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THE INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN AND PLANT.
POPULATIONS 0N SEVERAL CULTIVARS 0F
PICKUNG CUC'UMBERS

Thesis for the Degree of M. S.

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

- CHRISTOPHER JOHN RAIZER -
1977

LIBRA ’{Y

Midnbdn State
nivcrsity

 

ABSTRACT
THE INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN AND PLANT
POPULATIONS ON SEVERAL CULTIVARS OF
PICKLING CUCUMBERS
By

Christopher John Rajzer

Early and late plantings of several cultivars of

pickling cucumbers Cucumis sativus L. were evaluated

 

under various levels of preplant N and plant populations.
Cultivars responded to treatments differently in fruit
yields, sex expression, fruit set, and length to diameter
ratios. Increasing nitrogen rates to 67 kg/ha increased
yields (metric tons and dollars/ha) in the early planting
only, and 101 kg/ha appeared to suppress yields in both
plantings. High nitrdgen rates (67 and 101 kg/ha) reduced
the percent cull fruit in the first planting. Increasing
the plant populations increased yields only when N was
sufficient. Increasing populations from 99,000 to 296,000
plants/ha increased the percent culls, but oversize fruit
decreased with increasing plant populations. Yield was
positively correlated to percent pistillate flowers and
fruit number per vine.

Cucumber plants and fruit were analyzed at harvest to

determine the plant nutrient content and nutrient removal

Christopher John Rajzer

by fruit. Factors studied were time of planting, culti—
vars, N levels, and plant populations. The mean plant
nutrient content of N, P, and K was 103, 9, and 1&7 kg/ha,
respectively, with mean nutrient removal of 22, 3, and

38 kg/ha, respectively. The nutrient levels of three
cultivars were increased by added N and increasing plant
populations. Nitrogen treatments influenced plant nutrient
content. Yields and percent cull fruit were also affected.
As plant population increased, both total nutrient con-
tent in the plants and nutrient removal by fruit decreased.
Nutrient removal from a field by cucumber fruit is about

25 percent of the total plant's content at harvest.

THE INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN AND PLANT
POPULATIONS ON SEVERAL CULTIVARS 0F
PICKLING CUCUMBERS
By

Christopher John Rajzer

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Horticulture

1977

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MD

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to express my sincere thanks and appre-
ciation to Dr. H. C. Price for his counsel, assistance, and
support during the course of my graduate program. I am most
grateful to Drs. J. E. Motes, A. R. Putnam, M. J. Bukovac
and M. M. Warncke for counsel and service on my guidance
committee.

My greatest indebtedness is to my wife, Dina, for her
patience, understanding, and encouragement throughout my

graduate studies.

Guida

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Guidance Committee:
The Paper-Format was adopted for this thesis in accord—
ance with Departmental and University regulations. The thesis

body was separated into two sections. Both sections are
intended for publication in The Journal of the American Sggjgty
tor Horticultural Sgignge.

iii

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LJC

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
LIST OF APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
LITERATURE REVIEW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Nutritional Requirements of Cucumber. . . . . . . 2
Effect of Plant Population on Cucumber Growth . 7
Nutrient Uptake . . 8
Other Plant Responses to Nutrition . . . . . . . 11
SECTION ONE. THE INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN AND PLANT
POPULATIONS ON SEVERAL CULTIVARS OF PICKLING
CUCUMBERS I. FRUIT YIELDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Materials and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Results and Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Literature Cited. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
SECTION TWO. THE INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN AND PLANT
POPULATIONS ON SEVERAL CULTIVARS OF PICKLING
CUCUMBERS II. NUTRIENT CONTENT AND REMOVAL. . . . . . 34
Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Materials and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Results and Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Literature Cited. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #8

iv

Lat.

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*4

k.)

Table

LIST OF TABLES

Section One
Effect of plant population, nitrogen and
cultivar on vine and fruit characteristics:
Early Planting . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Effect of plant population, nitrogen and
cultivar on vine and fruit characteristics:
Late Planting O O O O O I O I O O I O O O I

Effect on sex expressions and fruiting
habits: Early Planting. . . . . . . .

Effect on sex expressions and fruiting
habits: Late Planting . . . . . . . .

Section Two
Soil analyses at tip-over. . . . . . . .

Nutrient content in fruit removed by
harvesting for early planting. . . . . . .

Nutrient content in fruit removed by
harvesting for late planting . . . . . . .

Plant nutrient content at harvest for
early planting . . . . . . . . . . . .

Plant nutrient content at harvest for
late planting. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page

31

41

45

Table

A-1
A-2

A-3

A-A
A-s
A-6

A—8
A-9
A-10
A-11

A-12

A-13

A-IA
A-15
A-16

A—17
A-18
A—19

A-20

LIST OF APPENDICES

Early planting:
Early planting:

Early planting:
at harvest.

Early planting:
Early planting:
Early planting:
Early planting:

Weight (MT/ha) of fruit. . .
Fruit wt. (g). .

Other plant parameters

Pistillate flowers per node.
Staminate flowers per node .
Blind flowers per node . . .

Soil analyses.

Dry weight (g) for early planting .

Nutrient analyses on July 1. for early planting .
Nutrient analyses on July 9, for early planting .

Nutrient analyses in vines only on July 17-19.

for early planting. . . . . . . . . . .

Nutrient analyses in fruit on July 17—19. for

early planting.

Page
49
so

51

52
- 53
. 5A
- 55
56
57
58

59

. 6O

Nutrient analyses of vines and fruit on July 17-19.
for early planting. o o o o o o o o o" o o o 0

Nutrient content on July 1, for early planting.

Nutrient content on July 9, for early planting.

Nutrient content in vines only on July 17-19.
for early planting. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Late planting:
Late planting:

Late planting:
harvest . . .

Late planting:

Weights (MT/ha) of fruit. .
Fruit wt. (g) . . .

Other plant parameters at

Pistillate flowers per node

vi

. 61
62
. 63

. 64
65
66

. 67
68

 

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Table Page

A-21 Late planting: Staminate flowers per node . . . . . 69
A-22 Late planting: Blind flowers per node . . . . . . . 7O
A—23 Late planting: Soil analyses. . . . . . . . . . . . 71
A—ZA Dry weights (g) for late planting. . . . . . . . . . 72

A-25 Nutrient analyses on August 24, for late planting. . 73

A-26 Nutrient analyses on September 1, for late

planting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7h
A-27 Nutrient analyses in vines only on September

13-17. for late planting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
A-28 Nutrient analyses in fruit on September 13—17.

for late planting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
A-29 Nutrient analyses of vines and fruit on

September 13—17, for late planting . . . . . . . . . 77
A-3O Nutrient content on August 24, for late planting . . 78

A-31 Nutrient content on September 1, for late
plan-ting O O O C C C C O O C O O O C O O O O O C I O 79

A-32 Nutrient content in vines only on September
13-17, for late planting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

A-33 Daily extreme and mean temperature data recorded

from the Horticulture Research Station,
East Lansing, MI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

vii

pt.

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3

INTRODUCTION

There are many factors influencing the yields of pickling
cucumbers (Cucumi§_agtixg§ L.). Some of these factors are
cultivars, nutrients, or plant populations which are somewhat
controllable, or local environmental factors which are variable.
Cultivars may respond differently to various fertilizers and
plant population. The nutrient concentration of pickling cucum—
bers varies with application of fertilizers, spacing, and the
physiological age of plants.

The invention of a mechanical once—over harvester aroused
interest in new cultural practices. Plant populations changed
to increase yields. Monoecious cultivars were replaced with
earlier maturing cultivars which were predominantly female.
Therefore, nutrient requirements and uptake by plants grown
under these practices should be different. I

The objective of this study was to examine the response
of cultivars as well as the influence of plant populations and
nitrogen, and how their main effects and interactions may be
related to cucumber growth. sex expression, yields, and to

evaluate plant and fruit nutrient contents.

Fla
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LITERATURE REVIEW

Hoglund (1958) stated that there are many factors that
can interact to influence the overall yield of pickling cucum-
bers. These determinate factors are local environment over
which we have little control, cultivars and nutrition, as
well as plant populations which man can alter to influence
yield.

Before the early 60's most of the pickling cucumbers were
harvested by hand several times throughout the growing season.
About this time a once-over machine harvester was developed
that required higher plant populations and different fertilizer
rates to obtain maximum yields. The literature does not
provide adequate information on optimum growth determinates
and their interaction for machine harvested cucumbers. However,
it does describe the responses of the pickling cucumber plants

to several growth factors.

Nutritienal Requirements 9: Cnepmbez

One of the earliest studies on nutritional requirements
of pickling cucumbers was by Magrude (1933) in southern Ohio.
After a long study, he indicated that cucumbers benefitted from
the application of 1.0 T/A of limestone and the application of
manure yearly. Magrude did not report on the pH of the soil
nor the organic matter content but one might suspect that it

was sandy acidic soil. When commercial fertilizers became

2

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available, researchers compared their effectiveness to
established practices. This led to Comin and Bushnell's
(1928) work with slicing cucumber. With the application of
lime during the early years of their experiment, no increase
in yield was observed even though the initial pH was 5.6. A
marked increase in yield was recorded with the use of 77 lb/A
of N supplemented with superphosphate. With the application
of 160 lb/A of N (nitrate of soda) and manure, yields were
still greatly increased with no indication of leveling off. K
application was not profitable and only small quantities of P
were needed. In contrast, two years later, Bushnell (1930)
reported that his cucumber crop showed the highest response to
K and that this had now become the limiting element.

With the development of complete fertilizers, nutrition
studies became more numerous. Seaton et al. (1936) indicated
that 16 T/A of manure gave a slightly better yield than 1220
lb of 4-10-4 fertilizer. Two years later in New York, Dearborn
(1936) had the foresight to see that commercial fertilizers
would some day become an important tool to vegetable growers.
He observed that high N levels increased vegetative growth and
fruit size of cucumbers.

Anderson (l9h1) recommended 800 to 1000 lb/A of 6-8-8 for
land not previously cropped, and 800 to 1000 lb of 6-8-12 for
land already in production. No specific amount of supplemen—
tary nitrogen was recommended, although its use was suggested.
Later, Anderson (19h3) indicated increased yields were received
with 500 and 1000 lb/A of 6-8-6 fertilizer with little diff-

erence between rates. More recent work by Wittwer and Tyson

(1950) from a fertilizer trial at three locations in
Michigan concluded that a band application of 500 lb/A

of 3-12-12 would be profitable on fertile soils, and that
the application of N was beneficial only on poorly drained
soils. They concluded that fertile soils needed smaller
amounts of fertilizer, than previously reported, in the

area of 500 lb/A of 3-12-12 to obtain yields of 237 Bu/A.
Soils of low fertility produced lower yields, however,

they could produce up to 200 Bu/A with applications of

800 1b/A of 3-12—12. Where drainage is poor, nitrigication
is low, or if sod is plowed down, one should side dress with
200 lb/A of ammonium nitrate, and for better earlier growth
and production, band placement of fertilizer should be
practiced. For higher late season yields, fertilizer should
be broadcasted.

Comparing growth responses to various levels of ferti—
lizer in Maryland, Reynolds (195A) was unable to observe any
different responses in yield of pickling cucumbers. In Michi—
gan, Miller (1957) noted that 200 and A00 lb/A of 5-20-20
placed 2 inches under the seed would reduce stand and yields.
This was one of the first studies on the effects of fertilizer
placement for pickling cucumbers. He also reported that 100
lb/A of K20 depressed yields. The highest yields were ob—
tained with 100 or 200 lb/A of 5-20-20 fertilizer placed
2 inches to the side and below the seed or with 300 lb/A of
5-20-20 broadcasted before planting.

A more intensified nutritional study by Ries and Carolus

(1959) indicated that 20 1b/A of N and 80 to 160 lb/A of P o

2 5

 

lb

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(38

L17

with 80 1b of K20 would produce yields of over A00 Bu/A.

With 160 lb/A of P205 compared to 80 lb/A, no reduction in
yields was observed. They concluded that soil potassium levels
of 150 to 200 lb/A K20 would be sufficient. Good yields (361
to AAO Bu/A were obtained by broadcasting A00 lb/A of 5-20-20
fertilizer prior to planting.

In the 1960's, the invention of a mechanical once—over
harvester aroused interest in new cultural practices. In
Canada, Bishop (1960) with a complex study found P is of
more relative importance than either N or K. He also found
that yields were not always increased but were never decreased
by N, P, or K.

By the early 1970's, most of the research dealt with ex-
cess minerals decreasing yields. In North Carolina, McCollum
and Miller (1971) studied different rates of N, P, and K only
to find that few of the yield differences were assignable to
treatments. Postitive yield trends from the addition of in-
creasing increments of N and K20 up to 80 lb/A and for P205
up to 63 lb/A were observed.

Bishop et a1. (1969) reported that at 3 locations there
were variable yields without applied N. However, at 2 of
these locations, yields were not significantly increased with
additional N, but were significantly decreased by more than
56 kg/ha. It is an important observation that yields can be
decreased without an observed reduction in plant growth.

At the Piedmont Substation in Alabama, Johnson et a1.
(1973) concluded that responses to N fertilizer were variable

depending on soil area and fertility. Added P205 provided large

here

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increases in yield with increasing increments at several
different locations. K20 gave indications of yield in-
creases. Downes and Lucas (1966) have also reported yield
responses from applied K which quantitatively is the pre-
dominate element in cucumbers according to Ward (1967).

Cantliffe (1977) reported the results of a 3 year study
which supported earlier findings. His work dealt only with
N applied in the form of urea or ammonium nitrate, side-
dressed or broadcasted on plantings for once-over harvesting.
The use of N rates of 67 or 134 kg/ha increased yields with
no differences between forms. These findings are similar to
those of McCollum and Miller (1971) and Bishop et al. (1969)
and McCall et al. (1958) who obtained maximum yields with
50 kg/ha and 56 kg/ha respectively of N.

The results of extra side dressing showed basically no
benefit as Ries and Carolus (1958) also reported. Cantliffe
(1977) concluded that applications of 67 to 13A kg/ha of N
broadcasted and incorporated into the soil would produce maxi-
mum yields for once-over harvesting of pickling cucumbers.

The nutrient requirements for the gynoecious hybrid pick-
ling cucumbers appear different than those of the monecious
cultivars. Motes (1975) indicated that hybrid cucumber
cultivars which mature in 50-60 days require less nitrogen
than monecious cultivars which were hand harvested over longer
periods of time.

There is a variation in fertilizer recommendations and
responses of pickling cucumbers. However, we can conclude

from these readings that much of the variation is due to the

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7

initial soil fertility, cultural practices, or local envir-
onmental effects. Furthermore, N may not be the main limit-
ing factor to yields. It is the one element most commonly
over-applied that results in a reduction of yields. If P205
and K

20 are at adequate levels in the soil, less variation

in yields will be observed.

Effegt of Plant Population Qn Cucumber Growth

With the adoption of mechanical harvesting, plant pop-
ulations have been increased drastically to obtain yields
comparable to hand harvesting. Banadyga (19A9) summarized
research on spacing of hand-picked cucumbers as follows:
"Varying results have been obtained with spacing tests. It
is recognized that rows should be 5 to 7 ft. apart, but much
controversy exists on the spacing of plants in the rows."
Three years later, Ware et al. (1953) conducted a spacing
trial with rows 3 ft. apart and plants 12, 2A, and 36 inches
apart in the row. With no supplemental irrigation, the high—
est yields were obtained from the 12 inch spacing.

A 3 year spacing trial by Ries (1957) reported that with
spacings of 6, 12, 18, and 2A inches apart in 5 ft. rows,
yields were highest at the 6 inch spacing with no differences
between 12 and 18 inches. Yields were lower with the 24 inch
spacing. Plots were harvested by hand and higher yields were
due primarily to higher earlier yields. In a later planting,
there was no effect of plant density on yields.

When even higher plant densities were observed, it seemed

as if there was no limit that would result in increased yields.

(L

Putnam (1963) evaluated populations for once—over harvest-
ing varying from 22,000 to 87,000 plants/A. The highest
yields with greatest number of fruit per plant were from a

1 ft. spacing irregardless of the distance between rows.
Morrison et al. (1967) with similar work indicated that

plant populations of 77,800 plants/A at 9 inch spacing in

9 inch rows consistently produced the highest dollar value.
Cantliffe et al. (1975) observed two different cultivars
under 8 populations ranging from 50,000 to 850,000 plants/ha.
Yields as dollar and tonnage/ha increased with populations of
50,000 to 100,000 and 250,000 to 500,000 plants/ha. Delaying
harvest for A days doubled the tonnage but did not affect the
dollar value with both cultivars reacting similarly. Cantliffe
(1977) reported that in a fertilizer study, the mean yield in
dollars/ha was higher at 450,000 plants than at 250,000
plants/ha.

With the application of nitrogen, an increase in plant
density will increase both tonnage and dollar yield. However,
there is much more controversy on the limits one can go with
density. It appears there may be interactions between the

nitrogen and population levels.

Nutrient Uptake
Some of the first chemical analyses of cucumbers were
performed by Wilkins (1917). He showed that Ca was 10 times

higher in vines than in the fruit, with Mg only 2 to 3 times

higher. P content was slightly higher in the fruit compared

u xii.

9

to vines whereas K and N levels were similar in both.

Friedrich and Schmidt (l954)analyzed plants every 10
days for N, P, K, Ca and Mg. They found that there was a
high Ca content in the leaves. N was stored in leaves as
protein, and the fruit contained high amounts of soluble N.
There was a large increase in nutrient uptake during the
flowering and fruiting phase.

Campbell (1953) found that Ca levels in pickling cucum-
ber vines were not changed by soil applications of Ca, but
the K levels would increase with added K. Reynolds (1954)
growing cucumbers under varying rates of N, P, K, Ca, and
Mg observed significant differences in the amounts of all of
these elements except N in the leaves and fruit.

Ries (1957) in a spacing trial, observed an inverse corre-
lation between spacing and concentration of NOB—N in cucumber
petioles. He also observed that P would increase in plant
tissue as spacing and N levels decreased. Petiole K levels
were higher in low fertilized plots (300 lb/A of 12-12-12 plus
side-dressing 100 lb/A of NH”) than those with a higher ferti-
lization rate. In the higher fertilized plot (300 lb/A of
12-12-12 plus side-dressing 200-275 lb/A of 12-12-12), K
increased in the petiole as spacing increased.

Miller (1957) found an inverse relationship between the
soluble N and soluble P in cucumbers. Both nutrients increased
in the petioles during the season. The largest yields were
associated with moderate levels of soluble NOB-N (892 ppm)
and P (59 PPm) in petioles at harvest. Mg increased sharply

1.:
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10

as the season progressed.

In a study of the nutrient levels in laminae and
petioles of cucumbers grown at low populations for multiple
harvesting, Bishop et al. (1969) found the yield response
to applied P205 to be of much greater relative importance

than applied N or K 0. The study indicated that N and

2

K 0 each at 50 kg/ha and P at 100 kg/ha would be adequate.

2 205
El-Sheikh and Broyer (1970) reported that total N content
was less satisfactory than N03-N content to determine
critical N concentration for Optimum growth. Cantliffe (1977)
indicated that total N within the blade or petiole of pick-
ling cucumbers did not appear to be a good indicator of yields,
but highest yields were obtained when the leaf blade contained
from 4 to 5% total N. The concentration of N03—N in leaf
blade and petiole tissue rapidly decreased during the fruit
sizing period. When preplant and side dress N fertilizers
were used, this led to an increased tissue concentration of
NOB-N and total N. The source of N fertilizer had little
influence on tissue concentration. The tissue concentration
of K, Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn were higher in tissue when treated
prior to planting with 67 to 207 kg/ha of N.

McCollum and Miller (1971) found that after 72 days
the N, P, and K uptake by cucumber plants was 90, 12, and 145
lb/A respectively. The nutrient fruit removal with multiple
harvesting was 40 lb N, 6 lb P, and 55 lb K/A with yields of
8.7 to 11.9 T/A. The maximum rate of growth and nutrient

accumulation occurred about 50 days after seeding.

(j

11

With once-over harvesting, plants generally take only
50 days to obtain maximum dollar yields. If the plants are
grown for shorter periods of time, nutrient content and
requirements should vary. However, there are no indications

of research in this area.

Other Plant Responses to Nutrition

Reynolds and Stark (1953) reported that in comparing
growth response to N, Ca, K, and Mg, N levels produced the
greatest effect on vegetative growth. The greatest number of
fruit occurred on plants receiving a medium supply of N compared
to very low or high amounts. Similar results were reported
earlier by Dearborn (1936) and Cantliffe (1977). while Tiedjens
(1926) found that high N improved fruit shape. Cantliffe
(1975) observed that the number of fruit per plant decreased
with increasing plant populations. However, varying the pop-
ulation did not affect fruit shape or color.

Miller (1957) in a greenhouse study, found that high
amounts of N increased the length to diameter ratio of fruit.
Cantliffe et a1. (1975) reported that with "Premier" the length
to diameter ratio (L/D) was decreased at lower plant populations.

N levels have also been found to affect sex expression of
cucumbers. Dearborn (1936) indicated that high N supply
produced more pistillate flowers. Miller (1957) reported that
both pistillate and staminate flower production were increased.
However, the staminate to pistillate ratio was decreased with

high N levels. Vaile (1938, 1942) indicated that the set and

12

number of marketable fruits were greater under high as
compared to low nutrient conditions.

Reynolds and Stark (1953) reported that the dry weight
of cucumber plants grown on sand increased with increasing
increments of N, but there were more fruit at the medium N
level.

Cantliffe (1977) reported that the addition of preplant
N up to 134 kg/ha resulted in a greater number of pistillate
flowers per plant. However, the percent of off—shape fruits
were also highest for the highest N treatment, while L/D
ratios were not influenced. Similar results were reported by
Lloyd and McCollum (1940). It appears that both nutrient
levels and plant populations can influence the quality of the

cucumber fruit under different local environmental conditions.

10.

LITERATURE CITED

Anderson, W. S. 1941. Growing cucumbers for pickling

in Mississippi. Miss. Agn. Exp, Sta, Bug. 355:1-17

Anderson, W. S. 1943. Close spacing, medium fertilizer
rate most profitable for pickling cucumbers. Miss.
Farm Res. 6(3):8, March.

Banadyga, A. A. 1949. Cucumbers for Pickles. Net.
Pjekle Peckens Assoo., Oak Park, Ill. 276 pp.

Bishop, R. F., E. W. Chipman and C. R. MacEachern. 1969.
Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on
yields and nutrient levels in laminae and petioles

pickling cucumbers. C J S ' S '. Vol. 49,
297-304.

Bushnell, J. 1930. The relative response to fertilizer
of cabbage, tomatoes, cucumbers, and sweet corn.

Pnee, Amen, See, Her, Sei. 27:515—519

Bushnell, J. 1941. Fertilizers for early cabbage, toma-

toes, cucumbers, and sweet corn. Onje Agzl Exp, Sta.
Bul. 622

Campbell, J. D. 1953. Differential cation absorption
and yield response by vegetable crops grown at vari-
ous levels of calcium, potassium and sodium. Ph.D.
Thesis. Michigan State College. 163 pages.

Cantliffe, D. J. 1977. Nitrogen fertilizer requirements
of pickling cucumbers grown for once-over harvest I.

Effect on yield and fresh quality. JI Amen, See, Hort.
891. 102(2):112-11u.

Cantliffe, D. J. and S. C. Phatak. 1975. Plant popula-
tion studies with pickling cucumbers grown for once-

over harvest. JI Amen, See, Hunt, Sei. 100(5):464-
466.

Cantliffe, D. J. 1977. Nitrogen fertilizer require-
ments of pickling cucumbers grown for once-over
harvest II. Effect on plant tissue mineral nutrient

concentrations. JI Amen, See, HQII: Sei. 1-2(2):
115-1190

13

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

14

Comin, D. 1938. Early
as affected by ferti

See, Hort. Sej. 35:

Comin, D. and J. Bushne
cabbage, cucumbers,

Sta. Bul. 420.

Dearborn, R. B. 1936.
composition in relat
the cucumber plant.

Men. 192.
Downes, J. D. and R. E.

yields of selected truck crops
lizer treatments. Pnoo, Amen.
673-677.

11. 1928. Fertilizers for early
and sweet corn. Ohio AgI: Exp.

Nitrogen nutrition and chemical
ion to growth and fruiting of

Cennell Ungy, Agn. Exp, Sta.

Lucas. 1966. Pickling cucumber

yields in relation to NPK fertilization and P-K soil

tests. PIQQ. 12th Int, H921. Congn, 1, Abstr. No.

456.
El-Sheikh, A- M. g M. A.

Abd El-Hakam and Albert Ulrich.

1970. Critical nitrate levels for squash, cucumber,

and melon plants. Conn. in 89;] SQJ, ang PJQDt

Anal. 1:63-74.
El-Sheikh, A. M. and T.

C. Broyer. 1970. Concentrations

of total nitrogen in squash, cucumber and melon in
relation to growth and to a Piper-Steenbjerg effect.

Comm, in 89;] Sea, and Plant Anal. 1:213-219.

Friedrich, G. and G. Sc

hmidt. 1954. Untersuchungen

uber die Nahrstoffausnahme van Triebhausgurken in
Wasserkulturen. (The absorption of nutrients by
glass-house cucumber in soilless culture). Arch.

Gartenb. 2:319-335.
Hoglund, C. R. 1958.

(EQZIL_Ahfi1.).

Economics of growing and irrigat—
M‘

ing pickling cucumbers. B A E

Sta. 40(4). 796-805.

Lloyd, J. w. and J. P0

McCollum. 1940. Fertilizing

onion sets, sweet corn, cabbage and cucumbers in a

four year rotation.

219-236.

1]], Agz, Exp, Sta, Bul. 464:

Johnson, W. A., C. E. Evans, E. L. Mayton, and W. A.

Griffey. 1973. Soil Fertility studies with pickling

cucumbers in the Piedmont Area of Alabama. Alabama

Agz, Exp, Sta, Cin.

Magrude, R. 1923. Observations on the effect of liming

truck crops in Ohio.
29:175-179.

211.

PIQQ- Amer, SQg, ngt, SQ;.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33-

34.

15

McCall, W. W., R. E. Lucas, C. M. Hansen, and W. C.
Hulburt. 1958. Fertilizer placement studies with

the pickling cucumber. Mien, Agz, Exnt, Sta, Quar.
Bnl- 40:637-645.

McCollum, R. E. and C. H. Miller. 1971. Yield, nutrient
uptake and nutrient removal b4 pickling cucumbers.
2

J, Amer. See, Hent, Sci. 96: -45.

Miller, C. H. 1957. Studies on the nutrition and
physiology of pickling cucumbers. Ph.D. Thesis,
Mich. State Univ. 69 pages.

Morrison, F. D. and S. K. Ries. 1967. Cultural require-
ments for once-over mechanical harvest of cucumbers
for pickling. J. Amen. Soo. Hort, Soi. 91:339-346.

Motes, J. E. 1975. Pickling cucumbers production-
harvesting. Mien, State Unit, Ext, Bul. E-837.

Putnam, A. R. 1963. Horticultural aspects concerned
with the production of pickling cucumbers for once-
over harvest. M.S. Thesis, Mich. State Univ.

59 pageS-

Reynolds, S. W. 1954. Studies with cucumbers for pick-
ling. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Maryland.

Reynolds, C. W. and F. C. Stark. 1953. Growth and fruit-
ing responses of cucumbers to varying levels of Ca,

K, Mg and N in sand culture. Aesge, Southern Ag.
Tankers. 50:133.

Ries, S. K. 1957. The effect of spacing and supple-

mental fertilizer applications on the ield of pick-
ling cucumbers. Mion, Agn, Exp, Sta, Enact, Bul.

40(2):375-381.

Ries, S. K. and R. L. Carolus. 1958. The effect of
Xutrient level on growth of pickling cucumbers. Mien.

E s B 0(3)2659-668.

Seaton, H. L., R. Hutson and J. H. Muncie. 1939. The
production of cucumbers for pickling purposes. Mien.
gz, Exp, Sta, Spas, Bu]. 273.

Tiedjens, V. A. 1926. Some observations on the response
of greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus) to certain

environmental conditions. Pnoo, Amen, See, Rent, Sei.
23:184—189.
Vaile, J. E. 1938. A . E S . 0t A R B .

368:82.

35-

36.

37-

38.

39-

40.

16

Vaile, J. E. 1942. Ark. Exp. Sta. 53rd Ann, Rut, Bul.
417:28.

Ward, C. M. 1967. Greenhouse cucumber nutrition: a
growth analysis study. Elant_ano_§oil 26:324—332.

Ward, G. M. 1967. Growth and nutrient absorption in
greenhouse tomato and cucumber. Pnoo, Amer, Soo.

Hort, 891. 90:335-341.

Ware, L. M., C. L. Isbell, H. Harris and W. A. Johnson.
1953. Studies with pickling cucumbers in Alabama.

AJa. Agn. Exp. Sta, Cjn. 114.

Wilkins, L. K. 1917. The high calcium content of some
cucurbit vines. N J. Ex S . B . 310:
1.20.

Wittwer, S. H. and J. Tyson. 1950. Yields of pickling
cucumbers as influenced by rates of fertilizer appli-
cation, fertilizer placement, and nitrogen side

dressing. Mien, Agp. Exp. Sta. Bul. 32(4):535—539.

SECTION I

THE INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN AND PLANT POPULATIONS
ON SEVERAL CULTIVARS OF PICKLING CUCUMBERS
I. FRUIT YIELDS

17

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on:

The Influence of Nitrogen and Plant Populations on Several

Cultivars of Pickling Cucumbers I. Fruit Yields.

Christopher J. Rajzer

Denagtment of Horticulture, Mionigan State Uniyersity,
East Lansing, MI 48824

 

Abstract: Early and late plantings of several cultivars of
pickling cucumbers (Quoumis_satixus L.) were evaluated under
various levels of preplant N and plant populations. Cultivars
responded to treatments differently in fruit yields, sex express-
ion, fruit set, and length to diameter ratios. Increasing the
nitrogen rate to 67 kg/ha increased yields (metric tons and
dollars/ha) in the early planting only, and 101 kg/ha appeared
to suppress yields in both plantings. High nitrogen rates (67
and 101 kg N/ha) reduced the percent cull fruit in the first
planting. Increasing the plant populations increased yields
only when N was sufficient. Increasing populations from 99,000
to 296,000 plants/ha, increased the percent culls but decreased
the percent oversize fruit. Both fresh and dry weight per

vine decreased with increasing plant populations. Yield was
positively correlated to percent pistillate flowers and fruit

number per vine.

INTRODUCTION
Previous studies indicate that there are many factors

influencing the yields of pickling cucumbers (Cuoumis sattyus L.)

18

Arc

lg.

C?

ha:

0
6""-

tr

it

HT 1

19

Some of these factors are cultivars, nutrients, or popula-
tions which are somewhat controllable, or local environmental
'factors which are variable.

Previous nutritional studies indicated that increased
yields of cucumbers were obtained by broadcasting 448 kg/ha
of 5-20-20 prior to planting (10). Nitrogen applied side-
dressed or broadcasted as urea or ammonium nitrate at rates
of 67 or 134 kg/ha produced maximum yields for a once-over
harvest on a coarse sandy loam soil (2).

Others (6) have indicated that various rates of N, P, and
K, did not significantly increase yields, although, increasing
trends were observed with an increase of N and K up to 90 and
71 kg/ha respectively. There are some indications (1, 15)
that yields can be increased by addition of various individual
elements, although yield increases were not consistent.

Comparing vegetative growth responses, increasing incre—
ments of N produced the greatest effects on growth and dry wt.
(9). The maximum number of fruit was produced with a median
level of N compared to a very low or high rate (2, 4, 9).
Fruit per vine decreased with increasing plant populations (3).
High N also improved fruit shape (11) in some studies, while
others found the percent off-shape fruit and length to diameter
ratios (L/D) to be increased (2, 7). Sex expression can be
altered by increasing nitrogen levels, forming more pistillate
flowers, although the ratio of pistillate to staminate flowers
decreased (4. 7). Fruit set and numbers of marketable fruit

were greatest under high nutrient conditions (12, 13).

0t
from 50

5.01121

vs

S
from SC

in tan

a mul‘
CORIPT
was t
nitro

relat

in 1E
Star

ahd j

20

Other studies (3) with 2 cultivars and 8 populations
from 50,000 to 850,000 plants/ha indicated that yields in
dollars and tons/ha increased with increasing populations
from 50,000 to 100,000 and from 250,000 to 500,000. A delay
in harvest of 4 days doubled the tonnage but dollars/ha values
did not change.

By increasing plant populations, yields can be increased
for once-over harvesting. Highest yields with the greatest
number of fruits per vine were obtained from a 30 cm spacing
with up to 215,000 plants/ha regardless of the distance between
the rows (8).

Most of the published data deals with cucumbers grown in
a multiple-harvesting system and examines various levels of
controllable factors on yield. The objective of this study
was to examine the influence of cultivar, populations, and
nitrogen, and how their main effects and interactions may be

related to cucumber growth, sex expression, and yields.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Cucumbers were planted in both early and late season tests
in 1976. The May 25 planting consisted of 2 cultivars, Green
Star and Premier, grown at 3 plant populations, 99,000, 148,000,
and 198,000 plants/ha. The Conover sandy loam soil contained
11.5 kg/ha of residual NOB-N and 3.0% organic matter. The late
planting on July 22 had 3 cultivars, Green Star, Premier, and
MSU-76 with plant populations of 99,000, 198,000, and 296,000

plants/ha. The Conover sandy loam soil tested 37.3 kg/ha of

21

residual NOB—N and 2.0% organic matter. The soils for both
plantings were medium to high in P, K, Ca, and Mg, with a

pH of 5.9. The pollinators for cultivars were adjusted to

7 percent and planted with a Dahlman seeder in rows 40 cm
apart, and the appropriate spacing within rows was obtained
by thinning at emergence to acheive the desired populations.
Seeds were planted in beds 5.5 m long and 2.0 m wide with 4
rows to a bed. Four levels of N (urea) 0, 34, 67, and 101
kg/ha were applied with a Gandy spreader and incorporated
preplant along with 62 kg/ha of P and 116 kg/ha of K. The
experiment was designed as a split-split plot with cultivars
as main plots, N levels as subplots and populations as sub
subplots, each replicated 3 times. Chloramben methyl ester
at 2.0 kg/ha was applied immediately after seeding for weed
control. Carbaryl at 2.0 kg/ha was applied twice in each
planting for beetle control. Irrigation of 15 cm was applied
during each season. A hive of bees was supplied to insure
adequate pollination.

At 35 to 40 days after seeding (DAS), 10 plants per plot
were randomly selected and flower type characterized for the
first 10 nodes. Forty—five to 50 DAS, fruit set on these
nodes was determined by the swelling of the ovary. The early
planting was harvested 53 and 55 DAS for Premier and Green
Star respectively. The late planting was harvested 53, 54,
and 57 DAS for Premier, MSU-76, and Green Star respectively.
The cucumbers were harvested by hand simulating once-over

mechanical harvesting. Fresh vine weight was recorded, and

22

fruit were graded and weighed. The grade and dollar values
were calculated from standards established by the Pickling
Cucumber Improvement Committee (PCIC), i.e. less than 2.0

cm diameter ($132/metric ton), 2.7 to 3.8 cm ($66/metric ton),
3.8 to 5.1 cm ($44/metric ton), and over 5.1 cm ($11/metric
ton). The percentage of fruit culls, "nubs" and ”crooks"

was calculated for each plot. L/D ratios were measured on 10
randomly selected fruit between 3.8 and 5.1 cm in length. The
fruit dry weight was determined from fruit that were removed

and dried at 70°C.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

William

Cultivars responded in only the wt. per vine and L/D
ratio for the early planting, with Green Star the more vig—
orous cultivar (Table 1). Different cultivar responses were
observed in the late planting with Green Star being the poor-
est yielder in both weight and value/ha (Table 2). These
lower yields corresponded to lower fruit numbers per vine.
Green Star and MSU-76 had the highest number of pistillate
flowers but the former cultivar had only 23 percent fruit set
versus 39 Percent with MSU—76. Either poor pollination or the
abortion of the ovary after pollination were 2 possibilities
for yield differences between these cultivars in the later
planting. In the first planting yields correlated closely
with sex expression. As expected, cultivars respond differ-

ently when grown under different environmental conditions.

23

The time of planting had a pronounced effect on the
yields of pickling cucumbers. The early planting (May 25)
responded differently to both N and populations than the
late planting (July 22). These differences may have been
related to local environmental factors or the differences in
soil NOB-N.

Differences were noted in vegetative growth between
cultivars. In the early planting, the fresh wt. of Green
Star was greater than that of Premier, while there was no
significant difference in their dry wt. (Table 3). This indi-
cates that Green Star makes more vigorous growth and may have
a higher water requirement.

For the late planting, vine wt. and L/D ratio did not
differ among cultivars, but Premier and MSU-76 yielded sig-

nificantly more than Green Star. The percent oversize fruit

data does not support the idea of later maturity.

Wilma:

Nitrogen had its greatest influence on the early plant-
ing. Yields increased as N levels increased up to 67 kg/ha
after which there was no additional benefit (Table 1). The
greatest percent culls were obtained with low rates of N, while
less oversize fruit occurred with 0 and 101 kg N/ha. Increased
fruit dry wt. was associated with higher rates of N. A signi—
ficant interaction indicates that both cultivars were not
different in fruit dry wt. at O and 34 kg N/ha, however,

Premier was significantly higher at 67 and 101 kg N/ha. No

24

differences in sex expression were observed in the early
planting that could account for a difference in yield
(Table 3). C

In the late planting, nitrogen affected sex expression
but not yields. The lowest number of staminate flowers were
produced with 101 kg N/ha. An interaction between cultivars
and nitrogen levels for marketable fruit per vine shows
Premier and MSU-76 both significantly better at O to 67 kg N/ha
with only MSU-76 greater at 101 kg N/ha.

Cultivars varied in sex expression, and with more pis-
tillate flowers produced, the yields were increased. Nitrogen
increased percent pistillate flowers and fruit set while
staminate flowers decreased with increasing increments in the
late planting. The lower plant populations did produce more
pistillate flowers in the late planting only, but the differ-
erces were so small they may be of no importance.

Increasing rates of preplant N increased dollars and metric
tons/ha in the early planting with no significant differences
in the late planting. There are indications that at 101 kg
N/ha fruit tonnage is depressed. McCollum and Miller (6) ob-
served a positive yield response with increasing increments
of N fertilizer up to 90 kg/ha, while Wittwer and Tyson (14)
and Ries and Carolus (10) found no benefit of supplemental N,
except on low fertility soils.

In these tests, residual NOB-N for early and late plant-
ings was 11.5 and 37.3 kg/ha, respectively. Cantliffe (2)

observed that the percentages of off-shape fruit were greater

25

for higher rates of applied nitrogen, with no effect on L/D
ratios. In the early study which was influenced by N,
percent culls decreased with 67 and 101 kg N/ha compared to
0 and 34 kg N/ha, with no effect on L/D ratio in either
planting.

The differential responses to N between plantings could
have been influenced by the daily mean temp. and amount of
residual NOB—N in the soil or nitrification. With the higher
temp. that occurred during growth of the early planting, the
growth rate was rapid, requiring more N. With lower temp.
and higher NO3_N level in the soil, differences were not
noted.

There were indications that increasing increments of N
increased both vine fresh and dry wt. when yields were influ—
enced by N. This confirms Reynolds and Stark's (9) work.
However, when yields were not changed by N, there were no

differences in vine wts.

Po t' E e

There were no influences of populations on yield or
dollar value for the early planting (Table 1). However, per-
cent culls was increased with an increase in population. Over-
size fruit was reduced with 198,000 plants/ha. Green Star
fruit size decreased linearly with an increase in population
while in Premier size leveled off at 148,000 plants/ha.

There was an inverse relationship between the fresh wt.
per vine and population. An interaction indicated that Green

Star was a vigorous cultivar producing more fresh wt. at all

26

populations. However, the dry wt. per vine did not differ
with changes in populations.

Both marketable and total fruit per vine decreased as
populations increased. The greatest effect of population
was in the late planting, with yield and dollar values
showing similar trends. The highest yields were obtained
with 198,000 and 296,000 plants/ha (Table 2). These yield
differences attributed to population also correspond to the
fruit produced per vine (Table 4). The total fruit per vine
varied from 30 to 60% of the actual fruit set which was about
one-third of the total pistillate flowers which indicate that
yield is not necessarily related to this parameter.

As plant population increased, in the late planting, the
percent culls increased (Table 2) while oversize fruit de-
creased. At 99,000 and 198.000 plants/ha Green Star had the
greatest percent of oversize fruit, while MSU-76 had the low—
est. There were no cultivar differences at the highest pop-
ulation.

Cantliffe and Phatak (3) reported that increasing the
plant populations could increase yields. Yields in both
dollars and metric tons/ha increased with increasing popula-
tions for the late planting, with no effect observed in the
early planting. However, in both plantings increasing the
population increased the percent culls and decreased percent
oversize fruit. Weights of fresh and dry vines decreased with
increasing plant populations, while L/D ratios of fruit were
not affected.

Relationships between both fresh and dry wt. per vine and

27

dry wt. of fruit was noted (Table 2). As plant populations
increased, the plant and fruit wt. decreased. Populations
appeared to have the greatest influence on yields when
nitrogen levels were not limiting.

Although increasing the plant population increased the
total yield, it decreased marketable and total fruit per
vine. Cantliffe and Phatak (3) observed similar results.

It also appears that there are differences in sex expression
which can be attributed to planting dates and cultivars. N
will enhance yield when not present in the soil in abundant
supply, however, when the supply is adequate, plant population
may then become the factor limiting yield. Although higher
plant populations provide less fruit per vine, the net result

is increased marketable yield.

28

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Literature Cited

Bishop, R. F., E. W. Chipman and C. R. MacEachern. 1969.
Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on
yields and nutrient levels in laminae and petioles

of pickling cucumbers. C J. S S '. Vol.49,
297—304.

Cantliffe, D. J. 1977. Nitrogen fertilizer requirements
of pickling cucumbers grown for once-over harvest I.

Effect on yield and fresh quality. J, Amer, Soo. Hort.
Sci. 102 (2) 112- 114.

Cantliffe, D. J. and S. C. Phatak. 1975. Plant population
studies with pickling cucumbers grown for once— over

harvest. J, Amer, Sec. Hort, SQi- 100(5): 464- 466.

Dearborn, R. B. 1936. Nitrogen nutrition and chemical
composition in relation to growth and fruiting of

the cucumber plant. Cornell Unix. Agr. Exp. St .
Mem. 192.

Downes, J. D. and R. E. Lucas. 1966. Pickling cucumber
yields in relation to NPK fertilization and P- K soil

tests. roe. 12th Int, Hort. Congr. 1, Abstr. No. 456.

McCollum, R. E. and C. H. Miller. 1971. Yield, nutrient
uptake and nutrient removal %b44 pickling cucumbers.
2-

J, Amer, See, Hort, 891.

Miller, C. H. 1957. Studies on the nutrition and physi-
ology of pickling cucumbers. Ph.D. Thesis, Mich.
State Univ. 69 pages.

Putnam, A. R. 1963. Horticultural aspects concerned with
the production of pickling cucumber for once-over
harvest. M.S. Thesis, Mich. State Univ. 59 pages.

Reynolds, C. W. and F. C. Stark. 1953. Growth and fruit-
ing responses of cucumbers to varying levels of Ca,

K, Mg and N in sand culture. Assoo. Southern Ag.
Workers 50:133

Ries, S. K. and R. L. Carolus. 1958. The effect of
nutrient level on growth of fiickling cucumbers. Mien.

Agr, Exp. Sta. Quart.Bu1. 0(3) 659— 668.

Tiedjens, V. A. 1926. Some observations on the response
of greenhouse cucumber (_uoumis_satixus) to certain

environmental conditions. Pros. Amer. Soc. Hort, Sci.
23:184-189.

32

12.

13.

14.

33

Vaile, J. E. 1938. Ark. Exp. Sta. 50th Anna.BDta,Bu1.
368:82.

Vaile, J. E. 1942.
417:28.

Ark. Ex . St . d A R B .

Wittwer, S. H. and J. Tyson. 1950. Yields of pickling
cucumbers as influenced by rates of fertilizer appli—
cation, fertilizer placement, and nitrogen side
dressing. Mien. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 32(4):535-539.

SECTION II

THE INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN AND PLANT POPULATIONS

ON SEVERAL CULTIVARS OF PICKLING CUCUMBERS
II. NUTRIENT CONTENT AND REMOVAL

34

The Influence of Nitrogen and Plant Populations on Several
Cultivars of Pickling Cucumbers II. Nutrient Content and

Removal

Christopher J. Rajzer

Department of Hortieulture, Mjehjgan State Unjyerejty,
E L ° MI
Abstract: Pickling cucumber (Quoumis_satirue_L.) plants and

fruit were analyzed at harvest to determine the plant nutrient
content and nutrient removal by fruit. Factors studied were
time of planting, cultivars, N levels. and plant populations.
The mean plant nutrient content of N, P, and K was 103, 9,

147 kg/ha, respectively, with mean nutrient removal of 22, 3,
38 kg/ha, respectively. The nutrient levels of three cultivars
were increased by added N and increasing plant populations.
Nitrogen treatments influenced plant nutrient content. Yields
and percent cull fruit were also affected. As plant population
increased, both total nutrient content in the plants and nutri-
ent removal by fruit increased. Nutrient removal from a field
by cucumber fruit is about 25 percent of the total plant's

nutrient content at harvest.

INTRODUCTION

Nutrient concn of pickling cucumbers vary with applica-
tion of fertilizer, spacing, and the physiological age of

plants. Inverse relationships between soluble N and soluble P

35

36

with yield have been reported (10). The total N in the
lamina and petioles does not correlate with yields, concn
of NOB-N in the tissue rapidly decreasing during the period
of fruit development (4).

With multiple harvesting and moderate yields (9), total
N, P, and K uptake was 101, 13, and 163 kg/ha, respectively.
At low plant populations, N fertilizer was found to increase
tissue concn of N, K, Ca and Mg (2).

An inverse correlation exists between spacing and the
concn of N03-N in cucumber petioles. P increased as spacing
and N levels decreased. K levels were higher in plots re-
ceiving low fertilizer levels, but at higher fertilizer
rates K increased in petioles as spacing increased (13).

The objective of this study was to evaluate nutrient concent
and removal with various cultivars, nitrogen levels, popula-

tions, and planting dates.
MATERIALS AND METHODS

This is the second part of a two—part paper. The pro—
cedures utilized, experimental design, and fruit yields have
been previously reported for these experiments (11). Plant
tissues were collected at 3 periods throughout the growing
season: First at tip—over (6-7 leaves), secondly between
tip—over and harvest, and thirdly at harvest, with fruit and
plants analyzed separately. Tissue was dried at 70°C, weighed
and ground in a Wiley Mill to pass a 20~mesh screen. The

tissue (.10g) was assayed for NO3—N using an Orion nitrate

37

electrode (5). Total N was determined by Macro-Kjeldahl

1. and

procedure (1). K with the flame spectrophotometer
other elements with the spark emission spectograph2 (6).
Soil samples were taken at tip-over and analyzed for
pH, BpH, P, K, Mg, and Ca by standard techniques. The
nutrient content of whole plants and removal by fruit is
reported in kg/ha or g/ha, and takes into consideration

differences in dry wt. due to treatments and the content of

nutrient in the plants/ha, rather than the concn.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Both plantings were made on soils similar in nutrient
levels (Table 1). Therefore, any difference in nutrient concn
of the plant or fruit are assumed to result from the assigned

treatments or local environmental factors.

Gunner—Responses

There were essentially no differences in the nutrient
content of fruit (Table 2 and 3) or plants (Table 4 and 5)
attributable to cultivars in the early and late plantings.
No relationship existed between nutrient content and yields
of these same cultivars. Cultivars tested appear to be
efficient in their ability to use available nutrients in the
soil (Table 4 and 5). However, differences were noted within

a cultivar between different planting dates and various N and

 

1Beckman model B, Beckman Instruments, Inc., South Pasadena,
Calif.

2Quantograph, Applied Research Laboratories, Glendale, Calif.

38

population treatments. This could be related to their

adaptability to local environmental factors.

Williams

With increasing rates of N in the early planting, N, K,
Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, and NOB—N content of the plant increased
(Table 4), and N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, B, Zn, and NO3-N was
significantly higher in Green Star at 101 kg/ha than Premier.
While an interaction of nutrient removal of N, K, and B, in
Premier were significantly higher at 67 kg/ha and 101 kg/ha
than Green Star. There was a concurrent increase in the yields
and a decrease in the percent culls with increasing increments
of N, for the early planting (11).

For the late planting, N had no effect on fruit yields
(11) and no influence on the nutrient content of the plant
and fruit other than NOB—N which increased with increasing
increments of applied N in the plant tissue. It appears that
in plant tissue, NO3-N does not correlate with yields. El-
Sheikh and Broyer (8) found NOB-N values to be more satis-
factory than total N to determine the critical N concn for
maximum growth. Comparing both the early and late planting,
the total N or NO3-N values (Table 2 and 3) can not be a satis-
factory indicator of growth since there is no consistent re-
lationship with yields, vine weights, culls, or sex expression
(11). Cantliffe (3,4) observed that NOB-N was high in plants
receiving high N, but also found it reduced yields. This

supports the idea that NO3-N is not a good indicator of growth.

39

When N was limited (early planting), uptake of applied
N increased linearly. When N levels were adequate (late
planting) for growth, then the additional uptake of N was
suppressed. Reynolds (12). growing cucumbers under varying
rates of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg observed significant differences
in the amounts of these elements in the leaves and fruit of
all except N. Also, no yield responses were observed when
N levels were adequate for growth. This indicates that N may
influence the uptake of other elements and become a limiting
factor of yields. The mean values of N, P, and K removed by
plants for the early and late plantings were 98, 8, 150 and
108, 10, 144 kg/ha, respectively. Nutrient removal by fruit
was 20, 2, 39 and 24. 3, 37 kg/ha, respectively.

Higher nutrient content in the late planting compared to
the early planting are associated with a higher percentage of
pistillate flowers among both cultivars and N treatments.
Dearborn (7) and Miller (10) reported similar findings.
Tiedjens (14) found that high N improved fruit shape. Consid-
ering percent culls as a characteristic of fruit shape. there
was a decrease in culls with increased applications of N in
the early planting. The shape of cull fruit indicated that
pollination was not the cause but that nutritional content can

become an influencing factor.

W
In plant tissue at harvest for both plantings all mineral

elements were found to increase with increasing plant

40

populations (Tables 4 and 5) except for NOB—N in the early

planting. The lack of change in N0 —N could have been the

3
result of rapid growth and metabolism. Ries (13), found an
inverse correlation in NOB-N concn and plant population.

This indicated that the plants were not receiving adequate N

or that the metabolism of N03 was increasing with an increas—
ing population.

Fruit nutrient removal increased in both plantings with
increasing populations, with Premier having significantly
higher levels of P and Mg at 198000 plants/ha than Green Star.
Nutrient removal had linear relationships between increasing
yields (11) and populations in both plantings. When populations
increase, the nutrients removed by plants and fruit may increase
because of the increase in root to soil surface area. There-
fore, higher plant populations require more of the available
soil nutrients if higher yields are to be obtained. As pop-

ulations increase, nutrient content of the fruit becomes about

25 percent of the total plant nutrient content at harvest.

41

Table 1. Soil analyses at tip-over.

 

 

 

 

Planting pH Bph P K Ca Mg
(kg7ha)

Early 5.8 6.5 208.1 342.4 1554.5 301.6

Late 6.1 6.7 166.9 326.4 1390.0 213.9

 

42

.ao>ma Nm onu um ummu owamu oaawuasa m.amus:n hp muom Genus: doaumumamm amozs

 

 

 

 

m2 m2 m2 m2 mz ez mz m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m x N s a
n2 mz ez m2 m2 mz m2 m2 mz m2 m2 ez m x N
m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 mz mz s ez mz r mz m e a
m2 m2 m2 s m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 e mz r N x a esoaoosaoosa Ase
oone a8a has sea ea oaaa has ee.~ o.m can so.m emu ema
som.o hes Asa sea sea Hes sea es.a se.~ sea no.~ aea eea
Hone see sea as as ease aea Hea ao.~ won He.a Hea as use\eossaa any
coo.a saw sea saa soa seoa sea s~.~ a~.m see sm.~ new aoa
doe.o sea sou aaa sea smoa sea s~.~ ae.~ see sm.~ sea he
aao.o seoa sea aaa aNa sacs ssea as.a a~.~ sea a~.~ aea em ase\mxv
aeo.o ssh sea as as see ama se.a so.~ sum aa.N sea 0 "sowoauaz aav
doe.o ewe sou sNa saa was sea so.~ em.~ ems me.~ saw seasons
oo~.o sANa sea tea tea eaaa sea se.a s~.~ sea mo.~ seea seem scone "onseauaso Aav
. ase\mv ass\sav
zuooz as sN n so on a: m: we a m z hoooeeo has:

 

 

.wsauamaa haamo How waaumm>uw£ ha vo>oamu uaaum Ga uaouaou usoauusz

.N manna

43

.ao>oa Rm esp we who» amass mamapass m.sdossa hp mpmm canvas soapwadmom amaze
.msoapodaousa psdoamaswam 02h

 

 

 

 

em.m paaa pea pma ema eeoa rem pm.m pm.: or: he.m Lam emu

ma.a ems sea eoa eaa eme ham em.m em.m hem em.m hem ema Ae.oooav

sm.a see as se Le sae sea as.a se.m new am.a sea as "os\epssam

so.m see sea as saa as» sow sa.m as.m aem sa.m dam aoa

so.m smoa sea as sea ems saw se.m se.m arm ae.m saw he

ad.a dos sea sea saa see smm am.m as.m gem so.m and am

as.a sea sea sea sea see smm se.m sm.m gem sa.m amm o "somoaeaz

em.m sea sea eaa sma ems sew ss.m sm.: ems sm.m sew esuamz

so.m sme sea peoa saa ewe smm se.m oe.m dos sm.m cam seasons

sm.a sad sma he he see sea sm.m se.m som sm.m seem seem noose "ess>aeaso
Aes\ev Ass\mav

atmoz as as m so om s: s: so a a z spooeeo sass

 

z.wsapseam mama pom wsapmo>aon hp uo>oama pansy ca pampsoo psoaapsz .m Danae

44

.ao>ma am on» pm Home mwsdm vanavapz n.saossa hp upon

manna: doapmadmom cease

 

 

 

 

me we oz me me me me me me me m2 mg m x m n a

oz mz mz we we mz me me me me me me m n m

we oz oz oz me me me we we me me me m x a

e we we me me me m2 me me oz me mg m a a mdoaposhopoa Asa
Lm.ea oaemm seem pmaa omma emaam seem rem ems pmea em.o, Emma ema
sm.ea smasm ream use osmoa uoaea moms new has eeea ma.e oooa era as.oooav
se.oa amomm smea sae nee Leeaa acma sea awe eeoa ho.e ems mm os\hpssam amv
oa.mm adamm seem sea seaa gamma. oeem sew see area .sm.e oema aoa
ss.sa gamma snow awe sea smsea osemm sew ems saea as.» smoa se
sa.e smeom Emma see aaoa aroma osmea smm see soaa _sa.m same am aos\wav
ae.a sasem saea sme ssoa amaea smea sow see ssma sa.e see c soeohpas “we
se.aa psemm seem ems see seaaa omea sow see sema pa.e ems seasons
sm.sa seamm seam sooa oama semom seam sew oae saea os.e ssaoa nope dooeo aseapaso Lav

Ass\mv Ass\mav

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.s canoe

AS

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.mcoapodAOpsa pndoamaswam 02h

 

 

 

 

m:.:m mHJHN pNHN pam Pmoa mzoma meN p:m pHOH pmma pm.md pmma mom

mm.mm ANONH word mmr wmm MNONH mHNN mmm mmm mmzd mm.m mQOH mod Am.OOOHv
ho.mm hmHmH hmmH hmm Amm ANHOH homa hma Mom MJOH Hm.w hom mm "d£\mvndam
om.>m Emama Emma arm Ea» SOMNH Emmm 8mm 8m» Emma Em.m EOHH HOH

cm.mm Emvma EHNH ENS 8mm ENQHH a0mm BEN Sam EGJH fim.m EOHH Pm
c&m.mm Emmma Emma EH6 firm Bmoma HAHN fizm aOm Boga Em.m Bmoa :m Awn\muv
BN.>H EHNmH Emhd Em» Ema EHNMH Show Sam Sam saga Sm.oa 8:0H 0 “ammonpfiz
mm.dm momma dmom dmw wmh mmmaa swam arm mom dmmH 6:.HH meH mPIDmZ

mm.mm wmmma mama whm wNm wmmm pHmH wmm dhm dmNH dN.m dam hmflfimhm

dm.mm mmmmm wmva mm» wmoa damma meN dmm dmm wNmH um.m Named Adam sumac "mhm>apddo

see sass
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10.

11.

Literature Cited

Anonymous. 1970. Methods of Analysis of the Association

of Official Agricultural Chemists. Eleventh ed.
Washington, D. C.

Bishop, R. F., E. W. Chipman and C. R. MacEachern. 1969.
Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on
yields and nutrient levels in laminae and petioles
of pickling cucumbers. Can. J. Soil Sei. Vol. 49,
297-304.

Cantliffe, D. J. 1977. Nitrogen fertilizer requirements
of pickling cucumbers grown for once—over harvest I.

Effect on yield and fresh quality. J. Amer. Soc. Hort
Sci. 102(2):112-114.

Cantliffe, D. J. 1977. Nitrogen fertilizer requirements
of pickling cucumbers grown for once—over harvest II.
Effect on plant tissue mineral nutrient concentrations
J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 1-2(2)=115-119.

Cantliffe, D. J., G. E. MacDonald, and N. H. Peck. 1970.
The potentiometric determination of nitrate and chloride

in plant tissue. New York's Food and Life Sci. Bul.
No. 3.

Carpenter, P. N. 1964. Spectograph analysis of plant
tissues. Main Agr. Exp, Sta. Miss. Publ. 666.

Dearborn, R. B. 1936. Nitrogen nutrition and chemical
composition in relation to growth and fruiting of the

cucumber plant. Cornell Unix, Agr. Exp. Sta, Hem. 192.

El-Sheikh, A. M., M. A. Abd El-Hakam and Albert Ulrich.
1970. Critical nitrate levels for squash, cucumber,

and melon plants. Comm. in Soil Soi. and Plant Anal.
1:63—74.

McCollum, R. E. and C. H. Miller. 1971. Yield, nutrient
uptake and nutrient removal b pickling cucumbers.
J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 96: 2-45.

Miller, C. H. 1957. Studies on the nutrition and physi—
ology of pickling cucumbers. Ph.D. Thesis, Mich. State
Univ. 69 pages.

Rajzer, C. J. 1977. The influence of nitrogen and plant

population on several cultivars of pickling cucumbers I.
Fruit yields. (Proposed ASHS)

46

12. Reynolds, 0. W. 1954. Studies with cucumbers for
pickling. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Maryland.

13. Ries, S. K. 1957. The effect of spacing and supple-
mental fertilizer applications of the yields of
pickling cucumbers. M A E S .

pol. 40(2): 375- -381.

14. Tiedjens, V. A. 1926. Some observations on the response
of greenhouse cucumber (_uoumis_satirus) to certain

environmental conditions. Proo, Amer. See, HQII. Sol.
23:184'189-

47

APPENDICES

48

49

.am>ma Nm

Dru um umou owamu maaauasa m.cmoaaa mp moon canuwa GOHumumamm cmmzN

 

 

 

oa.oa oo.a sa.a sa.a se.m so.a ho.a ee.o am.o esa
Le.0a es.o ee.a na.a La.a so.a has.o na.o wa.o eea ae.OOOaV
se.m oe.o ae.a sm.a ne.m as.o se.o He.o a~.o as “se\hossaa
sa.0a se.o se.o sm.a sa.e os~.a ca.a ae.o sm.o aoa
se.aa se.o se.a ee.a sm.e sm.a ca.a aa.o sm.o he
em.oa sm.a sa.N sa.a se.m ose.o cae.o ae.o am.o em Ase\wgo
aa.e ea.a sea.a aa.o s~.~ Ee.o ae.o ae.o am.o o “doeonoaz
se.a ee.o se.a ea.a se.m ss.o se.o se.o s~.o seasons
ee.0a se.o se.a sm.a ee.m ea.a sa.o ee.o sme.o seem sooao sens>aeaso
asses m so e e e e a

aa .4 m seemso a «a ma a moooeeo sass

 

.oasse eo Ase\ezv areas:

“mcaucmaa maumm

.HI< manme

50

.aw>oa Nm ecu um umou owns» oaaauass m.cmocsa an moon casuas coaumumaom amass

 

 

 

se.oea ea.eea ss.eoa s~.me Hads He.ma ae.e eaa
Le.aa~ HToea no.aaa na.ee ea.oe H0.: He.~a eea Ae.oooao
Lm.saa se.eea L~.eoa H6.8 o~.oe asea no.4 as use\eoseas
am.eea a~.oea sa.6aa ca.se osa.oe sae.ea so.~a aoa
ae.eo~ sN.aea s~.~aa ce.ee oo.~e se.sa ae.e me
se.aea so.eea so.eoa sao.me so.oe aa.ea as.s em Aee\eav
so.mea aa.mea se.aoa se.se as.sa se.ea so.e o “somehoaz
ee.maa sa.mea se.e6a se.oe ee.am se.ea so.e seasosm
sm.eaa se.mea ea.aaa ea.se se.~e ea.ea NsN.Oa seem sooso "oes>aoaso
e.e ea ea em «a ma ea
memuo muomumo cam:

 

 

.vaus uasum "wcausmHa haumm .NI< manme

51

um.om

.ao>wa Nm one as umou owsmu manauasa m.dmucnn up move casuas coaumumnom seats

 

maa. wm.am am.qm wea

mma. u~.em mm.wa um.mm wea Am.oooav

pea. ua.mm ue.ea ue.~m mm "mn\muawam

awo. aa.~m an.om s¢.¢m aoa

coo. sm.mm a¢.oN a~.¢m no

sea. amen saga Sega ea 3&9:

sea. 8. am as . ea 3. as o usoeosoaz

mma. me.em na.ma am.ew umafimum

mqa. mu.om mo.- Nm¢.mm umum cameo "mum>auasu
mca>\ua=um newscan mo Amn\azv AEUV muomwwm can:

maaao oasum unmoumm .u3 msa> Locum camcoa osa>

 

 

.umo>amn um wumuoamuma ocean nonuo “wsausMaa xaamm .ml< manna

52

.am>ma Nm may on umou mwamu uaaauasa m.smus=o he have casuaa soaumumamm amass

 

 

uae. aaa. Hea. Lee. has. see. Hen. see. one. sea. has. eaa

sea. aea. see. nae. sea. Hee. can. see. Hee. sea. wan. sea ao.oooav

sea. waa. use. one. sea. Hee. ham. sue. use. sea. wan. aa use\ooosaa

sae. saw. see. see. sea. she. can. aae. aae. sea. saw. aoa

see. sea. see. one. sea. see. can. see. see. sea. awn. ae

aae. saa. ago. see. aae. see. one. see. aee. sea. aaa. ea Ase\axo

ass. ama. aaa. see. aaa. see. see. see. sae. sea. dam. o «soooaoaz

sae. see. tea. sea. see. «me. use. nae. see. sae. sea. aoasosa

sea. saa. sea. saa. see. man. sue. sae. saa. see. seam. seem stone neLo>aoaso
see: ea a a a e a e a N a

muommwu can:

 

coaumooa ovoz
i

.30: .ama mausoam 33.33: 3325.3 haumm .cld manna.

53

.am>ma Nm one um ammo swamp mamauaaa m.smosan an moon Canvas coaumumaom amass

 

 

new. umo. aoa. uma. umm. Ham. awe. new. mom. uma. uoa. maa

new. pea. pea. awa. umm. umm. umq. hem. Ham. awa. uma. mea Am.oooav
umm. woo. uaa. ama. new. umm. Hoe. awn. amm. una. umo. mm um:\mucmam
Sam. Baa. Ema. Baa. Bmm. amm. Esq. Bum. awn. EON. Baa. aoa

8mm. 60a. Baa. Baa. Bum. Bum. awe. Seq. awn. Ema. aaa. we

Bea. awe. Ema. EON. 8mm. 8mm. amq. Sac. 5mm. aha. Boo. em Amn\mxv
Sam. ano. amo. Bea. Ham. Ham. awn. amm. Bum. Bea. Sea. 0 “cowouuaz
mNm. wma. own. new. mmm. mmm. ewe. nae. mac. mew. mma. umaaoum

eea. mao. wao. mwo. sea. «mm. mmm. mom. mum. moa. umeo. umum compo "mum>auaao
owmam>< 0a m w a e m c m N a muommmm can:

 

coaumooa owoz

 

.ovo: awn whosoaw mumaasmum "mcauGMae haumm .mL< maan

.54

.am>oa Nm one um ummu mmsmu manauaaa m.smu::n an muwm casuas coauwumaom amass

 

 

Lao. Hoo. Hoo. aoo. HNo. Lao. wao. Hao. Hao. Heo. see. eaa

Lao. soo. soo. Lao. Lao. Lao. aao. aNo. Hao. Lao. see. oea ao.oooav

Lao. Hoo. H8. H8. woo. Hao. aNo. aao. Lao. aao. see. aa "oe\ooosaa

sao. soo. soo. soo. aao. aao. aoo. aao. aao. aeo. soe. aoa

sao. Eoo. soo. sao. aao. aao. aao. sao. aao. aao. saw. ae

sao. soo. sao. soo. amo. sao. aao. aao. aao. aeo. aae. ea aee\eav

sao. soo. soo. sao. sao. sao. aao. aNo. sao. aeo. see. o usoeonoaz

eeo. soo. soo. sao. sao. sao. oao. mao. sao. eeo. has. seasons

soo. soo. oao. oao. eao. sao. sao. sao. sao. ooo. shoe. seem soowo "oes>aoaso
sees. oa a e a e a e a N a succeed sat:

 

c0aomooa meoz

.meos use muosoam esaam

"wcausmaa aaumm

. ©I< .3”an

55

.aoeoa as one

um ummu awash manauaza m.amusan an moon casuaa soaumuwaom :mDZN

 

 

 

Heeaa so.eaea Heons He.oaa He.e so.e oaa
ea.aaa ee.eaea He.oem He.aaa He.e ne.e sea Ao.oooav
he.eom se.~eea wa.oea Ha.aa~ Hme oe.e aa "ss\soosaa
se.ea~ so.aeea se.N~m se.aaa se.e oe.e aoa
sa.aoa so.aaea ae.ema osa.aoa sam.e se.e ae
sa.oam se.aeea aa.oea so.esa ae.e ssa.e ea ass\sso
sa.ea~ am.eeea sa.aea .sa.aam ae.e so.e o "soooaoaz
sa.ooa sa.eaea se.oea so.eo~ se.e so.e seasons
sa.~om se.aaea sa.eaa sN.aa~ se.e sso.e uses cacao ”sus>aoaso
Ase\eev
we so x a man on soooeeo sass

 

.mwmeamam aaom

uwsausMan haumm

.aus sassy

56

.ao>oa Nm ago on omou owes» mamauasa m.cmos:n an meow casuas soaumummmm amass

 

 

 

 

 

 

.umm>ummm
.uo>oaaeu
um.m ua.na um.oa um.m mma
ue.e a~.ma um.aa um.m mea Am.oooav
um.m um.oa um.oa aw.m am "mn\wusmam
cw.m sm.am se.aa a~.m aoa
cm.n sm.aa am.aa so.q he
sea.e se.ea aa.aa so.e ea ass\wso
aa.e se.na 85.6 an.m o usowouuaz
we.m me.ea no.oa mm.m umafimum
mm. sq.aN mo.~a m . nmum sumac “mum>auaso
c x N a
.aaauaa aaso aaauaa sass a sass sa sass
uanum mmca> oasum mJMNTwoaa> muommwo can:

 

 

.msaucmam maumw wow va munmama mun .m:¢ maan

57

.aseoa Ne see

as umou swamp manauasa m.smos:o hp mums casuaa coaumumnmm smuz%

 

 

 

 

uw>omaan

ss.aa seaaa use ass Has sosa use use. s~.~ sa.e pas. sa.s saa
He.~a ssasea use has sea ssoes Hse sae. us.s se.e son. sa.e sea as.oooao
oa.aa Lassa see saa use saoa Hee nos. ss.~ He.e son. sa.s aa ”se\sossaa
ss.ea saesa ass sas ass soaa osa son. aa.~ ae.e sea. o~.e aoa
so.ea asmsa see ass aas sass osoa sou. as.a ae.e saoa. o~.e ae
se.a soasa sae ass sas saas same one. as.~ se.e sea. so.e es ase\sso
se.e soesa sse ass sea saos ass see. sa.~ se.e aas. sa.s o ”sososoaz
se.aa soeea see soa sas sass see sae. s~.~ s~.e sas. so.e seasons
sa.aa ssasa see sea son saos sse sae. ss.~ ss.e sas. asa.e uses sooso "sessaoaso

Asaav AnV suoommo dam:
znsoz as as s so so as s: so s a z

N.waausmam manna now .a hash so mochamdm unmauuaz

.ml< manna

58

.am>oa Nm can um noon owsmn mamanaaa m.smossa an mums cannas coaumnmeow smozw

 

 

 

 

nm.a nsaa nNe nNN nem numn nee nae. na.~ no.4 new. nm.m sma
ne.a neaaa nee nss nee nsae nee nae. n~.N ns.e new. ns.s sea as.oooao
n~.a neaoa nae nmm nmm nose nae nwe. na.N ns.e nan. ne.m om ”s:\nuasam
o~-ea .asaa ass ass sea swam das as». ss.~ sa.e sun. so.e aoa
as.o ammaa ame amm sum anon can can. s~.~ as.e new. use.m me
sa . s seoaa ass ass ass ease as son . on . a as . .4 son . 5 .s as 3:9:
as .a soaa see ass sea some gas aas . as . a an . .4 ea . as . s o "sosonoaz
se.a sssoa see saw sea saam sNe sae. sa.~ se.o sau. ss.s noaaonn
se.s saeoa soe sea sea seen sae sae. sa.~ so.e sea. use.s nous soono “ons>aoaso
as
A8 v ANV muuommw can:
zasoz as as s so on s: s: so s a z
.wsaunmaa aanmo now .a hash no mmmhawsm uaoannsz .oal< manna

59

 

 

 

 

.am>oa Nm man on nmmu mwsmn manauasa m.:¢osan as some aasuaa aoanmnmnom snot»
oumflnrummd
ne.e nesa nNa nsN nNm snasm non nsa. nm.~ ns.m nmN. na.~ saa
na.m nama nae naN nNm some naa naa. nm.~ sm.e nmm. ns.~ sea as.oooav
na.m neaoa nae new nem name nae nsa. nm.~ no.e nNN. na.~ am "sn\sossam
oe.a ENNa Ems aem Ems Ease oNs oas. Es.~ En.s now. om.m aoa
se.e seem Eae sew Eon Ewen cuss cans. Ee.~ Ea.e Eon. so.m ae
Ee.~ Eaaoa see 5am sum Esme same mama. Ee.~ sao.e Eeu. Em.~ em Awn\sxv
Ee.o Eeeoa see ass ass Ease Eee Ese. 3s Ee.a Ems. ass o “sosonoaz
s~.s seem Ema sea son maem see was. on.~ ma.m Emu. sm.~ noasunm
sm.m seeoa sae saw sen meme sea mas. mn.~ sa.e sun. asa.~ nsom Eoono “sns>auaso
asses any
Guam 0 fl
zumoz as on s so on E: s: so u a z on as:

 

u.waanamam aanmo nom .ma I ma saga so made mosa> ca

sasmamam unmannaz

.HHI< manna

60

.ao>oa Nm men as nmoo Tween manauaaa m.amo==n an muom cannaa coaumnmmmm cmuz&

 

 

 

 

.umo>nmmu

ne.o neaa nas nea nea seaa nas nea. nos. sa.e naa. se.~ saa
ne.o naoa nma nea nea ssaa nan nea. nea. sn~.e naN. sne.~ sea as.oooao
ne.o naea nea nea nea naea naa nsa. nea. ns.e nos. na.~ aa “se\snssaa
oo.a Eaaa Ema sea Eaa Eoea Ens sea. sss. a~.e Ens. oa.s aoa
se.o Essa Ems sea Eaa aaaa Ems sea. Eaa. a~.e Ens. sn.~ he
E~.o Eeea sen Ema Eaa Essa Ens Ema. sss. s~.e cos. Es.~ ea ase\sso
Ea.o Eena sen Ema Eea Esoa .Ean sea. ass. En.e sea. Ea.~ o "sosonnaz
se.o eae sea sea sea sss saw sea. sss. s~.e sos. se.~ noaaons
ss.o sasa sss sea sea seea saa sea. sss. s~.e sss. ase.~ nsns soono ”snssanaso

Aaaav ANV muommmm can:
znsoz as Es s so on s: s: so a n z

 

u.waaucmaa manmo now .ma I ma mash so nannm ea mommamsm unwanuaz

.Nal< manna

61

ao>oa Nm on» us ammo mwamn maaauaaa m.smoaso up some Easnas soaumnwaom smash

 

 

 

 

. ummzmmn

no.e naoaa nea nae nee sson naa nsn. ns.n sa.s nae. sa.e saa
nn.e neeoa nna nae nse ssee nna nan. ns.~ ne.a nae. sne.a sea as.oooao
ne.e nessa nea nae nae nsas noa nsa. na.~ ns.a nae. no.e aa use\snssaa
oe.oa Eeeoa Eeoa soe see sans seoa oas. Ea.a se.a see. oe.e aoa
so.n Eseoa Eaa sae sae Eaae sooa cons. so.a Ea.a see. sn.n ne
Ee.~ Eaeaa Eas Eae Eae seen Ees sass. Ea.a aa.a see. ss.e es ase\sao
Ee.o Easaa sss Ese ass sosn sen Ese. En.~ aa.s Eae. Ee.e o “sosonnaz
sn.e sasoa sea sas see seee ses sen. ss.a s~.a see. se.e noaaonn
sn.e sessa soa see sss ssan sna sas. sa.~ ss.a sae. ase.a nsns soono "snssaoaso

asaao ans snooneo sass
zumoz as on s so on s: s: so s a z

 

N.maau:maa sanmo now .ma I ma mash so uaanw was mosa> mo momhaanm nsoanuaz

.sa.< sassy

62

.am>oa Nm man as noon owsmn oaaauaaa m.swossn as some cannab aoaomnmnom duos»
nu>OInaHu

 

na.a naaa nos nna nea naae nos oa.e naa nan ne.~ nos saa
se.n seos sss saa soa saae sas so.e oaa sea sa.a sss sea as.oooao
nn.e name nea ns nNa ness nea ne.n ns nea n~.a nea aa “se\snssaa

so.oa sans Eoe Ema Eaa aase use 5a s Esa Ens as a sea aoa
Ee.a seas sas Ema ssa sose nae s~.e sea ans as.a sen no

as.e sens ass Ema ssa sane sss as e sea Ens so a ass es ass\sao
Ee.s soon sss aaa asa Eaae ass .Ee a .Eaa sen Ee a soa o nsosonnaz

 

 

 

sa.e saea sea saa sea some sss se.s saa sss se.a saw noaaons
se.s saes saa sea saN seae sue os.e sea sos sa.a asea nsns soono nonseanaso
s s
Ase\ V .n ase\ so snooeeo sass
zusoz as EN s so on as s: so a a z

n.msanssan zanwo now .a hash so unansou unmannaz .eat< manna

63

.ao>wa Nm can on umou mwswn mamauaaa mnsmussa

me some cannaz soaumnmamm amass

 

 

 

 

sea seeoa coma one saa saaaa naea nea nee naa .ns.e noa saa

sea seaon saaa sae sae sseoa ssaa saa saa sss se.e sss sea as.oooao

noa neaaa nee nea nea neoe nee nn nus nae ns.~ nea aa "snesnssaa

can seona onsa soe aae saaoa oaea Ema soe Ens Ea.s eon aoa

sna asnoa ossoa soe see aeeoa osna saa sss Eaa s~.e osae ne

an saosa ssea sss see sans ssa Ema sea sen Ea.e saa es ase\sso

Ea aanaa Ean Ens Ens. seen son Es sea ase Ea.s sea o "Eosonnaz

sna sasea sna ans soa sees sea soa saa sse sa.s sae noasons

sea seoaa snoa sse sae saaa sasa saa sas ses se.e ssoe nsna soono nonssanaso
3:3 3:9:

zrsoz as En s so on s: s: so a n z enoonno sass

N.wsanaman aanmo now .m hash do unansou unmannsz

.mal< maan

.ao>oa as one

on ammo owsmn waaauasa m.smuaan an moon nannas coanmnmamm smash

 

64

 

 

 

nmo>nmmu
nea manna seen nsa saaa soooa sees nsn noa mama sna saa
nsa nssen saaa sss snaa nssea seoa saw san ssaa sss sea as.oooao
noa neana nasa nae nan nsoea neaa nea nos nsn nae aa "se\snssaa
can snssa aoea aes seoa saesa oeea sen ass soea saaa aoa
Ena semen ansa son sos aaeea osaon sss son aeoa aan ne
Ee Esnaa aosa sen sas amana sssna son see aeoa one es ase\sao
an amass Eeea sen ssa Enema aeea Esa Ese sea ans o "sosonnaz
eaa amass sesa nae sen senaa seea ssa sae sea sss noaaonn
ssa sssos swan soa snaa snaaa sass sea san ssna ases noes soono "snssanaso
ase\so ass\sso

II mooommm samz

zuaoz a... on s so on as s: so on 2

 

 

N.waaucmaa zanwo now .ma I ma hash so made mosa> Ea usousoo unmanusz

.oat< manmh

65

.ao>oa Nm onu um omen mwamn maaauasa w.smusao as some cannaa coaomnmaom chZN

 

 

 

so.aa ns.o na.o na.o ma.e n~.s ne.~ sa.a na.o eaN
ss.aa se.o sa.o se.o ns.e sa.~ so.~ sa.o na.o saa as.oooao
ns.aa na.o ns.o na.o sna.e n~.~ ne.a ne.o na.o aa "se\snssaa
Ea.aa se.o sa.o se.o Eo.e Ea.~ Ea.a Es.o sa.o aoa
so.aa Ee.o se.o Ee.o E~.e Eo.s E~.~ Ea.o sa.o ne
Ea.aa Ee.o se.o se.o Ea.e Ee.~ Es.a Eo.a sa.o ea ass\sao
Ee.aa se.o se.o Es.o Ea.e Es.~ Ea.a Es.o Ea.o o “sosonnaz
sn.ea se.o sa.o se.o ss.e ea.a ee.a sa.o sa.o enuosz
se.aa se.o se.o se.o so.e es.~ sa.a sa.o sa.o noasonn
sa.oa se.o se.o sa.o sa.e sn.a sn.a ss.o soa.o nsns ssono ”snssanaso
asnon saaso s.e sa em as ea sa «a

movanu muummmm can:

.nasne no ase\azv snesaoz

"scanssaa onsa .aaIe oaesn

66

.am>oa Nm can an ammo omcmn maaanase m.smossn an mums cannas coaumnmamm amass

 

 

 

sa.ae se.ss s~.na no.ee ne.as na.ea ns.e eaa
na.asa ne.asa nn.aoa ns.se ne.ss ne.ea ne.e saa as.oooao
na.eea ns.oea ne.eoa na.ae ne.as n~.aa ne.e aa "ss\snssan
Es.aoa Es.eoa Es.ooa Ee.~e Ea.aa Ea.na sa.o aoa
Ee.eaa Ea.oea Es.aoa Ea.se Ee.sa Ee.ea Es.e ne
Ea.eaa Ee.eaa ETooa ao.ee Ee.am Es.na Ee.e es ase\ssv
Ee.eoa Es.asa Ee.soa Ee.ee Ee.as E~.ea Ea.e o "sosonnaz
sa.eaa sm.saa sa.ooa sa.ae se.as ss.sa ss.e enussz
se.naa ss.eaa s~.aoa se.ae ss.aa se.ea se.e noaaona
se.eoa se.naa ss.aoa se.ae ss.ss ss.ea sss.e nsna soono "snssanaso
s e as ea sa es sa «a
L. momnu muoomwm can:

 

 

.aso n3 nasnn

uwcausmam mama

.mal< waan

67

.ao>ma Nm man on ummu owamn oaaanasa m.smossn up some cannas soaumnmamm amass

 

 

nmo. um.m~ ne.om nm.no emu

nno. mm.am mo.- na.aoa wma Am.oooav

nmo. na.em ne.~m nm.ooa mm am£\mnsmam

amo. ae.am a~.mm sm.mm aoa

amo. am.am Em.mm am.mm he

s8. seas saga Ee.aa ea assess

Eno. so.~s Es.na Ee.aoa o "sosonnaz

moo. ma.em mm.nm mo.mm enlamz

mwo. mm.mm an.e~ we.mm noaaonm

mmo. mo.m~ mm.¢~ nma.~oa nmum somno amnm>auazu
wca>\ua3nm mmmBOan mo Am:\mzv Aaov wuuommo saw:

maasu nannm ocoonmm .oB msa> noonm nuwsma mca>

 

in

.umo>nm: um mnmumamnma ocean nmcno ”wdaucmae mama .maI< maan

68

 

 

 

.ao>oa Nm ecu um nmou owamn mamanaaa m.:mos=n kn muom sagas: soanmnmaom amass
mwm. nmm. noo.a nmm. nmm. nmm. nma. mmm. wmm. new. owe. emm
mam. nmm. noo.a nmm. nmm. noo.a nmm. anon. mnmm. nea. wee. mma Am.OOOav
nam. nmm. noa. noo.a noo.a noa. now. now. nam. nea. new. mm "mn\muamam
aoa. Baa. aoo.a 8mm. 8mm. aoo.a 8mm. cum. sum. Bum. awe. aoa
6mm. aoo.a Boo.a Baa. Baa. Boo.a Bea. sacs. amm. Ema. fine. no
8mm. Baa. Baa. Ema. Boo.a 8mm. Bea. naea. nmm. aoa. Bee. em Am:\mxv
3mm. 8mm. aoo.a Boo.a soo.a aco.a 8mm. Ems. Emu. anm. Ban. 9 “ammonuaz
«N6. mam. moo.a moo.a mom. moo.a «mm. mom. ma¢. mom. awn. chasm:
nmm. Mom. mom. mam. mam. mom. new. nan. emu. mm¢. new. noaamnm
mom. moo. asoota mom. soo.a moo.a mmm. «mm. «mm. nea. amen. nmum scone «mnm>auasu
new: 0a m m m e m e m N a mnommmm samz

coaumooa mwoz

 

.meoc noa mnmaoam mumaaanmam nwsansmam onma .oml< macaw

69

.ao>oa Nm mco um ammo owcmn maaanasa m.amoaaa an muom sannaa coaumnmaom cmmzn

 

 

 

seo. nao. noe. nao. nao. nao. nno. sea. sea. nao. nao. eaa

seo. nao. nao. nao. nao. noo. nno. snas. snea. nao. nao. saa as.oooao
neo. nao. nao. nao. nao. nao. neo. noa. naa. nNo. noo. aa "se\nssaa
ceo. an. Eoo. an. an. Eoo. an. ssa. Ema. Eso. Eoo. aoa

case. Eoo. Eoo. an. an. an. Eeo. EEeN. Ema. an. Eoo. ne ‘

Essa. aao. saa. sao. an. an. Eeo. Essa. saa. ENo. Eoo. es ase\sso
Eeo. an. Eoo. Eoo. an. an. Eeo. Ens. Eas. Eso. an. o "sosonnaz
sao. sac. soo. sao. sac. sao. seo. sea. sao. sao. sao. eauosz
eoa. sao. sao. sao. sao. sao. ssa. eae. ens. sao. sao. nanona
sao. sao. sao. sao. sao. soo. sao. seo. sno. sao. ssao. nsns ssono "snssanaso

new: oa m m a e m e m N a muowmmm can:

coanmooa oeoz

 

.mp0: noa mnm30am oumGaEMum "wcaucmaa mama .aNI< wanes

7o

.Hw>mH Nm mcu um ummu mwcmu waawuasa m.amua:n kn mumm cfinuwz coaumummmm cmmzn

 

 

moo. poo. poo. poo. poo. poo. poo. ppo. ppo. pNo. mum. mom

moo. poo. poo. poo. poo. poo. poo. ppo. poo. poo. mom. mop Am.ooopo
poo. poo. poo. poo. poo. poo. poo. ppo. ppo. ppo. pom. mo "mm\mpmmpp
pamo. aoo. Eoo. aoo. aoo. aoo. aoo. aoo. aoo. apo. sum. pop

moo. aoo. aoo. aoo. aoo. aoo. aoo. aoo. apo. amo. apm. pm
memo. aoo. Eoo. moo. aoo. aoo. aoo. apo. apo. aNo. eon. mm Amo\mxo
amo. aoo. aoo. soo. aoo. aoo. soo. apo. moo. aNo. apm. o ”mmmOpppz
mmo. moo. moo. moo. moo. moo. moo. moo. moo. moo. ppm. opuomz

omo. moo. moo. moo. moo. moo. moo. mpo. mpo. mNo. mom. pmpampp

moo. moo. moo. moo. moo. moo. moo. mpo. mpo. m~o. mmmp. pmpm mmmpo "mpmppppmo
mwmpm>< op o o p o m m m N p mpmmppm ppm:

 

aowumuoa mvoz

 

 

.mvoc uma mumsoam wcfiam "wafluamaa mama .NNI< manna

71

.Hw>wa Nm nu um ummu mmawu maawuasa w.:modan

hp mumm cwnuw3 nowumummmm cmmzu

 

 

 

pp.~p~ pm.pomp po.mmm mo.mpp po.o po.o mom
pm.pp~ po.oomp pm.o~o po.mop pp.o po.o mop Am.ooopo
pp.~p~ pm.~pmp pp.opm pN.pmp pp.o po.o oo "mm\mpmmpo
a~.o~N ao.momp am.mmm am.mmp se.o mo.n pop
ap.mNN ao.momp ao.mmm am.oop ap.o mao.o po
mo.mop am.mm~p mo.mmm ao.oop ao.m mao.o mm Amm\mpv
am.op~ a~.momp ap.mom am.mop ap.o sa.o o “ammopppz
mo.op~ mm.~mmp mm.mmm mo.oop mo.o mo.o opuomz
mo.~p~ mm.~pmp mm.~om mo.oop mo.o mo.o pmpampp
mo.op~ mp.mpmp mm.mmm mm.mmp mp.o mmo.o pmpm mmmpo “mpm>pppmo
Amm\mxo
ma mo M o mom mo mpmmpmm ppm:

.mmmmamam Hwom

"wafludea mama

.mml< maan

72

.Hm>ma Nm wSu um umwu mwamu maawuaaa m.amo::o kn mumm aflzufi3 coaumummmm ammZx

 

 

 

 

ppmpm

mmcw>

ufiaum madm.mmaw>

.umm>ummm
.um>onaHH~
pp.o po.op po.o po.m ooN
mp.m mo.Np mo.op mp.m mop Am.ooopo
po.m pp.op pp.mp po.m oo "mm\mpmmpp
p.m am.MH sa.op mo.m pop
ap.m am.mp am.pp sa.o no
o.m so.mp so.op mo.m mm Amm\wxo
p.m am.mp ao.pp ao.m o “ammopppz
mm.m mp.mp mm.pp m~.m op-omz
mp.m mm.pp mo.op mo.m pmpampm
ma . m mm . ma wq . OH gnaw. o» kum numb—0 "muwkfimuafio
pup-Mp .pomm oppump .pomm p .pomm .mmm pmmmmm mpmmppm mpmz

 

.wcfiuamHa muma you Amy munmfima mun

.¢NL< manna

73

.Hm>ma Nm mnu um ummu mwamu mamfiuasa m.amoaan hp mumm casuaa coaumuwamm smut»

 

 

 

 

um>0IQHHN

pp.o mpom pom mm.op pop mmom pap poo. mo.~ p~.m mom. p~.m mom
po.o mpon ppm mo.op pop moon pop ppm. po.~ p~.o mom. mo.m mop Am.ooopv
p~.o poop pun pm.o~ pop pone pr poo. po.~ pm.m ppm. po.m oo “mm\mpmmpo
m~.o amoo awn sa.om amp ammo oNo aoo. ao.~ sa.o amm. ao.m Hop
a~.o ammo ado ap.op amp soda pop aoa. ao.~ a~.m emu. sa.o no
mao.o ammo eon ap.op amp anon ape amo. ap.~ am.m amm. ao.m mm Amn\wxv
ao.p amok ape am.op aoa ammo aoo amo. so.~ a~.m amp. ao.m o “mmwopppz
mo.o moon mum mm.op mop moon mph moo. mo.~ mp.m mnn. mo.m opuamz
mm.o mpop mom mm.op mop mono mop mNo. m~.~ mp.m mom. mo.m pmpampm
mo.o mpmo mom mm.o~ mop mopm map moo. mp.~ mn.m mmN. pmo.m pmpm mmmpo ”mpm>pppmo

moo

A v ANV mpumwpm apmz
zumoz Hm cN o no mm m: m: mu m m 2

L In:

u.wafiunman mama pom .¢N unama< so mummamam unmwuusz .m~L< magma

74

.Hm>ma Nm may um umwu mwamu manouaaa m.dwod:a on mama casuaa aoauwuwmwm dawns

 

 

 

.waauamaa muda Mom .H umnfimunmm no mmmhamdw ucmauuaz

 

po.op mooo poo mo.- pop mooo poo poo. po.~ po.o moo. po.o ooo

po.o mooo ppo mpo.- pop mooo moo poo. po.o p~.o mom. mo.o oop Ao.ooopo

pN.pp pooo poo po.- pop pooo poo poo. pH.o p~.o poo. p~.o oo "mo\mpamao

oo.op amoo maoo ao.- amp ammo coo aoo. sa.o ao.o ago. a~.o Hop

omo.op aooo mpo ap.- aoa aooo oaoo moo. _ap.o so.o goo. ao.o oo

mm.op aooo moo a~.- aoa aooo memo aoo. ao.~ se.o eon. aa.o on Amn\wuo

mo.o soop aoo a~.o~ amp aooo aoo moo. ao.~ ao.o goo. ap.o o ummoopppz

mo.o mooo moo mo.o~ mop mono moo moo. mo.o mo.o mom. mp.o oonomz

mo.pp mmop moo mo.p~ mop moan moo moo. ma.o m~.o moo. mo.o papampo

mo.op moon moo m~.o~ mop moon moo moo. mo.~ mo.o moo. mmo.o pmpo compo umpm>pppao
Aaaav ANV muommmo dam:

znooz Hm mu m so mm a: o: mu m o 2

lg

.oNI4 manna

75

.Hm>mH Nm mzu um umwu «mama mamauasa m.cmuc=n hp mumm cwcuw3 nowumumamm :mm2%

 

 

 

 

.umm>ummn

un.ca mmac poo pm.o~ pom mwmo umm mum. uo.m u~.¢ umm. mm.m emu
HH.HH mmqo poo pq.q~ pom mmqq Ham mom. ua.m um.q you. mq.m mma Am.oooHv
po.oa pNHm poo pm.o~ pom pmmm p~w pmo. po.m po.o pom. pm.m mo “mn\munmam
0H.qa aces 8mm Bo.mN awm ammo Ewm 8mm. ao.m sa.o afim. cm.m HOH
oa©.NH Bnqo 8H0 am.qN Emu Boco aqw Bum. ao.m am.c .ENN. aq.m no
coop aooo aoo so. om 5o mooo aoo Eo . ado moo aoo. moo. on 3:93
ao.o soon aNo ao.om amm aooo son Boo. ao.m a~.o aoa. sa.o o “cowoppoz
mm.OH momm who mc.qm mHN «Haw Mum mom. na.m MH.¢ mum. mm.m omlamz
mn.HH mmoo mmo ma.m~ mmm mooq Maw mom. na.m m~.o mmN. mo.m umaamum
m~.oa moaw mam mq.m~ mmm mmNn mun «HO.H mo.m m~.¢ mew. th.m Haum ammuu "mum>HuH=o

Aaaav ANV muommmm com:
zsooz 2 mm o no mo :2 oz mo M o z

 

 

u.waflucmaa mama How .NH I ma umnamuamm no haze wmaw> do mmmhawam uamwuusz

.le< manme

76

.om>mo Nm mnu um ummu mmcmu monouoaa m.amo::n on mumm conuoa aooumummwm smut»

 

 

 

 

.umm>ummo
po.o mooo poo poo poo pooo poo poo. poo. po.o poo. po.o ooo
po.o mpooo moo poo poo pooo moo poo. poo. po.o poo. po.o ooo om.ooooo
po.o pooo poo poo poo pooo poo poo. poo. po.o poo. po.o oo "mo\ouamoo
co.o aooo aoo aoo aoo aooo aoo soo. soo. ao.o goo. ao.o ooo
ao.o aooo aoo aoo aoo aooo aoo aoo. aoo. ao.o aoo. mo.o oo
aao.o aooo aoo aoo aoo aooo moo aoo. aoo. mo.o goo. ao.o oo omo\oMo
ao.o aooo aoo aoo aoo aooo soo soo. aoo. ao.o aoo. sa.o o "amoopuoz
mo.o mooo moo moo moo mooo moo ooo. ooo. mo.o moo. mo.o oouooz
mo.o mooo moo moo moo mooo moo ooo. ooo. mo.o moo. mo.o pooampo
mo.o mooo moo moo moo mooo moo moo. moo. mo.o moo. omo.o pmuo compo "mpm>ouo=o
Aaaav MNV muumwwm com:
z-ooz o< co o no mm a: oz mo M o z

 

N.waouamoa mama you .no I no “unsouamm no uoaum do ammoomcw unmouuaz

.mNL< manna

.om>oo oo moo om

ummu mwcmu monouosa m.amoc=a on mumm cosuoB acoumumawm ammZo

 

 

 

 

.umm>ummo

po.oo mooo poo poo poo mooo pooo poo.o po.o po.o poo. po.o ooo
po.oo mooo poo poo poo mooo pooo poo.o po.o po.o poo. po.o ooo om.ooooo
po.oo pooo poo poo poo pooo pooo poo.o po.o po.o poo. po.o oo «moomoamoo
Oo.oo aooo aoo soo soo aooo sooo aoo.o ao.o ao.o aoo. ao.o ooo
oco.oo aooo aoo aoo aoo aooo aooo aoo.o ao.o ao.o aoo. so.o oo
so.oo aooo aoo aoo aoo aooo sooo aoo.o ao.o ao.o aoo. oo.o oo Aoo\ooo
ao.o aooo aoo aoo aoo aooo aooo aoo.o ao.o ao.o aoo. ao.o o "amoopooz
mo.oo oooo moo moo moo mooo oooo moo.o mo.o mo.o moo. mo.o oouooz
mo.oo mooo moo moo moo mooo mooo moo.o mo.o mo.o moo. mo.o pmoampo
mo.oo moooo moo moo moo mooo mooo moo.o mo.o mo.o moo. omo.o pmuo ammpo "mpm>oooso

AEQQV ANV WUUUWMU "Hung
zuooz o< go o so mo :2 o: no M o z

 

o.wcouGMHQ mumo yaw .oo I

no umnamuamm co uoaum cam muco> mo mummamcm ucmouusz

.mNId mHQMH

.om>mo Nm wnu um ummu owamu monouoaa m.cmoasn on muwm conuoa cooumumaom ammzm

 

78

 

 

.uu>oaoeu
mooo ooo poo moo uooo uoo poo ooo goo ooo
pooo moo moo poo mooo woo woo ooo moo ooo oo.ooooo
pooo poo poo po pooo poo poo poo poo oo umfiflamoo
aooo aoo aoo aoo aooo ppoo aoo aoo aoo ooo
aooo aoo aoo aoo aooo aaoo aoo aoo aoo oo
Eooo aoo aoo aoo aooo aaoo aoo aoo aoo oo ooo\oov
aooo aoo aoo aoo aooo aoo aoo aoo aoo o “amooppoz
mooo moo moo moo mooo moo moo moo moo oouooz
mooo moo moo moo mooo ooo moo moo moo pooampo
mooo moo moo moo oooo moo moo moo omoo pmoo compo "opm>ouoso
Amo\oo omooooo
muommmm com:
o4 go o no mo a: mo M z

 

N.waouamoa mama you .om umsmn< no udmuaou unmouuaz .omI< manna

79

.ow>mo Nm mcu um ummu mmcmu monouoaa m.amoaan on mumm conuos aooumuwmmm cmmZN

 

 

 

ooo moooo oooo uoo ooo ooooo oooo uoo uoo oooo oo.o uoo ooo
moo mpoooo mooo moo moo mooo mooo moo moo moo mo.o moo ooo om.ooooo
poo poooo poo poo poo pooo pooo poo poo poo po.o poo oo "moomummoo
aoo aoooo aooo aoo aoo aooo aooo aoo aoo aoo ao.o aoo ooo
aoo aoooo aooo moo aoo aooo aooo aoo aoo aoo ao.o aoo oo
8oo aoooo mooo aoo aoo aooo aooo aoo aoo aoo ao.o 5oo oo omooooo
aoo aoooo aooo aoo aoo aoooo aooo aoo aoo aoo ao.o aoo o "amoopuoz
moo moooo mooo moo moo mooo mooo moo moo moo mo.o moo oouooz
moo moooo mooo moo moo mooo mooo moo moo moo mo.o moo pmoampo
moo moooo mooo moo moo mooo mooo moo moo moo mo.o mmoo pmuo mmmpu “mpm>ooomo
omoooo omo\oxv
muummmm com:
zuooz o< mo o no mo :2 oz mo M o z

 

o.maouawoa muma Mom .o umnamunom do uauuaou unmouuaz

.Hml< mHan

80

.om>oo Nm ago on ummu mwcmu monouoaa m.:moa:n on mumm nonuos aooumumaum sums»
.ummbummu

 

umm momom uwma umm mmm momma uwcm uHm uom uemo un.w umoa 0mm
mom uoHoH woma mmo moan HMHHH ammo mom awn m©OH mw.o mow wma Am.oooav
now Moqqa Homo “no How Mama “nea “no hum Hm» na.o Hoe mm own\muamam

moo aoooo mooo aoo aoo aoooo aooo aoo moo mooo so o aoo ooo
mmoo aoooo mooo aoo aoo aoooo aooo aoo aoo aooo so o aoo oo

maoo aoooo mooo aoo moo aoooo aooo aoo moo aooo mo.o 8oo oo omo\ooo
aoo aoooo aooo aoo aoo aoooo aooo aoo aoo aooo so o aoo o "mmoopuoz

mam ammma mama «no wan MNOHH wNNN «mm «mm mmaa mo w «mm oslamz
mom mm¢~H mowo mwo moo mon Dana now «no mum an.m mow umoauum
mow mmeN mooo mum mmm mooqo waom mom mum NNNH NH m zmmm kum nacho “mum>ouaao

omo\oo omo\oMo
zuooz o< go o no mm a: o: mo M o z

 

 

muummmw com:

 

 

Nomcoucmom mumo pom .oo I no anamunwm do aono moao> no uaousou unmouuaz .NMI< mommy

81

Table A-33. Daily extreme and mean temperature data recorded from the
Horticulture Research Station, East Lansing, MI.

 

 

Date Max. Min. Mean Date Max. Min. Mean
May 15 73 59 66 23 79 57 68
16 66 60 63 24 80 6O 7O
17 69 54 62 25 73 65 69
18 57 50 49 26 76 6O 68
19 60 35 48 27 85 62 74
20 64 46 55 28 85 66 76
21 76 49 62 29 82 62 72
22 69 39 54 30 78 56 67

23 63 41 52

24 60 38 49 July 1 65 55 60
25 62 43 53 2 75 53 64
26 64 43 54 3 76 52 64
27 68 42 55 4 73 54 64
28 74 52 63 5 84 55 70
29 72 59 66 6 85 60 73
30 65 57 61 7 86 61 74
31 74 59 67 8 85 60 73
9 79 55 67
June 1 74 58 66 10 81 68 75
2 70 47 59 11 89 78 84
3 73 45 59 12 89 56 73
4 76 53 65 13 76 48 62
5 80 50 65 14 78 58 68
6 81 52 67 15 94 64 79
7 83 56 7O 16 90 65 78
8 85 55 70 17 75 52 64
9 86 59 73 18 85 58 72
10 89 63 76 19 83 57 70
ll 88 68 78 20 85 66 76
12 88 56 72 21 84 64 74
13 84 65 75 22 80 58 69
14 89 67 78 23 83 63 73
15 90 73 82 24 84 64 74
16 80 61 71 25 80 57 69
17 73 52 63 26 84 61 73
18 78 55 67 27 87 67 77
19 85 62 74 28 86 57 72
20 72 48 6O 29 80 65 73
21 78 56 67 30 71 57 64

22 73 62 68 31 76 63 70

82

Table A933. Daily extreme and mean temperature data recorded from
the Horticulture Research Station, East Lansing, MI

 

 

Date Max. Min. Mean Date Max. Min. Mean
August 1 71 50 61 10 72 48 60
2 73 48 61 11 67 52 60
3 70 44 57 12 80 55 68
4 80 49 65 13 83 52 68
5 78 62 70 14 84 58 71
6 80 59 69 15 87 57 72
7 72 50 61 16 59 58 59
8 72 48 60 17 68 59 64
9 77 48 63 18 74 52 63
10 81 52 67 19 76 49 63
11 85 65 75 20 79 58 69
12 84 7O 77
13 86 68 77
14 82 62 72
15 68 50 59
16 72 44 58
17 73 46 60
18 80 48 64
19 85 50 68
20 88 57 73
21 88 58 73
22 87 57 72
23 90 56 73
24 82 56 69
25 85 57 71
26 84 61 73
27 85 63 74
28 86 65 76
29 80 49 65
30 70 38 54
31 69 51 60
Sept. 1 86 60 73
2 68 4O 54
3 72 50 61
4 83 62 73
5 79 47 63
6 67 39 53
7 78 52 65
8 88 61 75
9 92 61 77

 

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