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I t 'c‘ i 1‘1"“. \ l ' .c £ ".0! 6 d M“ ‘ “ .8 .1 i .3.- ‘0- W q “ .4‘ L“ .3. 3. “-" ‘ .. SRWYMxvug .- 2..‘ _ a n I. .. ..L .. .5 VA..O.4N.-\lc ”Hahn. .-J-. C. INHERITANCE.OF PALM PATTERNS IN MaN Thesis for degree of M.S. Clare.Palmer'§9cKliugton l2hi.:.4’ mm: or CQNTENTS table.or Data List of Illustrations Nature of Papillary Patterns; Review of Literature Methods Inheritance of Patterns in the Hypothenar Area Inheritance of Hypothenar Loops Inheritance of’Hypothenar‘Whorls frequency 0: Patterns in the Hypothenar Area Inheritance of One or TWO Hypothenar Leaps Inheritance of Loops in the Thenar Area Inheritance of Interdigital Patterns Inheritance of Line A Studx or the Palm Prints of Identical Twins Plates Conclusions Literature Cited Pa g6 11 vi 12 25 31 57 64 73 86 89 94 95 11 TABLE.OF DATA Page Inheritance of Hypothenar Loops Table I. The father and mother have hype— thenar open fields. 16 Table II. The mother has a loop on one or both hands. The father has a hypethenar open field on each hand. 18 Table III The mother has a hypothenar open field on both hands. The father has a hypethenar loop on one or‘ both hands. 20 Table IV. Both the father and the mother have hypethenar loops on one or both hands. 22 Summary of Hypothenar Leap Inheritance 24 Inheritance ef'Hypethenar-Whorls Table V. Both parents have hypethenar open fields on both hands. 26 Table VI. One parent has a hypothenar whorl on one or both hands. The other has open fields on both hands. 30 Frequency of Hypothenar Patterns among.Males and Females Table VII.A11 types of patterns in the hypo- thenar area 32 Inheritance of One or Two Hypethenar Leaps Table VIII.A Table VIII.B Table.VIII.C Table.VIII.D A mother has a hypothenar loop on each hand while the father has an open field on each.hand. The mother has a hypothenar open field on each hand while the father has a hypothenar loop on each hand. The mother has a hypothenar leap on one hand only. The father has an open field on each hand. The mother has an epen field on each hand while the father has a hypethenar loop on one hand only. Summary of Data Contained in Table VIII. Number of Children with Hypethenar-Loaps on One Hand as compared with the Number with Hypothenar Loops an.Both Hands. TablerIX.A Table IX.B Table IX.C Table IX.D The mother has hypethenar loops on both hands. The father has hypethenar-open fields on both hands. The mother has a hypethenar' open field on.beth hands. The father has hypothenar loops on both hands. The mother has one hypethenar loop. The father has hypo- thenar epen fields on both hands. The mother has a hypethenar' epen field on both hands. The father has one hypothenar loop. Page 40 41 41 43 45 46 47 47 49 iii iv Page Frequency of Hypethenar Loops on Right and Left Hands. Table.X. The mother has a loop on the left hand. The father has two hypo- thenar open fields. 51 Table XI. The mother has a loop on the right hand. The father has two hypo- thenar open fields. 52 Table XII. The mother has two hypethenar epen fields. The father has a hypethenar loop on the right hand only. 53 Table XIII. The mother has two hypothenar open fields while the father has a hypethenar loop on the left hand. 55 Summary of Data Concerning the Freeuency of . Right—and Left-hand Hypethenar Loops 56 Inheritance of Thenar Loop Table XIV. The father and mother have thenar- open fields on both hands. 59 Table XV. ‘The mother has a leap on one or both hands. The father has a thenar epen field on both hands. 62 Inheritance of Leaps in the Interdigital Area Be- tween the Third and Fourth Fingers. Table XVI. Beth mother and father have epen fields in this area on both hands. 66 Table XVII. One parent has a loop in the interdigital area 3 of one or both hands. The other parent has open fields on both hands. 68 Table XVIII. Both parents have loops in the interdigital area 3 of both hands. 71 Page Summary of Data Concerning Patterns in Inter- digital Area 3 72 Inheritance of Line A Correlation Table Showing Relation between Line A of Parents as Compared with their Offspring 77 Graph Showing.Distribution of Line A among Progeny 78 Table XIX. Both parents are of class 3. 80 Table XX. One parent is of class 2 and the other is of class 3 82 Table XXI. One parent is of class 1. The other is of either class 2 or class 3. 83 Table XXII. One parent has at least one Line A of class 4. The other parent is of either class 2 or class 5. 84 Palm Patterns of Identical Twins 85 Table=XXIII. vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Thenar Carpal Loop, Fig. 1, page 57 Line A of Class 4, Fig. a, Plate I. Line A of Class 3, Fig. b, Plate.I. Line A Embracing Hypothenar Whorl, Fig. 0, Plate I. Diagram of a Palm. Fig. d, Plate I. Line A of Class 1, Fig. a, Plate II. Line A of Class 1, Fig. b, Plate II. Line A of Class 2, Fig. c, Plate II. Line A of Class 2, Fig. d, Plate II. Hypothenar Whorl, Fig. a, Plate III. Right Radial Loop, Fig. b, Plate III. Ulnar Loop, Hypothenar, Fig. c, Plate III. Twin Loop, Hypothenar, Fig. d, Plate III. Interdigital Loop, Fig, a, Plate IV. Area of Multiplication, Interdigital, Fig. b, Plate.IV. Thenar Carpal Leap, Fig. c, Plate IV. Interdigital Loop, Fig. d, Plate IV. The Nature of Papillary Patterns; Review for Literature The sales of the feet and the palms of the hands, as well as the under surfaces of the fingers and toes are covered with skin that differs from that found elsewhere on the body. This skin has no hair and very little pigment. In addition, it is covered with minute ridges which, as Wilder says, make it resemble corduroy. These ridges may form whorls, loops, or other patterns, or they may lie parallel to each other (Wilder, 8). In some of the lower mammals these ridges are quite coarse and are used to keep the animal from slip- ping, From this function comes their name, "friction ridges". In apes they are quite prominent and help them in their arboreal meandering. These ridges help men to hold objects in his hands. The patterns formed by these ridges are lo- cated in definite regions of the hand: finger tips, between the fingers, at the base of the thumb, directly opposite the base of the thumb on the ulnar side of the hand. The area at the base of the thumb is termed "thenar”, and at the region apposite it is termed "hypethenar". In some cases an additional pattern may be located on the thenar side of the hand, but below the one at the base of the thumb. By no means are all of these areas whorled in.all or even in a majority of cases. Many palms are without a single pattern. In some cases the whorls are modified to form loops and arches. A whorl is a pattern in which the ridges or lines form concentric circles around a point known as the heart or centrum. In a leap these circles have broken down on one side so that they form *U'e' rather than ”0's". These patterns are pic- tured on plates I. and II. Three tri-radii are present in.aach.palmar whorl and two in each palmar loop. A tri-radius is a ”Y" shaped pattern formed by the junc- tion of three lines. (See Fig. d, Plate I.) In the more primitive animals there is a tendency for whorls to predominate over other patterns. In men there are.more loops and arches than whorls. Be- cause of this the whorl is spoken of as the most primi- tive pattern. Wilder-(Wilder, 8) has constructed a classi- fication of palm prints based upon the termination of main.lines, location of tri-radii, and the type of patterns present. Although this classification is >artificial in that it sets up arbitrary limits, it is helpful in understanding the nature of palm patterns. As a rule at the base of each of the four fingers a tri-radius called a digital tri-radius is present. The line leading away from the finger is termed a ”main line". These lines are designated as A, B, C, and D. A is the line that begins below the index finger and D is the line that has its origin at the base of the little finger. (See Fig. d, Plate I) Main lines may cross the hand to the ulnar or hypothenar side, they may go to the base of the hand, or they may Join with each other and create.complicated patterns between the fingers. In rare cases these lines may be absent. Aside from these main lines and the position of axial or carpal tri-radii (which re- semble the digital tri-radii but are located at the base of the hand) Wilder’s classification (Wilder, 8) is chiefly concerned with whorls and loops. These may be in the thenar, hypothenar, or interdigital regions. Line A divides the hand into two regions. The lines included between it and the base of the fingers are directed more or less directly across the hand. These lines on the radial side of Line A have a tendency to curve around the base of the thumb, or at least to be directed in a longitudinal direction. In other words, Line A is an indication of the transvers- 1 - - - .2 - ' - - .: . 0 I 2, 1 - e 0 o‘— . e L A .. C o L I d . J O . O J - . - Q 0 ~'. .. 3 '.' - - I; -. I CY .. - h! - ’40" g- - I 1 - O . O . a- . O O ' U. i I 0 up 0-. lb 6‘.) .0 ‘0 .b‘» :“ 2:1: ‘.- ebfl-‘d 3M "0 30:21 by, C r g . 't. A. flea-rouge“ eases: 4 . v.37 , 3:; 5? )- -" 832.93 388;“: {9140. (J. ., .. _ j 511.! $25.11 Ii'zz s ' '1. . .9“; 31. i. :-‘-‘ .' P - -. '- " , ('8 Natl!“ not: -7. - a: -- L -- ‘ 1- -, - .. _. . ‘ :a-“-..o—-"“ 1!? Ease. *51'3‘ cu" “'1‘ us» . --" IT " 7:" :I; - ' .encism weaken“. i 1:: ,. ' . -‘ ’ ' 4 ; ; - y .8091 35": “a. 2--..' : -. A“; 1.1-". 5 ‘ . g‘.-:~;..%-Oj dd: .3»- 331-. 'o -' ‘ - ..' - '3'. Epiffiirfi. $19 see-2:5 jut- 3': --;i '3... :1: . ._..' - . '. . 5:... :‘14‘2‘32-32 1'. .drme': an; 1» v-15 33»? t‘ -- :?--i'.e , r- —' n1 urn-*1" . '3 c... it «7- u" 7 “a ' ality of longitudinality of the lines of the palm. The The nearer the wrist it terminates, the more longitudinal the lines of the palm may be. The higher up the hand Line A ends, the more transverse it is and the fewer the longitudinal lines in the palm. Lines B, C, and D have varied courses, and for the most part are concerned with interdigital patterns. Patterns in the thenar and hypothenar regions are of a varied nature, and closely resemble those of the finger tips. In addition to the usual whorls, loops, and arches, other modified patterns may be found. These are for the most part areas of multiplication (See Fig. b, Plate IV) and twin loops (See Fig. d, Plate III). An area of multiplication is one in which the lines seem to be crowded together. Often the lines are small and seem to overlap each other. This pattern occurs chiefly in the interdigital area between the index and second finger. It also occurs in thenar and hypothenar areas. A twin loop is really a composite of two loops. There are two centers, and the ridges curve around each of them. Papillary ridges of the hands and feet form patterns peculiar to each individual. No skin surface covered with these ridges has a duplicate on any similar surface. These patterns are constant throughout life. There have been reports of change of finger-prints of individuals having leprosy. But it is safe to say that prints taken from any friction surface are character- istic of that surface. Finger patterns receive more attention than those of the hands and feet. This is due to their recognized value in the identification of criminals and missing persons. Since no two people have identical finger-prints, a print found upon an object is conclusive evidence that that object has been touched by the finger capable of making that particular print. So by compar- ing prints and fingers it is possible to prove that a person has had his hands upon some particular object. Due to this, finger-prints have been classi- fied more elaborately than other palmar or plantar surfaces. However, in recent years the police have come to recognize that palmar and solar prints furnish.as conclusive evidence of identity as do finger-prints CF.E. Inbau, 5). Also, palm and sole prints are used to identify newly born babies. Prints taken at the time of birth are kept, as proof of the child's identity, to prevent parents from being given the wrong baby by the hospital (Literary Digest, 9). é - c— . -o- O 0" I 0 O o‘b C $- ‘-0 c O. C ‘ .. r31..- 0“ O 0" ‘ - e e. 0 o. bl , - ‘- - ‘0 L- .0 . Lem: . si e. .z ;. 0.9 nice-Ions: .-;' remit". :. ‘95.]: ; ion: - :J':OOO ‘ ‘ O . amulet) 4d .1?- ...-1- 3 3‘“; VC': -0 f A . '0 0-3. ‘.L- 1189‘- a .‘e' -12‘200 :- —::"" J o—“ 13L. trams 51m. :1‘340 e2: .- * Ch fitfflfi.‘ . - . , ".' 83.’i:‘. —"t ’ |.. . .r" q. '9'] H o ' In spite of their importance, the inheritance of palm.patterns has not been extensively studied. How- ever, genetic analysis of palm and sole prints as well as finger prints has been undertaken by a few. H; Cummins (H. Cummins, 2 and 3) has shown that in various races and tribes the frequency with which certain patterns occur is characteristic. For example, the Eskimos of Greenland have more whorls on their fingers than do the Eskimos around Point Barrow. Study of the main lines of the palm shows that the various tribes of Eskimos are very similar to each other in the degree of transversality of ridges; but they differ in this respect from many negroid.peoples. Cummins has done a great amount of this type of work, and he has shown beyond a doubt that there are racial differences in the patterns of the soles and the palms. Davenport and Steggerda did similar work in Jamaica, where they made a detailed study of the racial types on.that.island.(Davenport and Steggerda, 4). They classified the people into three types: black, or pure negroid stock; white, or Caucasian; and a third type called brown, which consisted of persons of mixed ances- try. .They found that whorls were more frequent among blacks and browns than among whites. It is interesting to note that the two darker skinned groups were more primitive than the whites in several other characteristics l.‘- - - '5‘. - v - o, 'c..e 0‘ 3.. .. z . - be . - - .- I. _ ~ 2’ t .‘f - 0.- . o - - - 1'5 4.312 - - ~ .: . 0‘... 1: "- - o - :1. . J59- !‘ 0.- ‘ O. t. ,3, - 1 - 1UL¢O i 013‘. In. .4: -L ‘: “1C3." e o .‘ . 0 O. D e ‘44.- I “'1!- . - -t M‘ '.I o . ~-< e--- VB ---.Y_‘I.o .:o‘° e a”. - ' o - ..& .07! u. 9-. o; Avis»: - (13132. 3‘1- --3-... o ‘10.. shalt-L :4... u ° {u 0‘19“, 1 it. 1‘10”}! 90; 1" .eaflT e e3 g . 2‘ -‘:Q: -..- e o ”at: 0-. {Joy" 0 : p - O 0 ’ , . .‘ - ; . ° . ' at Q ' ‘ I . ‘ - fifiOf.‘ skin 3. - . - " . gram 9 - ~' _- 391:3:eerl ' C'Ot’: .-‘00 .05 ‘--~ .. -’-'.‘ g: 2.61.. 0 1° ’- ° 'QIJ 00" . 4y...“ 19"." ‘.’t8 0., ‘ L”. such length of limbs and shape of head. Newman.(H.H. Newman, 6) has shown that Line A is an independent unit, and that it is little related to the other main lines. He also observed that the patterns on the right hands of twins are frequently similar, and the same is true of their left hands. The degree of palm similarity between.twins is correlated with general similarity. Twins who have a great deal of outward re- semblance are apt to have similar palm prints. Newman also verified the results of Davenport and Steggerda and found that thenar patterns, chiefly loops, occur more often on the left hand. Newman records twenty three (23) thenar patterns on the left hand of one hundred (100) individuals, and eight (8) on the right. In my own.study, among the six.hundrad twenty five persons printed, there were one hundred seventeen (ll?) with.left hand patterns in the thenar area and fifty eight (58) right hand thenar patterns. Hethods The families used in this study had both parents available for printing, and as a rule four or more children. Hewever, where identical twins occurred, smaller families were printed. Names of eligible families were secured from several sources. Mutual acquaintances were most advantageous, in that they helped quell any suspicion by the person to be printed as to the purpose of the eXperiment. many people ob- Ject to being finger-printed and are afraid of anything that might give the government a record of their palms. Also, many people are prone to think of the palm only in terms of fortune telling. Such people had to be put at ease before they would permit themselves to be ‘ printed. In such.cases a mutual acquaintance was very helpful. Only a few people refused to be printed. These were of na.particu1ar class, but housewives were likely to be the most suspicious. A Lansing school teacher (Mr. L. Bolster) was most helpful in supplying names. He obtained these from students in the Walter French Junior High School. Also, entrance into a negro community was obtained through a negro minister (Rev. W. Bankhead) who asked for volunteers from the pulpit. In addition to these two sources, families printed were either friends of the writer or were suggested by mutual acquaintances. The people printed came from Detroit, Lansing, and the rural district in and around Tecumseh, Michigan. There are several nationalities represented, but no at- tempt has been made to classify these. The prints were made in the following manner: The hand was cleaned and dried. Then it was painted lightly with a solution of ferric chloride, alcohol, and glycerine mixed in the following proportions; 9 parts of saturated solution of ferric chloride in 70% alcohol 1 part of glyCerine The hand was then placed upon paper that had been sensi- tized with tannic acid.‘I This method of palm printing is similar to the one mentioned by Wentwerth, Midlo, Wilder, and Cummins (Wentworth and others, 7). For summer work the percentage of alcohol in the solution was increased in order to dry the hands. It was found that ferric alum could be used in place of ferric chloride, and it did not lose its effectiveness with age. *‘This sensitized paper may be purchased from the Faurot Identification System Inc., 240 Madison Ave., New York. a! “:3 C. . .\ . 8 0 do 0' ‘ 0 - .‘t’ «3 - -3 LL _ .0... ' 1537: 01:... 0 - ’- a a: ;. 5‘ °. 013:. -5; A“ I n. Jfid" - 4-' {‘3 . . at- h' >8..- 335131;? waii'JIIG} ‘JIIJ '0! 3.5“” -.= bee-ale: saw .31 21911? .... V :1. 4i. ' gICJOOKO 100: ”£19. ef— e .‘ t e xenoiaecqo'z- 5:3'131.‘": ' a £31,115 933631 3:: aolrueu «:21 h"& :J.‘ a. ’5? ,e‘jsr;.‘-3 “me have! I: 5553:}... :91; ; .' 2-. W 83.13 {£15 a: vet's-:0 m 5. ",2 -i"&efir ' attain; a: case :0 “seem: Lam ea. see; 92a: 2:} ; - . ‘4‘ ._‘ _ -_ . _ *"E' 0,, .r _- “"‘J— O" - - $995K ' “9...; uni" "‘ a: ‘W 10 When the paper was on a flat surface the cen- ter of the hand did not touch the paper, and was not recorded. To avoid this, both the hand and the paper were rolled across a three inch wooden roller. By do- ing this no part of the hand supported the center and kept it from the paper. Several difficulties arose in printing. The hand had to be quite.dry, but not absolutely so. If too much water was present on the hand a bluish.stain was left on it which was very hard or impossible to re- move by rubbing or washing. When a person washed his hands just before being printed, it was necessary to wash.them again in alcohol in order to dry them. On the other hand, the palms of men who worked with.flour, lime, or other drying substances absorbed a great deal of alcohol and glycerine. Housewives who frequently had their hands in water made poor prints because there were many creases in their palms. The identification of palm patterns was often. difficult. As there are few arbitrary limits, it is often difficult to decide whether a pattern belongs to one type or another. Also, patterns may be so modified as to obscure their real nature. H. and I. Cummins (Cummins, l) have recognized the sources of error in identifying palm patterns. They 11 vfound that the Judgment of the observer was an impor- tant factor, but that the chance for error varied with different patterns. "Variations in interpretation of palm patterns", said the cummins, "lay chiefly in identification of digital tri-radii, in tracing main lines, in Judgment of ulnar border zones, main line fusions and dual termina- tions and carpal tri-radii identification." The foregoing conclusions were reached after six workers supplied with identical sets of one hundred prints had classified them. In order to avoid as much inaccuracy of iden- tification as possible, the characters chosen for this study are of a more or less definite nature. These characters studied are thenar and hypothenar patterns, interdigital patterns, and the main line designated as "A" (Plate I, Fie- d). . 1,2 Inheritance of Patterns in the Hypothenar Area The hypothenar area covers the proximo-ulnar portion.of the palm (See Fig. d, Plate-I). It carries whorls, loops, twin loops, and parallel ridges which do not form a pattern but form what is designated as an."0pen field" or ”epen". The nature of these patterns has been discussed earlier, but their frequency has not been mentioned. A total of six hundred twenty five (625) peo- ple.were printed for this study. Among these were two hundred eighty four (284) who had loops in this area on one or both hands, eighteen (18) had whorls, and four (4) carried twin loops. The remaining three hundred nineteen (319) showed hypothenar open fields. Since 45.41: 1.34% of the people studied carried 100ps, this pattern was studied most extensively. Hypothenar Loop: This characteristic is strongly inherited and seems to be dominant over the open field (See Table 1.). 13 It was found that in all but one case, parents who did not bear loops on either hand, had children who did not bear them. A total of ninety (90) children from parents of this type were observed. Of these, eighty nine (89) had open fields on both hands while one boy had a loop on his right hand. Since nothing further is known of the child in question, this one pattern has little sig- nificance. With illegitimacy and secret adoption as common as they are, his parentage is not absolutely certain. Also, there are variations in palm-prints not explained on the basis of heredity; identical twins do not have identical patterns. (See Table XXIII.) If one parent had at least one hypothenar 100p and the other had open fields on both hands, about one half of the children had open fields on both hands whika the other half had loops on one or both of their hypo- thenar areas. or two hundred thirty six (236) children from such matings, one hundred twenty two (122) were open while one hundred fourteen (114) had loops. (See tables II. and III.). This approximates a one to one ratio and suggests a mating between.a heterozygous looped parent and e homozygous recessive open one. These raw data require correction. Some of the looped parents were.presumably homozygous for the loop gene; as a consequence all of their children by an open-field parent should possess loops. When such 14 families are excluded, the numbers are reduced to fifty two (52) families with looped and one hundred twenty two (122) open children. But even when the lDOped parent is heterozygous, some families will comprise,by chance, only looped children. The number of such looped children mould approximately equal the open field progeny in families where only open children occur, pro- viding the family size is the same in each instance. There were eleven (11) Open children in three (3) fami- lies where all the children were open. Adding this num- ber of looped children to the above totals, where the all-loOped-progeny families have been excluded, gives us one hundred ten (llO) looped and one hundred twenty two (122) open field offspring. Thus, after making these corrections, 47.7 i.2.2% of the children were credited with loops. This percentage deviates from the expected 50% by 2.3.i.2.2% which is not a statistically significant difference. In matings of loop X loop parents, a total of ninety four (94) children were recorded. These gave a ratio of 3.5 looped : 1. open field. One would expect a slight excess of looped progeny from such matings, for some of the parents were probably homozygous for looped. Due to the small numbers this cross, by itself, does not provide conclusive evidence (See Table IV). However, in view of the fact that open X open yield practically nothing but open children, and open X looped parents have open and looped children in a ratio of l : 1, the looped characteristic is probably due to a single gene which is dominant to open. 15 Table I. The following data concerns the inheritance of the hypothenar loop. The father and mother have hypothenar open fields. The number of children in each family with loops on one or both hands is indicated. Family No. Mother Father Sons Daughters Open Loop Open Loop 2 Op Op 1 O 2 O 3 Op Op 1 O 3 O 5 Op 0p 2 o 2 o 7 Op Op 2 O 3 O 10 Op Op 2 o 5 0 1? Op Op 4 O l O 19 Op Op 2 O 2 O 25 Op Op 1 o 3 o 31 Op Op 3 O l O 34 Op Op 1 O l 1 41 Op Op 3 O l O 43 Op Op 5 o 2 o 52 Op Op 1 O 3 O 54 Op Op 3 o 1 o 82 Op 0p 3 o 1 o 8? Op Op 0 O 4 0 Op = open field Family No. 89 90 92 94 95 100 Totals: OP : open field Table I. Mother Father Co Op Op Op 0p Op (Cont.) 0P OF UP 0P 0P 0? Sons 4:. (fllONle—IH 0‘0 0 O O O O Daughters Open Loop Open Loop g '03 N H H ()1 ()3 O o o o o _g_ 1 17 _Table II. I The following data concerns the inheritance of the hypothenar loop. The mother has a loop on one or both hands and the father has a hypothenar open field on both hands. The number of children in each family with loops on one or both hands is indicated. family No. Hother Father Sons Daughters Open Loop Open Loop 1 L Op 1 2 O l 12 L Op 0 l O 3 14 L 0p 2 O l l 15 L Op 1 2 3 0 16 L Op 1 l O 2 18 L Op 1 l l 1 39 L Op 0 o 3 40 L Op 2 O 1 2 46 L Op 0 2 1 2 47 L Op 0 O 4 O 55 L Op 4 l O O 56 L Op 0 l 2 l 59 L 0p 0 3 O l 61 L Op 1 O 2 l 62 L Op 0 O 2 l 67 L Op 1 O 2 l L 3 loOped Op : open field 18 Table II. (Cont.) Eamily No. Mother Father Sons Daughters Open Loop Open Loop 68 L Op 1 l l 2 72 L Op 0 l l 2 73 L Op 1 1 2 O 76 L Op 1 2 l O 77 L Op 0 2 O 2 78 L Op 2 l O l 80 L Op 1 l 2 O 85 L Op 1 l 1 l 88 L Op 1 1 l l 97 L 0p ___2____._9_ ___.......2.... Totals: 24 25 28 31 looped open field 19 Table III. The following data concerns the inheritance of the.hypothenar loop. The mother had a hypothenar open field on both hands and the father has a hypo- thenar loop on one or both hands. The number of chil- dren in each family with loops on one or both hands is indicated. Family No. Mother Father Sons Daughters Open Loop Open Loop 4 Op L 3 o 1 o 6 Op L l l O 2 8 Op L 2 1 3 l 9 Op L o o 2 1 13 Op L 1 1 2 o 20 Op L O l 3 24 Op L 2 l 1 O 27 Op L '3 2 l O 28 Op L 1 2 o 2 29 Op L l O 2 l 30 Op L 2 1 l O 32 Op L l l l 3 35 Op L 1 l l l as Op L 1 1 2 o 44 Op L l 1 l 1 0P : open field 1 = looped Table III. (Cont.) Family No. Mother Father Sons Daughters Open Loop Open Loop 45 Op L O O 3 l 50 Op L O 3 l 1 51 0p L 1 1 2 o 58 Op L 3 O O 0 6O Op L 1 2 O l 63 Op L l O l 3 66 Op L O O 2 l 69 Op L 2 O O 3 7O Op L l 2 l O 71 Op L O O l 2 74 Op L 2 O 1 l 79 Op L 1 l l l 83 Op L O 1 2 e4 Op L 1 1 1 1 99 Op L _1_. l _l_ ._1_ Totals: 34 26 36 32 : Open field 1 : looped Table IV. The following data concerns the inheritance of the hypothenar loop. Both the father and the mother have hypothenar loops on one or both hands. The num- ber of children in each family with loops on one or both hands is indicated. Family No. Mother' Father Sons Daughters Open Loop Open Loop 11 L L 3 O O 3 21 L L l 2 l 2 22 L L 2 1 l l 23 L L l l l O 26 L L O 3 l O 33 L L 2 3 l l 37 L L O l O 2 38 L L O 2 O 6 42 L L O 3 O 4 48 L L O l l 2 49 L L O 3 O l 53 L L O l O 3 57 L L O 3 l O 64 L L O 3 l l 65 L L O 3 O l 75 L L O 2 O 2 L I 100p 25 Table IV. (Cont.) Family No. Mother Father Sons Daughters Open LoOp Open Loop 81 L L l l O 2 86 L L O 2 l l 91 L L O O l 3 93 L L _Q__CL _;L. 3 Totals: 10 35 ll 38 L 2 loop 24 .Summary of Data for Matings Concerning Hypothenar Loop Inheritance Open X Open Observed Expected Deviation Loop X Loop Observed Expected Deviation Loop X Open Observed Corrected Expected Deviation % Loop (corrected) % Deviation (corrected) Open Loop 89 1 90 O l 1 Open Loop 21 73 23.5 70.5 - 205 + 205 Open Loop 122 114 122 110 116 116 - 6 + 6 47.4 2|: 2.22:1 25 Inheritance of Hypothenar-Whorls There is strong evidence that whorls in the hypothenar area are inherited, though the question of the mode of inheritance remains mpen. Whorls are not usually transmitted by epen phenotypes, for matings between open parents produced three hundred fifty three 4 (353) open field and only two (2) whorled children. However, whorled parents did not produce as many whorled children as one would expect if the character were a simple dominant. Only fourteen (14) out of sixty nine (69) children had whorls in one or both hypothenar areas when one parent had a hypothenar whorl on one or both.hands and the other had open fields on both hands. The numbers are too small to be decisive, and the dis- tribution does not fit any logical scheme of inheritance. Nevertheless, there Is evidence that the char- acter is inherited. In only two cases were whorls pro- duced when the parents were Known not to have whorls. The other fourteen (14) whorled children (20.3:t 1.08%. of their children in their sibships) were from crosses in which one parent had a whorl on one or both hands. (See Table V and Table VI) affix: 1c 3.2.253, v2.3 -.;_ ___, “3;. :9!) '1} 8:19;; ‘ 2“; K _ '4 53.3233 '10} ,.=.-. 3,3-..55. :; ‘fi '-- - on»: .313: ens-:21; 231:.- z, a z 1’". ’-"..~ ' .ang sums (it .1- “f: ' MW ”‘3‘ 0‘ .‘o- :1 “so no 321313 seq: 1.: ,_. «aim .flitioeb no .3 .- i- 5 :0 mass 110-561 '1 ‘ 1 '9 his” sombre. a! s2... ”13) 119181156 5hc. 5, u- '5 ' "fi‘ ' new) area: (a; (:12; 33352152“ is as names Table V. The_following data.concerns the inheritance of whorls in the hypothenar area. Both parents have hypothenar open fields on both hands. The number of children in.aach family with.whorls on one or both hands is indicated. Family No. Mother Father Sons Daughters Open.Whor1 Open Whorl 1 Op Op 3 O l O 2 Op Op 1 o 2 o 3 Op Op 1 O 3 O 6 Op Op 2 O 2 O 11 Op Op 3 O 3 O 12 Op Op 1 O 3 O 13 Op Op 2 O 2 O 15 Op Op 3 O 3 O 16 Op Op 1 l 2 O 17 Op Op 4 O l O 18 Op Op 2 O 2 O 19 Op Op 2 O 2 O 20 Op Op 1 O 4 O 22 Op Op 3 O 2 O 23 Op Op 2 O l 0 Op : open field 27 .1 V. (Cont 16 Tab Daughters r Father he Mot T 0 Family Lo Op 0P 24 GP Op Op 25 OP 09 26 0P 27 0P OP 0P 0P 30 Op 0P 31 0P OP 32 OP OP 33 0P OP 34 OP Op 35 0P 0P 0P Op 36 0P OP 3? 38 39 GP 0P 0P Op 40 0P 0P 0P 43 GP 44 Op OP 45 0? Op Op 46 0P 47 GP 0P 0p 48 Op 50 pan field 0 OP: 28 (Cont.) Table V. Daughters ther Mother Fa Family No. 0p 0p 0P 51 0p 52 OD 0P 53 OP GP 54 09 Op CD CD 55 56 Op 0P 57 0p Op 58 mu 0P Op 0p 60 Op 62 Op OP 63 GP 0P 64 OP 0? 65 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 66 67 0P 68 0P 0P 0P 69 0P 70 0P 0P 09 72 Op 73 OP OP 74 09 0p 0P 75 0P 76 pan field 0 OP : 29 (Cont.) Table V. ughters Da 1 Whor r1 Open Who Open Sons er ath Mother F T 0 Family to 0P 0P 77 OF UP 78 Op 09 OP 79 09 80 0P 0P 81 0‘9 0p 09 82 0P 83 GP 0P 84 GP 0P 85 0p Op 0P 86 0p Op 87 Op 88 OP 0P 89 0P 0p 0p 90 0P 0P 91 Op 0p 92 Op 0P 93 OP 94 0P 0P 95 09 09 0p 09 97 99 OP OP 100 1 1 189 164 Totals: open 0P Table.VI. The following data concerns the inheritance of whorls in the hypothenar area. One parent has hypothenar open fields on both hands and the other parent has at least one.hypothenar whorl. The number of children.in each family with whorls on one or both hands is indicated. Family No. Mother Father Sons Daughters Open Whorls Open Whorl 4 W Op l 2 l O 5 W Op 1 l 2 O 7 Op W O 2 3 O 8 Op W 1 2 3 1 9 '1 Op 1 o 5 o 10 Op W l 1 3 O 14 W 0p 2 O 2 O 21 Op W 1 2 2 1 29 Op W l O 3 O 41 N Op 3 O 1 O 42 W Op 3 O 4 O 49 1.1 Op 2 1 1 o 59 .7 Op 3 o 1 o 61 '1' Op 1 o 2 1 7 1 0p w _O__ .9. i. .0. Totals: 21 ll 34 3 0 open field P : W : whorl 31 Frequency of Patterns in the Hypothenar Area There is no difference between males and females with respect to the presence of hypothenar patterns of all types. Among three hundred (300) males. one hundred seventy six (176) had patterns (58.7%); while of three hundred twenty five (325) females, one hundred ninety (190) had patterns (58.5%) in the hypothenar area. The difference between these two percentages is only 0.2%. This indicates that men and women have hypothenar-patterns with equal frequen- cy. (See Table VII). with which.hypothenar patterns occur in males and females. The following data concerns the frequency area are included. Table VII The number of children with pat- terns on one or both hands is indicated. 0P P ' Family No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 open field pattern Mother Father Op OP Op P *U "U "U "U "U "U 'U 718 O *0 O 'U 0P OP 0p 09 0P 0P . Sons Open Pattern Open.Pattern P’ ha ha 14 hi ONOI—‘OOO H 2 HNOO 1a he IH P‘ to C) (N N) to N All types of patterns in the hypothenar Daughters O 1 2 3 O O 1 2 O O 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 0 3 O 3 O 3 2 O 1 1 1 2 32 Table VII. (Cont.) Family No. Mother- Father Sons Daughters Open Pattern Open Pattern 16 Op P 1 1 O 2 17 Op P 2 2 1 o 18 Op P 1 l 1 1 19 Op Op 2 O 2 O 20 P Op 1 O 3 1 21 P P O 3 O 3 22 P P O 4 O 2 23 P P 1 1 l O 24 P Op 1 l 1 2 25 Op P l O 3 O 26 P Op 1 2 1 O 27 P Op 3 2 l O 28 P ' Op 1 2 o 2 29 P P O 1 2 1 30 P Op 2 1 l O 31 P Op 1 2 O l 32 P Op 1 1 1 3 33 P P 2 3 l 1 34 Op Op 1 O 1 1 35 P P O 2 1 1 36 P Op 0 2 2 o 37 P P O l O 2 O epen field P: P 3 pattern Table VII. (Cont.) Family No. Mother Father Sons Daughters Open Pattern Open Pattern 38 P P O 2 O 6 39 Op P O O O 3 4O Op P 2 O l 2 41 Op P O 2 O O 42 P P O 3 O 4 43 Op P 5 O 1 l 44 P Op 1 1 1 1 45 P Op 0 O 3 l 46 P P O 2 1 2 47 0p P o o 4 0 48 P P O l O 3 49 P P O 3 O l 50 P Op 0 3 1 l 51 P P 1 1 l 1 52 Op Op 1 O 3 O 53 P P O 1 O 3 54 Op Op 3 O 1 O 55 I Op P 4 1 o o 56 P P O 1 O 3 57 P P O 3 1 O 58 Op Op 3 O 1 1 59 P P O 3 O l O epen field P : P . pattern Table VII. (Cont.) Family No. Mother Father Sons Daughters Open Pattern Open Pattern 6O Op Op 1 2 O 1 61 P P 1 O l 2 62 P P O O 2 1 63 Op Op 1 O 1 3 64 P P‘ O 3 1 1 65 P P O 3 O 1 66 Op Op 0 O 2 l 67 P P 1 O l 2 68 P Op 2 O O 3 69 P Op 0 2 1 2 70 P Op 1 2 l O 71 P Op 0 O 1 2 72 P P O 1 O 3 73 P P l l l l 74 P Op 0 2 1 1 75 P P O 2 O 2 76 P P 1 3 O O 77 P P O 2 O 2 78 Op P 2 l O l 79 P Op 1 1 l l 80 Op P 1 1 2 O 81 P P 1 1 O 2 Op 3 open field P a pattern Table VII. (Cont.) Family No. Mother Father Sons Daughters Open Pattern Open Pattern 82 Op Op 3 o 1 o 83 P Op 0 1 o 3 84 P P 1 1 O 2 85 ' Op P l l O 2 86 P P O 2 O 2 87 P P O O l 3 88 Op P o 2 1 1 89 Op P 1 O 2 1 9o 0p Op 1 o 3 o 91 P P O O 4 O 92 Op Op 3 o 1 o 93 P P O 2 2 O 94 Op Op 2 o 1 o 95 GP Op 2 o 2 o 96 - - 2 O 1 1 97 P P 1 1 l 1 98 - - O O 2 O 99 P Op_ 0 2 1 1 100 Op Op .51. L .9. .9. Totals: 84 118 100 127 Op ; Open field : pattern 37 Inheritance of One or Two Hypothenar Loops Few of the parents studied have loops on both hands. However, the percentage of hypothenar loOped children is the same regardless of the sex of the looped parent. (See.tables II. and 111.); but the number of looped hypothenar areas among the progeny is less when it is the father, rather than the mother, who is looped on one hand. (See.summary of Table VIII.) In matings where the mother has a single loop, rather than the father, the children are more inclined to have both hypothenar areas looped. (See.Table IX.) When the mother had the loops on both of her hands and the father had none, twenty (20) out of fifty four (54) hands of children (37.0:i 4.42%) had leaps. If the father had loops on both hands and the mother had none, 50.0:t 4.68% of the children’s hands bore loops. The difference between.these two percentages is 13.01: 6.34% and is therefore not statistically significant. In matings where the mother had one.hypothenar 100p and, the father had none, fifty two (52) of one hundred thirty two (132), or 39.3:t 2.86% of the children’s hands had loops, When the single loop was on the father’s hand, 38 only forty eight (48) out of two hundred twelve (212) palms of offspring (23.1 t 1.95%) had loops. The dif- ference between these two percentages is 16.222 3.46%. This indicates that the fathers who have a single hypothenar loop produce fewer loops on their children's hands than do mothers. When women with a single hypothenar-loop married men with open fields on both hands they pro- duced as high.a percentage of looped hypothenar areas among their progeny as did women with two loops. (See Table IX.) However, men with one hypothenar loop when married to open field women produced only 23.1:t 1.95% looped hypothenar areas among their progeny; while men with two hypothenar loops produced 50.0:i 4.68%. The difference between these two percentages is 26.9:t5.07%; which is 5.3 times greater than its probable error and therefore it is statistically significant. (See Table VIII.) Men with a single hypothenar 100p pro- duce the smaller percentage of looped hypothenar areas among their progeny. This is true because they produce the smallest percentage of children with loops on both hands. (See Table 1X.) It was found that in matings of an open field parent with.one possessing a single hypothenar loop, it made no difference whether the parent’s hypothenar loop 39 was on the right or left hand. When the parent's loop was on the right hand, one hundred seventy two (172) children's prints showed that twenty eight (28) had right hand loops and twenty one (21) had left hand loops. 1f the looped parent had the pattern on the left hand, twenty five (25) of one hundred sixty two (162) children's prints had right hand loops and twenty three (23) had left hand loops. From this it can be seen.that about equal proportions of right and left handed hypothenar loops were produced by each type of mating. Table VIII. 40 The following data shows how the number of parental hypothenar loops affects the frequency of hypothenar loops among the progeny. at the most two hypothenar loops. Each parent has Each loop is given the value of .5; thus if a parent has a loop on each hand the value of his loops would be 1.0. A. In the families of this group the mother has a hypothenar loop on each hand, while the father has an open field on each hand. Family No. 15 46 56 67 88 Totals: 'c’ Mother Father 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Children No. No. Loops* 5 2 6 3 2 .8... 20 Prints 12 10 54 * : number of looped hypothenar areas; not number of looped children. Table.VIII. (Cont.) B. In the.families of this group the mother has an Open field on each hand, while the father has a hypothenar loop on each hand. Family No. Mother Father Children, No. Prints No. Loops‘ 6 0.0 1.0 4 8 24 0.0 1.0 3 10 28 0.0 1.0 8 10 63 0.0 1.0 4 8 70 0.0 1.0 3 8 97 0.0 1.0 _3_ __§_ Totals: 26 52 0. 1n the families of this group the mother has a hypothenar 100p on one hand only, while the father has an open field on each hand. Family No. Mother Father Children No. Prints No. Loops‘ 12 0.5 0.0 7 8 14 0.5 0.0 1 8 16 0.5 0.0 4 8 18 0.5 0.0 2 8 39 0.5 ' 0.0 5 6 40 0.5 0.0 3 10 * a number of looped hypothenar areas; not number of looped children. 41 Table VIII. (Cont.) C. (Cont.) 1n the families of this group the mother has a hypothenar loop on one hand only, while the father has an Open field on each hand. Family No. Mother Father. Children No. Prints N0. Loops* 47 0.5 0.0 o 8 50 0.5 0.0 4 10 59 0.5 0.0 7 8 61 0.5 0.0 2 8 68 0.5 0.0 4 10 72 0.5 0.0 3 8 76 0.5 0.0 3 8 80 0.5 0.0 2 8 85 0.5 0.0 3 8 97 0.5 0.0 .3. .8. Totals: 52 132 * ; number of looped hypothenar areas; not number of looped children. Table VIII. (Cont.) D. In the families of this group the mother has an open field on each hand, while the father has a hypothenar loop on one hand only. Family No. Mother Father Children, No. Prints No. Loops* 4 0.0 0.5 o 8 8 0.0 0.5 2 14 9 0.0 0.5 1 8 13 0.0 0.5 1 8 20 0.0 0.5 4 10 27 0.0 0.5 2 12 29 0.0 0.5 o 8 30 0.0 0.5 1 8 35 0.0 0.5 2 8 36 0.0 0.5 2 8 40 0.0 0.5 3 10 44 0.0 0.5 2 8 45 0.0 0.5 1 8 50 0.0 8.5 4 10 51 0.0 0.5 1 8 58 0.0 0.5 2 1o 62 0.0 0.5 1 6 66 0.0 0.5 1 6 69 0.0 0.5 3 8 * number of looped hypothenar areas; not number of looped children. 44 Table VIII. (Cont.) D. (Cont.) In the families of this group the mother has an open field on each hand, while the father has a hypothenar loop on one hand only. Family No. Mother Father Children” No. Prints No. LODps’r 71 0.0 0.5 2 6 73 0.0 0.5 3 8 74 0.0 0.5 1 8 79 0.0 0.5 2 8 83 0.0 0.5 4 8 84 0.0 0.5 .11.. _8__ Totals: 49 212 * = number of looped hypothenar areas; not number of looped children. Sum Sum Sum Sum Summary of Data.Contained in Table VIII. Mother with 100ps on both hands X father with none 37.0:t 4.42% of children's prints bear loops. Father with 100ps on both hands X mother with none 50.0 i 4.68% of children's prints bear loOpS. Mother with loop on one hand X father with none 39.3:i 2.86% of children's prints bear loops. Father with loop on one hand X mother with none 23.1 i:l.95% of children's prints bear loops. of. A and B 43.4 :1: 3.247; of c and D 29.3 a. 1.65% of A and C 38.73: 2.41% of B and D 28.4.1: 1.88% Ratio Difference between.A and C 2.3:t 5.26% .44 Difference between B and D 26.9:i 5.07% 5.30 Difference between A and B 13.0:t 6.43% 2.02 Difference between C and D 16.2:t 3.46% 4.68 Difference between A-8 and C-D 14.1 i:3.62% 3.89 Difference between 44-0 and B-D 10.3 i: 3.06% 3.37 45 46 Table IX. The following data concerns the number of children with hypothenar loops on one hand as compared with the number with hypothenar loops on both hands. A. In the six families of this group the mother has hypothenar loops on both hands and the father- has hypothenar epen.fields on both hands. Family No. No. Children with. No. Children.with One H'thenar Loop Two H'thenar Loop 1 1 2 15 2 46 2 2 56 l 1 67 0 l 88 . .2. .9. Totals: 8 6 % Offspring with H'thenar Loops on Both Hands 42.9% 47- Table 1X. (Cont.) B. In the six families of this group the mother has hypothenar Open fields on both hands and the father has hypothenar loops on both hands. Family No. No. Children with No. Children with One H'thenar LOOp TWO H'thenar Loops 6 2 l 24 l l 28 0 4 63 2 1 70 1 1 99 .9. .2. Totals: 6 10 %’offspr1ng with H'thenar Loops on Both Hands 62.5% C. In the sixteen families of this group the mother has one hypothenar loop and the father has hypothenar Open fields on both hands. Family No. No. Children with No. Children with One H'thenar Loop Two H'thenar Loops 12 l 3 14 l O 16 2 1 l8 2 0 39 l 2 1 l 40 48' Table 1X. (Cont.) C. (Cont.) In.the sixteen families of this group the mother has one hypothenar loop and the father has hypothenar Open fields on both hands. Family No. No. Children.with No. Children with One H'thenar Loop Two H'thenar Loops 47 0 0 50 4 59 1 3 61 0 1 68 2 1 72 3 0 76 l 1 80 0 l 85 1 l 97 .9. .. Totals: 22 15 %Offspring with Hithenar Loops on Both Hands 40.5% Table 1X. (Cont.) In.the twenty five families of this group the mother has hypothenar Open fields on both hands and the father has one hypothenar loop. Family No. 13 20 27 29 30 35 40 44 45 5O 51 58 62 66 69 No. Children with One H'thenar LOOp 0 2 1 l 4 2 0 h‘ C) It a: a. he to No. Children with Two H‘thenar Loops 0 00000000 HOOOOOOOHH 49 D. 50 Table 1X. (Cont.) (Cont.) In the twenty five families of this group the mother has hypothenar open fields on both hands and the father has one hypothenar loop. Family No. No. Children with No. Children with One H'thenar Loop Two H'thenar Loops 71 2 0 73 l 1 74 ' 1 0 79 2 O 83 0 2 84. 2 _1___ Totals: 35 7 % Offspring with H'thenar LOOps on Both.Hands 16.7% Table X. The following data concerns the frequency with which hypothenar IOOpS occur on right and left hands of children. The mother has a 100p on the left hand, while the father has two hypothenar open fields. The number of hypothenar loops among the progeny is indicated. Family No. Mother Father Sons Daughters No. Prints Rt. Lt. Rt. Lt. Rt. Lt. Rt. Lt. 12 Op L Op 0p 1 I 1 2 3 8 l4 Op L 0p Op 0 0 l 0 8 18 0p L 0p 0p 0 l 1 0 8 39 0p L 0p 0p 0 0 3 2 6 40 Op L Op 0p 0 0 2 l 10 47 0p L 0p 0p 0 0 0 0 8 55 0p L 0p 0p 1 l O 0 8 61 0p L 0p 0p 0 0 l l 8 68 0p L Op 0p 0 0 2 2 8 72 0p L 0p 0p 1 0 0 2 8 76 0p L Op 0p 2 l 0 0 8 97 0P L 0P OP Q Q .1. 1 8. Totals: 5 4 13 12 96 0p = open field L : 100p 52 Table XI. The following data concerns the frequency with which.hypothenar loops occur on the right and left hands of children. The mother has a loop on the right palm while the father has two hypothenar open fields. The number of hypothenar loops among the progeny is indicated. Family No. Mother Father- Sons Daughters No. Prints Rt. Lt. Rt. Lt. Rt. Lt. Rt. Lt. 16 L Op Op 0p 0 1 l 2 8 59 L Op 0p 0p 3 2 1 1 8 85 L Op 0p 0p 1 1 1 1 8 Totals: 4 4 3 4 24 0p ; epen field L : loop Table XII. The following data concerns the frequency with which hypothenar loops occur on right and left hands of children. The mother has two hypothenar open fields, while the father has a loop on the right hand only. The number of hypothenar loops among the progeny is indicated. Family No. 8 Op 9 0p 13 Up 20 Op 30 0p 35 0p 36 Op 44 Op 45 Op 50 0p 58 0p 62 0p 66 0p 71 0p 0p : open field L = 100p Mother Father 0P 0P 0P 0P 0;) 0P OP 09 OP OP OP 0P Op 019 L re :2 r1 r7 tr r1 r7 t‘ r1 r3 t” r1 r* OP OP 0p OP 0P 0P 0P 0P OP 0P Op OP 0P Op Sons Rt. Lt. Rt. Lt. Rt. Lt. 0.000NOHHOOHHOH H QOOOHOOHHHOOO Daughters Rt. Lt. O NHOHOHHOHOUOO 0 H HOOOOOOO OOHH No. Prints 14 10 0000000000 1 0 0303030) 53 Table XII. Family No. Mother Father Rt. Lt. Rt. Lt. 73 0p 0p L 0p 74 0p Op L 0p '79 Op Cp L Op 83 Op Op L OP Totals: Op : open field L ; loop (Cont.) Sons Daughters No. Prints Rt. Lt. Ht. Lt. 1 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 1 8 0 l l O 8 l 1 1 1. 8 9 7 12 6 148 54 55 Table XIII. The following data concerns the frequency with which.hypothenar loops occur on right and left hands of children. The mother has two hypothenar Open fields, while the father has a loop on the left hand. The number of hypothenar loops among the progeny is indicated. Family No. Mother Father Sons Daughters No. Prints Rt. Lt. Rt. Lt. Rt. Lt. Rt. Lt. 4 0p 0p 0p L O 0 0 0 8 27 Op 0p 0p L l l 0 0 12 29 Op 0p 0p L 0 0 0 O 8 51 0p 0p 0p L l O 0 0 8 60 Op Op 0p L 2 l O l 8 69 0p 0p 0p L O 0 l 2 8 84 0P OP OP L Q Q .2. 2 6 Totals: 4 2 3 5 60 0p : open field : 100p 56 Summary of Data Concerning the Frequency of Right and Left-hand Hypothenar LOOps Bight Loop X Open Mother with.Loop Father with Loop Totals Left Loop X Open Mother with Loop Father with LoOp Totals Right 21 28 Right 18 25 Left Prints 8 24 13 148 21 172 Left Prints 16 ' 96 7 60 23 156 57 Inheritance of Loops in the Thenar Area The thenar area is located at the base of the thumb. It is characterized mainly by open fields and loops. The loOps in this area usually have a peculiar appearance in that they are distorted in such a way as to produce a patched appearance. Fig. 1 some of the lines go at right— Thenar Carpal Loop angles to those next to them. (See Fig. l) A total of fifty nine (59) loops was recorded. Three of these occurred in.families where both.parents were open. (See Table XIV.) However, the other fifty six (56) leaped children are the produce of thirty nine (39) matings of a IOOped parent with one that had both 'thenar areas open. (See Table xv.) There were no families in which both parents had thenar loops. There seems to be evidence that thenar loops ears inherited, but like hypothenar whorls there is no 58 proof of how this is accomplished. Of one hundred sewenty eight (178) offspring from Open X open.matings, one.hundred seventy five (175) were Open and three (3) were looped. Open X looped parents produced eighty three (83) offspring with Open fields on both thenar surfaces and fifty six (56) with at least one thenar surface looped. This is 13.5 individuals from the expected, if the loop is a simple dominant. The per» centage of IOOped offspring is 40.3%, and the deviation from the 50% expected from a heterozygous times re- cessive cross is 9.7:k 2.8%. This deviation is 3.4 times its probable error and is therefore on the border- line of significance. The hypothesis that thenar loop is recessive to Open and that the excess of opens among the progeny of open I loop is due to some of the former type being homozygous seems possible. However, the lack of looped l.looped matings leaves this theory unproved; for in order to establish the dominance of gene, recessive X recessive matings should be made. Out of the one hundred.families that were printed none were of this type. Table XIV. The following data concerns the inheritance of the thenar loop. The father and mother have thenar Open fields on both hands. The number of children in each family with 100ps on one or both hands is indicated. Family No. Mother Father Children Open Loop 2 0p 0p 3 0 3 0p Op 4 O 5 0p Op 4 0 8 0p Op 7 0 9 0p 0p 4 0 14 0p 0p 2 2 16 0p 0p 4 0 18 0p 0p 4 O 19 Op 0p 4 0 23 0p 0p 3 0 25 0P 0P 4 0 26 GP Op 4 0 27 GP Op 6 0 28 0P 0P 5 O 30 DP , OP 4 0 33 OP 0P 6 0 Op : open field Table XIV. (Cont.) 'Family No. Mother Father Children Open Loop 34 Op Op 3 o 36 Op Op 3 1 37 Op 0p 3 0 39 0p 0p 3 0 40 0p 0p 5. 0 44 Op 0p 4 0 45 Op Op 4 O 47 0p 0p 4 0 48 OP OP 4 0 '49 OP 0P 4 0 50 Op OP 5 0 52 0P 0P 4 0 53 Op 0p 4 0 54 Op Op 4 0 55 0p 0p 5 0 57 0p 0p 4 0 58 Op 0p 5 0 59 0p 0p 4 0 6O Op Op 4 0 61 0p 0p 4 0 63 ' 0p 0p 5 0 64 0P 0P 5 0 Op 3 open field ‘Family No. 65 68 69 70 Totals: Op ; open field 61 Table XIV. (Cont.) Mother Father Children Open Loop 0p Op 4 0 0p 0p 5 0 0p 0p 4 0 OP OP .4. .9. 175 3 Table XV. The following data concerns the inheritance of the thenar loop. The mother has a loop on one or both hands. The father has thenar open fields on both hands. The number of children in.each family with loops on one or both hands is indicated. Family No. Mother Father Children Open Loop 4 L 0p 1 3 6, L 0p 2 2 7 0p L 1 4 10 L 0p 0 5 11 L 0p 4 2 l2 0p L 4 0 l3 0p L 4 0 15 L 0p 4 2 17 L Op 3 l 21 L 0p 4 2 22 L 0p 0 5 24 L 0p 3 2 31 Op L l 3 35 L 0p 3 1 38 OP L 8 O 0p : open field L 3 loop Family No. 41 42 43 46 51 56 62 67 76 77 78 83 84 85 97 Totals: epen field loop Table XV. (Cont.) Mother 0? 0P 0P OP 0p 0P OP Father 0P 0P 0P L 0P L OP 0P 0P 0P Children Open Loop 1 2 6 6 l 3 1 3 l 2 2 O 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 2 2 4 0 2 2 .§.. .1. 83 56 63 64 Inheritance.in Interdigital Patterns The areas between the fingers are character- ized chiefly by two types of patterns. These are loops and areas of multiplication. Due to the fact that areas of multiplication occur rarely and are difficult to identify from finely lined open fields, they have not been studied. Loops in interdigital areas are chiefly due to the courses of main lines. If these main lines pro- ceed laterally across the hand, there are no loops in the interdigital areas. On the other hand, if the main lines turn back upon themselves and terminate in other main lines or in interdigital areas, they carry with them the lines adjoining. This produces loops. (See Fig. d, Plate 1.) Due to this, the frequency with which.100ps occur is different for each interdigital area. As main Line A usually proceeds transversely on the palm, and Line 8 rarely turns toward the index finger, few patterns are formed in area 1 (area between the index and second fingers). Lines 8 and C produce several loops in area 2 (area between the second and third fingers). But the greatest number of clear loops are 65 produced in area 3 (area between the third and fourth fingers); therefore this area was chosen for study. There is strong evidence of heredity here, but the mode of transmission is not evident. When parents who had open.fields on both hands were studied, it was found that 12.5 t 2.185% of one hundred four (104) children had lOOps. Jhen.one parent had at least one loop and the other had none, 47.8:t 2.36% of the two hundred three (203) children had loops. When both parents had lOOps. 67.7 i 4.00% of sixty two (62) off- spring had lOOps. as the number of looped parents increases, so does the frequency with which.the charac- ter occurs in the offspring. The percentages observed follow no simple hereditary scheme. The hypothesis of a Single gene is of doubtful validity, for no type of interdigital area breeds true; hence there can be no homozygous class. The possibility of modifying genes is not to be over- looked. However, by introducing a number of genes, almost any set of percentages may be given a genetic interpretation. It is therefore best to assign no particular explanation.to the inheritance of interdig- ital patterns. Table XVI. The following data concerns the inheritance of loops in the interdigital area between the third and fourth finger. This region is designated as "area 3". Both mother and father have open fields in this area on both hands. The number of children in each family with loops on one or both hands is indicated. Family No. Mother Father Sons Daughters Open Loop Open Loop 2 Op 0p 1 0 2 0 3 0p 0p 1 0 3 0 6 0p 0p 2 0 2 0 7 0p 0p 2 0 2 0 8 0p 0p 3 0 l 0 10 0p 0p 1 0 3 0 ll 0p 0p 3 0 3 0 l3 0p 0p 1 0 3 0 19 0p 0p 2 0 2 0 20 0p 0p 1 0 2 l 22 0p 0p 1 l l l 24 0p 0p 1 l l l 25 0p 0p 1 0 0 3 26 0p 0p 3 0 0 l 27 Op 0p 1 1 2 0 0p : Open field 0P Family No. 28 29 30 32 33 34 36 38 39 48 49 Totals: Open field Table XVI. Mother Father 0P 0P OP Op OP 0P 0P 0P 0P 0p 0P OP OP 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 09 OP (Cont.) 3 FNONNHHI—‘(fl 67 Sons Daughters Open Loop Open LOOp 0 l 0 2 2 0 0 l 0 0 3 O l 2 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 2 O 0 3 0 0 2 0 _Q_.Z._Q_ 6 50 7 41 Table XVII. The following data concerns the inheritance of loops in the interdigital area between the third and fourth fingers. This region is designated as "area 3". One parent has a loop in the interdigital area 3 of one or both hands, the other parent has open fields on both hands. The number of children in each family with lOOps on one or both hands is indicated. Family No. Mother Father Sons Daughters Open Loop Open Loop 1 L 0p 3 O l O 9 0p L 0 l I 2 l 12 Op L O 1 2 1 17 L 0p 3 l 0 1 18 L 0p 2 0 2 O 21 0p L 3 0 3 0 23 Op L 2 O O 1 31 0p L O 3 1 0 35 L Op 2 O 1 1 37 0p L 1 0 l 1 40 L Op 2 0 1 1 41 L 0p 1 l l O 42 L 0p 2 0 3 l 46 L 0p 0 1 O 3 ; Open field L = lOOp Table XVII.(Cont.) Family No. Mother Father Sons Daughters Open Loop Open Loop so Op L 2 0 3 0 51 L 0p 1 0 2 l 52 L 0p 1 l l l 53 L 0p 0 3 0 l 54 L Op 1 1 l l 55 L 0p 2 3 0 0 56 0p L 0 1 l 2 57 0p L l l 2 O 58 0p L 0 2 l 2 60 L 0p 2 1 l 0 61 0p L 1 0 2 1 62 0p L 0 0 l 2 63 L 0p 0 1 2 l 64 0p 0p 0 O O 0 66 L 0p 0 0 3 0 67 Op L 1 0 1 2 68 Op 0 2 1 l 69 0p L 0 l l 3 72 Up L l 0 3 0 73 L 0p 2 0 l l 74 L 0p 1 0 0 3 75 L 0p 0 2 1 l 76 Op L 0 2 1 1 Op 3 open field L a loop 0 Family No. P L 77 78 79 80 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 91 94 100 Totals: open field lOOp Table XVII. (Cont.) Mother Father OP L 0P L 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P k k) (3 us F4 to «o C) (3 h‘ C) we a: r» ta Sons 3 O FGHONONNHOHHHH ,p. 7F» Daughters Open Loop Open Loop 0*» . O‘HOOHOUOHHNI—‘HHH luHNOHHmHHmHI-JHH 53 7O Table XVIII. The following data concerns the inheritance of loops in the interdigital area between the third and fourth.fingers. This region is designated as area 3. Both.parents have lOOps in the interdigital area 3 of one or both.hands. The number of children in.each family with.loops on one or both hands is indicated. Family No. Mother Father Sons Daughters Open Loop Open Loop 4 l 2 0 5 1 1 14 UN 15 16 22 43 45 64 90 Id h‘ (s <3 0: r4 ,. 92 95 97 fibfit‘r‘t‘r‘r‘br‘hr‘r‘r‘ rrhrrbhhrhrrhr lo: to h! <3 a) to a) r» F‘ to C) to a» .. 0 3 O 1 1 2 o 1 1 1 o .11. 99 Totals: 22 11 N O L : loop 71 72 Summary of Data Concerning Patterns in Interdigital Area 3 Loop X Loop Observed Expected Deviation % Loop (corrected) Loop X Open Observed Expected Deviation % Loop (corrected) Open X Open Observed Expected Deviation % Loop (corrected) Open Loop 20 42 15.5 46.5 4.5 4.5 67.7 i: 4.0% Open Loop 106 97 101.5 101.5 4.5 4.5 47.8 i: 2.36% Open LOOp 91 13 104 0 13 13 12.5 i 2.185% 73 Inheritance of Line A Line A usually proceeds diagonally across the palm from the digital tri-radius of the index finger. The course varies greatly in different palms. One cause of this variation is the initial course which the line takes. If Line A.remains in the distal area Of the palm, it courses transversly. If it enters the region of longitudinal lines, it is carried proximally and may terminate along the ulnar margin of the palm; or it may continue downward to end at the wrist margin. Usually Line A follows an intermediate course and ends on the ulnar margin of the palm at about the level of the proximal flexion fold. There is an axial triradius in the wrist region of the palm which is similar to the tri-radii at the bases of the fingers. If Line A pro- ceeds toward the axial tri-radius it must pass either to the thenar or the hypothenar side of it. If it. passes to the thenar side of the axial tri-radius it may curve around the base of the thumb. Line A may terminate in the middle of the palm, or it may divide, and have two or more endings. If there 74 is a loop in the hypothenar area, Line A may circle around it and turn back upon itself. If there is a whorl in this area, Line A may divide, embrace it, and terminate at two points (See Fig. c, Plate 1). However, any pattern in the hypothenar area is usually proximal to-Line A. To study this line its terminations must be classified. The following classes were arbitrarily set—up: Class 1 Line A enters the longitudinal group of lines and proceeds to the thenar side of the axial tri-radius (See figures a and b, Plate 11). Class 2 Line A enters the longitudinal group of lines but leaves them before reaching the carpal tri-radius; or if it does reach the latter, the line terminates on the hypothenar side of the palm (See figures c and d, Plate II). Class 3 Line.A is directed diagonally across the hand avoiding both the transverse and longitudinal lines of the palm. (See Fig. b, Plate 1) Class 4 Line A enters the transverse group of lines and follows them directly across the palm. (See Fig. 8, Plate 1) This classification is purely artificial. Frequently the two hands of an individual do not belong. 75 in the same class. No class of Line A seems to breed true, or to recur in offspring in a consistent manner; but people with lines of a given class have a tendency to produce children with lines in that or adjoining classes (See graph, page 78). When persons of class 3 marry, their children are predominantly of the same class. Of one hundred twenty three (123) children, one hundred ten (110) were Of class 3; three (3) were of class 2; and two (2) were of class 4. Eight (8) children qualified for class 2 with one hand and class 3 with the other. (See Table XIX) When one parent was of class 2 and the other was of class 3, twenty five (25) children were of class 3, thirteen (13) were of class 2, and twenty five (25) were of class 2 with one hand and class 3_with the other. (See Table XX.) If one parent belonged to class 1 and the other was of class 2 or class 3, the Offspring had A. lines of all classes with the exception of class 4. This was the only mating.in which class 1 offspring were recorded. (See Table XXI.) If one parent was of class 4, and the other was of either class 2 or class 3, twenty five per cent (25%) of forty (40) offspring.are of class 4. The only other class 4 offspring recorded were from class 3 X class 3. In that case only 1.6% of the offspring were 76 of class 4. (See Table XIX.) All of this indicates that there is an heredi- tary basis for the course taken by Line A. In addition, there is a fair correlation between.the classes of the parents and the classes of the children. By the mid point method, the parent-offspring coefficient of cor- relation was .696 i:.0275. F LINE A OF PARENTS O LASSES C 77 Correlation.Table*Showing Relation between Line A of Parent as Compared with their Progeny CLASSES OF LINE A OF OFFSPRING Class 1.1 1.6 2.1 2.6 3.1 3.6 Interval -l.5 -2.0 -2.5 -3.0 -3.5 -4.0 Fre- 1 1 19 7O 6 1 quency 3.6-4.0 0 3.1-3.5 7 3 3 1 2.6-3.0 63 4 56 '3 2.1-2.5 26 15 11 1.6-2.0 2 1 l l.lél.3 O r . .696 -.\:.O275 *Yule, G.U., 10 r = coefficient of correlation Distribution of Classes of Line A among Offspring L 4 I N 3:, c8116. '21: [f 131$ I I I 21.29-5111 o Ch ' Q) i 7. This composite graph shows distribution of classes of Line A among Progeny of several types of matings. Classes of Parents: 3 X 3 -—-——- 1 X 2 or 3 -—————- 3 X 2 4 X 2 or 3 79 Explanation of Graph showing Distribution of Classes of Line A among Offspring The red line, representing the progeny of class 3 X class 3 matings, shows that the offspring are predominantly of that class (89.5%). The green line, representing the offspring of class 2 or 3 X class 4 parents, shows a high percentage in class 3 (55%); however, 25% of the progeny are of class 4. Children of matings of class 2 X class 3 parents are represented by a purple line. This line shows that the progeny are of either class 2 or of class 3. A large percentage (40%) of the offspring have a Line A of class 2 on one hand and one of class 3 on the other. The black line represents matings involving a class 1 parent. 'The other parent is either of class 2 or of class 3. This is the only cross in which class 1 off- spring,are recorded, and 53.9% Of the progeny have a Line A of class 1 on one or both hands. of Line A. The following data concerns the inheritance Table XIX. parents are of class 3. The class of the parents is noted. Both The number of children with each class of Line A is also indicated. Family No. 1 7 14 16 20 30 31 32 38 41 44 50 52 53 55 59 64 ()3 ()3 ()1 (fl ()3 ()1 (>3 03 ()3 (fl 3 3 3 3 3 3 Mother Class ()JOJCNOIOJGOJOJOJ 01010301010103 3 Father 1 2 Children Clasg 2-3 3 4 5 4 l 2 4 4 1 3 4 1 3 3 4 3 1 4 l 3 3 4 4 4 * 2-3 - One hand has a Line A of class 2, while the other is of class 3. 80 Table XIX. (Cont.) Family No. Mother Father Children Class Class 1 2 2-3“ 3 4 66 3 3 3 67 3 3 3 l 69 3 3 4 77 3 3 4 78 3 3 4 , 81 3 3 4 82 3 3 4 85 3 3 4 86 3 3 1 1 2 89 3 3 l 3 95 3 3 4 97 3 3 4 99 3 3 4 100 3 3 4 - Totals: 0 , 3 8 110 2 * 2-3 : One hand has a Line A of class 2, while the other is of class 3. Table XX. The following data concerns the inheritance of Line A. The class of the parent is noted. One parent is of class 2 and the other is of class 3. The number of children with each class of Line A is also indicated. Family No. Mother Fe 11 13 15 17 18 21 37 39 45 60 63 80 Class ()3 N ()4 N N ()3 N ()0 OJ (1401 DUNN * 2-3 - One hand has a is of class.3. ther Children Class 1 2 2-3* 3 4 2 3 1 2 1 l 2 3 l 3 2 1 2 l 3 2 2 3 l 3 0 2 3 l l 3 1 3 2 2 l 2 2 2 2 3 l 3 2 l 1 3 2 l 1 2 1 2 1 Line A of class 2, while the other 82 83 Table XX. (Cont.) Family No. Mother Father Children Class Class 1 2 2-3” 3 4 80 3 2 1 2 1 84 2 3 1 1 2 91 3 2 l 3 O 13 26 25 0 Table XXI. The following data cOncerns the inheritance of Line A. The classes of the parents are noted. One parent is of class 1. The other is of either class 2 or class 3. The number of children with each class of Line A is also indicated. Family No. Mother- Father Children Class . Class 1 1 1-2“ 1-3" 2 2-3‘ 3 4 28 l 2 2 2 1 36 3 1 1 1 l 2 56 1 2-3 1 2 Totals: 3 3 l 2 1 3 0 * One hand has a Line A of one class, while the other is of another class. Table XXII. The following data concerns the inheritance of Line A. The classes of the parents are noted. One parent has at least one Line A of class 4. The other parent is of either class 2 or class 3. The number of children with each class of Line A is indicated. Family No. Mother Father Children Class Class 1 1-2* 2 2-3* 3 3-4* 4 4 2 4 l 2 l 6 3 4—3 1 3 27 3-2 4 3 2 29 3 4-3 4 61 3 4 3 l 62 3 2-4 1 1 1 70 ' 3 3-4 3 l 72 4 3 3 l 73 3 4 2 2 79 3-4 3 2 2 Totals: 0 0 l 4 22 3 10 * One hand has a Line A of one class, while the other is of another class. 84 tterns ll wing data concerns the pa The fo 0 Table XXIII. a1 twins. 1 g on the palms of identic occur n 'H'thenar Thenar Pair 1. Twin.a. Twin b. Pair 11. Twin a. Twin b. Pair 111. Twin 8. Twin b. Pair 1V. Twin 8. Twin b. Pair V. Twin a. Twin b. O *E'Ut" Rt. Lt. Rt. Lt. 0P OP 0P 0P L L 0P L - loop - eld . I 05:: 5% multiplication g glass of line A OP 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P L .OP Op Op 0P Op 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P 0P OP 09 0P OP Line A Rt Lt. Rt. Lt. Rt. Lt. '51- 3* 3 85 Interdigital Areas 0P OP 0P 0P OP 0P 0P 0P if M 1 Op OP 0P 0P OP 0P 0P 0P m M 0P 0P M M 0p 0P 0P 0P OP Op 2 0P 0P M M 0P 0P 0P OP 0P 0P 3 Rt. Lt. L L L L Op 0P 0P 0P L L a: M L L L L M M M M 86 Study of the Palms of Identical Tw1ns Identical twins have similar palm patterns. This Observation has already been made by H.H. Newman (H.H. Newman, 6). In my own.study of five pair of identical twins, three pair had the same type of pattern in each area studied; the other two pair dif- fared only slightly. (See Table XXIII.) Pair 1. The twins of this pair have similar patterns. They have open fields in all regions except in the interdigital areas between the third and fourth.fingers. where loops are present. Both twins have a Line A of class 3 in each hand. Pair 11. These twins also have similar patterns. Each twin has a class 3 Line.A on each hand. The only pattern observed was an area of multiplication between the second and third fingers. Pair III. . These twins differ slightly. Twin a has a 87 hypothenar open field on the left hand while Twin b has a loop in that area. In interdigital area 3 TWin a has a loop on each hand. In this same area Twin b has areas of multiplication. Aside from these two dif- ferences, the palms of the twins are similar. Both have a class 2 Line A on each hand. Pair IV. These twins have similar palms. They have loops in both.hypothenar regions and in area 3. Both have a class 3 Line A on each.hand. Pair V. These twins are slightly different. Twin a has a hypothenar open.field on each hand; while Twin b has a hypothenar loop on each hand. Aside from this, the palms are similar. Even though these identical twins have similar palms, it is important to note that they are not identical. If’heredity was the only factor involved, there should be no variation between the palms of identical twins; for both members of an identical twin pair are the product of a single fertilized ovum and therefore have identical chromosomal arrangement. The variation.between twins of 88 a pair as in pairs III. and V. indicates that some other factor than heredity is involved. Since palm prints re- main.the same throughout life, the factor that causes this variation must be prenatal. Throughout this study there are patterns that are difficult to explain on the basis of heredity. It may be that their origin lies in this prenatal influence that is evident in the palm patterns of identical twins. \ a l ‘ ' a '1 t O I * s- ,fe- 1- J It n- Plate I. Fig. d Fig. a. Fig. b. Fig. c. Fig. d. 89 Plate I. Main Line A of Class 4. The line moves transversely across the palm. The origin is just below the digital tri-radius of the index finger. Main Line A of Class 3. The line enters neither the transvers ' nor the longitudinal lines, but moves diagonally across the hand. Main Line A Embracing Hypothenar Whorl. Main Line A divides and encircles a whorl in the hypothenar area. The higher termi- nation is of class 3, while the lower is in a carpal tri-radius. Diagram of a Palm Showing the Course of Lines. 1 - Line A 2 - Thenar loop 3 - Hypothenar loop 4 - Loop in interdigital area 3 ‘o a: -q o: in Carpal tri-radius Digital tri-radius Line B Line C Line D 90 Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 91 Plate II. Main Line A of Class 1. The line Just misses the carpal tri- radius. Main Line A of Class 1. The line curves'well around the base of the thumb. Main Line A of Class 2. The line is carried far down the palm of the hand, and terminates on the ulnar margin. Main Line A of Class 2. The line almost misses the longitudi- nal area of the lines, but is carried proximally about half way to the carpal tri-radius. Fig. b Fig. a P1ate IV. Fig. a. Fig. b. Fig. c. Fig. d. 92 Plate III Whorl. Whorl in the hypothenar area of the right hand. Right Radial Loop. Right radial loop in the hypothenar~ area of the right hand. Ulnar Loop. Ulnar loop in the hypothenar area of the left hand. Twin Loop. Twin loop in the hypothenar area of the left hand. Note the two centers of the twin loop. Fig. b Fig. a 0 Fig. P1ate II Fig. a. Fig. b. Fig. c. Fig. d. 93 Plate IV Interdigital Loop. Loop in the interdigital area 3 of the left hand. Area of Multiplication. Area of multiplication in interdig- ital area 1 (between index and second finger of the right hand). Thenar Carpal Loop. Thenar carpal loop of left hand print. Interdigital Loop. Loop in interdigital area 3 of the right hand showing courses of lines C and D. Fig. b a Fig. d Fig Fig. c Plate III. 5. 94 Conclusions Hypothenar loop seems to be dominant over open field. This character occurs with greater frequency if the mother has a single loop rather than the father. This is due to the fact that a high.per-cent of the children in the looped—mother matings have loops on both hands. Hypothenar loops occur with no greater frequency if the parents have the loop on.both hands than they do if the pattern in on only one hand. The hypothenar loop occurs with equal frequency in. males and females. Hypothenar whorls seem to be inherited; but the mode of inheritance was not determined. Thenar loops seem to be inherited, but the mode of inheritance is not known. Interdigital loops in area 3 are inherited, and the frequency of loops in the offspring is correlated with the number of parents who have the loop. The course of line A seems to be inherited, but the mode of inheritance is unknown. 95 Literature Cited Cummins, H., and Cummins, I. 1928 Study of Error in Interpretation and Formulation of Palmer Dermatoglyphics, Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., XI., 501-21 Cummins, H. 1930 Dermatoglyphics of Negroes of West Africa, Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., XIV., 9-13 Cummins, H. 1937 Dermatoglyphics of Eskimos from Point Barrow, Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., XX. Davenport, C.B., Steggerda, M. 1929 Race Crossing in Jamaica, Carnegie Institution of Washington. Inbau, F.E. Finger-prints and Palm-prints, Journal of Criminal Law, XXV. : 500—16 Newman, H.H. 1950 Palmer Dermatiglyphics of Twins, am. J. Phys. Anthrop., XIV., 331-78 Wentworth, B., Midlo, Wilder, H.H., Cummins, H. 1929 Revised Method of Interpreting and 96 Formulating Palmar Dermatoglyphics, Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., XII. 415-73 8. ‘Wilder, H.H., Wentworth, B. 1918 Personal Identi- fication, Badger, Boston 9. 1936 Taking the Palm in Tagging Babies, Literary Digest, CXXI. :21 10. Yule, G.U. 1929 An Introduction to the Theory of Statistics, Griffen and Co., London. J. If .e . . x, as . a d. v t . m n*‘ le.( MICHIG |||| Tlllsl 3 1 293 TATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES l IMIIHIIHIII 3 75 4967 n “in.” .- noflf .