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\.. (I .' t; I .. . III. P ‘,l.i..awl 14.3. I. '

 
 

THE RELATION BETWEEN SOILS AND THE
PENETRATING ABILITY OF ROAD SURFACING

MATERIALS

A Thesis submitted to
The Faculty of
MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE
of

AGRICULTURE AND APPLIED SCIENCE

w; H.‘Xg§t

Candidate for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science

June 1952

CONTENTS

Page
Acknowledgment . 3
Object '4
Procedure ans Data 5
Tar Penetration Graph llA
Conclusion I 12
Picture of Soil Penetration 20
Picture Graph of Maximum Soil Penetration 26

Iowa) 3:.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

For the topic of this thesis, the
suggestions in the procedure, and for the
guidance in my work, I wish to thank Mr. Roth-
gery, Extension Manager and Faculty member of
the Michigan State College. For the material,

I wish to thank the Standard Oil Company of
Indiana, the American Tar Products Company,
Incorporated, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, the
Bitumuls Company, Dan Francisco, California, and
the Hardley Emulisfied Products Company, Pitts-

burg, Pennsylvania.

W. H. Yost

OBJECT OF THESIS

The object dT'this thesis is to
determine the penetrating ability, and the
binding prOperties of road surfacing material
after maximum penetration through compact

and cohesive soil.

PROCEDURE AND DATA

The soil to be used in the experiment was obtained by
Mr. Rothgery from a gravel road that was subject to traffic.
This type of soil was used to get a soil mixture that would
pack in boxes without experimenting. A sieve analysis of the
soil was made,so more soil of the same texture could be made
if needed.

Seven boxes were made three feet in length, one foot in
width, and three inches in depth. The boxes were then divi-
ded into sections one foot square. In order to keep the
bituminous material and water from penetrating into the wood
of the box, the boxes were painted.

The soil was placed in the experimental boxes and water
applied in small quantity. If water is applied in excess
quantities, the silt in the soil will be washed out, and the

binding properties of the soil Spoiled. When the soil was

saturated with water, a temp was used to pack it in the boxes.

The soil was placed in a temperature of 90 degrees Fahrenheit
for two hours in order to evaporate the water. The soil was
then exposed to water again until saturated. Again the soil

was tamped to be sure of a compact mass as though it were in

-6-

a road subject to traffic. The soil was allowed to dry for
four days in a temperature of 90 degrees Fahrenheit in order
. to extract all the water.

while the soil was drying, glass tubes six inches in
length were filled with the same soil as in the boxes. The
soil in the tubes was packed to the same degree of hardness
as the soil in the boxes. This was also done with.water and
a tamp. The tubes were filled with soil within an inch of
the top. The inch at the tOp being left to apply an excess
of bitumous material. While the soil in the tubes were dry-
ing, the specific viscosity of the materials to be used in
the experiment was determined.

To determine the specific viscosity of a material by the
Engler Viscosimeter the following procedure is required. Two
hundred and forty cubic centimeters of water at 44% degrees
Centigrade or 122 degrees Fahrenheit was placed in the
Viscosimeter. The time required for the passing of 100 Go
through the orifice in the Viscosimeter was recorded by a
st0p watch. The material to be tested was placed in the vis-
cosimeter and the same procedure was followed. The time it

took the test material to flow through the orifice divided by‘

the time it took the water to flow through the same orifice

pave the viscosity of the material. After the viscosity of

-7...

the materials was obtained, the application of the materials
to the soil was next.

The quantity of material to be applied to the soil was
taken from the State specifications which requires one-half
gallon of bituminous material--first application. Tobe sure
that none of the material would penetrate into the wood of
the box, the quantity of material to be applied was figured
for a ten inch square instead of a twelve inch square.

One half gallon per square yard equals 1.45 cc per
square inch, therefore the quantity of material to be applied
to one hundred square inches equals 145 cc.

The state specifications also require tar products to be
at a temperature that will cause the material to flow freely.
This temperature was obtained from specifications published
by the American Tar Products Company which gave the tempera-
ture ranging from 125-150 degrees Fahrenheit.

The‘asphaltic material was applied cold or at room tem-
perature which was 90 degrees Fahrenheit. After all the
material was applied to the soil, it was allowed to stand fer

seventy-two hours to insure complete penetration.

Tarvia "B" Heavy viscosity 18-25 penetrated the soil in
the box three-quarter of an inch. The maximum soil pene-

tration was seven-eighths of an inch. The penetration was

-8-

uniform throughout with a dull black color at the'top and
bottom. The particles were cemented together well through-
out. ’

Tarvia "B" Medium.viscosity 15-18 penetrated the soil
in the box to a depth of one inch. The maximum soil pene-
tration was also one inch. The color remained constant from
top to bottom.showing good tar deposits on the particles of
gravel. _The binding quality of the material was better than
that of Tarvia "B" Heavy.

Tarvia "B" Light viscosity 8-15 penetrated the soil in
the box seven-eighths of an inch. The maximum soil pene-
tration was one and three quarter inches. The particles
of gravel showed small tar deposits, and medium brown color
throughout. The binding quality was not as good as the two
Tarvia materials already mentioned.

Tarvia "A" float 100-150 @ 52 degrees Centigrade showed
one-quarter of an inch maximum soil penetration, and no pene-
tration in the box. The material formed in a semi-hard mass
on the surface of the gravel.

Tarvia Retread viscosity 25-40 penetrated the soil in
the box one-half inch. The maximum soil penetration was one
and three-quarter inches. The color was uniform throughout
shoving bright shiny particles of gravel at the bottom and

tOp. The binding quality was godd.

-9-

Tarvia Retread (heavy) viscosity 60-65 penetrated the
soil in the box one-quarter of an inch. The maximum soil
penetration was one and one-quarter inches. The binding
quality of the material was good, and the particles showed
good tar deposits on the tOp and bottom.

Protectar Seal Coat viscosity 40-45 penetrated the soil
in the box three-sixteenths of an inch. The maximum soil
penetration was five-eighths inches. The material formed a
solid mass on the tOp of the gravel.

Tarmac "P" Grade 1 viscosity 7-10 penetrated the soil
in the box one inch. The maximum soil penetration was two
inches. The color of the penetrated material was medium
brown and the binding quality was fair.

Refined Water Gas Tar viscosity 7-10 penetrated the soil
in the box one inch. The maximum soil penetration was two
and one-half inches. The binding quality of the material
was good with bright shiny deposits of tar at the tOp and
bottom.

Stanolind Cut-Back for Cold Mix. viscosity 60-65 pene-
trated the soil in the box one-sixteenth of an inch. The
maximum soil penetration was five-eighths of an inch. The
binding quality of the material was hardly nothing because
of’the lack of penetration.

Stanolind Cut-Back Asphalt "AC" Specific viscosity 50-100

penetrated the soil in the box one-sixteenth of an inch.

-10-
The maximum soil penetration awas three-quarters of an
inch. The binding quality was nothing due to no pene-
tration.

Protectar Primer viscosity 2-5 penetrated through the
soil in the box. The maximum soil penetration was greater
than the depth of the tube. The binding quality of the
material was almost nothing. The color was a medium brown
throughout with small deposits of tar on the particles of
gravel.

Bitumuls Primer viscosity 2-5 penetrated the soil in
the box one-quarter of an inch. The maximum soil pene-
tration Wes one inch. The binding quality of the material
could not be considered because of the minimum penetration
of the ma terial.

Col-Pen Dust Cure viscosity 4-5 penetrated the soil in
the box five-eighths of an inch. The maximum soil pene-
tration was three-quarters of 31 inch. The binding pro-
perties were good with bright shiny particles throughout.

Col-Pen Dust Cure 1:1 mix viscosity 5-4 penetrated the
soil in the box three-eighths of an inch. The maximum soil
penetration was three-quarter inches. The color was dark
Gull brown throughout, shoving very little deposits of tar
on the particles.

Col-Pen Dust Cure 1:2 mix viscosity 3-4 was the same as

the 1:1 mix.

-11-

HEA No. 5 viscosity 5-4 showed no penetration at all.

Bitumuls H R M Viscosity 4-5 did not penetrate the soil
in either one of the tests.

Tarmac "P" Grade 4 discosity 4-5 penetrated the soil
in the box three-eighths of an inch. The maximum soil pene-
tration was seven-eighths of an inch. The binding quality
of the material was good.and the particles of gravel Showed
bright and shiny throughout.

Tarmac Special viscosity 2-5 penetrated thessoil in the
box one and one-quarter inches. The maximum soil penetration
was two and one-quarter inches. The color was uniform
throughout with very small tar deposits on the particles of

gravel. The binding quality of the material was almost

 

nothing.
Sieve Analysis of Soil.

Retained on 1% " .sieve 0 grams
" " 5/4 " sieve 56.55 grams
" " 5/8 "' sieve 81.45 Grams
" " No. 4 sieve 88.85 grams
" " No. 8 sieve 55.95 grams
" " No. 14 sieve 54.15 grams
n " No. 28 sieve 44.70 grams
" " No. 48 sieve 65.46 grams
" " No.100 sieve 47.79 grams
" " Pan 25.60 grams

Total 499.50

 

‘ MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE

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DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMAYILS

11B

MATERIAL PEN. IN BOX NAX. SOIL PEN.
1. Tarvia "B" Heavy 5/4 in. 7/8 in.
2. Tarvia "B" Nedium 1 s " 1 "
5. Tarvia "E" Light 7/8 " 1 1/4 "
4. Tarvia ”A" 0 " 1/4 ”
5. Tarvia Retread 1/2 " 1 5/4 "
6. Tarvia Retread (heavy) 1/4 ” 1 1/4 "
7. Protectar Seal Coat 5/16 " 5/8 "
8. Tarmac "P“ Grade 1 5/4 " 2 "
9. Refined tater Gas Tar 1 " 2 1/2 "
lO. Stanolind Cut-Back Asphalt Cold Nix 1/16 " 5/8 "
ll. Stanolind Cut-Back Asphalt ”AC" 5/8 " 5/4 "
12. Protectar Primer 2 1/2 " 5 "
15. Bitumuls Primer 1/4 " 1 "
l4. Col-Pen Dust Cure concentrated 5/8 " 5/4 "
15. Col-Pen Dust Cure 1:1 mix 5/8 " 5/4 "
l6. Col-Pen Dust Cure 1:2 mix 1/2 " 7/8 "
18. Weadley Emulsified Asphalt 0 " 4 0 "
19. Pitumuls ERM O " O "
20. Tarmac "P" Grade 4 5/8 " 7/8 "

21. Tarmac Special Grade 1 1/4 " 2 1/2

CONCLUSION

In comparing the tar used in this experiment, it can
be seen from the graph (pagellAJ that as the specific
viscosity increases the soil penetration decreases with the
exception of the two Tarvia Retread materials with viscosi-
ties of 25-40 and 60-65. The two Retread materials show a
large increase over the other materials with practically
the same viscosity. In the picture graph (page 26) this
fact can also be seen. Tube five represents Tarvia Retread
viscosity 25-40 which Shows an increase in soil penetration
over the other materials with practically the same viscosity.
The graph also shows a decrease in soil penetration as the
viscosity increases until tube six is reached. When tube six
is reached an increase in penetration is seen because of the
Tarvia Retread material viscosity 60-65. The penetration is
not as great as in the first case although it shows an increee
in penetration over the other materials of a lower viscosity.
Although the two Retread materials show an increase in soil
penetration over the other materials of lower viscosity, the
graph also shows a decrease in soil penetration as their vis-
cosity increases. Therefore, I believe, it can be said that
soil penetration varies with the viscosity of the material. A
decrease in soil penetration shows an increase in viscosity

and vice versa.

-15-

The binding quality of tar materials vary with the
soil penetration. Some of the materials show good binding
prOperties as they start to penetrate the soil, but as pene-
tration increases the tar is filtered out by the soil and
at the end of penetration there is nothing left of the
original material but the fluxing compound.

The Protectar Primer penetrated through the box when
applied according to the state specifications. The pene-
tration was also through the tube in the maximum soil pene-
tration test. Although the soil penetration of the material
was good, the binding prOperties of the material Wes almost
nothing. The material could be used as a dust layer, but for
a binding compound something else would have to be used if
good results are to be obtained.

Tarmac Special Grade showed good penetration in the box ,
but the binding quality was very little. The material on
the tOp of the box was a dark brown in color, but as pene-
tration increased the material changed in color to a light
brown which showed some filtration of the tar. The material
could be used to some extent as a dust layer, but where bind-
ing of the soil is required some other material should be
used.

Refined Water Gas Tar showed goal binding properties
in the box. The material did not penetrate to a very great
depth when applied according to state specifications, but when

an excess of the material was used, good penetration was

-14-
found. (See picture graph pageze). As the penetration
increased it covered the particles with a good coating of
tar Which was bright and shiny. In breaking the material
out of the box it could be noticed that the tar made a
good binder because the particlesof 3011 cohered and broke
off in chunks. I believe that the material could be used
as a binding compound if applied in excess quantity.

Tarmac "P" Grade 1 showed good penetration when applied
in excess quantity, but when applied according to state
specifications the penetration was medium.as compared with
the rest of the material used. The material covered the
particles of soil well, and the color was uniform throughout
penetration but the binding properties of the material were
not very gpod. When samples of the soil were broken after
penetration, the particles did not hold together as was ex-
pected but fell away from each other as though it were plain
soil.

Tarvia "B" Light showed good uniform penetration in the
box. The color was constant, and the particles showed good
tar deposits at the bottom as well as at the tOp where the
material was applied. The binding quality of the material
was not very good because the particles of soil fell apart
when touched. The material showed about the same binding
qualities as Tarmac "P" Grade 1. The penetration of the two

materials was about the same when applied in excess amounts.

-15-
and when applied according to state Specifications.

Tarvia "B" Medium showed good uniform penetration with
the color remaining the same throughout the test. The bind-
ing properties of the material was better than that of Tarvia
"E" Light although the penetration was about the same when
applied according to state specifications. When the mater-
ial was applied in excess amounts the penetration was not
as great as in the case of the Tarvia "E" Light. The soil
covered with Tarvia "B" Medium cohered better than it did
when covered with Tarvia "B" Light. The coating of tar on
the particles was also better when Tarvia "B" Medium was
used. I believe that Tarvia "P" Medium could be used to
some extent as a good penetration binding material.

Tarmac "P" Grade 4 Showed about the same binding pro-
perties as Tarvia "B" Medium. The color of the penetrated
material was blacker and more shiny at the bottom than it
was when Tarvia "B" Medium.was used. The particles of 3311
showed more tar deposits than the particles of soil did in
the preceding example. When the soil was broken out of the
box after penetration, the unpentrated soil could be easily
broken away from the tar covered soil without the tar covered
soil crumbling. then pressure was applied to the tar covered
soil, it took considerable pressure between the fingers to

break the particles apart. The penetrating ability of the two

-15-

materials, Tarmac "P" Grade 4 and Tarvia "B" Medium, was

about the same when applied in excess amounts, but when applied
according to state Specifications the penetrating ability of
the Travia "B" Medium was much greater than the Tarmac
material.

Tarvia "B" Heavy showed good penetration. The color was
uniform throughout the penetrated soil, but the particles of
soil did not show the bright and Shiny color as in the case
of the Tarmac "P" Grade 4. The binding quality of the mater-
ial was good, and the particles of soil cohered when the
sample was broken out of the box. The penetrating ability
of the two materials was about the same when applied in ex-
cess amounts and when applied according to state specifications.

Tarvia Fetread showed good penetration When applied in
excess mnounts, but when applied according to state Speci-
fications the penetration was not as good as Tarw.a "B" Med-
ium. The color after penetration was uniform throughout with
bright shiny particles of tar covered soil. The binding pro-
perty was stronger than that of Tarvia "B" Heavy, and it also
had about the same binding qualities as Tarmac "P" Grade 4.

Protectar Seal Coat is not the kind of a material to be
used where penetration is required. then the material was

applied according to state Specifications, it hardened on the

-17..

tOp of the soil and could be peeled off with very little
difficulty. The penetration When.applied in an excess
amount was very little.

Tarvia Retread (heavy) viscosity 60-65 Showed good
penetration when applied in excess amounts, but when applied
according to state specifications the penetration was very
small. The binding prOperties of the material were good
with uniform color throughout which showed good deposits
of tar on the particles of soil.

Tarvia "A" showed very little penetration in either case.
This material should not be used where penetration is re-
quired.

The asphalic material showed very little penetration
in all but two cases. The material when applied according
to state specifications hardened on the surface of the soil
and penetrated very little. The maximum soil penetration
was very little; ranging from zero as a minimum to one inch
as a maximum. The binding properties were good in most cases
where penetration occurred with the exception of the 1:1 mix
and the 1:2 mix of the Col-Pen material. In these two cases,
the material was a medium brown in color after penetration
had reached a maximum, and the binding prOperties were very
little.

Bitumuls Primer showed very little penetration with

most of the material staying on the tOp of the soil. The

 

-18-
binding prOperties of the material were good as far as the
material penetrated, but it did not penetrate far enough to
be considered as a penetrating binding material.

Col-Pen Dust Cure mixed one part material and one part
water showed good penetration when applied according to state
Specifications, but the binding quality was very little.

Col-Pen Dust Cure mixed one part of material to two
parts water Showed the same reaction as the 1:1 mix.

Headley Emulsified Asphalt No. 5 showed no penetration
in either the maximum soil penetration test or in the boxes.
Col-Pen Dust Cure concentrated showed good binding

properties, forming a bright shiny mixture at the end of
penetration. Although the binding properties were good the
material did not penetrate far enough to be of any value
as a penetrating binding material.

Bitumuls HRM showed no penetration in either of the two
tests.

Stanolind Cut-Back ASphalt for Cold Mix showed very
little penetration in either of the two tests. The material
formed on the tOp of the soil in a solid mass.

Stanolind Cut-Back Asphalt "Ac" performed the same as
the Cold Mix ASphalt.

In comparing the two kinds of material, tar and asphalt,

tar is the material to be used where penetration is needed.

 

-19-

The asphalt material will not penetrate the soil to a
depth that will cause good binding of the particles.

Therefore, soil penetrating ability as compared to an
asphaltic material is almost zero while the soil pene-
trating ability of a tar product depends upon the vis-

cosity of the material.

 

2O

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TARVM '8' law -' wt TARVIA 'B‘ntomn

TARVIA "BY/6H7
5,. v... 13-15

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1- Tarvia "B" Heavy maximum soil penetration 7/8 in.

2- Tarvia "B" Medium " " " l in.

5- Tarvia "P" Light " " " 1 1/4 in.

 

21

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TARV/A A _T- TARVIA RETREAD WVM RETREAD

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Pen. 0‘ Pen. ’2" Pen 74"

 

 

Tarvia ”A" maximum soil penetration 1/4 in.
Tarvia Retread " " " 1 5/4 in.

Tarvia Fetread " " " 1 1/4 in.

 

 

PROTECTARi-SIAL [0A7 TA RHAC “P‘ 6290 1
3P. Visa 40‘45 SP‘ vi“ 740

 

22

Eff/NED Wflff/P
GAS TAR
SP.VI;‘C. 7'I0

FRDARMTTI cm W. ' TARMAC P may“ REF/NED m m?

8} Vice 40‘” I V Sp Visa 7'”
. Pan. %" Pen. 5%"

Protectar Seal Coat maximum soil
Tarmac "P" Grade 1 " "

Pefined ‘ater Gas Tar " ”

 

6A5 TAR
3,. Vice. 7- I0
Pen. I "

penetration 5/8 in.
" 2 in.

" 2 1/2 in.

 

 

25

. ..STAwL/No (amour 5mm ”v0 (AI-Aim PROTECIARrPR/MER
1 ; ASPHALT'bCOLD/‘IIX . . ASPHALT/1C 5P W 2-3
SP vm. 60‘s: ’ 5P V15: .50‘/00 Pen 2;:4.
Pen. he" ’ ‘ Pen. 7'6 "

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TARMAC+5PICAIL rARMAC'P‘GROz: ""“ BITUMULS HRH

5P. VLK 273 SP. VISC. ’8‘20 _ SP Visa 4‘5
POI). I" 2 Pen. 3/8 . Pen 0"

u ' 7.- , - ._

Stanolind Cut-Pack Asphalt for Cold Mix maximum

soil penetration 5/8 in.
Stanolind Cut-Back Asphalt "AC" maximun soil

penetration 5/4 in.
Protectar Primer maximum soil penetration 5 1/2 in.
Tarmac Special " " " 2 1/2 in.
Tarmac "P" Grade 4 ” " " 7/8 in.

Bi tumuls rm". " " " 0 in.

 

 

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Pitumuls Primer maximun soil penetration

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Col-Pen Dust Cure conc. maximum soil penetration 5/4 in.

Col-Pen Dust Cure 1:1 mix "

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5/4 in.

 

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SP. Visa 4-5
Pan. 5’33 I

 

 

Col-Pen Dust Cure 1:2 mix maximum soil penetration 1/8 in.
Col-Pen Dust Cure conc. " " " 5/4 in.

Headley Emulsified Asphalt " " " 0 in.

I“ ‘H -.

 

 

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2.
5.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
ll.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
18.
19.
20.

21.

MAXIMUM SOIL PENE TRATION

26

 

Penetration
Tarvia "B" Heavy 7/8 in.
Tarvia "B" Medium 1 in.
Tarvia "B" Light 1 l/4 in.
Tarvia "A" 1/4 in.
Tarvia Retread 1 5/4 in.
Tarvia Retread (heavy) 1 1/4 in.
Protectar Seal Coat 5/8 in.
Tarmac "P" Grade 1 2 in.
Refined Water Gas Tar 2 1/2 in.
Stanolind Cut-Pack Asphalt Cold Mix 5/8 in.
Stanolind Cut-Back Asphalt ”AC" 5/4 in.
Protectar Primer 5 ." in.
Bitumuls Primer l in.
Col-Pen Dust Cure conc. 5/4 in.
Col-Pen Dust Cure 1:1 mix 5/4 in.
Col-Pen Dust Cure 1:2 mix 7/8 in.
Headley Emulsified Asphalt No. 5 O in.
Bitumuls HRM O in.
Tarmac "P" Grade 4 7/8 in.
Tarmac Special Grade 2 1/2 in.

 

 

5.3.11

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