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THE CONDiT!0NS. CUMQTIC
ANU CULTURAL
WHiCH CAUSE ITS D’SCOLORATWN
Thesis for the Degree of M. 5.
Austin L. Pint)

1928

 

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A Study Of The Table Beet In An attempt
To Discover The Conditions, Climatic
And Cultural, Which Cause Ita
Diecolcraticn.

Thesis

Submitted to the Faculty of the Michigan State
College of Agriculture and Applied Scih
ence in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree
of Master of Science.

by“
Austin L5 Pi
June 19E§gp

M”

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W W M

THESlS

 

Introduction

 

It is a matter of common knowledge that the roots
of table beets present a great amount of variation in the
prominence of their alternating zones of light and dark
color. This applies not only to varieties but to strains
as well. Some varieties, as Bassano and Lentz's Extra
Early, have comparatively wide bands of white separated
by narrow bands of dark tissue. Other varieties, such as
Crosby's Egyptian (Special) and Detroit Dark Red, have
wide bands of dark tissue separated by white bands so
narrow as to be scarcely noticeable. The latter type is
preferred because it presents a better appearance and is
thought to be indicative of greater tenderness.

Successful attempts have been made in securing
highly colored types by careful selection and isolation.
The results have not been entirely satisfactory, however,
for, under certain conditions of growth, beets highly
bred for color have tended to deteriorate in a single
season. Naturally this makes it appear that environmental
factors, which have heretofore been more or less overlooked
may be of considerable importance and should be studied

along with the genetic.

1.03375

Literature Review

There is little or no literature pertaining directly
to the problem. However, work with sugar beets indicates
that environment plays an important part in their morpho-
logical and physiological deve10pment. Shaw (1) found that
plants possess an inherent sensitiveness and responsiveness
to environment and his general observations indicated a
correlation between climatic conditions and "the manifold
morphological phenomena exhibited in the (sugar) beet."

Jones and Rosa ‘2) state that ”the peculiar zonation
noticed in a cross-section of beet root is produced by
concentric rings of vascular tissue enclosing broad bands
of parenchyma." These rings become noticeable through the
color present, so a study of the zonation of the table
beet should take into consideration the red anthooyan
pigment. The gradation from pure white to solid red roots
is represented by varying widths of white and red rings.

Wheldale is) is of the opinion that anthocyan is an
oiidation product of a colorless chromogen present in
tissues in combination with sugars as glucosidee; that the
formation of glucosides from chromogen and sugar is in the
nature of a reversible enzyme action; that the process of
oxidation is carried out by one or more oxidizing enzymes
and that oxidation is only after the liberation of the

chromogen from the gluooside. The quantity of pigment

formed.is inversely proportional to the concentration of
sugar and directly proportional to the concentration of
glucosides in the tissue.

The general observation is that pigment formation
increases with a lowering of temperature. Autumnal colora-
tion is usually cited as an example of this effect. Klebs (4)
is of the opinion that color changes induced by changes of
temperature are indirect effects of temperature on metabolism.
Overflow ‘5) examined the sugar content of Autumnal leaves
and found considerably more present than in the same species
in midsummer. Thus the effect of low temperature may be
indirect in that it affects the sugar content of the tissues.

As to how pigment formation is affected by light,
observations disagree,aand here, as with temperature, the
main Question is whether the effect is direct or indirect.
The absence of light does not bar the formation of pigment
in the root of the best. That there is a direct action of
light in the production of anthocyan is evidenced by the
coloring of exposed portions of normally uncolored roots.
Pigment development in roots of Salix ‘6) and Zea ‘7) has
been observed when they were exposed to light. Linebauer (8)
concludes from experiments on seedlings of Fagopyrum esoulentum
”that the photo-chemical process of anthocyanin production in
light is a typical stimulus reaction, and is dependent upon
both the intensity and duration of light."

Drought increases anthocyan formation. Warming (9)

found that certain plants which are green when grown in

water are strongly red when grown on land. Molisch (10)
found that leaves of certain plants redden strongly if
only watered a little, and Wheldale (3) observed the same
thing for pot plants of Pelargonium. Whether this effect

is direct or indirect is not known.

Materials. and Methods

 

Garden trials, for the purpose of testing the effects
of light intensity, cultivation, and irrigation on the
zonation'of garden beets, were made during the growing season
of 1927. Crosby's Egyptian (light strain) beet was used in
the experiments. This beet has a greater amount of white
tissue than Detroit Dark Red and a less amount of white
tissue than such varieties as Lentz's Extra Early, which
made it desirable for trial in these experiments. Ten plots
were laid out and the following treatments used.

Plots 1 and 2.- A wooden frame work'2% feet high was
built around each of two plots (designated hereafter as
plots 1 and 2). In Plot 1, the framework was covered (top
and sides) with two thicknesses of heavyncheesecloth. The
top cover was removed each day at 10 A.M. and replaced at
5 P.M., thus giving the plants a seven hour period of full
day light. a single thickness of heavy cheesecloth was
placed over Plot 2 and left on continuously, thereby giving
the plants partial shade throughout the season. Six rows
of beets, 12 feet long and 18 inches apart, were grown in
each of these two plots and the beets thinned to 3 inches

in the row. The soil in these plots is a sandy loam, which

is slightly acid in Plot 1 and has a lime requirement of
about 2000 pounds per acre in Plot 2. (Soiltex.Method).

Plot 5.- Plot 3 served as a check plot. It was of
the same size as Plots 1 and 2. The soil is a sandy loam
which has a lime requirement of about 3000 pounds.

Plots 4 and 5.- Different types of cultivation were
tried in plots 4 and 5. In addition to ordinary cultivation,
the hosts in Plot 4 were entirely covered with soil, as
shown in Figure 1, while in Plot 5, the dirt was kept pulled
away from the roots, as shown in Figure 2. The soil in these
plots is a sandy loam, neutral in Plot 4 and with a lime
requirement of about 5000 pounds in Plot 5. These were of
the same size as plots 1, 2 and 3.

Plot 6.- The major check plot (No.6) consisted of 16
rows, 18 inches apart and 40 feet long. The soil is a sandy
loam with the same lime requirement as Plot 5. These beets
received ordinary hand cultivation and were thinned to 3 or
4 inches apart in the row.

Plots 7-10.- Tests for the effect of irrigation on
zonation were made in plots 7, 8, 9 and 10. Each plot was
53 feet long with 10 rows of beets 18 inches apart. These
received hand cultivation and the plants were thinned to
5 or 4 inches in the row. The plots were along one side of
an overhead irrigation line (Figure 3) and, by means of
plugs inserted in the nozzles, the irrigation was shifted
from one plot to another. Plot 7 received irrigation as
needed throughout the season; Plot 8 was irrigated during

the first third of the season, Plot 9 during the second

third and Plot 10 during the last third. The soil in Plots
7, 8 and 9 is a sandy loam with a lime requirement of 4000
pounds. Plot 10 is a heavier loam with a lime requirement
of 5000 pounds.
Soil samples at depths of l" to 6", and 6" to 12"
were taken weekly and oven dried to determine the soil
moisture content. These data will be presented as averages
for four week periods.
Soil temperature records (continuous) were obtained
for Plot 2 by means of a Freas Soil Thermograph with the
tube buried at a depth of 6 inches. air temperature and
humidity records (continuous) were taken with a Tress
hygrothermograph kept in the ordinary type of outdoor shelter.
The first planting of seed, which was made June 1,
was unsuccessful except in Plot 6. Plots 1 and 2 were replanted
June 20. Plots 4 and 5 had a little better stand so they were
interplanted June 25. Plots 7, 8, 9 and 10 were replanted
entirely on July 2. The second planting did well in all plots,
considering the dry weather which prevailed throughout must

of the growing season.

GreenhousefiTrials

 

Greenhouse trials, for the purpose of studying the
effects of commercial fertilizer, soil acidity, soil moisture,
and soil temperature, on the zonation of table beets, were

made in the fall and early winter of 1927.

The soil for the fertilized lots (designated as A, B
and C) was a wornout silt loam with a lime requirement of
5000 pounds. The lots were separated in the bench by boards,
each lot consisting of 6 rows cross-wise of the bench,

4 inches apart. Each lot was limed to meet the requirement
and, a few days later, Lot A was given an application of
4-8-10 fertilizer at the rate of 500 pounds, and Lot 0 at

the rate of 600 pounds per acre. Lot B was left as a check.

 

la, lb and lo, each consisting of 25 six inch pots of a

sandy loam soil requiring 6000 pounds of lime per acre.

Lot la received the full lime requirement; Lot lb was not
limed, and lo was limed at the rate of 5000 pounds. Distilled
water was used on these lots throughout the experiment.

Soil Temperature Trials.- Lots 2a, 2b and 2c, each

 

consisting of 50 pots of ordinary greenhouse soil, comprised
the soil temperature trials. Lot 2a, which received no
bottom heat, had an average weekly temperature range of 56.8°
to 65.90F. with the average for most weeks falling below
60°. Lot 2b, with bottom heat, had average weekly temperatures
of 64.00 to 75.40F. Lot 2c, which was carried in a cool house,
had weekly soil temperatures averaging from 48.50 to 56.10F.
The average temperature for the 9 weeks period was 59.90 in
Lot 2a, 71.2° in Lot 2b and 51.5° in Lot 2o.

Soil Moisture Tests.- Soil moisture experiments were
run in pots over bench heat in Lots 5a, 5b and 50. Each lot

consisted of 27 pots of greenhouse soil. Lot 5a was carried

with a normal amount of water for greenhouse production
while 5b received an excessive amount, and 50 was allowed
only enough water to prevent severe wilting.

Crosby's Egyptian (light strain) seed was planted
September 10 in Lots a, B and C, and on September 27 in
the other lots.

Roots from the garden and greenhouse trials were
classified according to a chart shown in Figure 4. This
chart was made up from a preliminary planting of different
varieties of table beets, and shows the gradations in zonation
from practically solid red to white. The darkest colored
specimen is classed as 30.1 and the numbering is consecutive
with the lessened amount of dark color, the whitest one

b.1118; B0060

 

 

Figure l._

Showing roots covered in Plot 4.

9

 

Figure 2.- Showing uncovered roots in Plot 5.

10

  

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13

The data in Table 1 show that the soil moisture content
became very low in the non-irrigated plots during the last
third of the growing period. Plot 2, which received con-
tinuous partial shade shows the highest average moisture
content of all non-irrigated plots. It is of interest that,
during the 12-week growing period, there were but 5.7
inches of rainfall at this station and that the heaviest
precipitation any one week was but .81 inches.

Table 2.-Soil temperatures for Plot. 2, which received
continuous partial shade

Average for 2 weekgperiod ending
~_§uly l5_ July 51 august 15 august 51 average
Day 58.9 65.5 61.0 58.5 60.9

Bight 60e0 6600 6601 6407 6402

 

It is evident from Tables 5 and 4 that temperature
and humidity differences between the covered and cpen plots
were practically insignificant. Variation in humidity as
between day and night was considerably greater, however, in
the open than in the covered plots.(See Page 14).

Beets in Plot 1, which were given a 7 hour light day,
and in Plot 2, which had continual partial shade, were
harvested august 27. a median cross-section was made through
each root, and the zonation of each best was classified

according to the chart. See Table 5. page 15.

14

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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15

Table 5.-Classification of beets, Plot 1,which was given a
7-hour day, Plot 2, which had continuous partial

 

 

shade L

- Plot 1 Plot 2

glass Dumber of beets Percent' Number of beets_Percent
l 5 1.5 0 0.0
2 67 29.0 45 25.0
5 108 46.75 107 57.22
4 55 22.95 57 19.78
5

0 0.0 0 0.0

On the basis of percentages, these two plots do not
show material differences. There was, however, a difference
in the outward appearance of the roots and in the depth of
redness of the flesh. Beets in Plot 1 were more irregular
in shape, had shorter and more fibrous roots. Boots in Plot.2
had more of an orange colored tinge in the flesh and to some
extent in the skin, and several roots were distinctly orange
colored.

During the very dry period of the summer, the plants
in Plot 1 wilted badly, as compared with the plants in Plot 2.
Figures 9 and 8 show the plants during this period. at no
time did the plants in Plot 2 show signs of wilting, and the
soil moisture content was from 1.25% to 4.5%ihigher in this
plot than in Plot 1.

gultivation Plots.- Three harvests were made of Plots
4 and 5, in which the effect of cultivation was tested. Beets

from the first planting were ready to harvest August 9.

16
Some of the beets of the second planting were ready august 29.
There were many beets, however, which were too small at this
time and they were left unpulled. Rains later in the season
brought these on and they were harvested October 21. The
classification for the harvests is given separately and
collectively in Tables 6 and 7, page 17.

Besides showing a significant difference in zonation,
the beets in these plots showed distinctly different out-
ward appearances. almost without exception, the roots in
Plot 4,which had been kept covered with soil.were broader
across the top and shorter in length than were those in
Plot 5, from which the soil had been kept pulled away. This
is well illustrated in Figure 5. the roots for which were
taken from the average, rather than from the extreme, shape.
These were taken from the first harvest. Beets from the
second harvest of Plot 5 showed a greater tendency to elong-
ate at the neck and become undesirable in shape. This -
possibly happened because the soil was pulled away from the
roots as soon as the young plants were through the ground.
In the first planting, the plants were starting to send out
their second set of true leaves before the soil was pulled
away from the roots.

The harvest of Plots 5 and 6, which were check plots,
was made august 10. The roots were combined for classifica-

tion as the number of beets in Plot 5 was very small.

 

 

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Table 8.-Classification of beets:-Plot§ 5 and 6 combined

 

gyms 1 __ 2.xxmxdimiuiéxxiujL12flal
Number of 5 125 586 107 l 620
beets

Percent 0.48 19.84 62.26 17.26 0.16

a comparison of the classification of boats in the
check plots with those of Plots 4 and 5, shows that there
was a considerably higher percentage of poorly colored
roots in Plot 4, and about twice as many highly colored
roots in Plot 5 as in the checks.

The irrigation plots (7, 8, 9 and 10) were harvested
august 51. The data are shown in Table 9, page 19.

The variation in zonation of beets in these plots is
hardly sufficient to indicate any effect resulting from
irrigating at different periods in the growth of the plants.
On the basis of soil moisture content, however, there is
slight evidence to indicate that the higher the average
moisture content, the higher the percentage of poorly
colored beets.

There was a variation in the shade of the color of
the roots in these plots. Those in Plots 7 and 10 were of
about the usual shade for this strain, while those in Plot 9
had a distinctly brighter shade of red, and those in Plot 8
had a lighter shade.

The zonation records for all plots are brought
together in Table 10. page 20.

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Table lO.-Classification of all beets from garden rials

 

 

 

 

Plot 1 Plot 2 Plot 4 Plot 5 Blots 5 Plot 7 Plot 8 Plot 9 Plot 10
and 6
Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated
Partial Roots Roots Check through lst.third 2nd.third last third
Class 7-hr.day shade covered uncovered season of season of season of season
per Per Per ‘5’ Ben"' wPer Per Per Per Per
No. cent No. cent To. cent To. cent To. cent To. cent who. cent To. cent No. cent

 

 

5 1.5 0 0.0 1 0.62 21 11.05 5 0.48 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0

OZ

1
2 67 29.0 45 25.0 27 16.77 65 55.16 125 19.84 154 11.86 95 12.46 100 12.59 51 6.92
5 108 46.75 107 57.22 82 50.95 78 41.05 586 62.26 805 71.24 554 74.27 642 79.55 572 85.04
4

55 22.95 57 19.78 49 50.44 28 14.74 107 17.26 191 16.90 99 15.27 65 8.06 45 10.04

5 0‘ 0.0 0 0.0 2 1.24 O 0.0 1 0.16 0 0.0 O 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0

 

Total
NO. 251 187 161 190 620 1250 746 ' 807 448

 

 

21

The data in Table 10 bring out clearly the variation
in zonation for beets under the different treatments. It is
evident that the outstanding difference is between Plots 4
and 5 which received different cultivation treatments. It
is also clear that the cultiVation plots vary considerably

\sirom the check plots 5 and 6. In Plot 5, in which the roots
were kept covered, there is a much higher percentage of well
colored beets than in the check plots. And in Plot 4, in
which the soil was kept away from the roots, the percentage
of poorly colored beets is nearly double that of the check
plots. Plots 1 and 2, which received light treatments, had
both a higher percentage of well colored and a higher per-
centage of poorly colored beets than the check plots. The
irrigation plots (7, 8, 9 and 10) showed a consistently
lower percentage of well colored beets than did the check
plots.

an outline drawing of an average beet from each plot,
based on the width to length ratio, is shown in Figure 9.
The ideal for canning purposes is a ratio of 1.0. The
drawings for Plots 4 and 5 ehcw clearly the {let shape or
beets in Plot 4 as compared with those of Plot 5.

‘Qreenhouee Trials

Beets in Lots A, B, C, which were the fertilizer lots,
la, lb and lo in which soil acidity treatments were run,
failed to develop sufficiently to be of any value so far as

zonation records were concerned. Harvest was made December 20,

22

which allowed 90 days for root development. In the fertilizer
lots all of the hosts were through the ground at about the
same time and for 5 to 4 weeks Lot 0 showed a decided response
to the heavy application of fertilizer. Lot A showed a slight
response to the 5000 pound application for about 2 weeks.
Gradually the plants in all lots came to have about the same
height. The foliage in Let B had more of a red appearance
that that in Lots 1 and C. Green weights were taken separately
for all roots and tops and the number of true leaves of each
plant recorded. See Table ll.
Table ll.-Root and top weights and number of true leaves,
Lots a, B and C fertilizer treatments, 1a, 1b
and lo soil acidigygtreatmgnts

Weights are averages for each lot recorded in
decimals of 1/19 ounce

 

Lot Root Weight Top weight Average number
trueflgaves
a .81 3.46 8.3
.71 3.31 8.15
C .84 3.74 8.14
la 1.25 9.46 10.1
1b 1.25 12.36 9.77
lo 11: 56 9.6- 10. 2

 

Lots 2a, 2b and 20, the temperature trials, were
harvested December 22. The roots in Lot 2c, which was
carried in the cool house, did not develop sufficiently to
be of any value in the records. Figure 10 shows the relative

size of average plants in these lots. all plants having roots

23

weighing more than 1/16 ounce were weighed (top and root
separately) and count made of the number of true leaves.
‘The same data were taken for Lots 33, 3b and 30 which were
harvested the same day. As previously noted, the soil mois-
ture trials were carried in these lots.
Table 12.-Classification of roots; average root and top
weights recorded in decimals of l 16 ounce, and

average number of true leaves in ots 2a, 2b,
3aL_3b and 50

v—v—

 

Classiggpation--_percent Root Top No. of
true
got 1 _f2 5 4 5 weight_weight leaves

 

24 0.00 48.28 44.85 6.89 0.00 2.75 54.08 15.5
25 0.00 60.00 40.00 0.00 0.00 2.26 14.55 12.47
5a 5.00 45.00 50.00 0.00 0.00 2.19 18.21 15.1
55 0.00 8.55 62.50 25.00 4.17 4.56 26.55 15.2
5a 7.15 78.57 14.28 0.00 0.00 1.28 8.64 11.4

 

w—v Vfi

It is very evident from the data shown in Table 12
that the high soil moisture carried in Lot 5b may have
been the cause of the poor color for other conditions were
identical with those in Lots 5a and 50. Likewise, in Lot 30,
in which the soil was kept very dry, there was a large percent-
age of highly colored roots. These results are in accord
with the findings of Warming (9) Molisch (10) and Wheldale(3)
previously mentioned.

The temperature Lots 2a and 2b, however, do not conform

to previous observations relative to temperature and anthocyan

24

production. In this case the lot having the highest
temperatures has a greater percentage of highly colored
roots. The mean daily temperatures taken in these lots are
given as weekly averages in Table 15.

Table l5.-average weekly soil temperature records
Lots 2aL,2b and 291 .

week Ending,

Oct. Oct. novinov. 116x771“. 1566. D550. Dec.
got 20 27 4L 10 17 L 1 8 15
2a 60.5 65.9 65.5 57.1 61.0 58.7 58.7 56.8 59.8
25 68.8 72.5 70.9 68.9 75.4 75.9 64.0 69.9 75.1
26 49.9 54.4 56.1 48.5 54.8 55.8 48.4 48.5 49.2

From the standpoint of growth, it appears that the
soil temperatures were above the Optimum in Lot 2b, and
below the optimum in Lot 2c for the best development of
the beet. With reference to the soil temperatures in the
garden Plot 2, the temperatures in Lot 2a were almost the

same.

 

figure 5.- showing general shape of beets in Blot 4
(left) and Plot 5 (right). Width to length
ratio Plot 4, 0.884, Plot 5, 1.05.

1‘3
0' .

   

 

@0
0 C
e C
. O C
e e

  
 

AV

 

 

Figure 6.- Showing zonation in Various sizes
of beets. Plot 4 (16ft),rlot 5 (right).

27

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a mobsoa can we msfiuaws can msfisozm 7.5 enema

 

 

 

28

  
  

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9.3 .Ho QofipHdQOo Qmmhun oflp mnfikonm I.m mafia.

 

 

 

'7:
an

Fig. - 9- 9138.17 '11.; o =’_‘

average best for various plots based

.4 ..°4 4.1 x. '1 m ,4. p .
Oil 511* 1.711011 00 1814:0011 P421310.

?lot 1
Yatio 0.924
7 -h0ur day

    

Pl
Ratio 6.9
Continuous partial

7 4 .
C (
shade

Slot 4
Ratio 0.884
Roots coverel
with soil

Plot 5
Ratio 1.05
Soil cultivated
away from roots

 

Plot 7
Ratio 0.906
Irrigated throughout
, S"‘

Plot 9
Ratio 0.895
Irrigated 2nd
third of season

Blot 10
Katie 0.869
Irrigated last
third of season

50

   

 

 

Figure 10.- average plants in greenhouse
Lot 2a (right), 2b (center), 20 (left).
Temperature Trials.

(51

   

 

 

Figure ll.- average plants in greenhouse
Lot 5a (center), 5b (right), 50 (left).
Soil Moisture Trials.

52

 

Discussion

It has been demonstrated in these experiments, that
by artificially producing the condition of being uncovered
or covered with soil, color and growth characters of roots
were produced somewhat comparable to the differences between
red and white varieties under usual cultivation. From the
data at hand, it seems possible that red table beets grown
in a naturally loose soil might easily become fully covered
by cultivation and thus flattened in shape and become lighter
in color than is common for the variety.

The data seem to indicate the necessity of growing
beets in well drained soil and,in this locality, during the
warmest period of the season to secure the most highly
colored roots. It is realized, however, that tonnage is
sacrifised under these conditions if the season is lacking
in rainfall. It is apparent that if hosts are grown under
irrigation the soil should not be kept in a wet condition.

Nothing in the data shows the desirability of growing
beets in shaded places, but rather that warm, sunny locations
should be chosen.

It is not safe to predict, however, that all varieties
could be changed as this one has by cultivation, or that
this variety could be altered in zonation and shape in a
season of normal precipitation. It is likewise possible
that this particular strain is not as well fixed in these
characters as some other strains may be. It is improbable

that a white beet, such as Lenta's Extra Early, could be

55

made to develop color of much importance in a single season
by simply cultivating the soil away from the roots or by
withholding water from the soil. Nor is it likely that the
best strains of the reddest type of table beet could be
materially whitened by keeping the roots well covered with
soil. These characters have supposedly become well fixed
through careful selection.

Loss of color has been known to occur, however, in
the best red varieties through the influence of unknown
factors. Previous explanations have been on the basis of poor
seed selection or seed mixture. Two varieties (Detroit
Dark Red and Lentz's Extra Early) were grown along with the
major part of this experiment Just to observe the general
tendency of root development. It was apparent that the red
variety tended to develop its roots somewhat above the surface
of the ground while the root development for the white
variety was mostly below the surface of the ground. Likewise,
it was observed that, in the red variety, those beets that
did not develop above the surface showed a strong tendency
toward a flatter shape and lighter color than beets which
did develop above ground. And in the white variety, those
.beets that did develop mostly above ground were rounder in
shape and showed more color than the others. This same
difference was also noted in the main variety in the check
and irrigatidn plots.

In view of this apparent general tendency of highly
colored varieties to develop roots somewhat above the ground

surface, it is possible that this character should be

considered in selecting beets for seed purposes.

Cultivating soil away from the beats increased the
amount of red zone area in Crosby's Egyptian (light strain)
beats and produced roots which were practically round.
Cultivating soil over beets of the same variety produced
roots with a much larger proportion of white area and
flatter in shape.

Zonation of roots produced in continuous partial shade
was not materially different from that of roots grown in the
check plots or with a seven-hour day, but the shade of red
was lighter.

Zonation of beets grown outdoors was not affected by
irrigating at different periods in their growth.

a high soil moisture content was effective in increasing
the white zone area of beets grown in the greenhouse. A'very
low soil moisture content produced roots with a comparatively
much larger red area.

Bench heat was effective in producing a largerred

zone area as compared with no bench heat.

1.

2.
5.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

gibliography

Shaw, Harry B.-Climatic Control of the Morphology and
Physiology of Beets.-Sugar, 1917-1918.

Jones and Rosa,-Truck Crop Plants, p. 103, 1928.
Wheldale, M.-The Anthocyanin Pigments of Plants, 1916.

Klebs, Y,-Ueber Variationen der Bluten. .
Jahrb. wise. Bot., Leipzig, 1906, XLII p. 155-320

Overton, E,-Beobachtungen und Versuche uber das auftreten
von rothem Zellsaft bei Pflanzen; Jahrb. wiss.
Bot. Leipzig, 1899. XXXIII, pp 171-231.

Schell, J,- Ueber die Pigmentbildung in den Wurzeln
einiger Salix- arten. Justs Bot. Jahresber,
Berlin, 1877, V, p. 562.

Devaux, De l'action de la lumiere sur les racines croissant
dans l'eau.
Bul. Soc.Bot. Paris, 1888, XXXV, pp. 305-308

Linsbouer, L,-Ueber photochemieohe Induktion bei der
anthokyanbildung.
Wiesner-Festschtift, wien, 1908, pp.421-436.

warming, E.-Exkursionen til Fano og BlaaVand 1 Juli 1899,
Bot. Tids., KJobenhavn, 1902, XXV, p. 53.

10. Molisch, H., Blattgrun und Blumenblau,- Vortrage des

Vereines Zur Verbreitung naturwissenschaftlicher
Kenntnisse in wien, wien, 1890, XXX.

 

 

 

 

 

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