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POTASSIUM INTAKES AND
RETENTIONS OF COLLEGE AGE
WOMEN ON SELRSELECTED DiE F5

Thesis for the Degree of M. S.
MiCHIGAN STATE COLLEGE
Joan Alison Piummez‘

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POTASSIUM INTAKES AND RETENTIONS
OF COLLEGE AGE WOMEN ON
SELF —SELE GTED DIETS

b!
JOAN ALISON W

A THESIS
Submitted to the Graduate School of Michigan
State College of Agriculture and Applied

Science in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE
Department of Foods and Nutrition
1947

The writer wishes to express

'her appreciation to Dr. Margaret A. Ohlson for her
encouragement, suggestions, and guidance during

this study, to Dr. Dena C. Cederquist for her inter-
est and valuable assistance, and to all others who

in any way contributed to making this study possible.

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[1

TABL gg Germans

 

ROLE OF POTnSSIUg IN THE BODY

LI TEMTURE O C O O O O O O .

Studies of Potassium metabolism

Done on Children

Studies of Potassium hetabolism

Done on Pregnant Women

Studies of Potassium Metabolism

Done on Afults . . .

Surnaary . . . . . . . .

EXPERIKENTAL PROCEDURE . . .

Source of Laterial . .

METHODS . . . . . . . . .
Development of Standard
Ashing Procedure . . .

Recovery tudies . . .

RESULTS AHD DISCUSSION . . .
SUMMARX . . . . . . . .
LITERATURE CITED . . . .

APPENDIX . . . . . . . . .

Curve

10

12
17

19
19

21
21
25

26
37
58

42

Table

II

III

IV

VI

VII

VIII

 

Potassium and Nitrogen Intakes
and Retentions of Children as

Reported in the Literature

Potassium and Nitrogen Intakes

and Retentions of Pregnant

Women as Reported in the Literature

Potassium and Nitrogen Intakes

and Retentions of Normal

Active Adults as Reported in

the Literature . . . . .

Source of Material . . .

Recoveries of Added Potassium from

 

O

Ashed Samples of Food and Excreta .

Potassium Intakes of Thirteen

College Women . . . . . .

Potassium Intakes of College Women

per Kilogram of Weight

Potassium Intakes and Retentions

of Thirteen College Women .

Page

11

14
2O

24

28

29

II

III

IV

LIST g5; FIGURES

Standard Curve . . . . . . .

Relation of Potassium Intake and
Urinary Excretion . . . . .

Relation of Potassium Intake and
Retention . . . . . . . . . . . .

Relation of Potassium and Nitrogen
Retentions . . . . . . . . . . .

52

54

55

ROLE OF POTASSIUM IN THE BODY

Although little is known about the role of potassium in
the body, potassium has been found to be present in abundance
in the living cell, walls the tissue fluid is relatively poor
in this element. (Fenn, 1940)

That potassium is important in both the function of the
muscle and nervous tissue has been demonstrated many times.
(loc. cit.) Although the exact mechanism by which it func-
tions is not known, certain experimental facts can be stated.
For instance, in isolated muscle, contraction of the muscle
leads to a loss in potassium. Small amounts of potassium
have been found to cause an increase in the response of the
muscle. Likewise, small amounts of potassium cause stimula-
tion of the nerve, while larger amounts depress its activity.
Potassium is thought to function in the neuro-muscular trans-
mission, in that application of potassium to certain nerves
causesan excitation of the related muscle.

The relation between potassium and muscle function
suggests that potassium may in some way be associated with
carbohydrate metabolism. This relationship has been studied,
and certain facts have been demonstrated, although some of
the evidence is contradictory. Injections of glucose into
the blood of cats and rats has been found to lower the blood
potassium, suggesting that the sugar has been deposited in
the tissues with potassium. Silvette et. al. (1958) have
found that injecting potassium into cats and rats causes an

increase in the blood sugar, and a lowering of liver and

muscle glycogen. In contrast t0'this, Odashima, as quoted
by Fenn, found that the injection of potassium chloride
lowered the blood sugar of rats.‘ Certain German workers
have found that injections of potassium chloride produced
similar effects in man.

Further information regarding the metabolism of potas-
sium has been gained by the use of the radioactive element.
As far as it is known, there is no site of potassium storage
in the body. Work done by Greenberg et. a1. (1958), and by
Penn et. a1. (1940) has shown that radioactive potassium is
taken up readily by the tissues in exchange for potassium
already present. Anderson et. a1. (1959) found that rats
on a diet poor in potassium retained more radioactive
potassium than did normal rats.

Potassium deficiencies also have been studied in ani—
mals, and a few cases have been reported in man. As early
as 1918, Osborne and Mendel produced potassium deficient
rats, and later Miller (1925) described the same effectsof
slow growth and abnormal alertness in rats by feeding a diet
low in potassium. In 1942, Follis fed rats a potassium
deficient diet. Since a low potassium diet, adequate in
everything else, is difficult to obtain, they discredited
the work of the former workers on the basis of the fact that
poor growth and other symptoms were the results of other
deficiencies in the diet. On a diet containing 0.01 percent
potassium, and adequate in everything else, these workers
were able to produce cardiac and renal lesions in rats.

Recently, Holler (1946) reported a case of diabetic acidosis,

in which a potassium deficiency developed following treatment
for the disease. McCollum (1959) has suggested that a possi-
ble danger exists in using a low potassium diet in the treat-
ment of Addison's disease. .

That potassium is important in the body, is seen further
in that potassium therapy has been successfully used in the
treatment of such conditions as edema, allergy, and familial
periodic paralysis. In 1952, Barker treated sixteen cases
of edema with a diet low in sodiwm and high in potassium.

All four cases lost their edema. In 1958, Bloom treated
twenty-nine cases of hay fever with different potassium
salts, and all showed relief of symptoms. Three cases of
urticaria also improved when 0.52 grams of potassium chloride
were given three times daily. In 1959, Rusk reported six
cases of chronic urticaria which showed definite improvement
on a low sodium, high potassium diet plus four to six grams
of potassium chloride a day.

In 1957, Harrington et. al. successfully treated two
cases of familial periodic paralysis with five grams of
potassium citrate at each sign of an attack. Gammon, in 1958,
studied the serum level of potassium in patients with this
disease, and observed a definite lowering during an attack.
By giving potassium chloride nightly, the development of
seizures was prevented or at least made less frequent.

It has been assumed that potassium is supplied abundantly
by natural foods. However, there is little evidence of the
actual amounts of potassium taken into and retained by the

body. McCo.lum (1959) suggests that the average potassium

intake should be 0.06 grams per kilogram of body Weight. As
far as is known there is little eXperimental evidence for
this statement. Recent work done in this laboratory suggests
that this amount may not be supplied by the average dietary.
This point will be discussed later in the review of litera-
ture.

It is possible that the development of modern manufac4
turing processes has reduced the original mineral content of
many of our so-called natural foods, and the assumption of
an adequate potassium intake merits further study. It is
therefore the purpose of this stu y to investigate the potas-
sium intakes and retentions of healthy young women on self-
selected diets, and to study any factors which may appear to
influence the retention of the mineral. It was hoped that
through a study of tgis sort, some information concerning the

metabolism of potassium might be gained.

l
“'0‘“

L sea A TUBE

A review of the literature reveals that, from time to
time, attempts have been made to measure the potassium
metabolism by means of a balance study. These studies have
been confined ordefly to exceriments done on children and
pregnant roman, where rapid growth is a predominant factor.
Yet, because of our inadequate knowledge on this subject,
and because of the possible influence of such factors as pro-
tein metabolism on the potassium retentions, these studies
will be discussed here. There have been a few studies done
on the normal adult, and these will also be included.

The earliest attempt to study potassium metabolism in
tuis country was made by Benedict (1915) in his experiments
on the fasting man. He studied only the potassium excretion,
and reported that the average daily excretion for a period
of tdirty-one days was 0.875 grams when no food was taken.

The next step in the develOpment of studies of potassium
intake was the study of food records by Sherman in 1918, the
calculated the daily potassium intake from 150 American
dietaries. From this work, he states tlat the average daily

potassium intake per 5000 calories is 5.59 grams.

Studies of Potassium Metabolism Done on Children.

The earliest work on potassium retentions of children
has done by Sawyers et. a1. (1918). They studied the mineral
metabolism of two children, five and eight years of age, on a

normal diet, and then on a high fat diet. The results of

this experiment can be seen in Table I. There is little
difference b tween the potassium or the nitrogen intakes on
either the normal or the high fat diet. 0n the normal diet,
the potassium intake of both children was 1.26? grams per

day, and both children could be considered in equilibrium
with reSpect to potassium. The nitrogen intake on the normal
diet was 12.6 grams per day, and While one child retained
0.615 grams per day, the other child was in equilibrium.

There seemed to be no relation between the nitrogen and the
potassium retentions. The high fat diet resulted in consider-
able losses in both potassium and nitrogen. In both children,
the increase in the negative nitrogen balance, due to the high
fat diet, was accompanied by an increased loss of potassium.
The urinary cxcretions of both children increased slightly on
the high fat diet from 1.176 to 1.480 and 1.049 to 1.25?

grams per day reSpectively, while the potassium content of

the feces remained unchanged.

In 1925, Shohl and Sato studied the mineral metabolism
of two normal infants on a diet consisting chiefly of milk
(Table I). The urinary potassium was higher for the child
receiving the higher intake of potassium, while the potassium
content of the feces was approximately the same for both
children. The nitrogen and potassium retentions were similar
in the two infants and any difference in retentions were
probably related to the fact that the older infant was mal-
nourished.

In 1952, Macy, in an extensive study of the metabolism

of twenty-nine children ranging from four to twelve years of

age, made 519 observations over a period of 2,595 days. The
results of this study can be found in Table I. She found

the mean potassium intake of these children to be 2.776 grams
per day, with a mean retention of 0.289 grams. The mean
urinary excretion was 2.191 grams per day, and the mean fecal
excretion 0.209 grams per day. Both the potassium intakes
and retentions increased with the age of the child, as did
the nitrogen intakes. The nitrogen retentions paralleled

the nitrogen intakes, and also the potassium retentions until
the end of the tenth year. During the eleventh and twelfth
years, the nitrogen retentions decreased slightly, although
the intakes remained the same. The potassium retentions at
this time, however, continued to increase, although the
potassium intake remained the same. It is possible that,
while the growth of soft tissue is slowing up, the increase
in physiological growth of certain glands during adolescence
increases the demand for potassium. The urinary excretions
of potassium increased with the intake, while the feCal
excretions varied, and showed no relation to the intake.

In 1959, Souders et. al. studied the potassium metabo-
lism of three children from four to six years of age, in
connection with a study done on the influence of different
types of milk on growth. The mean potassium intake on the
untreated milk was 2.695 grams per day, with a mean retention
of 0.175 grams per day. The results for the individual
children can be seen in Table I. The mean nitrogen retention
was 0.550 grams per day, and there was very little difference

for the individual children. The retention of potassium by

TABLE I

POTASSIUI AND NITROGEN muss AND MENTIOHS OF CHILDREN
AS REPORTED IN THE LITERAIURE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Author Age Height 88: Potassium] Patna sium Nitrogen Nitrog Conant.
Yrs K110 Intake Retention Intake Retentio
Sin/day sun/day SIB/day Sin/day
330111 7-8 8.8 1.182 0.298 4.27 0.585
48.51.
(1928) 9m 5.5 I 0.788 0.245 2.78 0.889
1918
8 I 1.251 -0.0017 12.8 -0.085
1.207 -0.888 11.98 -2.199 my: fat diet
may 4 2.585 0.107 9.85 0.70 29 81111er
85.81. 5 2.574 0.187 9.74 0.81 studied
(1982) 8 2.829 0.208 10.17 0.48
8 2.955 0.252 11.58 0.82
9 8.252 0.292 18.08 1.05
10 8.580 0.288 18.04 1.08
11 8.487 0.284 18.27 0.81
12 8.487 0.848 18.27 0.81
Panda'- 4} 18.9 2.892 0.152 9.802 0.514 91818an
“0.10 17.2 20823 00189 90663 0081‘ We . fl
(1989) 18.5 2.780 0.802 10.08 0.884 Irrad. ' 8
5 17.2 2.602 00224 90168 00361 Fluid I II
17.2 2069‘ 00189 90150 08888 We ' '
17.8 2.588 0.287 9.181 0.595 mu. 7 3'
5* 18.8 2.708 0.201 9.845 0.829 91818 7 '
1808 29811 0.220 9.5“ 09531 m. '_' .
19.5 2.757 0.871 10.082 0.888 Irrnd. " "
nuts 8 14.5 r 8.002 0.188 8.844 0.450
88.41. 2.857 0.159 9.184 0.522 ktrn protein
(1942) ‘ given 88
8 18.8 r 2.879 0.149 5.011 0.840 3414511: 4 O“
2063. 00136 80038 0.530 'mt.
4 18.9 I 8.414 0.208 7.805 0.428
8.414 0.287 10.444 0.842
4: 18.8 I 8.480 0.188 9.542 0.707 m“ protein
4% 17.2 n 8.185J 0.108 8.788 0.482
8.782 0.208 11.818 0.894

 

 

all the children was greater on the irradiated milk than it

was on the untreated or evaporated milk, although the intake
for all the children was lower than it had been previously.

This increase in retention did not seem to be related in any
way to the nitrogen intakes or retentions.

In 1942, Hawks et. al. studied the potassium balances of
preschool children between the ages of three to four years,
who were receiving medium and high protein diets (Table I).
For the five children studied, the intakes of potassium on
a diet supplying three grams of protein per kilogram ranged
from 2.68 to 5.46 grams per day. The retentions ranged from
0.105 to 0.205 grams per day, while the daily urinary excre—
tions ranged from 2.054 to 2.704 grams per day. The fecal
excretions ranged from 0.447 to 0.595 grams per day, and
were not related to the intake. On a diet containing four
grams of protein per kilogram, the potassium intake ranged
from 2.658 to 4.075 grams per day, and the retentions from
0.156 to 0.257 grams per day. When the retention is calcu-
lated on the basis of percentage intake, the range on the
diet containing three grams of protein per kilogram was 5.2
to 6.1 percent, and that on the diet supplying four grams of
protein per kilogram was 5.0 to 6.8 percent. This slightly
higher range for the percentage of potassium retained, was
due to an increase in retention made by one child on the
higher protein intake. This subject, and also one other, re-
‘ceived the extra protein in the form of milk. The other
three subjects received the extra protein as egg white and

gelatin. For these three subjects, there was no increase in

_lO_

the potassium intake on the higher protein diet, whereas for

the two children receiving their extra protein as milk, the

potassium intake was increased.

Studies of Potassium Metabolism Done on Pregnant Women.

In 1954, Coons et. al. studied the potassium metabolism
of five women between the 18th to 58th week of pregnancy on
a self-selected diet. There were from four to six successive
balance periods of four days in length carried out on each
woman. The potassium intakes ranged from 2.50 to 4.47 grams
per day with a mean intake of 5.64 grams per day. The mean
potassium retention was 0.51 grams per day, while the mean
daily urinary excretion was 2.698 grams. The mean fecal ex—
cretion was 0.424 grams.

Studies on individual women during pregnancy have been
done by Hummel et. al. in two instances. In 1955, they
studied the mineral metabolism of one woman from the 155th
to the 280th day of pregnancy. During this period, twenty-
eight successive balance periods of five days each were
carried out. The mean intakes and retentions of both potas-
sium and nitrogen can be found in Table II. The potassium
intake ranged from 5.58 to 7.58 grams per day, and the reten-
tions from 0.25 to 5.15 grams per day. The mean urinary ex—
cretion was 4.48 grams, and the mean fecal excretion 0.69
grams per day.

The second study done by Hummel et. al. (1956) was
carried out on one woman during the last sixty-five days of

pregnancy. There were thirteen successive balance periods

-11.—

‘l‘ABLE II

POTASSIUI AND NITROGEN INTAKE AND
RETENTIOHS OP PREHAM WOMEN AS REPORTED IN THE LITERATURE

 

 

 

10.01? Age Weight I K N I

Author Subject: Your: Kilo. Intake Retention Intake Retention
ell/dew sin/9'8 Sin/dew an/d-e

Gem 6 26 57.6 3.64 0.51 11.58
817.81.
(1934)
817.81.
(1985)
M 1 80/ 81.4 8.80 1.40 19.01 8.08
Oteue

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-l2-

of five days each. The subject was given an adequate diet
in which the potassium intake was kept constant at 4.05
grams a day. The urinary excretions varied from 5.06 to
4.04 grams per day, while the fecal excretions ranged from
0.29 to 0.56 grams per day. The retentions ranged from
-0.54 to £0.25 grams, but for the mOSt part, the subject
remained in equilibrium with an average daily retention of
0.01 grams.

Although these data on pregnant women are interesting,
more work needs to be done before any statement regarding

the potassium metabolism can be made.

Studies of Potassium.hetabolism Done on Adults.

In the studies reviewed to date, the factor of growth
is prominent and this undoubtedly influences the individuals'
needs for pota sium. Balance studies done on ootassium in-
takes, in the normal adult, will be discussed next.

In 1925, Clarke studied the mineral metabolism of four
prisoners over a period of eight months. During this time,
different diets were fed; ho ever, only the data on the self-
selected diet will be discussed here. For each subject,
four successive balance periods of seven days duration were
carried out. The average daily potassium intake for the
group during this period was 2.497 grams, and the average
daily retention was 0.226 grams per day. The individual in—
takes and retentions for each period can be seen in Table ID..

The average daily urinary excretion for the group was 1.901

-15-

grams, while the mean fecal excretion was 0.409 grams per
day. While the potassium and nitrogen intakes for the indi-
vidual were fairly constant for the four balance periods, the
retentions of both varied considerably from period to period
for the individual. For subject #5, there were two periods
in which the subject was in definite negative retention.

This might be expected as the subject was an older man. There
was one other subject who was in negative potassium balance
for one out of the four periods studied. Nitrogen retentions
varied even more for the individual the did the potassium
retentions. They were all positive, and for the most part
were high, indicating a previous protein deficiency.

Although neither the potassium nor the nitrogen intakes had
changed much for the eight weeks prior to the selfeselected
diet, the fact that all four subjects weighed between 57.7
and 67.7 kilograms would indicate malnutrition.

Wiley et. a1. (1955) studied the mineral metabolism of
a normal man, twenty—three years of age, in connection with
an experiment done on inorganic salt balances during dehydra-
tion and recovery. For the first three day control period,
the dietary intake of potassium was 2.114 grams, and the
retention was -0.217 grams per day (Table III).

In 1959, Tompkins studied the potassium metabolism of
two college age women on a self-selected diet. Food and
excreta collections for two consecutive five day periods
were made each month. Ten five day periods were studied for
subject A over an interval of six months, and five periods

for subject 3 over an interval of four months. The average

 

-14-

TABLE III

POTASSIUM AND NITROGEN INTAKE AND REMIONS
OI FORIAL ACTIVE ADULTS AS MORTED IN THE LITERATURE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Subject Age Ieiglrt I I l I
Author lo. Years K110. Intake 301: tion Intake Retention
sn/aey 5n7§ey 5n/397 sn/fiqv
01m 1451. ' 22 52.3 2.990 -0.033 11.9 2.09
(1923) 2.521 0.257 11.2 0.35
2.421 0.331 11.55 2.1
2.374 0.279 11.25 2.0
z-lhle 31 57.7 3.073 0.239 12.97 3.17
2.591 0.219 12.14 0.97
2.290 0.773 10.5 2.75
34Ia1o 49 57.7 2.557 -0.597 11.2 0.59
2.230 -0.327 10.2 1.97
20051 00414 100‘ 2.69
2.151 0.307 11.3 2.95
44I510 42 57.7 2.554 1.124 10.5 3.51
2.353 0.059 10.2 1.54
2.330 -0.03 9.57 2.34
2.431 -0.245 10.09 1.41
I11ay 141510 23 2.114 -0.217
etoel.
(1933)
mm A-I-‘m1e 21 51.5 3.152 0.552
(1939) 5- ' 15 55 2.515 -0.031
1- ' 4 3.111 0.575 9.955L 2.37
B- ' *4 2.525 -0.025 10.57 0.315
Green 1-Isle 2. 0.16
et.o.1. 2" . 2. ”0003
(1942) 3" . 20 00“
m3 1"?“ 70 10956 00019 900 '002
Labor- 2.115 0.103 9.9 /b.7
etory‘ 2- ' 57 2.912 0.149 11.4 0.4
$1245) 3— 7 52 2.595 -0.199 7.0 0.1
2.445 -0.307 5.5 -0.5
4- ° 0'33 3.735 -0.050 13.0 -0.5
50678 -0020]. 1306 005
”I! Unpublished date. courtesy of Dr. Murquist.

*9 Averege petunia end nitroga retentions for lest tear periods only.
* Average poteesiun end nitrogen retentions for first six. periods only.

Ge

potassium intakes and retentions for these subjects can be
found in Table III. .Nitrogen figures are given for the

first six periods for subject A, and for the last four
periods for subject B. The potassium intakes and retentions
for these periods only were averaged, and these are also
shown in Table III. Subject A, who received more potassium,
retained more than subject B who was in negative balance part
of the time. Although the nitrogen intakes were approximate-
ly the same for each subject throughout the periods in which
they were studied, the retentions for subject A were con-
siderably greater than for subject B. Differences between
the two subjects can be explained by the food habits for
these girls. While subject A followed a good dietary oat-
tern, subject B ate irregularly and from a diet which was
inadequate in many resoects.

There is little difference in the urinary excretion of
the two subjects. The range for subject A was from 1.89 to
2.55 grams per day with a mean of 2.289 grams per day, while
that of subject B varied from 1.850 to 2.752 with a daily
average of 2.180 grams per day. The fecal excretions showed
little Variation from subject to subject, being 0.540 grams
for subject A, and 0.567 grams for subject B.

In 1942, Greene et. a1. studied the potassium balances
of three normal men, in conjunction with a study done upon
the electrolyte balance in persons with Addison's disease.
The values reported here are those for the three day control
period preceeding the experimental periods in which special

treatment was given. Three to five days elapsed before each

series of experiments. These subjects received 2 grams of
potassium a day, and the average daily retentions can be
seen in Table III. When 6 grams of potassium, as potassium
Citrate, “ere given orally to two subjects, the retention
increased from 0.26 to 1.64 grams per day and from 0.05 to
1.71 grams per day,reSpectively.

In 1945, miller and Keys et. al. studied the effect of
bed rest on the mineral and nitrogen retentions of six nor-
mal men. The exoeriment lasted for three to four weeks, and
during this time the average daily protein intake fell from
75 grams to 55 grams. During bed rest, both the potassium
and nitrogen retentions were negative. Although the most
negative potassium balances were associated with the highest
nitrogen loss, there was no constant relationship between
“them.

Recently, in this laboratory, * the potassium intakes
and retentions of four older women on two five day periods
of a self-selected diet have been studied. The results for
the individual subjects Can be found in Table III. The
average daily potassium intake for the group was 9.794 grams,
with a mean retention of -O.l84 grams per day. The potassium
intakes for each individual for the successive five day peri-
ods were within 0.1 grams, while the nitrogen intakes were
within one gram. While two of the subjects were in equili-
brium or in slightly positive retention for the two periods,

the other two were in negative balance. Periods of positive

* Unpublished data - courtesy of Dr. Cederquist.

potassium retention were a sociated with positive nitrogen
retentions, whereas in some instances, a period of negative
potassium retention was associated with one of negative
nitrogen retention, although the relationship here was not
constant. The average urinary excretion was 2.554 grams per
day, and it increas d with increasing intakes. The average
fecal excretion was 0.495 grams per day, and it varied from
subject to subject and from beriod to period.

L

Summary .

Children between the ages of seven months and twelve
years had daily potassium intakes of between 0.785 to 4.075
grams per day. The intake increased with age. Potassium re-
tentions varied from -O.476 to o.57l grams per day, and were
influenced by age and intake. The urinary excretions
reported ranged from 1.049 to 2.704 grams per day, and these
paralleled the intake. Fecal excretions ranged from 0.209 to
0.595 grams per day. They were fairly constant for the indi-
vidual and were unrelated to the intake. In pregnancy, it
would be assumed that the need for ootassium is greater than
in the normal adult. However, due to the lack of experi-
mental evidence, little can be said regarding the absolute
amount needed.

The potassium intake of normal adults, on self-selected
diets, ranged from 1.956 to 5.756 grans per day. The amounts
of the intakes retained depended upon the .ietary pattern,

and upon the age of the individual. Of the five subjects

over forty-nine years of age, three were in negative potas-
sium balance on a daily intake of 1.956 to 5.755 grams.
Urinary excretions reported ranged from 1.850 to 2.762 grams,
and paralleled the intake. Fecal excretions were between

. 0.540 to 0.490 grams per day.

The need for further study of potassium intakes and
retentions of the normal individual can be seen. It aooears
that the percentage of intake retained depends upon both
physiological and upon dietary factors.

The fact that potassium is lost in perspiration cannot
be ignored. In the studies reviewed above, and in this
study, no correction was made for this factor. In this
study, all the collection periods were carried out during
the cooler seasons of the year, so that excessive perspira-
tion was avoided. Also conditions were fairly constant, and
therefore the amount lost from day to day would not vary
greatly. Freyberg et. al. (1957) studied the potassium
losses due to insensible perspiration, and found the amount
of potassium lost in twenty-four hours varied from 0.155 to
0.179 grams. Dill et. a1. (1955) studied the potassium
losses due to perSpiration, and found that in a hot environ~
ment, the mean loss of two men over a period of twenty days
was 0.078 grams per day. This value was obtained by calcu-
lation from the urinary output.

These losses due to perspiration are small in relation

to intakes of from 2 to 5 grams of potassium a day.

-19-

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Source of Material.

The work reported here was done as part of a series of
larger studies on the nutritional status of college age
women. The food and excreta to be analysed for potassium
had been collected previously and stored as brown digests
prepared by the method of Stearns (1929). Conditions under
which they were collected can be found in Table IV.

In all cases, the method of collecting the samples was
the same. All food eaten by each subject was weighed on a
spring balance*, and an aliquot consisting of one-fifth.of
the amount of food consumed was weighed from‘the serving dish
and collected in one flask containing hydrochloric acid. The
solid food was separated from the liquid food purely as a
matter of convenience. After each experimental period, the
food was digested with hydrochloric acid, and made Up to a
known volume according to the method of Stearns. In the case
of excreta, the feces for each period were collected and di—

gested, as were aliquots of urine samples.

* Chatillon

_20—

TABLE IV
SOURCE OF MATERIAL

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ierker Subject Diet Weight Digests Analyses
Ho. ._;======:
m t 7 Self-selected Nomal Food and excreta
et. . for ten day
(19‘0) balance period
Brown II- 9 a 10 Self-selected ‘ 17 to 35 Food and excreta
et.al. pounds for seven day
(1946) B a 11 Reduction over- balance period
weight
This 1 - 6 Self-selected normal Food for two five
laboratory incl. day periods. Food
** and excreta for
seven day balance
period.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1‘ Collections were made at Iowa State College and supplied through the
courtesy of the nutrition laboratories of that school.

I" Collections made at lichigen State College.

-31-
hiTHODS

DeveLOpment of Standard Curve.

The procedure used throughout this study for potassium
analysis was the Shohl and Bennett (1928) modification of
the A. 0. A. C. chloroplatinate method (1920).

Before any determinations could be done, it was necessary
to develop a standard curve of potassium determinations car-
ried out according to the method stated above.

A stock solution of KCL was made by dissolving 7.422

trans of pure KCL in 100 milliliters of water. From this, a

L

Q

['1

standard solution was made which contained lu milliliters of
stock solution per 100 milliliters of standard solution.

This gave a solution, one milliliter of which contained 0.589
grams of potassium. Solutions of potassium chloride contain-
ing from .02 to 5.2 milligrams of potassium per milliliter
were then analysed for potassium. The usual precipitation
and recovery urocedures were carried out for each sample.
Three different stock solutions of the same concentrations
were made up, and each time the readings for the same concen-
tration of sample oheckedmdthin one photolometer reading. By
plotting all the concentrations of potassium used against the
photolometer readings obtained for each concentration, the
standard curve shown in Figure liras drawn. From this curve,
a chart was made giving the corresponding amount of potassium

Larj

in milligrams per milliliter for each photolometerreading

(see ascendix). All calCulations are based on this chart.

H mmpaHa
saHmmaeom do msameHaaHs
mmom. was. owe. awe. mmn. one. Ham. mom. was.

‘10
i")

 

H. mo. mfio.
“ OOH

 

\\V\n om

 

om

'\
‘X

*Ina

 

 

 

on

 

 

“V

 

 

mi 3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Expo Baa 23m on

flNIGVEH HELSNOTOIOHJ

Ashing Procedure.

In order to carry out analysis of the digests, samples
of the digests were first ashed. These samples, to wnich
ten drops of saturated sodium sulphate had been added, were
first evaporated to dryness, then evaporated again with two
milliliters of concentrated sulphuric acid. The ashing was
done in a muffle furnace, which had been previously cali-
brated, at a temperature of 470°C for twenty-four hours. If
a white ash was not obtained, a few drOps of perchloric acid
were added to the cooled ash, and the sample re-ashed for
three to four hours starting with a cold furnace. The ash
was then dissolved in water, and transferred quantitatively,

to a 100 milliliter flask, and made to volume.

Recovery Studies.

Before proceeding with the analysis of the digests, the
ashing procedure was checked. Because the solids were_th3
most difficult to ash, a series of seven food samples were
ashed in triplicate, and recoveries were done on each of
these by adding 19.45 milligrams of potasSium, as potaSSium
chloride, to the third aliquot of each.samp1e. The results
of these recoveries are snown in Table V. They ranged from
90.64 to 108 percent.

The digests were ashed in groups of four. Duplicate
ashings on each digest were carried out, and a recovery was

done for each group of samples ashed. The ashed samples

were made to volume and then analysed for potassium. The

rmmv
RECOVERIES OF ADDED POTASSIUM final ASKED SAMPLES OF FOOD AND EXCRETA

 

 

 

 

Food Liquid Urine Feces
% 7’ 75 %
.103.0* 102.0 110.9 102.5*
103.4* 102.6 103.5 95.8
104.8! 95.1 111.2 98.0
99.0. 91.7 _ 92.2
90.6. ’ 95.8 88.0
103.4* 101.7 84.1
97.3 86.6
95.2
94.7
101.0
107.8
95.8

 

 

 

 

 

 

* Done to cheek “hing techniques.

-25-

recoveries obtained throughout the entire study can be found
in Table V. They ranged from 84.1 to 111.2 percent.

For each ashed sample, duplicate determinations were
carried out. The ashed sample was first evaporated to dry-
ness, then analysed for potassium by the method of Shohl
and Bennett (1928). The alcohol used in the determinations
was absolute ethyl alcohol, which had been previously dis-
tilled over soda lime. This alcohol was saturated with
potassium chloroplatinate. Each time a set of potassium de-
terminations was done, a blank containing a known amount of
standard KCL was analysed. The mean recovery of these
known samples done over the entire period was 102% f 2.01.
The data presented here were obtained by averaging the de-
terminations on duplicate samples of each digest. When cal-
culated on a per day basis, all duplicates checked within
0.1 grams of potasSium. If this was not the case, a deter-

mination was done on a third aliquot of that sample.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results are shown in Tables VI, VII and VIII.
Table VI gives the potassium intake as solid foods and as
liquids for nine subjects on a self-selected diet,zand for
two subjects on a reduction diet. The potassium concentra-
tions for solid foods and for giduids were separated,
beCause it was of interest to study the proportion of the
total potassium intake derived from vegetables and other
solid foods, as compared to the amount coming from milk
since the major source of potassium in the liquid digests
was milk. The amount of potassium ingested as solid food
for any one period for the subjects on the self-selected
diet ranged from 1.481 to 2.692 grams per day. The amount
of potassium taken as liquids ranged from 0.855 to 1.545
grams per day. The two subjects on the reduction diet were
within this range of potassium intake from solid foods. The”
liquid digest provided subject 11 was with 1.957 grams of
potassium a day and accounted for the total high intake. A
high intake of potassium in the liquid digest parallels the
amount of milk consumed..

Table VIII shows the potassium balances of the eleven
subjects of this study, and of subjects A and B of the study
done by Tompkins (1959). The total intakes of potassium
ranged from 2.516 to 5.856 grams per day with the exception
of one of the subjects on the reduction diet, whose daily
intake wcs 4.129 grams. TJiS, as mentioned above, was due

to the large intake of potassium as milk.

TABLE'VI

POTASSIUM INTAKES OF COLLEGE WOMEN

 

 

 

Mean lhan.
Subject Periods Food L1 uid Food L1 uid
saw/day an day sin/day any“:
1 I 2.198 1.085
II 2.155 1.352
III 2.431 1.405 2.261 1.281
2 I 1.481 .964
II 1.781 1.225
III 1.708 0.983 1.657 1.057
3 I 2.584 1.196
II 2.079 1.454
III 2.120 1.313 2.261 1.521
4 I 2.177 1.130
II 1.943 1.216
III 1.732 0.855 1.951 1.067
5 I 1.840 1.191
11 2.186 1.210
III 1.827 1.543 1.951 1.315
6 I 1.613 1.116
II 1.810 1.159
111 1.893 1.024 1.772 1.100
7 I 2.563 0.988 2.563 0.988
8 I 2.648 1.146 2.648 1.146
9 I 2.692 0.999 2.692 0.999
10 I 2.463 1.096 2.463 1.096
11 I 2.262 1.957 2.262 1.957
.1 Average 1.956 1.226
B " 1.886 0.610

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE'VII
POTASSIUM.INTAKES OF COLLEGE WOMEN PER KILOGRAM OF WEIGHT

 

 

 

subject Weight Intake

Kilo. gm/kilo.
1 50.5 0.076
2 60.7 0.045
3 64.3 0.055
4 62.5 0.048
5 64.6 0.051
6 64.2 ' 0.045
7 57.7 0.062.
8 70.9 0.054
9 75.01 0.049
10 62.3 0.057
11 74.5 0.057
A. 51.8 0.061
B 65.0 0.039
Ilean. , 0.048

 

 

 

 

TABLE VIII

POTASSIUM INTAKES AND RETENTIONS OF THIRTEEN COLLEGE'WOMEN

 

 

 

Subject Intake urine Feces 0:22;: Retention
cal/day sin/day gin/day era/day ens/dew
1 3.836 2.010 0.405 2.415 1.421
2 2.691 1.644 0.429 2.073 0.618
3 3.433 2.017 0.239 2.256 1.177
4 2.587 1.360 0.293 1.653 0.934
5 3.370 1.888 0.337 2.225 1.145
6 2.917 2.059 ~0.349 2.408 0.509
7 3.551 2.771 0.276 3.047 0.504
8 3.794 1.156 0.233 1.389 2.405
9 3.691 2.297 0.163 2.460 1.231
10 3.559 2.680 0.215 2.895 0.664
11 4.129 2.733 0.279 3.021 1.207
A. 3.182 2.290 0.340 2.630 0.552
B 2.516 2.180 0.367 2.547 -0.0312

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

_50_

When the intakes are calculated on a per kilogram basis
(Table VII), they range from 0.045 to 0.075 grams per kilo-
gram. The one exception to this is subject B from Tompkins
(1959) study, who received 0.059 grams a day. Of the other
twelve subjects, there were only three who received 0.06
grams of potassium per kilogram. This is the figure sug—
gested by hoColium (1959) as the standard potassium intake
of the normal adult.

When considering potassium intakes, it is of interest
to discuss the sources of potassium in the diet, It has gen-
erally been accepted that most of our potassium needs are
supplied by vegetable foods, yet milk also contributes a con-
siderable amount of potassium to the daily intake. It is for
this reason that a discussion of the preportion of the potas-
sium taken as milk in relation to the intake per kilogram is
in order here. Twenty-three percent of the subjects had
intakes of 0.045 grams per kilogram or less. These were
subjects 2, 6 and B, and the percentage of potassium that
they received in milk was 57, 55,and 24 percent respectively.
[Fifty-three percent of the group had intakes between 0.045
.and 0.06 grams per kilogram. Of these, subjects 5, 5 and 11
received 58, 45 and 47 percent of their potassium as milk.
The other three subjects, 4, 9, and 8 received 55, 26 and 50
percent respectively of their total potassium as milk. 0f
the twenty-three percent of the group that received more than
0.06 grams per kilogram (subjects 1, 7jand A), the prOporticn
of the potassium received from milk was 57, 28 and 61 percent

resoectively. All this points to the fact that milk plays an

important part in supolying the potassium needs of this age
group.

The urinary excretions ranged from 1.156 to 2.755 grams
per da . That the urinary excretion of potassium tends to
follow the intake is shown in Figure II. Subject 8, who Was
one of the subjects on the reduction diet, showed the
greatest difference from the group reSponse and was the sub-
ject who had the lowest urinary excretion. She is also the
one who had the highest retention of potassium.

The fecal excretions ranged from 0.165 to 0.429 grams
per day. They varied with the individual, and there was no
relation to the intake. Although the weights of the stools
were not Obtained, the stools for subjects 8 to 11 inclu-
sive were drier and smaller than those of the subjects of
normal weight. The potassium content of the feces for sub-
jects 8 to 11 were 0.165 to 0.279 grams per day, while the
ootassium content of the feces for the remaining subjects
ranged from 0.259 to 0.429 grams per day. Since the
potassium intake bore no relation to the potassium content
of the feces, it is probable that the overweight subjects
absorbed a greater proportion of the potassium. The possi-
ble greater economy in absorption of nutrients by obese
subjects is seen from nitrogen and calcium studies done on
obese young women (Br0“n et. al., 1946).

The range in the amount of potassium retained is wide,
varying from -0.051 to 2.405 grams per day. There was only

one subject in negative balance and this was subject B of

GRAMS PER DAY

URINARY EXCRETION

RELATION OF POTASSIUM INTAKE AND URINARY EXCRETION

-52-

L

 

 

 

2. DO

 

2. {SO

 

 

l. 50

l. 10

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.5

2.7

13.9 5.1 5.5

5.5 5.7 5.9 4.1

INTAKE GRAIQS PER DAY

FIGURE II

 

Tompkins' study (1959). All the subjects in this study were
in positive balance, and the lowest retention obtained was
0.504 grams of potassium per day. Since eight of the eleven
subjects studied here had potassium intakes of three or more
grams per day, six of these retained more than 1.1 grams per
day. While subjects 7 and 10 received three or wore grams
of potassium, they retained only 0.504 and 0.664 grams per
day. The relationship between the potassium intake and re-
tention Can be seen in Figure III. There is a tendency for
an increase in intake to cause an increase in retention.
Again subject 8 shows the greatest difference from the group
response with a retention of 2.405 on an intake of 0.052
grams per kilogram.

Because studies of nitrogen retentions of this age group
give evidence for slow growth of soft tissue (McKay et. al.),
'it is of interest to study the relationship of nitrogen and
potassium retentions (Figure IV). When the potassium reten—
tions were plotted against the nitrogen retentions, the po-
tassium retention increased as the nitrogen retention
increased in the lower limits of nitrogen retention. Hm“-
ever, when the nitrogen retention rises above 2.25 grams or
more, this relationship no longer appears to be true.

The potassium intakes of all the subjects, with‘the ex—
ception of subject B (Tompkins' study), were sufficient to
maintain a positive potassium balance. When Figure III is
studied, it can be seen that an intake of 0.04 to 0.055
grams per kilogram resulted in retentions of 0.5 to 1.0

grams per day. This corresponds to an intake of 2.5 to 5.5

GRAMS PER DA!

RETENTION 0F“ POTASSIUM

RELATION OF POTASSIUM INTAKES AND RETENTIONS

FIGURE III

 

2.30

 

k\'
(21
O

 

2.10

 

1. 90

 

1.70.

 

1.50

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0.040 0.050 0.050 0.070

INTAKE 0F POTASSIUM GRAM PER KILOGRAM

NITROGEN RETENTION GRAMS PER DAY

RELATION OF POTASSIUM AND NITROGEN RETENTIONS

1.50

l. 00

.50

.500

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

l

I;

I

I

I

I 4.

I

I s

I * m

I

I

I

, ~L

l 1.

L

I

l ‘l-

l ‘L

I

+l

I

g 1

I 1

I

z 1
l

'<'>' '0, r r r .“ £0
gooammm
ooooooo
POTASSIUM RETENTION GRAMS PER DA!

FIGURE IV

 

’56-

grams per day. Since the mean intake for the group was
0.048 grams per kilogram, and all of the subjects, except
subject B, retained 0.5 or more grams of potassium daily, an
intake of 0.048 grams per kilogram would.seem to be a gener-
ous dietary allowance for this age group ofwomen. This
suggests that McCollum's figure of 0.06 grams per kilogram
is higher than is needed. or the thirteen subjects studied,
only three ingested more than 0.06 grams of potassium per
day, and for these subjects, the retentions varied from
0.576 to 2.405 grams per day. Six of the subjects receiving
more than 3.3 grams of potassium per day stored the extra
'potassium in amounts above one gram per day.

Since these studies were not planned originally for
potassium, and since all the intakes and retentions are
high, the data is difficult to interpret. If equilibrium
is adequate for this age group, then we can consider an
intake of 0.048 grams per kilogram as a generous amount. On
the other hand, this age group does show evidence of growth
(McKay, 1940), and since some of the subjects here showed a
capacity for storing potassium, it may be a question of how
much retention the intake should allow for.

sum '~ Y

The potassium intakes and retentions of college age
women on self-selected diets have been studied. The data
from two women on a reduction diet have been included also.

The potassium intakes ranged from 2.516 to 4.129 grams
per day. When the intake was based on a per kilogram basis,
the mean potassium intake was 0.048 grams per kilogram with
a range of 0.059 to 0.075 grams per kilogram. All the sub-
jects except one were retaining ootassium. The mean reten-
tion was 0.949 grams per day.

The urinary excretions of potassium ranged from 1.560
to 2.775 grams per day, and increased with increasing intakes.

The fecal excretions ranged from 0.165 to 0.429 grams
per day, and were not related to the intake.

The potassium retentions were studied with relation to
the potassium intake. They were found to increase as the
intake increased. When the potassium retentions were studied,
with relation to the nitrogen retentions, they increased as
the nitrogen retentions increased, except in the upper ranges
of nitrogen retention.

It is concluded from tiis study, that the intake of 0.06
grams of potassium per kilogram suggested by h000llum, is
more than is needed by college age women for retention. The
mean intake of 0.048 grams per kilogram apoeared to be enough
to meet the needs of this group of well nourished young women,

and to provide for a limited amount of storage.

-53-

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‘

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-39-

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-41-

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APPENDIX

EW42F'

CHART SHOWING CORRESPONDING AMOUNTS OF POTASSIUM
FOR EACH PHOTOIDIIETER READING

 

 

 

Read- Ant. 3 Read-Lmt. x Amt. I: Read- Amt. 2 Read- Amt. 5
ins ‘ ins mefihl nevfifl- ins ml ins me/hl
85.75 00762 76075 el‘ll .2115 58075 e2942 49075 e391‘
85.50 .0778 476.50 .1425 .2140 58.50 .2967{ 749.50 .3939
85-25 -0802 76.25 .1455 .2164 58.25 .2991 49.25 .3963
85.00 .0827 76.00 .1459 .2189 58.00 .5005 49.00 .5987
84.75 .0859 75.75 .1485 .2215 57.75 .5059 48.75 .4011
84.50 .0851 75.50 .1508 .2257 57.50 .5064 48.50 .4048
84.25 .0875 75.25 .1520 .2261 57.25 .3088 48.25 .4072
84.00 .0897 75.00 .1552 .2275 57.00 .5112 48.00 .4109
85.75 .0909 74.75 .1558 .2298 56.76 .5136 47.75 .4154
85.50 .0922 74.50 .1580 .2525 56.50 .3161 47.50 .4158
85.25 .0964 74.25 .1592 .2554 56.25 .5185 47.25 .4206
85.00 .0958 74.00 .1605 .2570 56.00 .5221 47.00 .4251
82.75 .0997 75.75 .1829 .2385 55.75 .3245 46.75 .4255
82.50 .1022 75.50 .1852 .2595 55.50 .5258 46.50 .4291
82.25 .1054 75.25 .1678 .2451 55.25 .5282 46.26 .4528
82.00 .1046 75.00 .1701 .2455 55.00 .5351 46.00 .4552
81.76 .1058 72.75 .1713 .2467 54.75 .3545 45.75 .4400
81.50 .1087 72.50 .1725 .2492 54.50 .5568 45.50 .4425
81.25 .1079 72.25 .1750 .2504 54.25 .5404 45.25 .4449
81.00 .1091 72.00 .1774 .2541 54.00 .5428 45.00 .4474
80.75 .1105 71.75 .1799 .2555 55.75 .5440 44.75 .4523
80.50 .1116 71.50 .1825 .2590 55.50 .5445 44.50 .4555
80.25 .1140 71.25 .1854 .2602 55.25 .5501 44.25 .4571
80.09 ~1167 71.00 .1849 . .2626 55.00 .5557 44.00 .4607
79.75 .1191 70.75 .1861 .2650 52.75 .5662 43.75 .4644
79.50 .1218 70.50 .1886 .2675 52.50 .5598 45.50 .4668
79.25 .1228 70.25 .1910 .2699 52.25 .3622 45.25 .4704
79.00 .1240 70.00 .1945 .2725 52.00 .5847 45.00 .4741
78.75 .1261 69.75 .1969 .2747 51.75 .5671 42.75 .4765
78.50 .1285 69.50 .1994 .2772 51.50 .5708 42.50 .4814
78.25 .1297 69.25 .2006 .2796 51.25 .5752 42.25 .4858
78.00 .1510 69.00 .2018 .2820 51.00 .5757 42.00 .4865
77.75 .1554 68.75 .2042 .2844 50.75 .5793 41.75
77.50 .1562 68.50 .2068 .2869 50.50 .5829 41.50
77.25 .1314 68.25 .2091 i .2895 50.25 .5842 41.25
77000 01386 68.00 e2103 f .2918 50000 e386“ 41e00

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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