral segment

Ala Ilium

Distal extremity of Femur
Tibia

Patella

Cruciate ligament of knee Joint
Meniscus of knee Joint

Middle sacral artery

Common Iliac artery

Rectum
Caecum

Colon
Smell into stine

Anterior extremity of urccyst

Musculus cutaneus trunci
Rectus abdominis

Obliquus abdominis externus
Obliquus abdominis internus

Transversus abdominis
Sacre-ooccygeus dorselis
Multifidus

Sacro spinalis

Ilio—pscas

Quadriceps femoris
Scleus

Tibialis anterior
Adducter brevis
Adduotor longus

Gastrocnmius

Tibio-patellar ligament

‘i—‘A‘JL ‘_

__‘_..—_‘._

 

 

 

 

Plate XIV

SECTION THROUCE ‘IEIRD SACRAL VERTEBRA

1. Third sacral segment 21. Tensor fascia late
2. Ilium 23. Sacre-coccygeus dcrsalis
3. Head of Femur 23. Rectue fmoris

3a. Round ligament of hip Joint 24. Gluteus nedius

4. Shaft of Tibia 25. Gluteus minus
5. Shaft of Fibula 26. Salons
6. Spinal cord 27. Gastrocnunius
'7. Middle sacral artery and 28. Plantaris
vein 29. Flexor digitorum longus
8. Rectum

30. Tibialis anterior
30a. Tibialis posterior

9. Vas deverens

lO. Ureter
31. Peroneus longus

32. Abmctor digiti quinti
33. Posterior tibial nerve

ll. Urocyst
12. Peritoneum

l4. Biceps femoris

54. Femoral artery and vein
15. Semitendinosus

35. Rectus abdominis
l6. Semimembranoeus

36. Abdominis obliquus externu
1'7. Adductor magnus

6'7. Transverm abdominis

38. Iliacus

18. Adductor longus

19. Adductor brevis
39. Tendo Psoas minor

40 e Gemelli

20 e 31301118

 

1.

lae

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

8.
9.
10.

12.

13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

Plate

SECTION MROIBH FIRST

First ceccygeal vertebra
Spinous process of first
sacral cement

Tuber ischii

Pubis

Shaft of Tibia

Shaft of Fibula

Spinal cord

Middle sacral artery and
vein

Rectum
Prostate gland
Urethra

Fold of peritoneum forming
tunica vaginalis

Spermatic artery, vein,
and nerve

Vas deferene

Bicep s femor 1 s
Semi tendinosus
Semimemb ranosu s
Adduc tor means

0b tur at or externus

XV

CO CCYGEAL VERTEBRL

19.
20.
21.
22.

23.

24.

25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.

Adductor brevis
Gracilis
Tensor fascia lata

Secre-ccccygeus dorsal is
medialis

Sucre-coo cygeue dorsalis
lateralis

Sacra -ccccygeus dorsal is
profundus

Sacra-coccygeue ventralis
Soleus

Castro mine

Plantaris

Flexor digitorun longus
Tibialis anterior
Peromus longus
Abductor digiti quinti
Posterior tibial nerve
Crest saphenous vein
Rectus abdaainis

Abdominis obliquus ext ernue

 

1.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.

Plate XVI

SECTION THROUCH THIRD COCCYGEAL VER'EBRL

Skin

Third caudal vertebra

Middle coccygeal artery and vein
Sacre-coccygeus dorsalis medial is
Sacre-coccygeus dorsalis prarundus
Sacre-coccygeus dor salis lateralis
Sacre-coccygeus ventralis medialis superficislis
Sacre-coccygeus ventralis medians profundus
Sacrewoccygeus ventrelis lateralis superficielis
Sacra-coccygeus vmtralis lateralis profundus
Rectum

Retracter ani muscle

Urethra

Penis

Genital pouch

Testicle

Semitendinosus

Seminembranosus

Ischio-cavernosus muscle

Gastrocnemius

Great Saphenous vein

Calcaneus bone

Flexor digitorum brevis

NOT! - Entirely vebbed toes of hind feet

 

 

 

 

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

Plate XVII

SECTION THROUGH FIFTH COCCYGEAL VERTEBRA

Skin

Caudal fascia

Fifth coccygeal vertebra

Middle coccygeal artery and vein

Sacra-coccygeus dorsalis medi all:
Sacre-coccygeus dorsalis prefundus
Sacre-coccygeus darnlis lateralis
Sacre-coccygeus ventrslis medialis superficialis
Sacre-coccygeus vent ralis medialis profundus
Sacre-ccccygeus ventralis laterelis superficielis
Sacre-coccygeus ventralis lateralis profundus
Penis

Prepuce

Anal sac

Genital pouch

Rectum

 

l.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
ll.
12.
12a.
12b.
13.
14.

Plate XVIII

SECTION THROUGH SIXTH CWCYGEAI. VERTEBRA

Skin

Caudal fascia

Sixth coccygeal vertebra

Middle coccygeal artery and vein
Sacra-co ccygeus dorsalis medial is

Sacre-coccygeus dorsalis profundus

Sacrc-cec cygeus dorsalis lateralis
Seoro-coccygeus ventralis mdialis superficialis
Sacre-coccygeus ventrslis nedialis profundus
Sacre-coccygeus ventralis lateralis superficialis
Sacro-coccygeus vent'ralis lateralis premndus
Wall of rectum

Retractor m1

Perineum

Genital recess

Papilla of anal sac

 

10.
11.
12.

Plate XIX

SECTION TEROIEH EIGHTH COCCYGEAI. VERTEBRL

Skin

Anus

Eighth coccygeal vertebra

Middle coccygeal artery and vein

Sacro-coccygeus dorsalis medialis
Sucre-coccygeus dorsalis profundus
Sacre-coccygeus dorsalis lateralis
Sacre—coccygeus ventralis medialis superficialis
Sacre-coecygeue ventralis medialis profundus
Saoro-coccygeus ventralis lateralis superficialis
Seero-coccygeus ventralis lateralis profiundus

Caudal fat

 

Plate H

SECTIONS ‘IHROUGH BASE, LED-REGIONS, AND NEAR TIP OF TAIL

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

Hairless (scaly) skin of tail

Hairy skin at base of tail

Caudal vertebrae

Middle coccygeal artery and vein

Tendo Sacre-coccygeus dorsalis

Tendo Sacro-coc cygeus ventralis

Tendo Sacro-coccygeus ventrelis medialis

Tendo Sacre-coccygeus ventralis lateralis .

Tendo Sacre-coccygeus dorsalis medialis

Tendo Sacre-ccccygeus dorsalis lateralis
Sacre-coccygeus dorsalis profundus

Tendo Sacre-coccygeus ventralis medialis siparficialis
Sacra-coccygeus ventralis medialis profundus

'Ibnde Sacre-coccygeus ventralis lateralis superficialis
Sacre-coccygeus ventralie lateralis profundus

Caudal fat

 

 

Plate I

VENTRLL VIEW SHOWING CUTANEOUS MUSCU'LATURE
(Illustration one-fourth natural size)

A. Musculus cutaneus faciei
B. Musculus cutaneus labiorum
C. Musculus cutaneus colli
E. Musculus cutaneus trunci
19b. Pectorelis profundus cmdalis
la. Body of Mandible
8a. Anal pouch

 

Plate II

LATERAL VIEW SHOWING CUTANEOUS MUSCULATURE
(Illustration one-fifth natural sise)

A. Musculus cutaneus faciei
B. Musculus cutaneus labiorun
C. Musculus cutaneus colli
D. Musculus cutaneus omobrad ialis
E. Musculus cutaneus trunci
151. Orbicularis eris
160. Orbicularis oculi
161. Cervico-auricularis

2a. Anal pouch

 

Plate III

SUPERFICIAI. MUSCLES OF THE FACE
(Illustration natural size)

152. Levatcr nasolabialis

154. Buccinator

155. Depresser labii inferi oris
156. Dilator nares

163. Tapcralis

164. Masseter

5a. Lacrimel gland

4a. Zygomat ic arch

5a. Tactile hairs

la. Body of Mandible

1'71. Digastrieus, anterior belly

 

157.
158.
159.
162.
163.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
1'70.
171.
173.

4a.

6a.

8a.

9a.
11a.
12a.

Plate IV

DEEP MUSCLES OF THE FACE
(Illustration natural size)

Lateralis nasi

Quadratus labii superiorie anterior
Quadratue labii super iorie posterior
Mandibnlo-auri oularie

Tenporalie, deep portion
Pterygoideus lateralis
Pterycoideus medialis

Genioglossus

Stylogloesus

Eyeglassus

whhyoideue

Digastrious

Genidhyoidens

Zygomt ie arch

Temporal foese.
mandibular*symphysis

‘Maxillary roses

Tongue

Superior molar teeth

 

Plate‘v

SUPERFICIAL VENTRAL MUSCLES OF THE NECKILND’THORAI

(Illustration one-half natural size)

18.
19a.
19b.
201.

24.

76.
164.
171.
174.
175.
177.
178.

1a.
10a.
13a.
14a.
15a.
16a.

Peotoralis euperticialie
Peotoralis profundus erenialie
Peotoralie profundus oandalis
Subclayiue

Deltoid

Obliquus abdominis externus
Masseter

Digsstrioue

Omohyoideue
Sterno-thyro-hyoideue
Sterno-oocipitalie
Cleido-oecipitalis

Body of mandible

First rib

Claricle

Hummmrium.sterni

Hyoid bone

Greater tuberoeity or Humerus

 

68.
69.
180.
181.
182.
183.

10a.
18a.
20a.
21a.
22a.
23a.

Plate VI

DEEP MUSCEES GF5PHE NECK
(Illustration natural size)

Intercostales extarni
Intercostales interni
Longus colli
Longus.cepitis

Rectus capitis lateralis
Rectus capitis ventralie
Zygcmatie process of Tenporal'bcne
First rib

External acoustic process
Bulls oaeea

medial pterygcid plate
Ventral arch.or Atlas
Body of Thoracic vertebra

 

Plate VII

DEEP MUSCLES OF THE BACK

(Illustration tecdifths natural size)

51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
78.
73.
74.
76.
78.
100.
185a.

Iliooostales lumbcrum
Ilicccstalee dorsi
Iliocostalea cervicis
Longissimus dared et cervicis
Longiseimus capitis
Spinalis dorsi

Spinalis capitis
Semispinalis dorsi
Smiepinalie cervicis
Semiepinalis capitis
Multifidus
Intertransversales
Rectus capitis dorsalis
Obliquus capitis anterior
Obliquus capitis posterior
Intercostales externi
Intercostales interni
Levatcres coetarum

Serratus dorsalis caudalis
Serratus dorsalis cranialis
Obliquus abdominis externus
Abdominis transvereue
Quadratus lumborum

Sacro-coccygeue dorsalis, medial part

 

Plats‘YIII

ABDmWUmflififlHHMIEICF'TEE'DIAPHREGM

(Illustration four-firths natural size)

101.
60a.
61a.
62a.
63a.
64a.
65a.
66a.
67a.
68a.
69a.
70a.

79.

Paces minor

Pars sternalis

Pars costalie

Pare lumborum

Crura

Hiatus acrticus

Hiatus venae cavae
Hiatus oesophagus
Tendinous center (insertion)
Body of lumbar'rertebra
Iyphoid

Ribs

Rectus abdominis

 

 

Plate IX

VENTRALIMUSCLEB OF THE TRUNK
(Illustration one-halt natural size)

68.
76.
77.
78.
79)
10a.
24a.
25:.
26a.

Intercostalee externi
Obliquus abdominis externi
Obliquus abdominis interni
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdaminis

First rib

Puhis

Costal cartilages

Linea albs

 

Plate X

LATERAL SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES OF THE THIGH

(Illustration one-third natural size)

13.
75.
76.
105.
112.
114.
120.
121.
185a.
185c.
186c.
27a.

Latissimus dorsi

Serratus dorsalis candalis

Obliquus abdominis externi

Quadriceps remoris

Gluteus maximus

Tensor tasciae latae

Biceps remoris

Semitendincsus

Barre-coccygeus dorsalis, medial part
Sacro-coccygeus dorsalis, lateral part
Sacro-ccccygeus'ventralis, lateral part
Preremoral lymph node

 

Plate XI

DEEP LATERAL 2211150135 or THE Tara,

SUPERFICIAL LATERAL OF THE LEG

(Illustration one-halt natural size)

76.
105.
109.
112.
113.
122.
123.
126.
127.
128.
132.
135.
136.
138.
139.
140.
141.

185a.
1856.
186c.

Obliquus abdominis externi
Qnadriceps femoris
Adductcr magnus
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Semimembrancsus
Tibialie anterior
Gastrocnemius
Plantaris
Soleus
Flexor digitcrum longus
Peroneus longus
Lbductor digiti quinti
Quadrafius plantae
Flexor digitorumfibrewis
Flexor hallucis brevis
Interossei
Sacro-coccygeus dorsalis, medial part
Sacre-coccygeus dorsalis, lateral part
Sacro-coccygeus‘ventralis, lateral part

 

Plate XII

DEEP MUSCLES OF PLANTAR SURFACE 0' THE LEG AND FOOT
(Illustration one-half natural size)

105.
123.
129.
130.
131.
133.
134.
135.
136.
140.
141.
28a.
29a.
30a.
31a.

Quadriaeps tuneris
Tibialis anterior
Pcpliteus

Flexor hallucis longus
Tibialis posterior
Peroneus tertius
Peroneus brevis
Peroneus longus
Abdustor digiti quinti
Flexor hallucis'brevis
Interossei

Shaft or Femur

Tuber calcis
Accessory cuneiform
Digitus hallucis

Ligament

 

MUSCLES OF

Plate XIII

DORSAL mamas OF THE IEG AND FOOT

(Illustration one-half natural size)

105.
123.
124.
125.
131.
137.
31a.
32a.
33a.

Quadriceps femoris

Tibialis anterior

Extenscr hallucis longus
Eztensotr digi torum longus
Tibialis posterior

‘Extensor digitorum.brevis
Digitus hallucis

Patella

Tibio-patellar ligament

Shaft of Tibia (subcutaneous)

 

Plate XIV

MUSCLES OF VENTRAI. ASPECT OF LOIN AND WDIAL SURFACE OF THIGH
(Illustration one-half natural size)

100. Quadratus lumbcrum
101. Pscas minor
102. Psoas major
103. Iliacus
105. Quadratus femcris
106. Gracilus’fW"-*
107. Pectineus
108. Adductor longus
109. Adductor magnus
113. Gluteus medius
114. Tensor fasciae latae
121. Semitendincsus
122. Semimembranosus
123. Tibialis anterior
184. Coccygeus
186a. Sacro-eoccygeus ventralis, medial superficial part
186b. Sacre-coccygeus ventralis, medial deep part
69. Interccstales interni
70. subccstales
75. Diaphragm
32a. Patella
35a. Iliac crest

36a. Pubic symphysis

1
1
I.
8
I

 

66¢.

Plate XV

DEEP MUSCLES OF THE THIGH AND DORSUM OF THE LEG
(Illustration three-fourths natural else)

105.
110.
111.
113.
115.
116.
117.
118.
123.
126.
128.
132.
32a.
35a.
36a.

Quadric eps femris
Adductor brevis
Obturator externus
Gluteus medius
Piriformis

Obturator internus
Gemellus anterior
Gemellus posterior
Tibialis anterior
Gastroenmius

Soleus

Flexor digitorum.longus
Patella

Iliac

crest

Pubic symphysis

 

 

Plate XVI

DEEPEST‘MUSCLES OFTEHE THIGH

(Illustration natural size)

116.
117.
118.
119.
28a.
32a.
368.
37a.

Obturator internus
Bamellns anterior
Gemellus posterior
Quadratus femcris
Shaft of Femur
Patella

Pubic symphysis
Tuber isdhii

 

Plate XVII

SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES OF THE LATERAL VIEW

(Illustration one-fifth natural size)

12.
13.
18.
19b.

25.
2a.
38a.
76.
78.
105.
112.
114.
120.
121.
153.
168.
185.
1866.

Trapezius

Latissimus dorsi

Pectoralis superficialis
Pectoralis profundus caudalis
Deltoid

Triceps

Genital pouch

Parotid gland

Obliquus abdominis externus
Abdominis transversus
Quadriceps femcris

Gluteus maximns

Tensor fasciae latae

Biceps femoris
Semitendincsus

Zygomaticus

Temporalis

Sacra-coccygeus dorsalis

Sacro-eoccygeus dorsalis, lateral part

 

Plate XVIII

'MUSCLES OF THE SHOULDER AND NECK

(Illustration.three-fourths natural size)

12.
14.
15.
16.
17b.
20.
21.
22.
24.
25.
39a.
40a.
68.
74.
76.
164.
168.
177.
178.

Trapesius

Rhomhoideus

Lavator scwulae
0mctransversarius

Serratus ventralis thoracic
Supraspinatus

Infraspinatus

Teres major

Deltcid

Triceps

Scapular spine

vertebral border of Scapula
Intercostales externi
Serratus dorsalis caudalis
Obliquus abdominis externus
Masseter

Temporalis
Sterne-cccipitalis
Cleido-occipitalis

 

Plate XIX

DEEP MUSCLES OF THE SHOULDER AND NECKI

(Illustration.three-fourths natural size)

13a.
16.
17a.
17b.
20.
21.
22.
23.
50.
55.
68.
74.
79.
164.
168.
171.
174.
175.
178.
179.

First rib
Omotransversarius

Serratus dorsalis cervicis
Serratus dorsalis thoracic
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus

Teres major

subscapularis

Splenius

Longissimus capitis
Interecstales externi
Serratus dorsalis caudalis
Bectus abdominis

Masseter

Tamporalis

Digsstricus

Omohyoideus
Sterne-thyro-hycideus
Cleidc-cccipitalis

Scaleni

 

Plate xx

SUPERFICIAL LATERALflMUSOLES OF THE PECTORALILIID

(Illustration natural size)

16.
20.
21.
22.
84.
25a.
25b.
29.
31.
32.
33.

Omotransversarius
Supraspinatus

Infraspinatus

Teres major

Deltcid

Triceps, lateral head
Triceps, long head
Brachialis

Extensor carpi radialis
Extensor digitorumLoommunis

Extensor digiti quinti

34. Extensor carpi ulnaris

36.
37.
40.
41.
43.
39a.
40a.
41a.
42a.
43a.
44a.

Extensor carpi obliquus
Extensor indicis proprius
Palmaris longus

‘Flexcr carpi ulnaris

Flexcr digitorum profundus

Scapular spine

vertebral border of Scapula
Transverse carpal ligament

Radius

Palmer pad

Olecranon

 

Plats HI

DEE LATERAL MUSCLES OF THE PEGI'ORAL LIMB

26.

29.
35.
36.
37.

46 .
16‘s

45a.
46‘.

(Illustration natural size)

anoneus

Biceps hraaii
Brachialis

Supinatcr

Extensor carpi obliquus
Extensor indicis proprius
Pronator teres

Abductor digiti quinti
Greater tubercsity of Emma
Olecranon

Deltcid tuberosity
Ligament

Plate HII

SUPERFIOIAI. MEDIAL MUSCLES OF THE PECTORAL LIME

(Illustration natural size)

13. Latissimus dorsi

14. Rhomboideus

16. Omotransverserius

l7. Serratus dorsalis

19. Pectoralis profundus

20. Supraspinatus

22. Teres micr

23. Subscapularis

24. Deltcideus

25b. Triceps, long head
25c' . Triceps, radial head
25c". Triceps, medial head

27. Ccracobrachialia

28. Biceps bradui

30. Brachioradialia

31. Extensor carpi radialis

38. Pronator teres

39. Flexor carpi radialis

40. Palmaris longus

41. Flexor carpi ulnaris
42. Ilexor digitor‘umflsublimis
136. Olavicle H} "/ [
47a. Brachial plexus of nerves

48a. Brachial artery
301s Suhclavius

 

Plate XXIII

DEE MEDIAL MUSCLES OF THE PEOTCRAL LIME
(Illustration mtural size)

28. Biceps brachii

29. Brachialis

44. Pronetcr quadratus

43. Flexor digitocrum profundus
43x. Tendinous analage of Flemr pollicis longus
46. Abductor digiti quinti

48. Lumbricales
50a. Radial accessory carpal hone
51a. Ulnar accessory carpal bone
41a. Olecranon
71a. Head of Humerus .
72a. Lesser tuberosity of Humans

73a. Teres tubercle

 

Plate XXIV

DEEP VOLAR MUSGLHS
(Illustration one and me-third natural size)

45. Flemr digiti quinti brevis
46. Abductor digiti quinti

47. Abfimtor pollicis brevis

49. Interossei

49a. Digitus quintus

50a. Radial accessory carpal bone '-
5la. Ulnar accessory carpal bone ‘~
52a. Ulna

 

THE MUSCULAIUPE OF THE BEAVER
The Cutaneus Muscle of the Beaver

Musculus cutaneus: is a thin muscular layer developed
in the superficial fascia. It is intimately adherent to the
skin, having little direct attachment to the skeleton. It
covers the greater part of the body and my be divided into
facial, cervical, omobrachial, and abdominal parts.

The facial part presents two muscles (A and B).

A. Musculus cutaneus faciei: consists of 'a thin muscular
layer extending from the median raphe Just behind the body of
the Mandible upward and slightly forward over the Masseter
(and Zygomaticus to the fascia about 1 1/2 cm. below the
facial crest.

B. Musculus cutaneus labiorum: (Platysma) is a thin muscu-
lar sheet in which the fibers extend from the lateral surface
of the body of the Mandible and the angle of the mouth where
they mingle with the fibers of the Orbicularis oris backward
under the Musculus cutaneus colli to the antero—lateral aspect
of the neck.

0. Musculus cutaneus colli: is situated on the ventro-
lateral aspect of the neck. It is divisible into two parts.
The superficial, part ARISES from the median raphe from the
sternum to the Mandibular symphysis. The cranial fibers
extend lateralward and upward covering the ventral aspect of
the neck. Il'he caudal fibers extend lateralward and backward
ending in the facia of the nedial side of the forearm. The
middle fiber-bundles terminate in the aponeurosis covering

the Deltcideus and the point of the shoulder. rThe deep pore

tion ARISES from the median raphe deeply related to the super—
ficial part extending a little beyond the superficial origin
both anteriorly and posteriorly. The muscle-bundles extend
laterally converging to form a side muscular band which
extends upward passing under the slip from the Omobrachial
portion to terminate in the skin and fascia caudo-superior to
the ear.

D. Musculus cutaneus omobrachialis: is a relatively thick
muscle which covers the back, shoulder, and am. It ARISES
by fascia from the lumbosacral region and along the thoracic
spines. Its fibers extend obliquely forward and lateralward.
It is aponeurotie at its origin from which it gradually
becomes thicker. Its lower limit is on a line from the hip
Joint to the elbow. Its dorsal limit is from the first
thoracic spine to the base at the car, this line being formed
by a slip which terminates in the fascia Just below the
concha. The fibers covering the shoulder are largely INSERTED
into the Scapular spine and to the fascia over this. Dorsal
to the arm the brachial part is thickest (1 on). Here it
divides, infolding the arm. The deep layer extends antero—
ventrally to be INSERTED by two heads, the proximal into the
greater tuberosity and shaft of the Humerus with the pectoral
muscles, the distal into the posterior surface of the shaft
of the Humerus behind the Teres tubercle. The superficial
part of this portion terminates in the skin of the lower part
of the arm on a line extending roughly from the acromian to
the elbow.

E. Musculus cutaneus trunci: covers the thoracic, abdominal,

and pelvic regions. Laterally the fib er-bundles blend with

the ventral margin of the M. cutaneus omobrachialis, from
which they turn abruptly to a transverse direction passing
medially across the chest and abdomen. The posterior muscle
fibers ARISE from the lumbrosacral fascia and from.the skin
and fascia covering the thigh and leg. From here the fiber-
bundles pass medially in a transverse direction, the caudal
fibers turning backward terminating in the fascia covering
the inguinal region, passing backward.slightly onto the
genital pouches. Covering the Thoracic and abdominal regions
the two muscles are widely separated ventrally, being con-
tinued to the mid-line by an aponeurotic sheet. Caudally the
muscles are closely adherent, being separated only by the

median fibrous raphe.

MYOLOGY

The Muscles of the Head and Neck

Muscles of the Face:

Muscles of the Ear:

Muscles of Mastication:

muscles of the Tongue:

Suprahyoid muscles:

Infrahyoid muscles:

Lateral cervical muscles:

Ventral cervical muscles:

Orbicularis oris

Levator nasolabialis

Zygomaticus

Buccinator

Dilator naris

Depressor labii inferioris

Lateralis nasi

Quadratus labii superioris anterior
Quadratus labii superioris posterior
Orbicularis oculi

Cervico-auricularis
Mandibulo-auricularis

Temporalis

Masseter

Pterygoideus lateralis
Pterygoideus medialis

Genioglossus
Styloglossus
Hyoglossus

Mylohyoideus
Digastricus
Geniohyoideus
Stylohyoideus

Omohyoideus
Sterne-thyro.hyoideus
Thyrohyoideus

Sterne-occipitalis
Cleido-occipitalis
Scalenus

Longus colli

Longus capitis

Rectus capitis lateralis
Rectus capitis ventralis

The Muscles of the Head and Neck

1. The Facial Muscles

Orbicularis oris Depressor labii inferioris

Levator nasolabialis Dilator naris

Zygomaticus Lateralis nasi

Buccinator Quadratus labii superioris anterior

Quadratus labii superioris posterior
Orbicularis oculi

151. Orbicularis oris: is a.paired muscle‘being
sphincter in tendency. It is attached to the lateral sur-
face of the body of the Mandible, and the mental fascia from

which the fibers extend upward ard formrd surrouniing the
mouth, terminating in the skin of the margins of the lips.

152. Levator nasolabialie: is a.thin fan-shaped muscle
situated lateral to the anterior part of the face. It ARISES
from the Frontal bone, from the enters-superior aspect of the
tubercle located on the antero-medial margin.of the orbit.
Its fibers spread divergently forward and downward from this
origin. Passing over the front of the masseter the muscle
becomes fibrous, this fibrous tissue mingling with the fibro-
elastic tissue surrounding the tactle hairs of the upper lip,
the through this INSERTING into the front of the upper lip
and wing of the nostril. The Levator nasolabialis merges
with the Delator naris at the point where it becomes fibrous.

153. Zygomaticus: lies under the skin in the. lateral
facial region. It ARISES from.the fascis over'the masseter
below the facial crest. It passes forward to be INSERTED
into the angle of the mouth blending*with the Orbicularis
oris.

154. Buccinator: forms the muscular portion of the

lateral wall of the mouth. It ABISES from the lateral sur-

face of the Maxilla above its interalveolar portion and the
prmolar. The fibers pass downward terminating in the skin
and fascia Opposite the diastinum of the Mandible.

155. Depressor labii inferioris: lies along the lateral
surface of the body of the Mandible. It ARISES from the
ventro-lateral surface of the body of the Mandible. Its
fibers pass. forward and upward INSERTING into the heavy
fascia and skin of the lower lip.

156. Dilator naris: is an ill-defined muscle situated
above and anterior to the Buccinator. It ARISES from the
maxillary part of the crest which forms the anterior margin
of the maxillary fossa, and from a small tubercle on the
inferior part of this crest. Its fiber-bundles diverge
loosely through the fibre-elastic pad which supports the
tactile hairs of the upper lip.

157. Lateralis nasi: shares the origin with the‘pre-
ceding muscle, ARISING from the anterior crest of the
maxillary these. It passes forward under the fibm-elastic
pad, becomes tendinous about midway in its course and by
means of the tendon INSERTS into the lateral mrgin of the
lateral alar cartilage.

158. Quadratus labii superioris anterior: is a sheet-
1ike muscle, quadrilateral in outline. It ARISES from the
lateral surface of the Premaxilla in front and a little below
the origin of the Quadratus labii superioris posterior. Its
fibers pass downward and slightly forward INSERTmG into the
upper lip anterior to the insertion of the posterior muscle ,
and into the mucous membrane covering the front part of the

mm P818156 0

159. Quadratue labii superioris posterior: is also
sheet-like, deeply located in the lateral facial region. It
AfiISES from the lateral surface of the Premilla anterior to
the upper part of the millary fossa, and from the upper
part of the anterior crest of the fossa. The fibers pass
dowmard and slightly backward to INSERT into the posterior
part of the upper lip. Some fibers also end in the mucous
membrane covering the hard palate.

160. Orbicularis oculi: is a sphincter muscle situated
in the skin of the eyelid. It completely surrounds the opti-
cal opening.

2. The Muscles of the Ear

Cervico-auricularis Mandibulo-auricularis

161. Cervicc-auricularis: is a small muscular slip
which ARISES in the fascia of the neck posterior to the
nuchal crest. Its fibers extend antero-laterally to be
INSERTED into the dorsal aspect of the conchal cartilage of
the car.

162. Mandibulo-auricularis: is a small cylindrical
muscle extending from the Mandible to the base of the car.
It LRISES from the medial surface of the prominent angle of
the Mandible above the insertion of the Pterygoideus lateralis,
and is INEERTED into the lateral surface of the concha of the

0‘1‘0

3. The Muscles of Mastication

Temporalis Pterygoideus lateralis

Masseter Pterygoideus medialis

163. Temporalis: is a well developed muscle. It is
readily divided into two parts, a deep and a superficial.
The superficial part ARISES' from the entire surface of the
temporal fossa of the cranium, and the anterior surface of
the prominent nuchal crest. The muscle fibers converge to
pass under the zygomatic arch into which a few fibers, which
passed over the lacrimal gland, terminate. It is INSERTED
onto the coronoid process of the Mandible which it embraces,
and passes over the process to INSERT into the lateral surface
of the remus to include a deep, well defined fossa that lies
ventral to the articular process. 'me deep part 131338 from
the roughened postero-medial margin of the orbit. It passes
ventro-Jaterally a snort distance to INSERT into the flattened
area on the medial surface of the coronoid process and arti-
cular process of the Mandible.

164. Masseter: is a massive muscle situated on the
lateral surface of the face. It is partially divisible into
deep and superficial parts. It ARISES by fleshy fibers from
the posterior border and lateral surface of the ramus of the
Mandible, and by a rounded tendon from a tubercle of the Man-
dible near the front of the muscle. The superficial part
ARISES from the posterior border of the Mandible. The muscle V
fibers pass forward slowly converging onto an aponeurotic
sheet which passes over the anterior part of the deep portion
merging with it and affecting bony INSERTION onto the anterior

border of the groove that lodges the deep portion. The deep

part ARISES from the lateral surface of the Mandible. The
posterior fibers pass directly upward and slightly forward to
INSERT on the latero—inferior mrgin of the zygomatic arch.
The anterior fibers pass forward in an elongated portion which
occupies the groove anterior to the zygonmtic process of the
Maxilla, Maxillary fossa, to be INSERTED by fleshy fibers to
the Maxilla and Premaxilla in this groove.

165. Pterygoideus lateralis: is a short, heavy muscle.
It ARISES on the lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid
plate. Its fibers pass outward and backward to be INSERTED
into the medial surface of the pmminent angle of the Mandible.

166. Pterygoideus medialis: is a larger muscle than the
preceding and lies mostly below it. It ARISES from the radial
surface of the lateral pterygoid plate and the posterior
grooved surface of the Plaltine bone. Its fibers pass down-
ward, lateralward, and backward to INSERT into the radial
surface of the postero-nedial part of the ramus of the Man-
dible.

4. The Muscles of the Tongue
Genioglossus Hyglossus
Styloglossus

167. Genioglossus: is a flattened, fan—shaped muscle
lying ventral to the tongue, and separated from its fellow by
a quantity of fat and loose connective tissue. It ARISES
from the upper part of the medial surface of the ranns of the
Mandible behind the body. From its origin the anterior fibers
pass upward and forward into the tip of the tongue, the middle

fibers pass upward into the dorsum, and the posterior fibers
pass upward and backward into the base of the tongue. The
most posterior fibers pass almost directly backward to INSERT
into the lingual process of the Hyoid bone.

168. Styloglossus: is an elongated, cylindrical muscle,
flattened medic-laterally, lying in its anterior part lateral
to the Genioglossus. It ARISES through an aponeurotic sheet
from the Hyoid process of me Temporal bone. It passes at
first downward and forward, then turns straight forward, its
fibers ramifying in the tip of the tongue with its fellow of
the opposite side.

169. Hycglossus: in its posterior part lies medial to
the preceding muscle. It ARISES from the body and great
cornua of the Hycid bone, and from a second slip from the
stlyhycid ligament at the Junction of the ligamentous and
ossecus parts. The muscle passes forward terminating in the

base and dorsum of the tongue.

5. The Suprahyoid Muscles
Mylchyoideus Geniohyoideus
Digastricus Stylohyoideus
l'IO. Mylohyoideus: is a relatively extensive, flattened
muscle. It ARISES from the medial surface of the alveolar
border of the Mandible opposite the molar teeth. Its fibers
extend downward and backward to be INSERTED into the median
raphe, the lingual process, body, am great cornua of the
Hyoid bone.
1'71. Digastricus: cmsists of two well developed

bellies terminating in an intermediate tendon. The posterior
belly ARISES from the Jugular pro cess of the Occipital bone
and passes downward and forward into a rounded tendon. The
anterior belly ARISES from the posterior border of the body
of the Mandible including the mental spine, and anterior part
of the inferior border of the remus of the Mandible. The
anterior belly passes backward, the medial fibers pass
directly to the body of the Hyoid bone to which they are
INSERTED by short tendincus fibers, the more lateral fibers
terminate in a rounded tendon identical with that of the
posterior belly. This tendon is attached to the body of the
Hyoid by a short aponeuro sis.

172. Geniohyoideus: is a spindle-shaped muscle deeply
related to the Mylohyoideus and in contact medially with its
fellow of the opposite side. It ARISES from a depression on
the posterior border of the Mandible Just lateral to the men...
tal spine. The muscle passes backward to its INSERTION on
the body of the Hyoid.

1'73. Stylohyoideus: lies medial to the posterior belly
of the Digastricus. It ARISES from an aponeurosia that exists
between the Epihyal and the hyoid process of the Temporal
bone. ll'he muscle passes downward ending in a short rounded
tendon which is INSERTED into the great cornua of the Hyoid
bone.

6. The Infrahyoid Muscles

mnohycideus Thyrohyo id eus
Ste rno-thyro .hyo ideus

174. Omohyoideus: is a relatively strong muscle situated

lateral to the Sterno-thyro-hyoideus. It ARISES by fleshy
fibers from the distal one-third of the cranial border of the
Scapula. The muscle passes forward in the ventro-lateral
aspect of the neck to INSERT into the body and great cornua
of the Hyoid bone.

175. Sterne-thyro-hyoideus: is a two-bellied muscle
situated ventral to the trachea. It ARISES from the dorsal
surface of the first segmentation of the Sternum and from
the cartilage of the first rib. ‘me muscle passes cephalad,
dividing to insert by two heads. The superficial head is
INSERTED into the body of the Hyoid; the deep into the caudal
part of the ventral surface of the thyroid cartilage.

1'76. Thyrohyoideus: lies deeply under the wohyoideus
and against the ventral aspect of the exterior of the larynx.
It LRISES from the ventro-lateral surface of the thyroid
cartilage and is INSERTED into the body of the Hyoid.

'7. Lateral Cervical Muscles
Sterne-occipitalis Scalenus
Cleido-occipitalis

177. Sterne-occipitalis: lies in the venue-cranial
thoracic and cervical regions. It ARISES by fleshy fibers
from the cranial half of the ventral surface of the Sternum.
The muscle passes forward, slightly lateralward, and deeply
under cover of the parotid gland, the muscle fibers ending in
a short tendon which appears on the ventral face of the
cranial half of the muscle. The tendon is INSERTED into the
Jugular process of the Occipital bone.

1'78. Cleido-occipitalis: is an elongated muscle in the
lateral cervical region. It ARISES from the anterior surface
of the medial one-half of the shaft of the Clavicle. Its
fiber bundles pass upward and forward related to the anterior
border of the Trapesius to be INSERTED into the lateral one-
half of the nuchal crest of the Occipital bone.

179. Scalenus: is a single large muscle lying in the
lateral thoracic and cervical regions. Over the first rib the
muscle is partially divisible into three parts (Scaleni
anterior, medius, and posterior of human) but both cranially
and caudally it is fused into a single unit. It ARISES from
the lateral surface of the first four ribs, from their costo-
chondral Junction to the origin of the Serratus ventralis.
The muscle passes cranialward to the neck, gradually con-
verging to INSERT on the transverse processes of the last

five cervical vertebrae .

9. Ventral Cervical Muscles

Longus colli Rectus capitis lateralis
Longus capitis Rectus capitis ventralis

180. Longus colli: lies ventral to the bodies of the
first six thoracic and the cervical vertebrae, and against
its fellow medially. It ARISES from the bodies of the first
six thoracic vertebrae, and the bodies and transverse pro-
cesses of the last six cervical vertebrae. Its fibers pass
into a tendon that @pears on its vmtral face. This tmdon
is INSERTED into the pterygoid bone and the basisphenoid at
their Junction.

181. Longus capitis: lies largely dorsal to the

anterior extremity of the Longis colli. It ARISES from the
body of the Axis and the ventral arch of the Atlas. Passing
forward under cover of the Longus colli it is INSERTED into
the lateral ridge. of the bodies of the Occipital and Sphcnoid
bones near their Junction.

182. Rectus capitis lateralis: is a very short muscle
deeply situated in the lateral aspect of the neck. It ARISES
from the anterior surface of the Atlas and passes straight
forward to INSERT into the posterior surface of the Jugular
process of the Occipital bone.

183. Rectus capitis ventralis: is the smallest muscle
of this group and lies ventral to the Resins capitis lateral is
in direct contact with it. It ARISES from the body of the
Axis and the ventral arch of the Atlas lateral to the origin
of the Longus capitis. It passes forward to INSERT into the
flattened area on the Occipital bone Just lateral to the

Hypoglcssal foreman.

MYOLOGY

The muscles of the Trunk and Tail

Postoccipital muscles:

Deep muscles of the Back:

muscles of the Tail:

Rectus capitis dorsalis
Obliquus capitis cranialis
Obliquus capitis caudalis

Splenius
Sacrospinalis
Iliocostalis
10 1111111303333
I. dorsi
I. cervicis
Longissimus
L. dorsi et services
L. capitis
Spinalis
S. dorsi
Se capitis
Semispinalis '
Se dOI‘Si
S. cervicis
S. capitis
Multifidus
Rotatores
Interspinalis
Intertransversalis

Coccygeus
Sacro-coccygeus dorsalis
Medial
Deep
Lateral
Sacro-coc cygeus vmtralis
Medial
superficial
deep
Lateral
superficial
deep

muscles of'the Thorax:

Muscles of the Abdomen:

IMuscles of the Anna:

Intercostalesrexterni
Intercostales interni
Subcostales

Transversus thoracic
Levatores costarum
Serratus dorsalis caudalis
Serratus dorsalis cranialis
Diaphragm

Obliquus abdominis externus
Obliquus abdominis internus
Transversus abdominis

Rectu s abdomini s

Retractor ani
Sphincter ani internus
Sphincter ani externus,

The Muscles of the Trunk

l. The Deep Muscles of the Back

Splenius Semi spinali s Inter spinal i s
Saero spinalis Mult if idus Int ertransver sali s
Rotatores

50. Splenius: is a relatively extensive muscle situated
on the dares-lateral aspect of the neck. It ARISES from the
Ligamentum Nuchae its entire length and from the spines and
supraspinous ligament of the first three or four Thoracic
vertebrae. The muscle fibers extend in a parallel direction
cranic-ventrally, ending in a short tendincus attachment which
is INSERTED into the Occipital crest and, laterally, into the
Mastoid Process of the Temporal bom under cover of the
Trapesius.

Sacrospinalis: and its prolongations in the thoracic
and cervical regions occupy a dorsal position in the body,
lying lateral to the vertebral spinous processes. In the
lumbar region the muscle is heaviest and is readily divisible
into three columns. The sacrospinalis ARISES from the spines
of the last three thoracic and the lumbar vertebrae, and from
the cranial part of the sacral spine; from the lumbar trans-
verse processes; and from the medial part of the iliac crest.

51. Iliocostalis lumborum: is the most caudal mber
of the lateral column of the Sacrospinalis muscle. It is
closely attached to the Longissimus in the lumbar region,
ARISING through the strong lumbo-sacral fascia from the lumbar
and sacral spines and the iliac crest. It is INSERTED into
the posterior border of the last seven ribs.

52. Iliocostalis dorsi: ARISES from the cranial border

of the ninth to twelfth ribs inclusive, and is INSERTED into

the caudal border of the third to sixth ribs.

55. Iliocostalis cervicis: ARISES from the cranial
border of the angles of the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh
ribs; and is INSERTED into the caudal borders of the first
two ribs and into 1he transverse processes of the last three
cervical vertebrae.

54. Longissimus dorsi et services: combines the dorsal
and cervical parts. It is the largest muscle at the Sacro-
spinalis group and occupies a middle position in the group.
It is attached in the lumbar region to the Iliocostalis
lumborum ARISING from the last three thoracic and lumbar
spines, and from the lumbar transverse processes. It is
INSERTED into 111s transverse processes of all the thoracic
vertebrae and into the caudal border of the vertebral extrem-
ity of the first eight ribs. It also invades the cervical
region, inserting with the Iliocostalis cervicis into the
Transverse processes of the last three cervical vertebrae.

55. Longissimus capitis: ARISES by tendincus slips
from the transverse processes of the last two cervical verte—
brae. The muscle passes forward along the lateral aspect of
the neck to be INSERTED into the mastoid pmcess of the tem-
poral bone.

56. Spinalis dorsi: ARISES by tmdinous slips from the
spinous wocesses of the lumbar vertebrae with the common
origin of the Sacrospinalis. The muscle extends forward,
becoming fleshy, and INSERTING by fleshy slips into the
sumits of the first five thoracic vertebrae.

57. Spinalis capitis: ARISES by fleshy slips from the

transverse processes of the fifth to ninth thoracic vertebrae.

The muscle passes forward, very gradually converging onto a
short aponeurosis which blends with the aponeurosis of the
Semispinalis capitis to be INSERTED into the nuchal crest of
the Occipital bone.

Semispinalis: comprises a series of three muscles
medially and deeply related to the Sacrospinalis. This group
arises on transverse processfis and inserts into vertebral
spines cranial to their origin.

58. Semispinalis dorsi: ARISES by tendincus slips from
the caudal articular process of the ninth, tenth, an! eleventh
thoracic vertebrae. The muscle extends fornrd and dorsally,
INSERTING on the cmdal mgin of the emit and shaft of the
first seven thoracic vertebrae.

59. Semispinalis cervicis: ARISES on the transverse
processes of the last five cervical vertebrae and the first
three thoracic. The nmscle fibers extend. upward and forward,
converging to be INSERTED onto the posterior margin of the
spine of the Axis from its summit to the caudal articular
process.

60. Semispinalis capitis: muses by fleshy digitations
from the transverse processes of the last two cervical verte-
brae and the first five thoracic. It is IlBERTED ther an
aponeurctic sheet to the greater portion of the nuchal crest
of the Occipital bone, blending medially with the tendon of
insertion of the Spinslis capitis.

61. Multifidus: consists of a number of fleshy fasci-
culi which occupy the groove on either side of the spinous

processes of the vertebrae from the sacrmn to the axis. The

muscle is relatively heavy in the lumbar region, becoming

gradually mailer as one progresses cranially. In the lumbar
region the muscle blends vith the Sacrospinalis; in the
thoracic region it ARISES from the transverse processes of
the vertebrae; and in the cervical, from the articular pro-
cesses. Throughout its length it is INSERTED into the entire
length of the lateral airface of the vertebral spines of the
more cranial vertebrae. The muscle fibers vary greatly in
length, the more superficial passing from one vertebra to the
second or third, forsard, shile tln deeper ones connect con-
tiguous vertebrae. In the sacral region the muscle becomes
rapidly reduced, blending with the Sacrococcygeus dorsalis.

62. Rotatores; are small and variable in number, lying
entirely within the thoracic region. They ARISE on the trans-
verse process end are INSERTED into the caudal margin of the
lamina of the vertebra above.

63. Interspinales: are small muscular slips between the
spinous processes of the vertebrae. They are best developed
in the thoracic and lumbar regions.

64. Intertransversaies are snail muscles placed between
the transverse processes of the vertebrae. They extend the
whole length of the vertebral column. In the neck a prominent
fasiculus extends from the ting of the Atlas to the transverse

process of the next caudal cervical vertebra.

2. The Postoccipital Muscles
Rectus capitis dorsalis
Obliquus capitis anterior
Obliquus capitis posterior

65. Bectus capitis dorsalis: ARISES from the medial

Part of the nuchal crest and is INSERTED into the spine of

the Axis.

66. Obliquus capitis cranialis: ARISES from the nuchal
crest lateral to the origin of the preceding muscle. It is
INSERTED into the ting of the Atlas.

6'7. Obliquus capitis caudalis: ARISES from the wing of
the Atlas and is INSERTED into the prominent spine of the Axis.

3. The Muscles of the Thorax

Intercostales externi Levatores costarum
Intercosteles interni Serratus dorsalis posterior
Subcostales Serratus dorsalis anterior
Transversus thoracic Diaphragm

68. Intercostales externi: are thirteen in number on
either side of the body. Each ARISES from the caudal border
of a rib and is INSERTED into the cranial border of the next
rib caudad. Viewed dorsally the Intercostales externi are
directly obliquely caudo-laterally; viewed ventrally the
muscle fibers extend condo-medially. The muscle does not
occupy the intercostal space.

69. Intercostales interni: are also thirteen in number
on either side of the body and are directed obliquely, but in
a direction at right angles, to that of the preceding muscle.
Each ARISES on the inner margin of the caudal border of a rib
and its cartilage and is INSERTED into the cranial border of
the next rib caudal. This muscle extends to the Sternun
ventrally, but does not quite. reach the vertebral column
dorsally.

'70. Subcostales: are present in the caudal part of the
thorax. They ARISE on the caudal border of a rib near its
angle and are INSERTED into the inner surface of the second

or third rib below it. The muscle fibers run in the same
direction as the internal intercostals.

71. Transversus thoracic: is situated on the inner
surface of the ventral wall of the thorax. It ARISES from
the deep face of the caudal one-half of the sternum, the
xiphoid cartilage, and the costal cartilage of the last three
or four ribs. Its fibers diverge cranio-laterally to be
INSERTED into the dorsal surface of the second to sixth costal
cartilages inclusive.

'73. Levatores costarum: are a series of thirteen small
muscles in the dorsal thoracic region. ‘niey increase in size,
progressing caudalward. They extend from the second to four-
teenth ribs inclusive and arise on the first to thirteenth
thoracic vertebrae. They ARISE from he transverse process
of the first to thirteenth ribs and extend downward and back-
vard, INSERTING upon the anterc-lateral surface of the rib,
the head of vhich articulates with that vertebra. 'nie muscle
to the first rib is very mall, sometimes absent. When
present, it arises from the last cervical vertebra.

73. Serratus dorsalis caudalis: is a flat muscle lying
in the posterior part of the lateral thoracic region. The
ventral one-third is muscular, the remaining dorsal part forms
an aponeurotic sheet. It ARISES by fleshy digit ations from
the lateral surfaces of the seventh to fourteenth ribs inclu-
sive. The muscle extends dorm-cranially, INSERTING by
aponeurosis into the spinous processes of the sixth to thir-
teenth thoracic vertebrae.

'74. Serratus dorsalis cranialis: is a sheet-like
muscle situated on the anterior part of the dnrso-lateral

wall of the thorax. Its dorsal two-fifths is aponeurotic.
It ARISES by fleshy digitations from the lateral surface of
the fifth to the eleventh ribs. The muscle fibers extend
dorsoocranially into an aponeurosis which INSERTS into the
caudal half of the ligamentum nuchae and into the spines and
the supraspinous ligament of the first seven thoracic verte-
brae.

'75. Diaphragm: forms a septum between the thoracic and
abdominal cavities. It is dome-shaped, the convexity pro-
Jecting the thoracic surface. Its periphery is muscular; the
center tendincus. Its fleshy rim nay be divided into three
parts: Sternal ARISES from the deep surface of the Xiphoid.
Costal ARISES from the deep face of the last seven or eight
costal cartilages and dorsally from the inner surface of the
last three or four ribs. Lumbar ARISES from the ‘lumbocostal
arch which extends from the last ribs over the Faces minor to
the body of the first lumbar vertebra, and through the crura
from the ridge on the ventral surface of the bodies of the
first two or three lumbar vertebrae. from this extensive
origin the muscle fibers extend inward INSERTING into the
tendincus center which forms the apex of the done.

The diaphragm is perforated by three openings which
allow passage of the necessary organs through it. The Hiatus
aorticus lies between the crura and below the last thoracic
vertebra. It furnishes passage for the Aorta, Vena azygos,
and thoracic lymph duct. The Hiatus oesophagus lies below
and a little to the left of the Hiatus aorticus and transmits
the oesOphagus, the Vague nerve, and some small oesphageal

arteries. The Hiatus venae cavae perforates the tendincus

portion of the Diaphragm and allows passage of the Vans cava,
which is closely adherent to its margin.

4. The Muscles of the Abdomen

Obliquus abdominis externus Transversus abdominis
Obliquus abdominis internus Rectus abdominis

76. Obliquus abdominis externus: is the outermost of
the abdominal muscles. Its fibers are directed medic-caudally.
It. ARISES by fleshy digitations from the lateral surface of
the last eleven ribs interdigitating in its cranial part with
the Serratus ventralis thoracic. The anterior fibers pass
medially and slightly caudad, to INSERT through an aponeurosis
to me linea alba. Caudally the fibers gradually diverge,
INSERTING the length of the linea alba, the cranial brim of
the Pubic, and the most caudal fibers passing almost directly
cauded insert into the crest of the Ilium.

'77. Obliquus abdominis internus: is a triangularly
shaped muscle lying deeply to the Obliquus abdominis externus.
It ARISES by fleshy fibers from the internal margin of the
Iliac crest. The muscle fibers diverge from this origin,
passing into a broad aponeurosis which INSERTS into the pubic
symphysis and into the linea alba its entire length.

78. Abdominis transversus: is the deepest of the
muscles forming the ventral abdominal wall. Like the pre-
ceding two muscles, its lateral part is muscular, the medial
aponeurotic. It ARI- from the internal surface of the cos-
tal cartilages of the asternal ribs, and from the transverse
processes of the lumbar vertebrae. Its fibers extend trans-

versely across the abdomen to INSERT into the xiphoid and the

linea alba. The posterior fibers incline somewhat caudad to
be inserted into the pubic symphysis.

79. Rectus abdominis: is situated on the ventral aspect
of the entire length of the thorax and abdomen. It ARISES
from the eternal and of the first rib, the ventral surface of
the Sternum, and the extreme medial ends of the cartilages of
the eternal ribs. As the muscle passes across the abdominal
region it forms an extensive , flattened belly which narrows
as it extends caudad, forming a rounded muscular portion which
converges to INSERT on a small area of the anterior border of
the Pubis at the symphysis. Its entire length the muscle of
either side is separated from its fellow only by a thin sheet

of connective tissue, the linea alba.

5. The Muscles of the Tail

Coccygeus Sacro-coccygeus ventralis
medial
Sacro-coccygeus dorsalis superficial
Medial deep
Deep Lateral
Lateral superficial
deep

184. Coccygeus: is a short, heavy muscle. It ARISES
from the pelvis surface of the Pubic along the pubic rim of
the obturator foreman. From its origin the muscle passes
dorso-scaudally, its fibers terminating abruptly in an
aponeurosis covering the Sacro-coccygeus ventralis, and
through this aponeurosis attach also to the bodies of the
last sacral segment and the first coccygeal vertebra.

185. Sacro-coccygeus dorsalis: is divisible into three
parts: medial, deep, and lateral.

a. Medial part is well developed. It ARISES from the
spinous processes of the Lmnbar vertebrae, the Sacrum, and
the first six or seven coccygeal vertebrae. It extends caudad,
ending in tendincus slips which are INSERTED into the articu-
lar processes of the coccygeal vertebrae. The muscular per.-
tion is’discontinued at the Junction of the hair with the
scaly part of the tail. From here the muscle is continued by
a number of small tendons, each of which is INSER'I'ED into a
vertebra, the last extending the entire length of the tail.

b. Deep part ARISES from the dorsum of the Sacrum, from
the lateral surface of the sacral spines, and from the dorsal
surface of the coccygeal transverse processes. The muscle
extends backward and medially, ending in numerous elongated
slips which are INSERTED into the summits of the coccygeal
vertebrae. The muscular portion terminates about three centi-
meters behind the preceding muscle. From here it also is
continued by a number of small tendons.

c. Lateral part lies Just lateral to the preceding
muscle. It ARISES from the lateral margin of the; fused trans-
verse processes of the Sacrum and frcmthe transverse pro- '
ceases of the first five or six Coccygeal vertebrae. It
passes into small tendons which are INSERTED into the sides
of the coccygeal spinous processes excluding the first eight .
Its muscular portion terminates proximal to the preceding
muscle.

186. Sacro-coccygeus ventralis: is divided into four
parts: medial superficial and deep, and lateral superficial
and deep.

a. Medial superficial arises by two heads. The pelvic

head ARISES from the anterior margin of the obtur ator foramen,
from the pelvic surface of the anterior extremity of the
anterior reams of the Isdiium, and from the caudal part of the
pelvic surface of the Ilium. 'Bhs Vertebral head ARISES from
the bodies and interarticular fibrocartilages of the last
three sacral and first three coccygeal vertebrae. 'Jhe muscu-
lar portion continues to the eighth coccygeal vertebra, the
various fasciculi being continued by tendons which INSERT

into the ventro-lateral surface of the more distal coccygeal
vertebrae.

b. Medial deep ARISES from the bodies of the last two
Lumbar vertebrae, the bodies and transverse processes of the
sacral and the first nine coccygeal vertebrae, and the inter-
articular fibrccartilages. ‘me fleshy part of the muscle
becomes heavy through the pelvis, but terminates with the
superficial part. The muscle..fibers converge onto rounded
tendons shich appear progressively caudalward. These tendons
continue distally to insert into the lateral aspect of he
bodies of the coccygeal vertebrae close under the root of the
respective vertebrae and lateral to the tendon of the super.-
ficial medial muscle. Many tendons of the deep part are
embedded in the belly of the superficial part in the pmximl
caudal region.

c. Lateral superficial is a short muscle sitmted on the
anterior part of the lateral surface of the tail. It ARISES
from the lateral border of the obturator foreman, and is
INSERTED into the transverse processes of the second to
seventh coccygeal vertebrae inclusive.

(1. Lateral deep ARISES from the ventral surface of the

transverse pmcesses of the first seven co ccygeal vertebrae.
The succeeding fasciculi INSERT by aponeurotic tendons into
the transverse processes of the seventh to twelfth coccygeal

vertebrae inclusive .

6. The Muscles. of the Anne

Retractor eni Sphincter ani internus
Sphincter ani externus

Retractor ani: is well developed. It ARBES from the
dorsal surface of the Pubis and the Pubis symphysis. Its
fibers entirely surround the rectum, at first closely adherent
to it, then considerably separated from it by the perineum.
It ends in the anal fascia and in the Sphincter eni externus.

Sphincter ani internus: consists of the thickened
musculature of the circular layer of the muscular-wall of the
rectum.

Sphincter ani externus: occupies the fold of skin
surrounding the anal openirg. It is a circularly arranged
muscle lying outside of the Sphincter ani internus and is
adherent to the perineal fascia.

MYOLOGY
The Muscles of the Pelvic

Muscles of the Lumbo-iliac Region
Ventral group:

Muscles of the Lateral Ilio—fenoral
region:

Muscles of the Thigh
Anterior Femoral group:

Medial Femoral group:

Posterior Femoral group:
(Hamstring group)

Muscles of the Leg
Anterior Tibial group:

Posterior Tibial group:

Lateral (Peroneal) group:

Muscles of the Foot
Dorsal group:

Plantar group:

Extremity

Quadratus lumborum
Psoas major

Psoas minor
Iliacus

Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Tensor fasciae latae

Sartorius
Quadric ops femoris

Gracilis

Pooti nous

Adduc tor longus
Adductor brevis
Adduc tor magnus
Piriformis
Obturator externus
Obturator internus
Gemelli

Quadratus femoris

Biceps femori s
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallucis longus
Extensor digitorum longus

Superficial group
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris
Deep group
Popliteus
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis posterior
Peroneus tertius
Peroneus brevis
Peroneus longus
Abductor digiti quinti

Extensor digitorum brevis

First lmr
Quadratus plantae
Flexor digitorum brevis
Second layer
Flexor hallucis brevis
Interossei

The Muscles of the Pelvic Extremity

The muscles of the pelvic extremity are subdivided into
the following groups for convenience in description:
I. Muscles of the Lumbm-iliac Region
II. Muscles of the Thigh

III. Muscles of the Leg
IV. Muscles of the Foot

1. The Muscles of the Lumbo-iliac Region

Quadratus lumborum Psoas minor
Psoas major Iliacus

loo. Quadratus lumborum: is a short heavy muscle lying
in the lumbar region. It ARISES by tendincus fibers from the
transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae. Its fiber
bundles pass directly caudad to be INSERTED into the tubercu-
lar crest of the Ilium.

101. Psoas minor: is a long fusifonn muscle traversing
the entire length of the lunher region. It ARISES by fleshy
fibers frm the ventral surface of the last four thoracic
vertebrae and first three lumber, and from the corresponding
intervertebral fibrocartilages. The muscle fibers converge
onto a flat tendon vmich arises on the ventral face of the
muscle. Caudad the tendon becomes free and extends to the
ilio-pectineal eminence of the ilium into which it is
inserted.

102. Psoas major: is a shorter, heavier muscle than
the preceding and lies dorso-lateral to it. It ARISES by
fleshy fibers from the lateral surfaces of the bodies of the
lumbar vertebrae, from the ventral surface of the transverse

processes, and from the intervertebral fibrocartilages. Its

fibers converge onto a common tendon with the Iliacus, to be
INSERTED into the simmit of the trochanter minor of the fenur.

103. Iliacus: is a short, rotund muscle lying dorso-
lateral to the Psoas major. It ARISES by fleshy fibers from
the entire ventral surface of the Ilium. The muscle fibers
pass into the common tendon with the preceding muscle,

INSERTING with it into the trochanter minor.

2. The Muscles of the Lateral Ilia-femoral Region
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Tensor fasciae latae

112. Gluteus maximus: is a thick, triangular muscle
occupying the lateral aspect of the thigh. It ARISES by
aponeurotic fibers from the sacral aponeuro sis and inter—
muscular septa with some direct tendincus fibers of attach-
ment from the transverse processes of the first three or
four caudal vertebrae and the ischial tuberosity. The fibers
converge distally onto a thin tendon which is INSERTED onto
the Patella. About midway in the muscle is a fibrous body to
which the upper fibers tend to converge, and from which the
distal spread.

113. Gluteus msdius: is a very massive muscle lying in

the gluteal region. It ARISES by fleshy fibers from the

entire gluteal surface of the Ilium, from the lumbo—sacral
fascia, and from the intermuscular septa between it and the
adjacent muscles. The muscle fibers converge abruptly, to be

INSERTED into the entire aspect of the medial portion of the

tro chanter major .

114. Tensor fesciae latae: is a thin, triangular muscle
situated on the antero-lateral surface of the thigh. It
ARISES in its anterior part by fleshy fibers from the lateral
part of the crest of the Ilium, and the remaining part from
the lumbe-sacral aponeurosis. Its fibers converge distally
onto a flat tendon that is INSERTED into the distal part of
the trochanter tertius of the Femur. Its superficial fibers

are continuous with the fascia late.

2. The Muscles of the Thigh

The Anterior Femoral Group
Sartorius Quadriceps femoris

104. Sartorius: absent.

105. Quadriceps femoris: is a group of muscles lying
in the anterior fmorsl region. It cimprises a great fleshy
mass which is the chief extensor of the leg. It is divisible
into two parts, the rsctus and the vastus. The Rectus femoris
is situated in the middle of the front of the 1111131. It
LRISES by tendinous fibers from the Ilium oephalad to the
margin of the acetabulum. It is fusiform in shape” its fibers
extending distally, fusing with those of the Vastus femoris,
to be INSERTED into the medic-proximal portion of the patella.
The Vastus femoris is not clearly divisible into its separate
portions. It occupies the ranainder of the front of the thigh
and lodges the Rectus femoris in its medic-anterior part. It
ARISES by fleshy fibers from the trochsnter major and from
the entire anterior surface of the shaft of the femur. Its
fibers converge distally to be INSERTED into the upper one-
half of the patella, and into the medial tibio-patellar liga-

ment.

The Medial Femoral

Group
Gracilis deuctor brevis Obturator internus
Pectineus Adduo tor magnus Gemelli
Adductor longus Piriformis Quadratus femoris

Obturator externus

106. Gracilis: is a wide, thin muscle extending lateral...
ward from the pubic symphysis, occupying the most medial posi-
tion of the thigh. It ABISFS from the margin of the Pubis
along the symphysis. It passes over the Adductor mgnus,
Adductor longus, am Semimsmbranosus directly to the crest of
the Tibia to which it is INSERTED by aponeurotic attachment.

107. Pectineus: lies anterior to the Adductor mgnus.
It is clearly divisible into two parts. The larger portion
ARISES from the Pectineal crest of the Pubis. The muscle
fibers form a short triangularly prismatic body which con-
tinues onto an elongated INSERTION which extends from the
lower part of the lesser trochanter distally to the proximal
limit of the medial epicondyle of the Femur. The smaller
portion lies closely approximated to the larger along its
posterio-qnedial face. It ARISES from the anterior margin of
the superior ramis of the Pubis just below the origin of the
larger part. It extends Jaterslward, ending in a long, flat
tendon which incorporates with the more distal part of the
larger portion, to be INSERTED into the shaft of the Femur
with it.

108. Adductor longis: is a relatively extensive muscle
situated in the eutectic-medial portion of the thigh. It
ARISES from the ventral surface of the Pubis just lateral to
the symphysis, and from the sharp anterior border of the
Pubis along its lower four centimeters. The muscle in its pos-

terior part is thin, but becomes much thicker anteriorly. The

INSERTION is by a very short aponeurotic tendon to the pos-
terior surface of the Femur. about midway in the bone, and
extends downward and nedialward from this point to the medial
epicondyle, and beyond this is attached to the medial femoro-
tibial ligament. About midway along this insertion the
muscle is divided, forming a canal througi which passes the
femoral vessels and nerve.

109. Adductor magnus: lies mostly under the Adduotor
longus and anterior to the Semimsnbranosus, the Semitendinosus,
and the Gastrocnemius. It ARISES by fleshy fibers from the
Pubis medial to the origin of the Semimmbrsnosus. The muscle
bundles run a parallel course converging gradually onto an
elongated INSERTION which extends obliquely across the pos-
terior surface of the shaft of the Femur from the proximal
aspect of the trochantsr tertius downward and medialward to
the upper part of the radial epicondyle.

llO. Adductor brevis: is the deepest of the Adductores.
It ARISES by fleshy fibers from the lateral surface and the
dorsal rougi margin of the Tuber ischii and from the tendon
of origin of the Biceps femoris. The muscle fibers run a
parallel course, forming a wide, flat muscle, until close to
the insertion of the muscle, where they converge onto a short
aponeurotic tendon which is INSERTED into the medial epicon-
dyle of the Femur and onto the medial femoro-tibisl ligsmnt.

lll. Obturator externus: is a fax-shaped muscle lying
mostly under the Adductor longus. It ARISES from an extensive
area on the lateral surface of the Pubis adjacent to the pos-
terior and medial margins of the Obturator fo ramen. The

muscle fibers converge gradually into a narrower, thicker

muscle continued as a short flat tendon which is INSERTED onto
the distal border of the trochanter tertius.

115. Piriformis: is a.small fusiform.muscle. It
ARISES from the pelvic surface of the transverse processes of
the third and fourth sacral vertebrae. The muscle fibers
converge onto a round tendon.which begins on the pelvic face
of the muscle. The tendon passes over me border of the Ilium
just behind thergreater ischiatic notch, passes lateralward
dorsal to the hip joint and insertion.of the Obturator exter-
nus and Gemelli, to be INSERTED into the medial aspect of the
border of the trochanter major dorsal to the insertion of the
Obturator externus.

116. Obturator internus: ARISES by fleshy fibers from.
the entire outer margin of the Obturator foreman except in its
anterior part, where there is a.short interval for the
passage of the obturator vessels and.nerve. Its fibers con-
verge rapidly onto a short heavy tendon.Which begins on.the
lateral face of the muscle. The tendon receives the fibers
of the Gemellus posterior and unites in.front with.the tendon.
of the Gemellus anterior. The compound tendon is INSERTED
into a deep concavity in the troohanteric fossa of the Femur.

117,118. Gemelli: are two small.muscle fasciculi which.ere
inserted with the Obturator externus and may be considered.as
units of that muscle. The Gemellus anterior (117) ARISES
from the lateral surface of the anterior and of the superior
ramis of the Pubis. Its fibers converge onto a tendon wish
is adherent to the front of the tendon of the Obturator
externus. The Gemellus posterior (118) EBISES from the dor-

sal border of the superior ramis of the Ischium. Its muscle

fibers pass directly onto the posterior face of the tendon of
the Obturator externus into which they are continued. The
cmpound tendon is INSERTED into the concavity in the Trochan-
teric fossa of the Femur.

119. Quadratus femoris: is a small, straight muscle
which passes over the end of insertion of the Obturator
externus and the Ganelli. It ARISES by fleshy fibers from
the lateral surface of the body of the Ischium. Its fibers
pass directly forward and lateralward to be continued by a
very short tenlon which is INSERTED onto the posterior sur-
face of the trochanter Mar.

The Posterior Femoral Group
(Hamstring Group)
Biceps femoris ‘Semitendinosus Semimembrancsus

120. Biceps femoris: ARISES from the lateral part of
the Ischial tuberosity. ’Its fibers diverge from here to form
an extensive muscle spreading over the posters-lateral crural
region. It is INSERTED by an aponeurotic sheet to the
aponeurosis of the lateral crural region; the sheet distally
extends over the medial, mrfaee of the leg and is inserted
through this into the shaft of the Tibia distal to the inser-
tion of the Semitendinosus. '

t 121.. Semitendinosus‘: is a heavy muscle lying in the
caudal aspect of the thigh. It ARISES through the sacral
aponeurosis from the spinous processes of the last three
sacral and first two caudal vertebrae. Its fibers from this
broad origin converge into a flashy belly from which the
fibers are directed, ventralward, distally, and then laterally,
converging on a flat tendon which is INSERTED into the

roughened area on the anterior aspect of the crest of the
Tibia near its distal and. ' (About the middle of the shaft of
the Tibia.)

122. Semimanbranoms: is a very large muscle situated
in the posters-medial part of the thigh. It ARISES by fleshy
fibers from the posterior margin of the inferior ramis of the
Pubis and from the posters-lateral portion of the ventral
surface of the inferior ramis of the Ischium. Its fibers
rapidly diverge into an exceedingly heavy body which is
triangularly prismatic in form. Bistally the fibers converge
onto two flat tendons. One tendon is INSERTED into the medial
epicondyle of the Femur, the medial patello—tibial ligament,
and the medial aspect of the proximal extremity of the Tibia.
The more distal tendon arises on the deep face of the muscle
and is INSERTED into the upper three centimeters of the tibial

crest.

4. The Muscles of the Leg
The Anterior Tibial group
Tibialis anterior
Extenscr hallucis longus
Extensor digitorum longus
123. Tibialis anterior: is located on the lateral side

of the Tibia. It is a large, fleshy muscle which overlies
the ktensor hallucis longus and the Extensor digitorum
longus. It ARISES by fleshy fibers from the lateral margin
of the Patella, from the lateral tib io-patellar ligament, and
from the anterior border and lateral surface of the Tibia in
its upper half. It converges onto a tendon about three centi-

meters above the ankle Joint. The tendon passes obliquely

downward and medialward through the oblique groove on the
anterior surface of the distal extremity of the Tibia, con-
tinues obliquely across the Tarsus to be INSERTED into the
first Cunieform and the base of the first Metatarsal bones.

184. Extensor hallucis longus: is a thin muscle lying
posterior to the extensor digitorum lungus. It ARISES from a
tendincus band which extends from the head down onto the
shaft of the Fibula, from the interosseous ligament, and from
the intermuscular septum between it and the Extensor digitorum
longus. The tendon passes through the fibula-tibular groove
with a tendon of the Extmsor digitorum longus. Emerging from
the groove it diverges from the tendon of the above mentioned
muscle, passes over the Tarsus and Metatarsus to the first
digit,shere it is INSERTED into the terminal phalanx. A thin
band unites this tender: with the tendon of the Extensor
digitorum longus, which goes to the second digit in the
metatarsal region.

125. Extensor digitorum longis: is an ant ero—posteriorly
compressed muscle lying behind the Tibialis anterior. It
ARIBES from the lateral spicondyle of the Femur. Its fibers
pass onto a tendon which is apparent along the anterior face
of the distal two-thirds of the muscle. The tendon passes
through a groove formed between the distal extremities of the
Tibia and Fibula. Over the Tarsus the tendon becomes flattened
and divides into four branches which progress distally along
the dorsum of the four lesser toes to be INSERTED into the
base of the terminal phalanges. Over each preceding Joint
the ligaments give secondary attachment. through means of a
phalangeal sheath.

The Posterior Tibial group
1. Superficial group
Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris

186. Gastrocnemius: is a triangularly prismatic muscle,
the most medial of a group of three muscles which send ten...
dons to the Os calcis. It ARISES by fleshy fibers from the
medial epicondyle of the Femur in common attachment with the
fibers if insertion of the Adductor magnus which are adherent
to it at this point. About two-thirds of the distance down
the leg the muscle fibers converge abruptly onto a strong
tendon which passes obliquely lateralward over the tendons of
the Soleus and the Plantaris, to be INSERTED into the lateral
aspect of the Iroximal portion of the Tuber calcis.

127. Plantaris: is a very heavy muscle lying in the
posterior aspect of the leg, between the Gastrocnemius and
the Soleus. This muscle ARISES by fleshy fibers from the
lateral epicondyle of the Femur. The fibers diverge rapidly
to form a large fleshy belly which is divisible in its proxi-
mal one-third into two parts. The muscle fibers converge
about two-thirds down the leg onto a strong tendon which
passes over the proximal portion of the Tuber calcis, at which
point a bursa is interposed between the bone and tendon, is
attached to the middle third of the posterior border of the
Tuber calcis by tendincus fibers, and is INSERTED into the
plantar aspect of the Tuber calcis and through the Plantar
aponeurosis is continuous with the Flexor digitonm brevis .

128. Soleus: is the most lateral of the superficial
group of the posterior aspect of the leg. It ARISES by two
hands, a long or femoral head and a short or fibular head.
The Femoral head is much the larger of the two. It ARISES by

muscle fibers from the lateral epicondyle of the Femur distal
to the origin of Plantaris, from the capsular ligament, and
from the Patella. The muscle fibers converge gradually onto
a tendon which begins a little above the middle of the leg on
the superficial face of the muscle. The tendon, at first
flat and extensive, passes downward becoming more cylindrical
in form, passes over the distal part of the short head
receiving the muscle fibers of the short head, becomes free,
and passes distally to be INSERTED into the proximal extremity
of the Tuber calcis medial and anterior to the attachment of
the Gastrocnemius. rlhe Fibular head ARISES by tendincus
fibers from the distal one-half of the upper third of the
shaft of the Fibula, from a crest formed at this point. The
muscle fibers diverge into a flattened, triangularly prismatic
belly from which they are INSERTED into the anterior surface
of the tendon of the long head distal to its flemy part.
2. Deep group

Popliteus Flexor hallucis longus Tibialis posterior

Flexor digitorum longus .

129. Popliteus: is a short, heary, triangular muscle
passing obliquely medialward across the proximal part of the
crural region. It ARISES by a short tmdon from the lateral
epicondyle of the Femur. Its fibers pass medialward and
distally in a fleshy mass, to be INSERTED in a roughened
depression on the medial surface of the upper one-fourth of
the shaft of the Tibia.

130. Flexor hallucis longis: ARISES by fleshy fibers
from the deeply concave upper portion of the posterior sur-

face of the shaft of the Tibia. About midway in the leg

the fibers are continued on a flat tendon which arises on the
lateral face of the muscle. The tendon passes distally
through the groove of’the medial malleolus with the tendon of
the Tibialis posterior, and progresses distally over the
radial surface of the tarsus to be INSERTED into the medial
surface of the first Cuneiform bone.

131. Tibialis posterior: ARISES by fleshy fibers from
the upper half of the medial border of the Tibia. Its upper
part arises posterior to the attachments of the Semitendinosus
and the POpliteus. Its fibers converge onto a tendon which
passes through a groove of the medial Melleolus with the ten—
don of the Flexor hallucis longus, passes distally to be
INSERTED into the fascia covering the medial surface of the
Tarsus.

132. Flexor digitorum longus: is a large muscle
situated on the posteroamedial side of the leg. It ARISES
from.the posterior surface of the upper four-fifths of the
fibula, from.the fascia over the Abductor digiti quinti, from
the posterior surface of the upper two-thirds of the Tibia,
and from the interosseous ligament. 'me muscle bundles con-
verge onto a heavy tendon Just above the point of the Tuber
calcis. The tendon passes through the Tarsal groove to the
sole of the foot, where it expands. It is here Joined by the
Quadratus plantae. It them.divides into five branches which
pass along the plantar surface of each.respeotive digit to be
INSERTED into the base of the terminal phalanx of 111a corres-

ponding digit.

The Lateral Peroneal Group

Peroneus tertius Peroneus longus
Peroneus brevis Abductor digiti quinti

133. Peroneus tertius: ARISES from.the posterior sur-
face of the middle third of the fibula. Its fibers converge
onto a tendon which passes medially and then anterior to the
tendons of the Peroneus brevis and the Abductor digiti quinti,
passes through a groove of the lateral malleolus with.these
muscles. Emerging fron1the groove the tendon is directed for-
ward and medially to be INSERTED into the base of the fifth
Metatarsal bone.

134. Peroneus brevis: is a relatively larg muscle
lying lateral to the Peroneus tertius. It ARISES by two heads,
a Fibular and a Femoral.head. The Femoral head.ARISES from
the posterior facet on.the lateral epicondyle of the Fanur.
The Fibular head ARISES from.the posterior surface of the
head of the Fibula and the shaft for a short distance below
this. The fibers converge on a tendon.nhich lies on the deep
face of the muscle. “the tendon passes downward through the
groove of the lateral malleolus with the tendons of the
Peroneus tertius and'the Abductor digiti quinti. Merging
from the groove the tendon passes over the lateral surface of
the Tarsus and the fifth metatarsal bone, to be INSERTED into
the lateral aspect of the base of the fifth Phalanx and into
the corresponding metatarso-phalangeal.sheath.

135. Peroneus longus: is a strong fusitornlmmsole lying
in the crural region lateral to the Peroneus brevis. It
ARISES by fleshy fibers from the inferior surface of the head

of the Femur and from the intermuscular septa between it and

the adjacent muscles. The fibers converge onto a tendon which
passes downward through a stall individual groove on the
lateral malleolus Just lateral to the larger groove. The
tendon then extends distally and turns obliquely medialward

in a groove across the lateral surface of me Calcaneus,
through the groove on the plantar surface of the Cuboid to be
INSERTED into the base of the first Metatarsal bone. The
groove through which this tendon passes is converted into a
canal by a heavy plantar ligament.

136. Abductor digiti quinti: lies anterior to the
previously mentioned muscles, an! is very greatly flattened
antero-posteriorly. It ARISE from the antemJaterel our-
face of the upper three-fourths of the fibula, from the inter-
osseous ligament, and by tendincus fibers from the head of the
Fibula. The muscle fibers converge onto a strong tendon about
three-fourths of the way down the crural region. The tendon
passes through the groove of the lateral malleolus with the
tendons of the Peroneus tertius and brevis, passes distally
over the lateral surface of the terms, to be INSERTED on the
lateral surface of the tuberosity on the proximal extremity
of the fifth Metatarsal.

5. The Muscles of the Foot

The Dorsal Muscle of the Foot
Extensor digitorum brevis

137. Extensor digitorum brevis: is a very rudimentary
muscle. It is well and fusiform, ARISING on the upper and
lateral surface of the Calcaneous. After about two centimeters
it enters a single tendon which enters that branch of the

Extensor digitorum longus which goes to the firth digit.

The Plantar Muscles of the Foot
First layer

Quadratus plantae
Flexor digitorum brevis

138. Quadratus plantae: ARISES by a single head from
the latero-posterior surface of the distal end of the 0s
calcis. Its fibers pass medially and slightly distally to be
INSERTED into the tendon of the Flexor digitorum longus.

139. Flemr digitorum brevis: is a snnll muscle, the
belly of which occupies the plantar portion of the tarsal
region. It ARISES from the Os calcis through the plantar
aponeurosis. About the Junction of the natatarsis with the
tarsus the fibers terminate in a tendon which immediately
divides into three branches which go to the second, third,
and fourth digits respectively. Each tendon passes distally
superficial to the same tendon of the Flexor digitorum longus
to the metatarso-phalangeal Joint, where it divides and
passes to either side of the above tendon; proceeding thus to
the next Joint, where it is INSERTED into the medial and
lateral aspects of the base of the second phalanx. Over the
phalaxgeal region the tendon is also attached to the first
phalanx through the medium of the phalangeal sheath.

Second layer
Flexor hallucis brevis Interos sei
140. Flexor hallucis brevis: ARISES from the deep
plantar ligament and through this from the second Cuneiform.
The emll spindle-.shaped muscle passes distally to be

msnerrn by means of a short tendon to the base of the first
phalanx of the first digit.

Lying deeply to the preceding muscle is a heavy tendincus
ligament Ihich arises from the first Cuneiform and the adJa-
cent fascia and is inserted into the metatarso-phalangeal
Joint of the first digit through the medium of the two seesa-
moid bones and their ligaments.

141. Interossei: according to their position are not
divisible into dorsal and plantar graips. They consist of
four pairs of muscle related to the four lesser toes. Each
pair ABISES from the plantar surface of the base of a mate-
tarsal bone and passes distally to be INSmTED onto the medial
and lateral sides of the base of the first phalanx of the
corresponding digit.

A small suspensory ligament passes from the tuberosity
on the proximal end of the fifth Metatarsus to the base of
the first phalanx of that digit superficial to that Interossi.

MYOLOGY

The Muscles of the Pectcral Limb

Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle
Dorsal group:

ventral group:

Muscles of the Shoulder

Muscles of the Arm
Extensor group:

Flexor group:

Muscles of the Forearm
Badiodorsal division
Superficial group:

Deep group:

Ulnovolar division
Superficial group:

Deep group:

Muscles of the Hand
Muscles of the fifth digit:

Muscles of the first digit:

Intermediate muscle s:

Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Rhomhoideus
Levator scapulae
Omo transversarius

Serratus ventralis
Pectoralis sublimis
Pectoral is profundus
Subclavius

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres maJ or
Sub scapul aria
Deltcideus

Triceps brachii
Ansoneus

Coracobrachialis
Bio eps brachii
Brachialis

Brachioradialis

Extenser carpi radialis
Extensor digitorum ammunis
Extensor digiti quinti
Extensor carpi ulnaris

Supinator
Extensor carpi Obliquus
Extensor indicis preprius

Pronator terns

Flexor carpi radialis
Palmris longus

Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor di gitorum sublimis

Flexor digitorum profundus
Proust or quadratus

Flexor digi ti quinti brevis
Abduetor digiti quinti

Abductor pollicis brevis

Lumbric ales
Interos sei

1. The Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle
The Dorsal Group
Trapezius Rhomboideus
Latissimus dorsi Levator scapulae
Omo transversarius

12. Trapezius: is a flat, triangular muscle, the base
of which lies dorsal to the spinal column in the cervical and
thoracic regions. It ARISES from the Nuchal crest of the
Occipital bone, from the dorsum of the Ligamentum nuchae, and
from the spines and supraspinous ligament of the Thoracic
vertebrae. From this origin the muscle fibers extend lateral-
ward: the cephalad fibers proceed outward and ventralxard to
INSERT into the cranio-dorsal surface of the distal extremity
of the Clavicle; the middle fibers proceed lateralaard to
INSERT into the cranial mgin of the Acromian and cranial
lip of the lateral part of the Scapular spine; and the caudad
fibers proceed forward and lateralward converging to INSERT
into the spinous tubercle near the middle of the Scapular
spine.

13. Latissimus dorsi: is an extensive, flat muscle
overlying the dorsum of the lunbar and thoracic regions, and
constricting to a narrow band as it nears its insertion on
the Humerus. It ARISES by aponeurosis from the Thoracic
spines and sipraspinous ligament from the third to the last
Thoracic vertebrae: inclusive, through aponeurosis from the
Lumbar vertebrae, and by fleaxy digitations from the seventh
to the twelfth ribs inclusive. The fiber bundles converge
gradually as they approach the arm; passing medial to the arm
they and in a short, flat, fibrous band which is INSERTED

into the medial border and anterior surface of the Humerus

Just in front of the tendon of insertion of the Teres Mor.

l4. Rhomboideus: underlies the Trapezius in the cervical
and dorsal thoracic regions. It is not divisible. It ARISES
from the entire length of me liganentum nuchae, and from a
slight area on the medial part of the nuchal crest. The muscle
fibers from.the cephalad part pass backward and Slightly
outward; from the caudad part, pass outward and slightly
backward, gradually converging to be INSERTED onto the
thickened, tuberculus dorsal border of the Scapula.

15. Levator scapulae: is a relatively large muscle
lying on the dorso-lateral surface of the neck, closely
related dorsally to the Rhomboideus. It ARISES by'fleahy
fibers from the posterior amect of the lateral part of the
nuchal crest, from the posterior surface of the Petrous
temporal bone, and from the paramasto id process of the Occi-
pital bone. From this origin parallel fibers pass backward
converging slightly to be INSERTED by short tendincus fibers
into the lateral roughened surface of the dorml border of
the Scapula. To reach the entire length of the dorsal border
the more lateral muscle fibers pass over the proximal one-half
of the Scapular spine to which it is also inserted.

16. One transversarius: ARISES from the‘ crest of the
Acromian. At its origin the muscle is flat, but as it pro.
greeses forward and medially it becomes rounded. Passing
deeply under the Trapezius and Sterno-occipitalis its fibers
converge to be INSERTED onto the wing of the Atlas.

~ The Ventral Group
Serratus ventralis Pectoralis profundus
Pectoralis sublimis subclavius
1'7. Serratus ventralis: is clearly divisible into two

parts; (17a) S erratus cervicis, and (17b) Serratus thordois.

17a. The Serratus cervicis is the smaller of the two muscles.
It ARISES from the transverse processes of the last four
cervical vertebrae and first rib. The muscle fibers pass
outward, upward, and backward to be INSERTED with the thoracic
Serratus into the dorsal demarcated area on the costal sur-
face of the Scapula. 17b. The Serratus thoracis ARISBS by
fleshy digitations from the lateral sm'face of the third to
eighth ribs inclusive. The muscle fibers pass convergently
upward, merging as they approach their INSEBTION on the
Scapula with the Serratus cervicis.

18. Pectoralis mblimis: 11315138 from the caudal border
of the medial one-third of the shaft of the Clavicle, from
the ventral surface of the Sternum, from the costal carti-
lages of the first seven ribs, and from the fibrous median
raphe canmon to the two muscles. The muscle fibers pass
lateralward, converging onto a short sheet-like tendon which
is INSERTED onto the medial surface of the shaft of the
Humerus on a line from the Greater tubero sity distally to a
point Just distal to and medial to the Deltoid tuberosity,
inserting partly into the medial portion of the Deltoid
tuberosity also.

19. Pectoralis profundus: is dividedinto two pets,
cephalus and candelic. It arises generally caudal and deeply
to the Pectoralis sublimis and is much longer than the pre-
ceding muscle. The Pectoralis prcfundue cephalus (19a)
ARISES from the caudal one-half of the Sternum. and from the
third to the sixth costal cartilages inclusive. The muscle
fibers converge as they pass forward and lateralvnrd onto a

short, flattened tendon which is INSERTED into the Greater

tubero sity of the Humerus medic-proximal to the insertion of
the caudal part. The Pectoralis profundus caudalic (19b) is
a flattened muscle ARISIM} practically entirely through
aponeurosis from the cranial two-fifths of the Linea alba.
The muscle becomes more narrow and thicker as it passes for-
ward and outward ending in a short tendon which is INSERTED
into the ventral aspect of the greater tuberosity of the
Humerus. ‘me deep face of the muscle receives muscle fibers
of the Musculi cutaneus omobrachialis which inserts in part
to the greater tuberosity of the Humerus with this muscle.

201. Suhclavius: is partially divisible into two parts.
The rounded part ARISES from a roughened depression on the
caudal surface of the lateral, flattened portion of the shaft
of the Clavicle. From this origin the muscle fibers diverge,
forming a rounded belly which becomes slightly smiler in
diameter as it approaches its INSERTICN on the first rib at
its Junction with its cartilage. The remaining part ARISES
from the deep surface of the rounded portion of the smft of
the Clavicle. From here the muscle passes obliquely backward
and deep, to INSERT into the first costal cartilage.

2. The Muscles of. the Shoulder
Supraspinatus Teres major
Infraspinatus Sub scapulari s
Deltoideus
2.0. Supraspinatus: is a heavy spindle-draped muscle
occupying the supraspinous fo sea of the Scapula. It ARISES
by fleshy fibers from the entire surface of the sipraspinous

fossa, from the cranial surface of the scapular spine, and

from the dorsal one-half of theecervical border of the
Scapula. Distally the muscle fibers converge rapidly to be
INSERTED into the anterior aspect of the greater tuberosity
of the Humerus.

21. Infraspinatus: is a fusiform muscle which occupies
the entire Infraspinous fossa. This muscle ARISES by fleshy
fibers from the whole of the infraspinous fossa and frm the
caudal aspect of the scapular spine. The muscle passes
distally under the spinous portion of the Deltoideus, to be
INSERTED onto the lateral part of the greater tuberosity of
the Humerus.

22. Teres major: is a heavy muscle whicrllies largely

behind the Subscapular is. It ARISES by fleshy fibers from

the dorsal one-third of me axillary border of the Scapula.
It is INSERTED by fibrous attachment into the Teres tubercle
and the medial aspect of the shaft of the Humerus.

23. Subscapularis: is a heavy triangular muscle covering
the entire costal surface of the Scapula, occupying the sub-
scapular fossa. It ARISES from.the ermire surface of the
subscapular fossa to which it is very adherent. Its fibers
converge distally onto a'broad aponeurotic tendon which is
INSERTED into the medial portion of the lesser>tuberosity of
the Humerus. ‘

24. Deltoideus: is partially divisible into scapular
and acromial parts. The scapular part is thin, triangular,
and ARLSES from.the lower lip of the crest of’the scapular
spine. The aoromial part is thick.and.fusiform, and ARISES
from the caudal mrgin of the Acromion, and from the inferior

border and deep surface of the clavicle. The two parts merge

distally to be INSERTED by tendincus fibers into the deltoid
tubero sity of the Humerus. The more superficial muscle fibers
are directed into the aponeurosis of the forearm throng:
tendincus fibers. The cranio-medial aspect of the muscle
receives muscle fibers of the superficial Pectoral muscle

which is inserted medial to, and in comon with the Deltoideus.

3. The Muscles of the Arm

Extensor Group
Triceps brachii anoneus

25. Triceps brachii: constitutes the large muscular
mass occupying the posterior part of the arm. It is clearly
divisible into three heads.

The Lateral head (25a) is triangularly prismatic in
cross section. It ARISES by tend inous fibers from the proxi-
mal part of the shaft of the Humerus Just di stal to the
greater tuberosity. Its muscle fibers converge distally onto
an aponeurotic tendon which is tontinuous with the tendincus
attachment of the long head and is INSERTED into the ant ere-
lateral aspect of the lower part of the Olecranon.

The Long head (25b) is triangularly pri snatic in cross
section, very heavy, and relatively short. It ARISES by
tendincus fibers from the lateral two-fifths of the posterior
border of the scapula. From this narrou, elongated origin
the fibers abruptly enter a large fleshy belly. The fibers
of the lateral portion pass directly backward and domard
to be INSERTED to the Olecranon in a common tendon with the
lateral head. The fibers of the medial portion turn obliquely
lateralvard distally, to be INSERTED into the proximal aspect

of the Olecranon.

The Medial head, Major, (250') is a flattened muscle
under the distal part of the other two heads. It ARISES by
fleshy fibers from the entire posterior airface of the Humerus,
the medial border of the Humerus distal to teres tubercle,
medial to the distal part of the tendon of insertion of Teres
major, and from the proximal part of the crest of the lateral
epicondyle. It is INSERTED by fleshy fibers to the Olecranon,
deeply related to the entire tendon of insertion of the
lateral and long heads.

The Medial head, Minor, (250") is a small fusiform
muscle lying medic-distal to the mjor portion, but quite
distinct from it. It ARISES from the medial epicondyle of
the Humerus. It is INSERTED to the medial mgin of the
Olecranon.

86. iconeus: is a small trimgular muscle situated on
the lateral aspect of the elbow. It ARISES from the distal
part of the lateral epicondyle of the Burns. Its fibers
extend in a divergent posterior direction, to be IIBERTED into
the lateral aspect of the posterior border of the Ulna behind
the elbow Joint.

The Flexor Group
Coracobrachialis Biceps brachii Brachialis

2'7. Coracobrachialis: is a smll muscle located in the
medial and upper part of the arm. Its insertion is divided by
the insertim of the Teres mjor and the Latissimus dorsi, and
the origin of the medial portion of the medial head of the
Triceps brachii. It ARISES by a short tendon from the core.
coid process of the Scapula. It is INSERTED by an elongated,

flattened tendon to the anterior aspect of the medial border
of the Humerus Just proximal to the medial epicondyle, and by
a short, flat tendon to the medial border of the Humerus
between the head of the terse tubercle.

28. Biceps brachii: is the large flexor muscle of the
forearm. It ARISES by a tendon from the supraglenoid tubercle
of the Scapula. The tendon passes foreward, outward, am
dovnward through the intertubercular groove of the Humerus.
merging from the groove the tendincus fibers diverge over
both the deep and superficial faces of the muscle. the
muscle covers the anterior surface of the Humerus, expanding
into a rotund belly in the lower two-fifths of the brachial
region. Distally the muscle fibers converge onto a short
tendon which is INSERTED onto the bicipital tuberosity of the
Ulna.

29. Brachialis: is a heavy muscle situated in a large
spiral groove on the lateral surface of the Bunsrus. It
ARISES from the inferior aspect of the greater tuberosity,
from the roughened area on the shaft of the Humerus Just
below and behind the head, and by a tendon from the posterior
aspect of the lesser tuberosity of the Humsrua. There are
also fibers arising throughout the length of the musculo...
spiral groove. In front of the elbow Joint the muscle fibers
converge onto a tendon which passes over the medial part of
the proximal extremity of the radius, to be INSERTED onto the
Ulna Just lateral to the insertion of the Biceps brachii.

4. The Muscles of the Forearm
a. Radio-dorsal Division
Superficial Group
Brachioradialis Extensor digiti quinti
Extensor carpi radialis Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor digitorum communis

30. Brachioradialis: is the most anterior of this group
of muscles. It ARISES from the proximal part of the lateral
epicondyle of the Humerus. Its fibers converge on a tendon
at the Junction of the upper and middle thirds of the forearm.
The tendon passes down the sntero-medial aspect of the radius
medial to the tendon of the Extensor carpi radialis, under the
tendon of the Extensor carpi Obliquus, through the ”dial
groove on the anterior surface of the distal extremity of the
radius, and across the carpus to be INSERTED into the base or
the second Metacarpal bone.

31. Extensor carpi radialis: is a very larg muscle
lying behind and partly anbracing the previous muscle. It
ARISES from an extensive area on the lateral epicondyle of
the Humerus. It becomes tendincus about the middle of the
forearm, the tendon accompanying the tendon of the Brachia-
radialis to the carpus, there it is INSERTED into the
multangular maJor.

32. Extensor digitorum communis: LRISES from the
lateral epicondyle of the Humerus. Its muscle fibers converge
onto three separate tendons which pass with the tendons of
the Extensor digiti quinti and the Extensor indicis down the
forearm in a groove formed between the Radius and Ulna, under

a transverse carpal ligament, and onto the chrsum of his hand.
In the dorsal metacarpal region the tendons of the Extenarr

digitorum ccnnnunis spread out into a common aponeurotic sheet
from which branches go to the last four digits. These branches
course the length of each respective digit to INSERT in the
base of the terminal phalanx. They are attached to the first
ani second phalanges by aponeurotic fibers.

33. Extensor digiti quinti: is a slenier muscle
ARISING from the lateral epic mdyle of the Humerus, and from
the intermusculsr septa between it and the adjacent muscles.
Midway in the forearm its muscle fibers converge onto a tenlon
which lies Just behind the tendon of the Extensor digitorun
comunis and accompanies this tendon to the metacarpal region,
share it diverges from it lateralvard to be INSERTED into the
dorsum of the first phalanx of the fifth digit.

34. Extensor carpi ulnaris: is posterior to the pre-
ceding muscle. It ARISES by two heads; the humeral head
arises from the distal part of the lateral epicondyle of the
Humerus, the ulnar head arises from the lover part of the
lateral surface of the Olecranon. Its fibers converge on a
tendon mich arises on the deep face of the muscle. The
tendon passes don the lateral surface of the Ulna and over
the corpus in a separate tendon-sheath. Over the Metacarpus
the tendon turns obliquely lateralsard to be INSERTED into
the shaft of the fifth mtacarpal.

The Deep Group
Supinator Extensor carpi obliquus
Extensor indicis proprius

55. Supinator: ARISES by tendincus fibers from the
anterior aspect of the distal one-fourth of the margin of the
lateral epicondyle of the thnerus. Its fibers extend diver-

gently medialward and distally over the front of the upper
one-half of the shaft of the Radius, over the entire surface
of which the muscle is INSERTED.

36. Extensor carpi obliquus: ARISES by fled1y fibers
from the upper half of the lateral surface of the shaft of
the Radius, from the upper half of the lateral surface of the
Ulna, which forms an extensive concavity which this muscle
occupies, and also from the interos seous ligament between the
two bones in this region. The tendon of insertion winds down-
ward and medialward over the lower half of the shaft of the
Radius, passes through a groove on the medial aspect of the
distal extremity of the radius to he INSERTED into the
accessory carpal bone and the greater multsngular. The tendon
through its entire length is divisible into two separate parts.
These parts represent analogues of the two muscles, the
Abductor pollicis longus and the Extensor pollicis brevis.

3'7. Extensor indicis proprius: ARISES by fleshy fibers
from the upper half of the postero-lateral border of the shaft
of the Blue. Midway in the forearm the fibers converge onto
a tendon which arises from the lateral face of 1he distal
third of the muscle. The tendon extends downward, obliquely
medialward under the tendons of the Extensor carpi ulnaris,
Extensor digiti quinti, and Extensor digitorum communis through
the groove between the Radius and Ulna, passes across the
carpus and metacarpus to the second digit, along the dorsum
of which it progresses to be INSERTED into the base of the
terminal phalanx of that digit. A branch of this tenion also
goes to the first digit, where it is inserted into the
terminal phalanx. (Perhaps this branch is the rudimentary
manifestation of the Extensor pollicis longus.)

b. Ulnovolar Division
Superficial Group
Prenator teres Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi radialis Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum sublimis

38. Prenator teres: is the most medial of this group
of muscles. It ARISES by a single head from the anterior
aspect of the medial epicondyle of the Humerus. The fibers
pass downward and forward to be INSERTED onto the medial
surface of the upper one-half of the shaft of the Radius.

59. Flexor carpi radialis: lies between the Pronetor
teres and the Flexor digitorum profundus. It ARISES from the
medial epicondyle of the Humerus and the intermuscular septa
between it and the. adjacent muscles. Its fflaers cmverge
onto a tendon which is superficial in the muscle. 'lhe tendon
is attached to the medio-pos teri or border of the Radius by a
sheath at the Junction of the lower and middle thirds of the
bone. The tendon then passes through the carpal groove in a
tendon-sheath, passes under a liganent supporting the acces-
sory carpal bone laterally, and is INSERTED into the second
Metacarpal bone.

40. Palmaris longus: is a slender muscle having two
heads of origin. It ARISES by one head from the medial
epicondyle of the Humerus, and by the other, equally strong
head, fran the proxinnl part of the Olecranm. Its fibers
enter a slender cylindrical tendon about two -fifths of the
way down the forearm. This tendon becomes flattmed distally
and spreads out, being INSERTED into the palmar aponeuro sis
and the palmar pad.

41. Flexor carpi ulnaris: lies lateral to the previous

muscle, occupying the posterior side of the forearm. It
ARISES from the posterior margin of the proximal portion of
the Olecranon. The muscle becomes tendincus midway in the
forearm. The tendon is INSERTED into the Pisifom. Thmugn
ligaments from this bone its action is transmitted to the
carpus and metacarpus.

42. Flexor d1gitorum.sublimds: lies largely beneath
the Flexor carpi ulnaris. It ARISES by a single head from
the medial epicondyle of the Humrus. The fibers converge
into a tendon which passes througi the carpal groove.
Reaching the palmar region the tmdon divides into three
branches, which go to the second, third, and fourth digits.
Each branch passes distally to the base of the second phalanx
where it divides, passirg to either side of the tendon of the
Flexor digitorum.profundus, to be INSERTED into either nargin
of the shaft of the second phalanx about its middle.

Deep Group
Flexor digitorum profundus Pronetor quadratus

43. Flexor digitorum pmfundus: occupies the entire
posteronmedial aspect of the forearm, lying in part under the
preceding muscles. It ARISES by a small slip from the medial
epicondyle of the Humerue deeply related to the origin cf the
Palmsris longus and the Flexor carpi ulnaris, from the mdial
margin of the posterior aspect of the Olecranon, the upper
two-thirds of the posterior border and medial surface of the
Ulna, the middle third of the interosseous border of the
Radius, and the interosseous ligament. From.this extensive
origin the muscle converges to form a single large tendon

about the junction of the middle and distal thirds of the

forearm. This tendon passes thmugi the carpal groove and on
reaching the palmar region divides into five branches which
pass distally along the volar'surface of each respective digit
to be INSERTED into the volar side of the base of the terminal
phalanges. The branch going to the first digit my be con-
sidered the analogue of the Flexor pollicis longus.

44. Prenator quadratus: is a broad, short, thin muscle
situated transversely in the medial surface of the antebrachial
region. It LRISES from the volar surface of the middle third
of the shaft of the Ulna. The muscle fibers are directed
forward and slightly downward, to be INSERTED in the postero-
volar surface of the middle third of the Radius.

5. The Muscles of the Hand

a. Muscles of the Fifth Digit
Flexor digiti quinti brevis Abductor digiti quinti

45. Flexor digiti quinti brevis: is a short triangular
muscle lying in the ulnar side of the palm. It ARISES from a
relatively extensive origin on the velar aspect of the conti-
guous portions of the bases of the fourth am fifth metacar-
pals. Its fibers rapidly converge onto a very short tendon,
which is INSERTED into the ulnar sesamoid bone of the fifth
digit, and through the sesamoidian ligaments onto the first
phalanx: of the fifth digit.

46. Abductor digiti quinti: is a small fmiform muscle
located in the ulno-volar region of the hand. It ARISES by
fleshy fibers from the Pie iform bone. It passes distally
forming a short belly. The fibers converge onto a short
tendon, which is INSERTED into the ulnar side of the base of

the first phalanx of the fifth digit.
b. Muscles of the First Digit
Abductor pollicis brevis

4'7. Abductor pollicis brevis: is a small fusiform
muscle situated in the radial side of the palm. It ARISES by
fleshy fibers from the accessory carpal bone. Its fibers
converge onto a tendon which is INSERTED into the radial
sesamoid bone and onto the base of the first phalanx of the
first digit.

c. Intermediate Muscles
Lumbric ale 3 Intero ssei

48. Lumbricales: are four muscles situated in the
palmar portion of the hand and associated with the tendons of
the Flexor digitorum profundus. The first, associated with
the index finger, is a very small fasciculus ARISIN} fran the
medial surface of the deep flexor tendon of the index finger.
The second and third ARISE from the contiguous sides of the
tendons of the second and third digits, and the third and
fourth digits respectively. The fourth ARISES from the velar
surface of the tendon to the fifth digit. mob muscle passes
to the radial side of the corresponding digit to be INSERTED
into the digital sheath throug1 which it is connected with the
corresponding tendincus expansion of the Extensor digitorum
communis, which largely covers the dorsal aspect of the digits.

49. Interossei: three in number, lie on the volar sur-
face of the metacarpals. They ARISE from the volar surface
of the base of the metacarpus of the digits with which they
are associated. The first one, to the second digit, is single
and INSERTED into the sesamoid bone on the radial side of the

digit. The other two, to the third and fourth digits
respectively, divide to be INSERTED into each sesamoid bone
of the same digit. Also through the digital sheath the

Interossei are attached to the extensor tendons.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I wish to express my appreciation to Dr. F. W.
Chamberlain, Professor of Comparative Anatomy, for
his assistance in the. anatomical development of
thiswork. To Mr. H. n. Ruhl, cf the Gene Division
of the State Conservation Department, and Mr. G. W.
Bradt, cf the Zoology Department at Michigan State
College, I am very grateful for their efforts and
cooperation in helping me procure the specimens upon
which this work has been done. To Messrs J. E.
Pratt and W. E. Laycock I am appreciative for the
interest and attention they have flown in preparing
the photographs which occur in this thesis.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Lewis, Warren H.

Gray's Antony cf the Human Body

8. Sisson, Septinue
The Anatomy of the Domestic Animals

5. Hunt, H. Be
A Laboratory Manual of the Anatomy of
the Bat

49 Bensley, Be Ac
Practical Anatomy of the Rabbit

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